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Lake Bonneville: Geology and Hydrology of the Weber Delta District, Including Ogden, U Tab Lake Bonneville: Geology and Hydrology of the Weber Delta District, Including Ogden, U tab GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 518 Prepared cooperatively by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation with the cooperation of the Utah State Engineer Lake Bonneville: Geology and Hydrology of the Weber Delta District, Including Ogden, Utah By J. H. FETH, D. A. BARKER, L. G. MOORE, R. J. BROWN, and C. E. VEIRS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 518 Prepared cooperattvely by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation with the cooperation of the Utah State Engineer UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, WASHINGTON 1966 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR STEWART L. UDALL, Secretary GEOLOGICAL SURVEY William T. Pecora, Director Library of Congress catalog-card No. 66-260 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office Washington, D. C. 20402 PREFACE During much of Pleistocene time, and probably earlier, northern Utah was occupied by lakes of large extent. The best known and last widespread lake in this area was Lake Bonne­ ville. At maximum extent, Lake Bonneville was approximately as large as Lake Michigan, about 20,000 square miles, and as much as 1,000 feet deep. The relics of Pleistocene Lake Bonneville are modern Utah Lake, Great Salt Lake, and Sevier Lake. In 1890 the U.S. Geological Survey published G. K. Gilbert's classic study of Lake Bonne­ ville, which is still the only study of the lake that includes its entire basin. In 1946 the Geo­ logical Survey began a restudy of the geology of the Bonneville Basin to evaluate in greater detail the geologic history and the resources of the region (Hunt and others, 1953; Bissell, 1963; Williams, 1963). This report is concerned primarily with the Weber Delta district, an area containing the Weber Delta, the largest delta formed in glacial Lake Bonneville. Today the Weber Delta district is constituted of broad plains and terraces, extending from the shore of Great Salt Lake to the base of the Wasatch Range, and is occupied by one­ sixth of Utah's one million people. The Weber River still carries some sediment to the lake, but its present significance to the economy of the region is as a source of water for irrigation and for municipal and industrial use. The Weber Delta district has a semiarid climate, with average annual precipitation insufficient for crops, and the further handicap that only one-third of the annual total falls during the growing season. The limit of human occupancy of the district is, therefore, set by the extent to which the surface and subsurface water resources can be managed to yield perennial supplies. The characteristic flow pattern of the Weber River and its principal tributaries includes a freshet in the spring from melting snows in the mountains, a rapid diminution to a minimum by late summer, and runoff near this minimum level throughout the winter and until the next freshet. In addition to these seasonal fluctuations there are marked variations from year to year, so that the maximum annual runoff of record may be 5-10 times the minimum. The water of Weber River was first used by new settlers for irrigation in 1848, and rights to all the normal summer flow of the river and its perennial tributaries had been established before 1896. Later, reservoirs were developed for assurance of water supply throughout the irrigation season. Three major reservoirs- Echo, East Canyon, and Pine View- have been in opera­ tion more than a quarter of a century, chiefly to provide irrigation water to the Weber Delta district; but as of 1950, the combined storage capacity of these reservoirs was less than a quarter of the average annual runoff of the Weber and Ogden Rivers. The Weber Basin Project of the U.S. Bureau of Recla~ation, authorized in 1949, provides for comprehensive development of the water of the Weber River drainage basin to yield ulti­ mately an average of 278,000 acre-feet of water annually, of which 166,000 acre-feet is for irrigation of about 133,000 acres of land, 52,000 acre-feet for municipal and industrial use in the Weber Delta district, and 60,000 acre-feet for migratory waterfowl refuges. The project includes enlargement of the Pine View and East Canyon dams and reservoirs and construction of the Wanship and Lost Creek dams, thus increasing the mountain reservoir storage to more than double the capacity prior to 1950. Additional storage will be provided by Willard dam in Willard Bay, formerly an arm of Great Salt Lake. The project also includes construction of wells and drains in the integrated development and management of the basin's water resources. Conjunctive use of subsurface reservoirs with surface reservoirs will be essential to ultimate full development of the water resources, because the total surface storage, even with Willard Reservoir, will still be less than the average annual production of the river system. Thousands of wells are in the Weber Delta district, many of them more than 50 years old, and most of them flowing wells of small diameter and small yield. The total discharge from III IV PREFACE these wells - about 25,000 acre-feet per year, of which one-third comes from about 60 pumped wells of large capacity- has been small in comparison with the quantities diverted from the Weber and Ogden Rivers; but this water is important in municipal and rural domestic supply, stock watering, industrial supply, and irrigation of small tracts. The wells are distributed widely but irregularly over the district, reflecting in part the conditions of occurrence of usable ground water. An evaluation of the ground-water resources of the Weber Delta district at present would show the occurrence of ground water, not under original conditions, but under conditions modi­ fied by discharge from wells, by application of surface water for irrigation, and by artificial facilities for drainage of land and disposal of water. Further modifications can be expected as additional water of the Weber Basin project is used in the area. Thus, the source, move­ ment, storage, and discharge of ground water will be modified by man's operations; and they can be modified to maximum benefit and minimum detriment to his welfare. But this requires an adequate understanding of the hydrology - a greater understanding than we now have, and one that will require continuing observation and interpretation of the effects of develop­ ment and use of the water throughout the project area. The sediments of the Weber Delta constitute the framework through which ground water moves, and they are thus a controlling factor in the natural storage and circulation and also in the effects of man's activities. The geology of the Weber Delta- texture, sorting, bedding, and structure, which affect the permeability of the sediments; soluble materials which may degrade the water quality; other features which influence the infiltration, percolation, and discharge of ground water - is thus a subject of major and continuing importance in making optimum use of the ground-water resource. CONTENTS Page Page Preface _______________________________________________ III Water resources ______________ - __ -- __ --------- - --- - -- - - - 33 Abstract______________________________________________ 1 Water budget _______________ -- __ --- _--- _--- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 Introduction__________________________________________ 3 Surface water _______________ -- ___ -- _--- ___ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 33 Purpose and scope of the study___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 Water entering the area ________________________ 33 Location and definition of the project area_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 5 Water leaving the area _________________________ 34 Previous investigations_____________________________ 5 Ground water _____________________________________ 35 Acknowledgments__________________________________ 6 Occurrence____________________________________ 35 Physical geography_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6 Ground-water subdistricts and their aquifers___ 36 Economic geography__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 Weber Delta subdistrict_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 Climate__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 9 Delta aquifer__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36 Well-numbering system used in Utah_________________ 9 Sunset aquifer_____________________ 37 Geology______________________________________________ 10 Shallow aquifers___________________ 37 Methods of study___ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 11 Ogden-Plain City subdistrict____________ 37 Boundaries of the ground-water basin_________________ 11 North Ogden subdistrict________________ 38 Surface geology__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 West Warren subdistrict________________ 38 Stratigraphy and water-bearing properties Little Mountain subdistrict_____________ 38 of the rocks_______________________________ 12 Kaysville-Farmington subdistrict________ 38 Rocks of pre-Quaternary age________________ 12 Recharge _____________________________________ 38 Precambrian rocks_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 12 Source of recharge _________ - __ -- ___ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 38 Paleozoic rocks________________________ 12 Principal recharge area _____________________ 38 Other pre-Quaternary rocks_____________ 13 Summary of recharge___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 39 Quaternary deposits________________________ 13 Recharge from
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