La Crise Des Usages Du Photojournalisme En France De 1970 À Nos Jours

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La Crise Des Usages Du Photojournalisme En France De 1970 À Nos Jours Mémoire de fin d'études et de recherche appliquée LA CRISE DES USAGES DU PHOTOJOURNALISME EN FRANCE DE 1970 À NOS JOURS Présenté par Claire Fischer Promotion photographie 2014 Sous la direction de Françoise Denoyelle Professeur des Universités Membres du Jury Christian Caujolle, Françoise Denoyelle, Véronique Figini, Pascal Martin École Nationale Supérieure Louis-Lumière Mémoire de fin d'études et de recherche appliquée LA CRISE DES USAGES DU PHOTOJOURNALISME EN FRANCE DE 1970 À NOS JOURS Présenté par Claire Fischer Promotion photographie 2014 Sous la direction de Françoise Denoyelle Professeur des Universités Membres du Jury Christian Caujolle, Françoise Denoyelle, Véronique Figini, Pascal Martin École Nationale Supérieure Louis-Lumière Remerciements Je tiens à remercier tout particulièrement Françoise Denoyelle, Professeur des Universités, pour le temps qu'elle m'a accordée et ses conseils avisés. Je remercie sincèrement les membres du jury, Christian Caujolle, Véronique Figini et Pascal Martin, pour leur lecture attentive. Je remercie l'ensemble des enseignants de l'École Nationale Supérieure Louis Lumière, pour leur enseignement enrichissant. Je remercie mes camarades de classe et tout particulièrement Lucile Boiron et Mathilde Galis. Je remercie également Loucas Delorme, Gabriel Leroueil, Mathurin Ray, Catherine Rousseau, Yasmine et Hugo pour leur participation à ma partie pratique de mémoire Je remercie l'ensemble des membres de ma famille pour leur soutient et leurs encouragements. 3 Résumé Le photojournaliste a un lien fort avec le grand public depuis qu'il s'est imposé dans la presse au cours du XXème siècle. Il est le vecteur des événements dont il est le témoin privilégié et offre à travers son regard une fenêtre sur le monde. Pourtant, l'utilisation de plus en plus décorative de ses images dans les médias a mis en lumière le mal-être d'une profession dont la pratique et les usages sont quelque peu sclérosés. La légitimation de la photographie dans le champ de l'art et son institutionnalisation au cours des années 1970 ont donné la possibilité aux photographes de reportage d’accéder à d'autres voies de diffusion et ont bouleversé les pratiques photojournalistiques. Ces alternatives, en désertant les pages de la presse, ont toutefois laissé le champ libre à l'ère de l'image unique qui est devenue un empire colossale avec l'arrivée du numérique. La scission qui s'est opérée dans le reportage n'a jamais été aussi forte qu'aujourd'hui mais les tentatives de repositionnement semblent pourtant vouées à l'échec. Entre crise du support et révolution numérique, le photojournalisme et ses pratiques semblent plus que jamais en danger. Mots-clés : phojournalisme, presse, médias, bouleversements, institutionnalisation, révolution numérique 4 Abstract Photojournalist has a strong link with the public since he stood out in the press during the twentieth century. He is vector of events whose he is a privileged witness. And he is offering, through his look, a window on world. Nevertheless, ornamental use of his images in medias, revealed the ill-being of a profession among which practices and uses did not really evolve. Legitimation of photography in the field of art and its institutionalization during 1970s, gave the possibility to photographers to find other ways of distribution and they disrupted photojournalistic practices. By leaving the press, photographers left the field open for era of « unique picture » wich became a colossal empire with digital photography. The split which took place in photojournalism was never so strong as today. But attempts of repositioning seem dommed to failure. Between crisis of support and digital revolution, photojournalism and its practices semm more than ever in danger. Keywords: phojournalism, press, medias, changes, institutionalization, digital revolution 5 Table des matières REMERCIEMENTS............................................................................................................3 RÉSUMÉ..........................................................................................................................4 ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................... 9 LA PRESSE ET LE PHOTOJOURNALISME......................................................................... 11 La presse illustrée et la photographie : une rencontre inévitable...............................11 Les débuts de la presse illustrée................................................................................... 11 L'apparition des « nouveaux » journaux illustrés............................................................................ 11 L'essor de la presse......................................................................................................................... 12 Les bouleversements d'après guerre............................................................................. 12 Du média de masse à la crise de la presse écrite.......................................................... 13 Média de masse............................................................................................................................... 13 Crise de la presse papier................................................................................................................. 14 Le photoreporter : de l'amateur au professionnel engagé...........................................16 L'officialisation du métier de photoreporter................................................................. 16 Une esthétique sur le vif.............................................................................................. 18 L'essai photographique.................................................................................................20 La difficulté d'un code de déontologie......................................................................... 21 L'image photographique : miroir du réel........................................................................................ 21 Echec d'une codification éthique .................................................................................................... 22 Organisation de la profession........................................................................................ 26 Les agences de photographies...................................................................................... 26 Les agences de photographes ......................................................................................................... 27 Les agences de presse : Gamma, Sipa, Sygma................................................................................ 29 Les agences télégraphiques.......................................................................................... 32 Les collectifs................................................................................................................ 34 Une structure plus souple................................................................................................................ 34 Du collectif à la SARL..................................................................................................................... 36 L'image au service de l'événement ou l'événement au service de l'image ?...............38 LA LÉGITIMATION DE LA PHOTOGRAPHIE AU TOURNANT DES ANNÉES 1970 ................40 La rencontre entre photographie et art contemporain................................................40 6 La photographie, nouveau médium des artistes contemporains...................................40 L'apparition de la critique photographique...................................................................42 L'institutionnalisation de la photographie.................................................................... 43 Les actions institutionnelles pour la photographie..........................................................................43 Les prix et festivals..........................................................................................................................44 La scission du photojournalisme................................................................................... 47 Deux pratiques, deux statuts........................................................................................ 47 Distinction entre photojournalisme et photoreporter...................................................................... 47 Le statut d'auteur............................................................................................................................ 48 De l'objectivité journalistique à la subjectivité de l'auteur..............................................................49 Des esthétiques radicalement opposées........................................................................51 Esthétique et représentation dans la photographie de presse illustrative........................................51 Esthétique et représentation du photoreportage d'auteur................................................................54 Le retrait documentaire .................................................................................................................. 56 La photographie compassionnelle................................................................................ 58 Le photojournalisme entre dans le marché de l'art..................................................... 60 De
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