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Diplomarbeit/ Diploma Thesis DIPLOMARBEIT/ DIPLOMA THESIS Titel der Diplomarbeit / Title of the Diploma Thesis “An Analysis of the Representation of the Female Agent in World War II“ verfasst von / submitted by Christina Krausler angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Magistra der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, 2018 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt / A 190 344 362 degree programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Studienrichtung lt. Studienblatt / UF Englisch, UF Russisch degree programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Univ. Prof. Dr. Monika Seidl Declaration of authenticity I confirm that I have conceived and written the diploma thesis in English all by myself. Quotations from other authors are all clearly marked and acknowledged in the bibliographical references within the text. Any ideas borrowed and/or passages paraphrased from the works of other authors are truthfully acknowledged and identified in the text. Acknowledgements/Danksagung Hiermit möchte ich mich recht herzlich bei einigen Menschen aus meinem Umfeld bedanken, die mir im Laufe meiner Studienzeit und während der Verfassung meiner Diplomarbeit eine immense Hilfe waren. Zu allererst gilt ein großes Dankeschön Univ. Prof. Dr. Monika Seidl, die mir durch ihre Zusage für die Betreuung der Diplomarbeit das Schreiben überhaupt erst ermöglicht hat, mir immer motivierend zur Seite stand, sich viel Zeit für meine Fragen nahm und diese stets professionell beantworten konnte. Ich möchte mich außerdem bei meiner Familie und meinen FreundInnen bedanken, die mich während meines gesamten Studiums unterstützend begleitet und maßgeblich dazu beigetragen haben, dass ich diese Diplomarbeit verfassen konnte. Mein allergrößter Dank gebührt meinen Eltern, ohne deren finanzielle und persönliche Unterstützung es nicht möglich gewesen wäre, mein Studium zu absolvieren. Meine gesamte Familie, zu der auch mein Bruder Dominik, meine Großeltern sowie mein Onkel Werner zählen, war mir sowohl in Zeiten des Erfolges als auch des Zweifels stets ein großer Rückhalt. Ganz besonders möchte ich mich für die Geduld und das Vertrauen in mein Können, das ihr mir entgegengebracht habt, bedanken. Ohne euch hätte ich nicht den Weg einschlagen können, der nun mein weiteres Leben bestimmen wird. Als eine meiner wichtigsten Stützen möchte ich außerdem meinen Freund Daniel hervorheben, der mir mit liebevollen Gesten und Worten stets die nötige Motivation gab, nicht zu verzweifeln und weiter an meinen Zielen zu arbeiten. Vielen Dank, dass du dich über jeden kleinen Fortschritt im Studium mit mir gefreut hast und ich immer auf deine Unterstützung zählen konnte. Table of contents 1. Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 Part I – theoretical considerations .............................................................. 3 2. The concept of gender ............................................................................ 3 2.1. The distinction between “gender” and “sex” .......................................................... 3 2.2. Women in the twentieth century .............................................................................. 6 2.3. Feminism .................................................................................................................... 7 2.3.1. The origins and history of feminism ............................................................................ 8 2.3.1.1. First wave feminism ..................................................................................................... 8 2.3.1.2. Second wave feminism ................................................................................................. 9 2.3.1.3. Third wave feminism.................................................................................................. 10 2.4. The concept of masculinity ..................................................................................... 10 2.5. Gender stereotypes .................................................................................................. 12 2.6. Gender roles ............................................................................................................. 14 2.6.1. Reversed gender roles – women in war ..................................................................... 15 3. Historical and cultural context – World War II and the Special Operations Executive ........................................................................................ 18 3.1. General introduction to the Special Operations Executive (SOE) ...................... 18 3.2. Recruitment and training of agents ....................................................................... 20 3.3. The dual life of an SOE agent and the requirements of the job .......................... 24 3.4. F Section ................................................................................................................... 25 3.5. Women in SOE and its F Section ........................................................................... 27 4. The historical significance of Nancy Wake’s life ............................... 29 5. Nancy Wake and her biographies ....................................................... 32 5.1. The genres – autobiography, biography and biofiction ....................................... 32 5.2. An analysis of three examples of autobiography, biography and biofiction dealing with Nancy Wake ................................................................................................................... 37 Part II – literary analysis ........................................................................... 42 6. Analysis of the character and its representation ............................... 42 6.1. Social status .............................................................................................................. 43 6.1.1. Family background – Nancy Wake’s lower-class origins ......................................... 43 6.1.2. Nancy Wake’s new life in privileged circles – the stereotype of the wealthy woman ........................................................................ 44 6.1.3. Nancy Wake’s farewell to the high society ................................................................ 46 6.2. Nancy Wake’s married life with Henri Fiocca ..................................................... 46 6.3. Nancy Wake’s character traits and special abilities ............................................. 50 6.3.1. Fearless, adventurous and wandering spirit ............................................................. 51 6.3.2. Easy-going and optimistic attitude ............................................................................ 51 6.3.3. Sociable, funny and party-loving Nancy Wake .......................................................... 53 6.3.4. Blunt in expressing her opinion and “masculine” behaviour ................................... 54 6.3.5. Nancy Wake’s bravery and willingness to take risks ................................................ 55 6.3.6. Working under tough and life-threatening conditions .............................................. 57 6.3.7. Nancy Wake’s sixth sense - the stereotype of the female intuition ............................ 59 6.3.8. Her intelligence, rationality and retentive memory ................................................... 61 6.3.9. Nancy Wake’s calmness, acting skills and ability to remain inconspicuous ............. 62 6.3.10. Wake’s mental and physical strength ........................................................................ 64 6.3.11. Her aggressive and violent side ................................................................................. 66 6.4. Nancy Wake’s stereotypically feminine characteristics ....................................... 68 6.4.1. The development of her feminine identity .................................................................. 69 6.4.2. Female weakness as a gender stereotype .................................................................. 70 6.4.3. The importance of fashion, style, slimness and body care ........................................ 72 6.4.4. Attractiveness and sexual charisma as female stereotypes ....................................... 76 6.4.5. Instances where Nancy Wake took advantage of her femininity ............................... 76 6.5. Nancy Wake’s relationship with men .................................................................... 79 6.5.1. Nancy Wake and the Maquis ..................................................................................... 80 6.5.1.1. Men’s attitude towards her as a female fighter ......................................................... 80 6.5.1.2. Wake’s dominance over the Maquisards and her leadership .................................... 82 6.5.1.3. Wake’s special position within the Maquis ............................................................... 85 6.5.2. Are men weaker than Nancy Wake? .......................................................................... 85 6.5.3. Wake’s confident, fearless, and even disrespectful behaviour towards men ............. 87 7. Discussion of findings: elements of femininity vs. elements of masculinity ......................................................................................................... 90 8. Conclusion ............................................................................................. 93 9. References .............................................................................................
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