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BIA M5 Histoire Aero FORMATION à L’AERONAUTIQUE Préparation au BIA & CAEA Module V HISTOIRE de L’AERONAUTIQUE et de L’ESPACE © 2011 Ciras - Académie de Versailles Préparation au BIA/CAEA Module V- Histoire de l’aéronautique et de l’espace SOMMAIRE 1. INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................................................................3 2. LES PRECURSEURS ...............................................................................................................................................3 2.1 LES PREMIERS ESSAIS ........................................................................................................................................3 2.2 LES PREMIERS VOLS ..........................................................................................................................................4 2.3 LES BALLONS DANS L 'ARMEE ............................................................................................................................5 2.4 LES BALLONS AU SECOURS DE PARIS .................................................................................................................5 2.5 LE ZENITH - PREMIER DRAME DE L 'ALTITUDE ....................................................................................................5 2.6 LES BALLONS CAPTIFS AUX EXPOSITIONS UNIVERSELLES ...................................................................................6 2.7 L' AVENEMENT DES DIRIGEABLES .......................................................................................................................6 2.8 LES PIONNIERS DU « PLUS LOURD QUE L 'AIR »...................................................................................................7 3. LES DEBUTS DE L'AVIATION .............................................................................................................................9 4. LE PREMIER CONFLIT MONDIAL (1914 – 1918) ..........................................................................................12 4.1 L' UTILISATION DES MOYENS AEROSTIERS ........................................................................................................12 4.2 L' ERE DES AS DU CIEL .....................................................................................................................................12 5. L’ENTRE DEUX GUERRES.................................................................................................................................14 5.1 L’ AGE D 'OR DES DIRIGEABLES .........................................................................................................................14 5.2 LES PREMIERES GRANDES TRAVERSEES ...........................................................................................................16 5.3 DEVELOPPEMENT DE L ’AVIATION CIVILE COMMERCIALE .................................................................................17 5.4 LE TEMPS DES RECORDS ..................................................................................................................................17 5.5 PREPARATION A LA GUERRE ............................................................................................................................20 6. LA SECONDE GUERRE MONDIALE................................................................................................................21 7. DE 1945 A NOS JOURS .........................................................................................................................................24 7.1 L’ ERE DU « JET ».............................................................................................................................................24 7.2 NOUVEAUX PROJETS DE DIRIGEABLES .............................................................................................................25 7.3 L' AVIATION CONTEMPORAINE ..........................................................................................................................26 8. LA CONQUETE SPATIALE.................................................................................................................................29 8.1 LES DEBUTS DE L 'ERE SPATIALE ......................................................................................................................29 8.2 LE PREMIER SATELLITE ARTIFICIEL ..................................................................................................................30 8.3 LA COURSE A LA LUNE ....................................................................................................................................30 8.4 L’ ERE DE LA NAVETTE SPATIALE .....................................................................................................................36 8.5 ARIANE , UN PROJET DEVENU REALITE .............................................................................................................37 8.6 L’ EXPLORATION DE MARS ...............................................................................................................................38 8.7 AUJOURD 'HUI ET LE FUTUR ..............................................................................................................................40 8.8 LE VOL SPATIAL TOURISTIQUE .........................................................................................................................41 9. BIBLIOGRAPHIE ..................................................................................................................................................42 10. ANNEXES............................................................................................................................................................43 10.1 LES PRINCIPAUX AVIATEURS PIONNIERS ..........................................................................................................43 10.2 EVOLUTION DES RECORDS ENTRE 1906 ET 1914 .............................................................................................48 10.3 CHRONOLOGIE DE L ’HISTOIRE DE L ’AVIATION .................................................................................................49 © 2011 Ciras – Versailles Page : 2 / 53 Préparation au BIA/CAEA Module V- Histoire de l’aéronautique et de l’espace 1. INTRODUCTION Le présent document a été réalisé à l’intention des animateurs et des candidats pour la préparation des examens du Brevet d’Initiation à l’Aéronautique (BIA) et du Certificat d’Aptitude à l’Enseignement Aéronautique (CAEA). Il peut être reproduit et diffusé librement à des fins pédagogiques et non lucratives. L'histoire de l'aviation prend sa source dans le désir immémorial des hommes de s'élever dans les airs ; la légende d'Icare en témoigne. Mais c'est à la Renaissance, avec Léonard de Vinci, que la première étude raisonnée sur le vol humain trouve son expression. On remarque que, si l'art de la navigation a pu se développer empiriquement au cours des siècles et au hasard des rivages, l'histoire de l'aviation est indissolublement liée aux progrès mêmes de la science ; pour imiter ce que les oiseaux font en se jouant, l'homme est obligé d'en appeler aux ressources les plus abstraites de son génie. Les ascensions réussies de la montgolfière gonflée d'air chaud en 1783 et le développement des ballons à hydrogène auraient retardé la naissance et les progrès de l'aviation si ceux-ci n'avaient dépendu du perfectionnement du moteur à explosion. Il n'en fallut pas moins l'entêtement ou le génie des promoteurs du planeur ou de l'hélice pour triompher de l'idée que, pour évoluer dans l'air, il fallait être plus léger que lui. 2. Les précurseurs 2.1 Les premiers essais Si l'oiseau bat des ailes ou plane, si le ballon ou le dirigeable flotte dans l'air, le planeur ne vole que parce qu'il tombe. Dans sa chute, il acquiert la vitesse qui la retarde. Course de l'air sous l'aile au profil calculé et attraction terrestre sont les composantes de la force qui soulève l'avion vers le ciel. L'hélice en brassant l'air, le réacteur en propulsant l'appareil lui donnent cette vitesse qui l'appuie sur le vent comme sur un solide. Avant même de voler, le premier problème qui s'est posé à l'homme désireux d'imiter les oiseaux a été celui de quitter le sol. La légende cède peu à peu la place à l'histoire et, après les livres saints de toutes les religions, dont certains sont de véritables « volières », les textes des chroniqueurs apportent quelque précision sur les « mécanismes ingénieux » capables de faire voler l'homme. Aristote et Galien se penchent sur le problème, Aulu-Gelle décrit la fameuse colombe d'Archytas et les poètes célèbrent le malheureux Icare, tandis que les mathématiciens s'intéressent davantage à son père, l'inventeur Dédale. Accrochés à des oies, des condamnés à mort sont précipités du haut des falaises ; d'autres, des ailes sur le dos, s'élancent de points élevés, tours et collines, font quelques battements et tombent ou atterrissent un peu plus loin et un peu plus bas que leur point de départ. Beaucoup y laissent leur vie. L'histoire retient parfois leur nom. © 2011 Ciras – Versailles Page : 3 / 53 Préparation au BIA/CAEA Module V- Histoire de l’aéronautique et de l’espace Vers 1500, Léonard de Vinci, le premier, étudie scientifiquement le problème. Des pages et des pages d'écriture, plus de quatre cents dessins l'attestent : le Florentin a pressenti l'hélicoptère, le parachute. On dit même qu'il aurait essayé un planeur en vraie grandeur. Au xvie siècle, l'Anglais Bate introduit en Europe
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