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Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9” black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additionai charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Information and Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Artror, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 UMI' NEW MONKS, OLD HABITS: THE FORMATION OF THE CAULITE MONASTIC ORDER, 1193-1305 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Phillip C. Adamo, M.A. ***** The Ohio State University 2000 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Joseph H. Lynch, Adviser Professor Barbara A. Hanawalt ll- Adviser' Professor Timothy E. Gregory Department of History UMI Number: 9994833 UMI’ UMI Microform 9994833 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Leaming Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Leaming Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT The Caulites— sometimes called Valiiscaulians, from their Latin name vallis cauiuim —were one of the last of the so-called “reform orders” of the twelfth century, a time of great religious ferment. This dissertation examines the foundation of their order in 1193, and its expansion in France. Scotland, and the Holy Roman Empire during the thirteenth century. It places the Caulite Order in the context of contemporary social, political, economic, and religious trends, and contrasts the historical role of the Caulites with that of the larger, better-known, monastic orders, e.g., the Cistercians and Carthusians. The dissertation is based largely on unpublished documentary and visual sources. It begins by examining the Caulite foundation, reconciling a legend of that foundation with the documentary evidence. It addresses the Caulite ideal to live from rents, i.e., regular payments of grain or money, as an expression of monastic poverty. It shows how the Caulites eventually abandoned that ideal by acquiring land and other properties. It looks at Caulite expansion— in France, the Holy Roman Empire, and Scotland— and identifies more filial monasteries than has any earlier study. It revises the findings of earlier scholars concerning the origins of the Caulite customary (their "rule book”), showing that the Caulites borrowed practices from the Cistercians and Carthusians, but adapted those practices to fit their particular monastic vision. It examines Caulite organization, within a single monastery and throughout the entire order, concluding that the Caulites borrowed much of their organization from the Cistercians. Finally, it looks at daily life in a Caulite monastery, moving beyond the monastic site as object of architectural or art historical study, and entering the Caulite monastery imaginatively, viewing its buildings as part of a human experience of the past. Many earlier scholars have left the impression that the Caulites were simply a brand of Cistercians. While the Caulites did borrow from earlier orders, they did so critically. They were not simply carbon copies of those monks from whom they borrowed, but were “new monks in old habits.” m For Karen. IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thanks to my advisor. Professor Joseph H. Lynch, who has taught me to think more deeply, to write more simply, and at ever}' turn has shown me what it means to be a citizen of the university. Thanks also to the members of my committee. Professors Barbara A. Hanawalt and Timothy E. Gregory, for their support and close critical readings. Thanks to Professor Vincent Tabbagh of the Université de Bourgogne at Dijon for sponsoring my year of research in France, for the many stimulating discussions we shared, as well as for the joys of French cuisine. Thanks to the other professors who have helped along the way. including Giles Constable, Frank Coulson, Anna Grotans, Michael Hogan, Nicholas Howe, Anne Morganstem. Nathan Rosenstein, John Rule, and Leila Rupp. Thanks to the many archivists and librarians in Europe and the United States, who made my quest theirs, and rendered service above and beyond the call of duty. Particular thanks go to Denis Tranchard and his staff at the Archives Départementales de T Allier, which became my operational base, and in some ways my home away from home, during my year in France. Thanks to the current proprietors of former monasteries appearing in this narrative: to Madame Monot at Val-des-Choux, who gave me practically free reign to explore the grounds of the former Caulite motherhouse; to Monsieur Landel, who graciously gave me a tour of the Landel family home, formerly the Carthusian house at Lugny; to Monsieur Batchelet, who now lives and farms at the former Caulite priory of Genevroye; to the prioress and sisters of the monastery of Bethlehem, formerly the Caulite priory of Val- Saint-Benoît; to Yves and Francis Degouve of Vausse Animation, an association which actively preserves the former Caulite priory at Vausse; to Antoine Bos and Mary Laurence, who now live and farm at the former Caulite priory of Clairlieu; to Elisabeth von Aarburg, who conducts musical retreats with the Zürich Boys and Girls Choirs at the former Caulite priory of Val-Croissant; to the caretaker who allowed me to photograph the ruins at the former Caulite priory of Epeau; to the farmers working at the former Caulite priory of Uchon, who when asked their names impishly showed me their pates (indicating a tonsure) and called themselves the “monks of Uchon;" and to the farm wife who regarded me curiously, smiled in affirmation, then walked away when I asked if I might photograph her house, which, seemingly unbeknownst to her, once served as the church at the former Caulite priory of Val-Dieu. Thanks also to Philippe MacMahon, Duke of Magenta, for allowing me access to the bas-relief of Gauthier of Sully, which is now housed at the Château de Sully. Thanks to Joby Abernathy, Donna Distel, and Tony Maniaci, all of whom offered boundless help with administrative details. Thanks to the many grant-givers whose funds supported my research, including the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, the Graduate School, the Office of International Studies, and the Department of History, all at the Ohio State University, and the government of France. Thanks also to Vincent L. Adamo for his “grants” from afar throughout my studies. Special thanks to Karen Bell, whose many phone calls, letters, e-mails, and (last but not least) visits to the Continent, made a year in France seem like only minutes away from home, and whose support, friendship, and love continue to inspire. Finally, thanks to her son, Bryce, my friend, who from the ages of nine to fifteen demonstrated remarkable patience in listening to my frequent rumblings about monks and monasteries and history, and along the way has taught me a great deal. vi VTTA 28 July 1938 ------------------------------------------ Bom - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 1994 .............. — B.A., Medieval and Renaissance Studies, The University at Albany— SUN Y 1996--------------- ------------------------------------- M.A., History, The Ohio State University 1994-Present........................................................Graduate Teaching and Research Associate. The Ohio State Universitv PUBLICATIONS 1. P. Adamo, "The Manuscript Tradition and Origins of the Caulite Customary: an historiographic examination." Revue Mabillon. 11 (2000). 2. P. Adamo, “Burke, Peter, 1937—. British social and cultural historian." The Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writings. Edited by K. Boyd. 2 vols. London and Chicago, 1999. I: 152-154. FIELDS OF STUDY Major field: History Minor Fields: Medieval. Byzantine. Early Modem European, and World History vu TABLE OF CONTENTS Page A bstract ................................ «......... »... ii Dedication ..............................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgments »......- ...................................................................................................v V itü vil List of Figures ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- xiii T ■ I sf /A bbreviations......................................................................................................................................... xv Part I: Background to this Study Chapters: