The Art of Reconciliation in Rwanda Meredith Shepard Submitted In
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Evidence from the Kuba Kingdom*
The Evolution of Culture and Institutions:Evidence from the Kuba Kingdom* Sara Lowes† Nathan Nunn‡ James A. Robinson§ Jonathan Weigel¶ 16 November 2015 Abstract: We use variation in historical state centralization to examine the impact of institutions on cultural norms. The Kuba Kingdom, established in Central Africa in the early 17th century by King Shyaam, had more developed state institutions than the other independent villages and chieftaincies in the region. It had an unwritten constitution, separation of political powers, a judicial system with courts and juries, a police force and military, taxation, and significant public goods provision. Comparing individuals from the Kuba Kingdom to those from just outside the Kingdom, we find that centralized formal institutions are associated with weaker norms of rule-following and a greater propensity to cheat for material gain. Keywords: Culture, values, institutions, state centralization. JEL Classification: D03,N47. *A number of individuals provided valuable help during the project. We thank Anne Degrave, James Diderich, Muana Kasongo, Eduardo Montero, Roger Makombo, Jim Mukenge, Eva Ng, Matthew Summers, Adam Xu, and Jonathan Yantzi. For comments, we thank Ran Abramitzky, Chris Blattman, Jean Ensminger, James Fenske, Raquel Fernandez, Carolina Ferrerosa-Young, Avner Greif, Joseph Henrich, Karla Hoff, Christine Kenneally, Alexey Makarin, Anselm Rink, Noam Yuchtman, as well as participants at numerous conferences and seminars. We gratefully acknowledge funding from the Pershing Square Venture Fund for Research on the Foundations of Human Behavior and the National Science Foundation (NSF). †Harvard University. (email: [email protected]) ‡Harvard University, NBER and BREAD. (email: [email protected]) §University of Chicago, NBER, and BREAD. -
State Department 2003 Version
UNCLASSIFIED RELEASED IN PART itenSp? Bl, 1.5(D) United States Department of State Waskinston, D.C. 20520 May 18, 1994 SECRET/ORCON pECL: OADR TO: AF - Mr. Moose L - Mr. Mallet PROM: INR - Toby T. Gatill# 04\ SUBJECT: Rwanda - Geneva Convention Violations There is substantial circumstantial evidende implicating senior Rwandan government and military officials in the widespread, systematic killing of ethnic Tutsis, and to a lesser extent, ethnic Hutus who supported power-sharing between the two groups. The Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) has also killed Hutus in battle and has admitted targeting extremist Hutus whom it believes to be responsible for massacres of Tutsis. Unlike government forces, the RPF does not appear to have committed Geneva Convention defined genocidal atrocities. • Bloodyr)inter-ethnic struggles between Tutsis and Hutus date back to the colonial period. An estimated 20,000 Tutsis were tilled between 1959 and 1964 during the struggle for independence when the Tutsi monarchy fell, but the recent killings fat surpass anything in Rwanda's history. Since the April 6 downing of an airplane carrying Rwandan President Habyacimana and Burundian President Mtaryamira, massacres in brands have claimed from200,000 to 500.000 lives, according to international humanitarian organizations. We believe 500,000 may be an exaggerated estimate, but no accurate figures are available. systematic killigsn began within hours of Habyarimana's death. Most Of those killed have been Tutsi civilians, including women and children. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE SECRETIORCON REVIEW AUTHORITY: CHARLES L. PARIS DATE/CASE ID: 12 MAY 2003 200104150 .:'4w W '.. UNCLAssr SECRETAgRWN - 2 - Some Rwandan government troops, Hutu militia and extremist Hutu youth squads often trained or armed by security forces are the main perpetrators. -
Papaoutai Memory Studies Redacted for Pure Dec 2018
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by King's Research Portal King’s Research Portal Document Version Peer reviewed version Link to publication record in King's Research Portal Citation for published version (APA): Norridge, Z. C. (Accepted/In press). Papaoutai? Family Memory, Parental Loss and Rwandan Artists Today. Memory Studies. Citing this paper Please note that where the full-text provided on King's Research Portal is the Author Accepted Manuscript or Post-Print version this may differ from the final Published version. If citing, it is advised that you check and use the publisher's definitive version for pagination, volume/issue, and date of publication details. And where the final published version is provided on the Research Portal, if citing you are again advised to check the publisher's website for any subsequent corrections. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the Research Portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognize and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. •Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the Research Portal for the purpose of private study or research. •You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain •You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the Research Portal Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. -
The International Response to Conflict and Genocide:Lessom from the Rwanda Experience
The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience March 1996 Published by: Steering Committee of the Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda Editor: David Millwood Cover illustrations: Kiure F. Msangi Graphic design: Designgrafik, Copenhagen Prepress: Dansk Klich‚, Copenhagen Printing: Strandberg Grafisk, Odense ISBN: 87-7265-335-3 (Synthesis Report) ISBN: 87-7265-331-0 (1. Historical Perspective: Some Explanatory Factors) ISBN: 87-7265-332-9 (2. Early Warning and Conflict Management) ISBN: 87-7265-333-7 (3. Humanitarian Aid and Effects) ISBN: 87-7265-334-5 (4. Rebuilding Post-War Rwanda) This publication may be reproduced for free distribution and may be quoted provided the source - Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda - is mentioned. The report is printed on G-print Matt, a wood-free, medium-coated paper. G-print is manufactured without the use of chlorine and marked with the Nordic Swan, licence-no. 304 022. 2 The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience Study 2 Early Warning and Conflict Management by Howard Adelman York University Toronto, Canada Astri Suhrke Chr. Michelsen Institute Bergen, Norway with contributions by Bruce Jones London School of Economics, U.K. Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda 3 Contents Preface 5 Executive Summary 8 Acknowledgements 11 Introduction 12 Chapter 1: The Festering Refugee Problem 17 Chapter 2: Civil War, Civil Violence and International Response 20 (1 October 1990 - 4 August -
We Are All Rwandans”
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles “We are all Rwandans”: Imagining the Post-Genocidal Nation Across Media A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Film and Television by Andrew Phillip Young 2016 ABSTRACT OF DISSERTATION “We are all Rwandans”: Imagining the Post-Genocidal Nation Across Media by Andrew Phillip Young Doctor of Philosophy in Film and Television University of California, Los Angeles, 2016 Professor Chon A. Noriega, Chair There is little doubt of the fundamental impact of the 1994 Rwanda genocide on the country's social structure and cultural production, but the form that these changes have taken remains ignored by contemporary media scholars. Since this time, the need to identify the the particular industrial structure, political economy, and discursive slant of Rwandan “post- genocidal” media has become vital. The Rwandan government has gone to great lengths to construct and promote reconciliatory discourse to maintain order over a country divided along ethnic lines. Such a task, though, relies on far more than the simple state control of media message systems (particularly in the current period of media deregulation). Instead, it requires a more complex engagement with issues of self-censorship, speech law, public/private industrial regulation, national/transnational production/consumption paradigms, and post-traumatic media theory. This project examines the interrelationships between radio, television, newspapers, the ii Internet, and film in the contemporary Rwandan mediascape (which all merge through their relationships with governmental, regulatory, and funding agencies, such as the Rwanda Media High Council - RMHC) to investigate how they endorse national reconciliatory discourse. -
A Film by Atiq Rahimi "There Is No Better Lycée Than Our Lady of the Nile
A film by Atiq Rahimi "There is no better lycée than Our Lady of the Nile. Nor is there any higher. Twenty-five hundred meters, the white teachers proudly proclaim. “Two thousand four hundred ninety-three meters,” points out Sister Lydwine, our geography teacher. “We’re so close to heaven,” whispers Mother Superior, clasping her hands together." Excerpt from Scholastique Mukasonga "Our Lady of the Nile" OUR LADY OF THE NILE A film by Atiq Rahimi 2019 - France, Belgium, Rwanda - 93 mn - Color - French with some Kinyarwanda SCREENINGS SCHEDULE @ TIFF INTERNATIONAL SALES Nicolas Eschbach ([email protected]) Florencia Gil ([email protected]) PRESS & INDUSTRY Simon Gabriele ([email protected]) SAT 7, 11:45 AM @ Scotiabank 6 Clément Chautant ([email protected]) FRI 13, 12:30 PM @ Scotiabank 8 INTERNATIONAL PRESS PUBLIC Touchwood PR THU 5, 6:45 PM @ TIFF Bell Lightbox Cinema 1 Andrea Grau FRI 6, 12:15 PM @ Jackman Hall [email protected] SAT 14, 8:30 PM @ Scotiabank 8 +1 (416) 347 6749 SYNOPSIS Rwanda, 1973. Young girls are sent to Our Lady of the Nile, a prestigious Catholic boarding school perched on a hill, where they are taught to become the Rwandan elite. With graduation on the horizon, they share the same dormitory, the same dreams and the same teenage concerns. But throughout the land as well as within the school, deep-seated antagonism is rumbling, about to change these young girls’ lives – and the entire country – forever. ATIQ RAHIMI Atiq Rahimi is a novelist and filmmaker. His first feature, EARTH AND ASHES, co-authored with Iranian filmmaker Kambuzia Partovi, was presented in the “Un Certain Regard” section at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival where it was awarded the Prix du Regard vers l’Avenir. -
Rwanda Rwanda [ /Ruˈændə/ ] “Ubumwe, Umurimo, Gukunda Igihugu”
Rwanda Rwanda [ /ruˈændə/ ] “Ubumwe, Umurimo, Gukunda Igihugu” Many visitors come on holiday to Rwanda to see its famous mountain gorillas, sometimes as an add-on to a safari in Kenya or Tanzania, stay for just three or four days and then leave, which is a shame because there is so much more to see on a Rwanda holiday. With three national parks, a thriving capital city, spectacular mountain scenery and some surprisingly diverse wildlife, Rwanda has plenty to occupy a longer holiday and certainly deserves further exploration. Today, Rwanda has one of the fastest growing economies in Africa. It has more women in Parliament than any other country in the world (64% at the time of writing) and is one of the friendliest, safest countries on the continent. Yet for most people, it inevitably conjures up images of the dreadful genocide of 1994, when almost a million people died. Whilst the genocide is a massive part of its history, over twenty years on Rwanda has evolved into a united, proud and optimistic country that warmly welcomes its visitors and provides a truly memorable and inspiring holiday. About Rwanda Annual Rain Fall COUNTRY SIZE: 26,338 sq km (10,169 sq mi) 140 112 84 CURRENCY: Rwandan Franc (RWF) 56 28 LANGUAGES: English, French, Kinyarwanda, Swahili ETHNIC: Hutus, Tutsis, Twa Annual Temperature CAPITAL: Kigali AIRPORTS: Kigali International Airport, Kanombe Kamembe Airport, Cyangugu POPULATION: 12,6 million (2018) HEALTH REQUIREMENTS These are not mandatory, unless you enter the country from a coun- try where yellow fever is prevalent and cholera zone RWANDA Seasonal Highlights NOV DEC-FEB MAR - MAY MAY-OCT The best time visit Rwanda is from mid-May to mid-October, this is the long dry season and has perfect conditions for tracking gorillas. -
Struggling to Survive: Barriers to Justice for Rape Victims in Rwanda
Human Rights Watch September 2004 Vol. 16, No. 10(A) STRUGGLING TO SURVIVE: BARRIERS TO JUSTICE FOR RAPE VICTIMS IN RWANDA I. SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 1 II. RECOMMENDATIONS.............................................................................................. 4 III. BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................ 7 Sexual Violence during the 1994 Genocide.......................................................................... 7 Rwandan Women in the Post-Genocide Period................................................................10 IV. BARRIERS TO JUSTICE FOR SEXUAL VIOLENCE CRIMES .....................13 Genocide Prosecutions in the Rwandan Legal System.....................................................13 General Context..................................................................................................................13 Legislation Governing Genocide Trials and Gacaca.....................................................14 Cases of Sexual Violence in Genocide Trials and Gacaca Proceedings.....................18 Obstacles to Reporting Sexual Violence .............................................................................22 Victims’ Concerns Regarding Lack of Evidence ...........................................................23 Stigmatization, Retraumatization, and Inadequate Procedural Protections for Witnesses..............................................................................................................................24 -
Humanitarian Affairs Theory, Case Studies And
HUST 4501: Humanitarian Affairs: Foreign Service Program Institute of International Humanitarian Affairs Fordham University – Summer Session II Monday – Thursday, 1:00 PM – 4:00 PM Lincoln Center – Classroom 404 INSTRUCTOR INFORMATION Instructor: Dan Gwinnell Email: [email protected] Tel: +1 908-868-6489 Office hours: By appointment – but I am very flexible and will always be happy to make time to meet with you! COURSE OVERVIEW The Institute of International Humanitarian Affairs (IIHA) prepares current and future aid workers with the knowledge and skills needed to respond effectively in times of humanitarian crisis and disaster. Our courses are borne of an interdisciplinary curriculum that combines academic theory with the practical experience of humanitarian professionals. The Humanitarian Studies program is multi-disciplinary and draws on a variety of academic and intellectual frameworks to examine and critique the international community’s response to situations of emergency, disaster and development. There is a natural tension in humanitarian studies between the practical implementation of humanitarian initiatives related to disaster or development; and, on the other hand, more introspective and academic attempts to understand and critique the effectiveness of these initiatives. Understanding how to effectively navigate this tension between theory and practice is at the heart of Fordham’s undergraduate program in humanitarian studies, and will serve as a guiding theme of this class. Throughout the course, we will work to try and form a coherent set of opinions on a) whether humanitarian action is a positive and necessary component of our global landscape, and b) if so, how our theory can guide our practice to help improve the efficiency and outcomes of humanitarian endeavors. -
Rwanda Page 1 of 16
Rwanda Page 1 of 16 2005 Human Rights Report Released | Daily Press Briefing | Other News... Rwanda Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2005 Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor March 8, 2006 Rwanda is a constitutional republic dominated by a strong presidency. The population was 8.4 million. The largely Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), took power in 1994 and formed a government of National Unity that functioned during the transitional period following the civil war and genocide until 2003, when President Paul Kagame was elected to a seven-year term in largely peaceful but seriously marred elections. The country was affected by continuing instability in the eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), where armed rebel groups continued to operate with impunity despite the presence of a UN peacekeeping mission in the DRC. During the first two months of the year, there were unconfirmed reports from credible sources that Rwanda Defense Forces (RDF) troops were at times present in the eastern part of the DRC, particularly following public threats by the Rwandan president in December 2004, which indicated that the government might send RDF troops into the DRC to attack Hutu rebels deemed a threat to its security. However, the government publicly denied allegations that RDF troops were operating in the DRC. Unlike in the previous year, there were no reports that Rwandan rebels in the DRC, known as the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), conducted attacks in the northwestern region of Rwanda. The FDLR, largely made up of Rwandan Hutus who fled to the DRC in 1994 after the genocide, continued to be led by many individuals responsible for leading the genocide, and it continued to actively oppose the Kagame government. -
History, Trauma and Remembering in Kivu Ruhorahoza's Grey Matter
History, trauma and remembering in Kivu Ruhorahoza's Grey Matter (2011) Article (Published Version) Cieplak, Piotr (2018) History, trauma and remembering in Kivu Ruhorahoza’s Grey Matter (2011). Journal of African Cultural Studies, 30 (2). pp. 163-177. ISSN 1369-6815 This version is available from Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/70358/ This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies and may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher’s version. Please see the URL above for details on accessing the published version. Copyright and reuse: Sussex Research Online is a digital repository of the research output of the University. Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable, the material made available in SRO has been checked for eligibility before being made available. Copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk Journal of African Cultural Studies ISSN: 1369-6815 (Print) 1469-9346 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/cjac20 History, trauma and remembering in Kivu Ruhorahoza’s Grey Matter (2011) Piotr Cieplak To cite this article: Piotr Cieplak (2018) History, trauma and remembering in Kivu Ruhorahoza’s GreyMatter (2011), Journal of African Cultural Studies, 30:2, 163-177, DOI: 10.1080/13696815.2016.1244476 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/13696815.2016.1244476 © 2016 The Author(s). -
Rwanda Peace Narratives
Rwanda Peace Narratives A Curriculum Toolkit That Challenges American Youth to Create Positive Change Center for Pe a c e Building International ii Published by the Center for Peace Building International (CPBI) 4410 Massachusetts Ave, NW # 354 Washington, DC 20016-5572 USA http://www.CPBInternational.org/ © Center for Peace Building International 2010 The Preface and Narrative parts of this publication may not be modified in any way. This copyright gives the user the right to share the toolkit lessons with others and adapt it to suit the reader’s needs. This may be done under the following conditions: Attribution — You must attribute the original work to the Center for Peace Building International (CPBI). However, you must not in any way suggest that CPBI endorses you or your use of the work. Noncommercial — You may not use this work for commercial purposes. Share Alike — If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work to others as long as you share the results with CPBI and agree that your resulting work is shared only under the same conditions as those established here by CPBI. No changes may be made to the Narratives or Preface. © Center for Peace Building International. http://www.cpbinternational.org/ 1 Preface How does one find peace after experiencing the trauma of violence? To illustrate the purpose of the Peace Narratives Toolkit, we offer the following words of U.S. Representative John Lewis, who was savagely beaten during a civil rights march in the 1960’s. In accepting the heartfelt apology of his assailant, who could not live with the weight of his guilt any longer, Congressman Lewis spoke the following words1: There is something good, something so pure, and almost perfect about moving toward reconciliation, about ending the separation that divides us and moving toward oneness.