CEU eTD Collection Bioenergy in Ukraine: Sustainable Pathways fortheDevelopmentAgro- Pathways ofUkraine’s Bioenergy Sustainable in Ukraine: A thesis submitted tothe Department of Environmental Sciences andPolicy of Central European University in part fulfilment of the Degree ofDoctor ofPhilosophy Yuliya VOYTENKO biomass Potential November, 2010 November, Budapest CEU eTD Collection European University. is available fromtheHead of the Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Central Further information ontheconditions under which disclosures and exploitation may take place European University, Budapest. Potential. biomass 2010. Y. Voytenko, For bibliographic and reference purposes this thesis should (3) be referred to as: University, which will prescribe the terms and conditions of any such agreement. may notbemade available foruse bythird parties without the written permission of the The ownership of any vested in theCentral Europeanintellectual University, subject toany priorproperty agreement to the rightscontrary, and which may be described (2) in this thesis is of the Author. made in accordance with such instructions may not be made without the permission (in writing) This page must formpart ofanysuch copies made. Further copies (by any process) of copies lodged in theCentral European University Library. Details may be obtained from theLibrarian. Copyright in text of full, orofextracts,this maybemade only in accordancethesis with instructionsrests givenwith by the Author and the Author. Copies (by (1)any process) either in Notes oncopyright and the ownership of intellectual property rights: Doctoral thesis, Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy, Central Bioenergy in Ukraine: Sustainable Pathways for theDevelopmentofUkraine’s for SustainableBioenergy inUkraine: Agro- Pathways ii CEU eTD Collection reference, etc. person, except where appropriate acknowledgment is made in the form of bibliographical Furthermore, this thesis contains no materials previously written and/or published by another for another degree or qualification ofthis or any other university orother institute of learning. No portion ofthe work referred toin this thesis has been submitted in support of an application Author’s declaration iii Yuliya VOYTENKO CEU eTD Collection suggested. Amongother,arecommendationto construct a 5-10 MW demonstration straw-fired academia and researchers), who would like tomove new bioenergy systems forward are Recommendations for thetarget audience (i.e. policy makers, non-governmental actors, considering its currently exploited biomass resources and forecasted potentials. undertake to country the for feasible most as the Pathway viewed 2 is discussed. and suggested A roadmap towards the expansion ofPathway 1 and establishment of Pathways 2 and 3 in UA is power’ work include: 1) include: work orderestablish to anagro-industrial bioenergy sector. Three major pathways delineated in this bioenergy development in Ukraine; 2) suggestion ofthepathways for the country to follow in They stream the work into: 1) identification of constraining and facilitating factors for the resources, the nature ofgoals, the number ofactors, complexity and degree of formalisation. All ABFs share key components but differ markedly according to thelocal context and they engage in bioenergy initiatives. main purpose is to underpin and demonstrate a clear suite of benefits to key stakeholders once expected tobecome motivational tools for theactor involvement in bioenergy chains as their case studies, whichemergefrom entrepreneurs, Thedeveloped is performed. frameworks are conceptual framework developed by theauthor. Rationalisation ofthe behaviour of farm-based analysis of 23 initiatives on straw use forenergy in listed countries with the application study cross-case of and via in-case a compared and analysed described, are ABFs (ABFs). action UA, and structures them into five types of new agro-biomass frameworks for organisation and of local agro-bioenergy systems in Western Europe (WE) (i. e. Sweden, Denmark and Spain) and The work highlights and defines key factors and organisational elements for the transformation pathways. nuclear and coal capacity toco-exist with thecountry’s entrenched energy sector, which is following natural gas, agro-industrial bioenergy sector that notonly offers tangible benefits to UA but has also a and environmental benefits. The dissertation explores pathways for the establishment of an contribute totherevitalisation ofits agriculture and bring a number of other economic, social bioenergy is believed tohelp thecountry combat its significant energy security problem, Biomass suppliesemerged recently. only 0.5% in UA’s energy balance. Thedevelopment of At present thebiofuels sector inUA is not institutionalised although a number of initiatives have elsewhere. energy and residues agricultural by isformed this of part major The crops. balance). energy country’s the in AnnuallyUkraine (UA) hassignificant potential for bioenergy. Biomass can supply 1 EJ per year (or 18%nearly 175 PJ can be derived from straw, which is currently not used for the Development of Ukraine’s Agro-biomass Potential for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and entitled: Bioenergy in Ukraine: Sustainable Pathways Yuliya VOYTENKO ABSTRACT OF THESIS . ‘straw for local heating’ local for ‘straw THE CENTRAL EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY submitted by: Month and Year of submission: November, 2010. ; 2) ‘straw for district heating’ iv ; 3) ‘straw for combined heat and heat combined for ‘straw CEU eTD Collection technical barriers to bioenergy, Ukraine, economies in transition Keywords: specific challenges, which need tobe understood and managed appropriately. this work, avoids most of the general concerns on biofuel sustainability, of scope the within however,is studied has which its own straw), (i.e. biomass agricultural residual from production overall environmental impacts ofbiofuels at different stages in their lifecycles. Energy include food versus fuel debate, greenhouse gas neutrality of biofuel production and use, and place in academic andpublic circles within the last few years. Major concerns around biofuels This work accounts for different sides in discussions over bioenergy sustainability, which took the condition that local specificities are taken into account. district heating plant isgiven. Theoutcomes of the study are transferable to various contexts on bioenergy management, biomass residues, sustainable biofuels, straw logistics, non- v CEU eTD Collection you! borders towhat achild can achieve in her life just to keep her family proud and happy. Thank encouragement. Your everlasting trust in memakes me often wonder whether there exist any Finally Iwould like tothank my parents and grandparents for their love, care, support and always with meand for me during the most intensive times in myPhD life. happiness. Asweet ‘thank you’ goes to Robin forhis care and support, and for being there the fire ofdancing back to mylife but also for helping me rediscover myself and find true I would like togive a bow to Maria Forsman and Malmö DansCity for notonly having brought and Nastya. Beauties, thank you for everything! delivered ‘girls tomy circle’, be love should andespeciallyand toOlga, Katya,appreciation Lena adventures, excitement, fireworks and timetravels will always My stay in mymemory. within life’ moments they have been sharing with me. Our unforgettable trips all over Europe, Of course, I never forget tothank my friends for their help and support, and for these ‘life always accepting me as a member of their team. been doing in thebioenergy field, for their invitations to conferences and other events, and for appreciation goestomycolleagues in Ukraine, SEC “Biomass”, for all the great work they and have gratitude of alot addition, In contacts. initial and field research my in insights first Håkan Rosenqvist and Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, who provided me with the respondents, who made myinterviews and study trips such agreat fun. Many thanks go to This work would nothave become possible without academic supporters and welcoming what was planned. grants, scholarships and awards, without which Iwould not have been able to accomplish all of its Department of Environmental Sciences and Policy for aiding me with research and travel happennot so smoothly without your support and your ‘fikas’. I would like tothank CEU and excellent work station andresources needed for adecent PhDresearch. Dear Institute, it would I amalso enormously grateful totheIIIEE and its team for having provided me with an bringing more light into myunderstanding of what a PhD is. (hopefully) spread some sunshine around. Ahuge ‘thank you’ goes to Thomas Lindhqvist for Mont and Tamara Steger, for having led meto polish mymethodology sections until they would this manuscript atdifferent stages in its development. In particular, I would like to thank Oksana financially. My special appreciation goes toall the reviewers and mentors, who had a touch of my endless plans for field data collection and conference participations both institutionally and I would like toexpress mygratitude toRuben Mnatsakanian for always being ready to support mud cookies in Pecks summer house. between his smallest son Isaac jumping on a trampoline and his little daughter Siri preparing the mostchallenging moments. Hewas the one who would go through my drafts somewhere in frombrainstorming of ideas and providing feedback to supporting and encouraging me during I amincredibly grateful to my supervisor Philip Peck, who has always been ‘super’ in everything: make impossible become possible, for their time, patience, support and encouragement. holding in your hands. Inthis small preface Iwould like tothank all those who helped me to and exciting experience -onecan call it ‘a life within life’, - which resulted in the book you are offer meanotherPhD research, I would gladly accept it. It has been a wonderful, unforgettable Coming to the finishAcknowledgements of this journey there is one thing I can assert: if someone was there to vi CEU eTD Collection 4 3 2 1 Table of Contents 4.2 4.1 3.5 3.4 3.3 3.2 3.1 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.2 1.1 IEEG NURIE URN TTS...... 82 ...... BIOENERGY UKRAINE: IN CURRENT STATUS EHDLG...... 63 METHODOLOGY...... NRYFO IMS:TER N RCIE...... 20 ...... ENERGY FROMBIOMASS: THEORY PRACTICE AND NRDCIN...... 1 INTRODUCTION...... 4.2.2 4.2.1 3.4.4 3.4.3 3.4.2 3.4.1 3.3.2 3.3.1 2.5.4 2.5.3 2.5.2 2.5.1 2.4.4 2.4.3 2.4.2 2.4.1 2.3.2 2.3.1 2.2.2 2.2.1 1.2.5 1.2.4 1.2.3 1.2.2 1.2.1 1.1.6 1.1.5 1.1.4 1.1.3 1.1.2 1.1.1 S N R D D R R F T E B B P P T UPPORT SCHEMES FORBIOENERGY PRODUCTION ORMS OF ORGANISATIONORMS OF FOR BIOENERGY RESENT AND FUTURE OF BIOENERGY OF ANDFUTURE RESENT ROBLEM DEFINITION ESEARCH CONSTRAINTS ESEARCH ESEARCH STEPS AND VALIDITY STEPS ESEARCH ESEARCH IDEOLOGY AND VALUES HEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS HEORETICAL IOENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY IOENERGY IOENERGY ROUTES AND CONVERSION HE NATURE OFTHE PROBLEM NERGY FROMSTRAW ATIONAL AGRO ATIONAL ATA ANALYSIS ATA COLLECTION a nSpoto ife s...... 86 Use...... of Biofuel onSupport Law 86 Development...... onBiofuel Programme State oprsnadcnrs fWsenErpa n kana otxs...... 80 contexts...... Ukrainian and European Western of contrast and Comparison 78 rationalisation...... Actor 75 comparison...... andABF analysis Cross-case 73 structuring...... and Conceptualising aesuyrsac...... 69 research...... Case study 68 research...... Archival nerto ftere...... 59 oftheories...... Integration 59 of actors...... behaviour the explain to Theory 57 ...... newtechnologies of Diffusion 54 activities...... ofnew legitimisation and theory Neoinstitutional utiaiiyipiain ...... 52 ...... implications Sustainability 48 and logistics...... handling Straw 41 combustion...... Straw 40 usesandproperties...... Straw niomna mlctos...... 35 implications...... Environmental 30 implications...... Socio-economic ife eeain...... 26 generations...... Biofuel 23 routes...... and feedstocks Bioenergy hssotie...... 18 outline...... Thesis 16 ...... audience Target 14 ...... assumptions Research 12 questions...... and problem Research 10 delimitations...... scopeand area, Research Challenges for bioenergy...... 8 for Challenges Ukraine...... 7 in energy for potential Straw Ukraine...... 5 in potentials Biomass ...... 3 Ukraine for co-benefits Bioenergy debate...... 2 bioenergy the to sides Two systems...... 1 energy Traditional ...... 73 ...... - BIOENERGY PRODUCTION ...... 65 ...... 40 ...... 10 ...... 80 ...... 1 ...... 64 ...... 53 ...... 29 ...... 63 ...... 20 ...... 23 ...... 61 ...... 82 ...... vii ...... 86 ...... CEU eTD Collection 8 7 6 5 8.1 7.4 7.3 7.2 7.1 6.3 6.2 6.1 5.3 5.2 5.1 4.5 4.4 4.3 OCUIN ...... 202 ...... CONCLUSIONS CASE ANDDISCUSSION...... 162 STUDYANALYSIS GOBONRYEPRECSI KAN ...... 142 AGRO-BIOENERGY EXPERIENCES INUKRAINE GOBONRYEPREC NWSENERP ...... 108 AGRO-BIOENERGY EXPERIENCE INWESTERN EUROPE 7.4.4 7.4.3 7.4.2 7.4.1 7.3.3 7.3.2 7.3.1 7.2.2 7.2.1 7.1.5 7.1.4 7.1.3 7.1.2 7.1.1 6.2.2 6.2.1 5.2.3 5.2.2 5.2.1 5.1.3 5.1.2 5.1.1 4.4.4 4.4.3 4.4.2 4.4.1 4.3.4 4.3.3 4.3.2 4.3.1 4.2.6 4.2.5 4.2.4 4.2.3 M R P A A C A L C A L T G M ATHWAYS FOR AGRO FOR ATHWAYS OCAL CONTEXT OF STRAW USE FOR ENERGY FOR USE STRAW OF CONTEXT OCAL OCAL CONTEXT OF STRAW USE FOR ENERGY FOR USE STRAW OF CONTEXT OCAL ECOMMENDATIONS RENDS AND DRIVERS RELATED TO BIOENERGY PRODUCTION BIOENERGY TO RELATED AND DRIVERS RENDS LASSIFICATION OF FARM OF LASSIFICATION LASSIFICATION OF FARM OF LASSIFICATION GRO GRO GRO GRO ENERAL REQUIREMENTS TO START BIOENERGY PRODUCTION AIN FINDINGS AIN ARKET ENVIRONMENT ANDPOTENTIALS ENVIRONMENT ARKET Demonstration district heating plant in Ukraine...... 200 in plant heating district Demonstration ...... 199 researchers and Academia actors...... 197 Non-governmental Ukraine...... 196 in makers Policy aha he:Srwfrcmie etadpwr...... 193 and power heat combined for Straw Three: Pathway heating...... 189 district for Straw Two: Pathway ...... 187 local heating for One:Straw Pathway Comparison of straw use for energy in Ukraine and Western Europe...... 185 Western and Ukraine in energy usefor ofstraw Comparison factors...... 179 determining and reality Ukraine: in Straw-to-energy B :Lresaepwro obndha n oe CP eeain...... 175 (CHP) generation and power heat combined scalepoweror Large 3: ABF (DH)...... 172 heating district for combustion scalestraw Medium 2b: ABF excess forsale...... 171 with provision scalelocalheat Medium 2a: ABF municipality...... 169 fuel saleto for production Smallscalelocalstraw 1b: ABF production...... 167 Smallscalelocalheat 1a: ABF Agro-biomass use on medium scale...... 155 medium useon Agro-biomass smallscale...... 145 useon Agro-biomass Agro-biomass use on large scale...... 132 large useon Agro-biomass scale...... 118 medium useon Agro-biomass smallscale...... 114 useon Agro-biomass pi ...... 112 Spain ...... 110 Denmark ...... 108 Sweden Logistics...... 104 Knowledge...... 104 Technology...... 101 Investments...... 100 xenlmre oeta o ieeg omrilsto ...... 99 ...... commercialisation bioenergy for potential market External 96 commercialisation...... for potential market Domestic 94 chain...... and value market Bioenergy 91 ...... andtransit imports Energy on mlmnainOpruiis...... 90 ...... Opportunities Implementation Joint 90 standardisation...... Biofuel 89 ...... Impact Crisis ofFinancial onMinimisation Laws 87 ...... Tariff Electricity onGreen Law - - - - BIOENERGY EXPERIENCES IN BIOMASS FRAMEWORKS FORORGANISATION AND ACTION BIOMASS FRAMEWORKS FORORGANISATION AND ACTION BIOMASS FRAMEWORKS FORORGANISATION AND ACTION ...... 202 : - M BIOENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN OVING FORWARD - - BASED ENTREPRENEURS BASED ENTREPRENEURS U KRAINE AND KRAINE ...... 195 ...... 91 ...... 142 ...... 108 viii ...... 160 ...... 139 W U ESTERN KRAINE ...... 106 E ...... 100 ...... 187 UROPE ...... 162 ...... 143 ...... 113 ...... 177 CEU eTD Collection NE I.NRAIE FCS TDE NURIE...... 281 ANNEX NARRATIVES OF VII. CASESTUDIES INUKRAINE 240 ...... ANNEX VI.NARRATIVESOFCASE STUDIESINWESTERN EUROPE 239 ANNEX V.CASES ON STRAWUSE FOR ENERGY INUKRAINE...... 238 ...... ANNEX QUESTIONNAIRE IV.SAMPLE FOR INTERVIEWS 237 ...... CASES ANNEXON III. STRAWUSE FOR ENERGY INWESTERN EUROPE ANNEX II. ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK THAT GUIDED QUESTIONNAIRE 235 IN ANNEXBIOENERGY EVENTS...... I.PARTICIPATION RELATED REFERENCES...... 213 8.3 8.2 OSRCIN...... 236 CONSTRUCTION...... 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 14. 13. 12. 11. 10. 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. 8.1.4 8.1.3 8.1.2 8.1.1 F C UTURE RESEARCH ORE RESEARCH CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE AND THEORY KNOWLEDGE TO CONTRIBUTION RESEARCH ORE Drozdy village, Bila Tserkva region, Kyiv province...... 311 Kyiv region, Tserkva Bila village, Drozdy ...... 307 province Donetsk region, Volnovakha village, Zlatoustivka province...... 301 Zaporizzhya region, Rozivka village, Vyshnyuvate 296 province...... Kyiv region, Kagarlyk village, Stavy province...... 293 Vinnytsya region, Chechelnyk village, Olgopil province...... 290 Chernihiv region, Mena village, Dyagova ...... 288 province Kyiv region, Stavyshche village, Polkovnyche province...... 285 Cherkasy region, Shpola village, Lebedyn province...... 281 Vinnytsya region, Lypovetsk village, Strutynka ...... 277 Spain Navarre, Sangüesa, ...... 273 Denmark Copenhagen, Avedøre, ...... 270 Sweden Eslöv, Örtofta, ...... 267 Denmark Stokkemarke, ...... 265 Hunseby, Denmark ...... 261 Denmark Horbelev, Svalöv, Sweden...... 258 Sweden...... 257 Skurup, ...... 254 Sweden and Löderup, Trelleborg Denmark...... 249 Horreby, 247 Sweden...... Lund, Björnstorp, and Svenstorp ...... 244 Sweden Lund, Nöbbelöv, ...... 242 Sweden Falkenberg, Eslöv,Sweden...... 240 estate, Pugerup Pathways for Ukraine...... 206 for Pathways ...... 205 Ukraine in bioenergy for factors and facilitating Constraining ...... 203 field the from observations Main 202 Introduction...... 211 ix ...... 209 CEU eTD Collection Table 6-6. Agro-biomass based framework of Olgopil basedframework of case…………………………………...151Table 6-6.Agro-biomass ofDyagovacase…………………………………149 basedframework Table 6-5.Agro-biomass Table 6-4. Agro-biomass based framework of Polkovnyche case……………………………..148 case………………………………….147 Lebedyn basedframeworkof Table 6-3.Agro-biomass case………………………………....146 basedframeworkofStrutynka Table 6-2.Agro-biomass inUkraine…………………………....144 straw-firedboilers Table 6-1.Functioning andplanned 5-15. Table ofSangüesa case………………………………...138Table 5-14.basedframework Agro-biomass ofAvedørecase………………………………...136 Table 5-13.basedframework Agro-biomass case…………………………………134 ofÖrtofta based framework Table 5-12. Agro-biomass ofStokkemarke case………………………….....131Table 5-11.basedframework Agro-biomass ofHunsebycase………………………………...130 Table 5-10.basedframework Agro-biomass case………………………………....129 basedframeworkofHorbelev Table 5-9.Agro-biomass Svalöv basedframeworkof case……………………………………128Table 5-8.Agro-biomass basedframeworkofSkurupcase…………………………………...127 Table 5-7.Agro-biomass case………………………………..126 basedframeworkofTrelleborg Table 5-6.Agro-biomass case………………………………….121 Horreby basedframeworkof Table 5-5.Agro-biomass Table 5-4. Agro-biomass based framework of Svenstorp and Björnstorp cases…………….....120 case………………………………...117 basedframeworkofNöbbelöv Table 5-3.Agro-biomass case…………………………….....116 basedframeworkofFalkenberg Table 5-2.Agro-biomass basedframeworkofPugerupcase………………………………...... 115Table 5-1.Agro-biomass Table 4-1. Price comparison for solid biofuels and natural gas in Ukraine……………………...96 Table 3-4. Components of an agro-biomass based framework for organisation and action….....76 in Ukraine…………………………………………..72 forcasestudyselectionTable 3-3.Topics Europe…………………………...... 70 Table 3-2.TopicsforcasestudyselectioninWestern input…………………………………………..64 andsourcesfordata steps Table 3-1.Research indicators…………………………………………………..58 andtheir Table 2-5.TISfunctions Table 2-4. Entrepreneurial strategies to promote new industry development…………………..55 pathways……………………………………………..49 Table 2-3.Typicalstraw transformation Table 2-2. Average values of moisture and energy content in solid fuels……………………….41 Table 2-1. Simplified comparison of1 and analysis………………………………………………………………………….15 collection Table 1-3. Coherence between research sub-questions, outcomes and methods for data problems……………...... 14 Table 1-2. Factors ensuring successful construction of environmental inUkraine…………………………………………...…6 potentials Table 1-1.Biomassand peat List of Tables Summary of farm-based entrepreneur types observed in Western Europe……….140 st and 2 nd generation biofuel technology………………...26 x CEU eTD Collection Box 2-1. Key terms andconcepts……………………………………………………………...21 2-1. Keyterms Box List ofBoxes Table VII-1. Main crops grown byagricultural enterprise “DiM”…………………………….311 inUkraine……………………………………………………………………………...177sector Table 7-3.Facilitating constraining and factorsestablishment to ofagro-industrial bioenergy stages structuredalong ofindustrial development……………………………………165 Europe Table 7-2. Agro-biomass based frameworks for organisation and action in Ukraine and Western Europe………………………………………………………………...163 Ukraine andWestern Table 7-1. Empirically derived agro-biomass based frameworks for organisation and action in Table 6-11. Analysis of farm-based entrepreneur types in Ukrainian case studies……………..161 case…………………………………159 ofDrozdy based framework Table 6-10. Agro-biomass basedframeworkofZlatoustivkaTable 6-9.Agro-biomass case……………………………...156 Table 6-8. Agro-biomass based framework of Vyshnyuvate case……………………………..154 case……………………………………..152 basedframeworkofStavy Table 6-7.Agro-biomass xi CEU eTD Collection province, Ukraine……………………………………………………………………………158province, Kyiv village, Drozdy “DiM”, LLC enterprise agricultural at Figure storage straw Field 6-4. Ukraine……………………………………………………………………………………….158 province, Kyiv village, Drozdy 980 in 6-3. RAU-2-1210 Figure boiler straw-fired kW Ukraine....157 province, Donetsk Zlatoustivka, RAU-2-600, boiler 600kWstraw-fired 6-2. Figure Figure 6-1. Grain dryer in thevillage of Dyagova, Chernihiv province, Ukraine……………....145 Denmark……………………………………………………………………………………...135 Figure 5-12. Truck cleaning after straw unloading at Avedøre plant, Copenhagen, Figure 5-11. Straw unloading at Avedøre plant, Copenhagen, Denmark……………………....133 Denmark……………………………………………………………………………………...125 plant, heating neighbour Stokkemarke at boiler oil reserve and Figure cleaning gas Flue 5-10. Figure 5-9. Crane lifting straw bales at Horbelev neighbour heating plant, Denmark…………125 Figure 5-8. Straw conveyor belts at Stokkemarke neighbour heating plant, Denmark……...... 125 Scania……………………………...124FigurefieldTrelleborg, 5-7.Strawstorageinthe closeto Figure 5-6. Plant straw storage at Hunseby neighbour heating plant, Denmark………………124 Denmark……………………………………………………………………………………...123 Figure measurementHorbelev5-5.Strawmoistureneighbourcontentat heating plant, Figure Denmark………………………………………………………...119 5-4.Bailer, Horreby, Scania, Sweden……………………………………………………………………………….119 Figure 5-3.straw A conveyor and shredder supplying fuel totheboiler atSvenstorp estate, Denmark……………………………..118 farm, Figure Horreby 5-2.1 on MW straw-firedboiler Figure 5-1.600 kW straw-fired inPugerupestate,Eslöv,Sweden……………………...114 boiler Figure 4-1.Natural gas inprices Ukraine in2001-2010………………………………………..92 Figure 3-3. Components of an agro-biomass framework for organisation and action………….74 sources………………………………………………………………………………………... 67 Figure 3-2. Interrelation between research sub-questions and topics from documentary analysis…………………………………………...66data collectionand Figure for 3-1.Methods Figure 2-9. Overhead travelling cranes unloading straw to theplant storage…………………...52 Figure field…………………………………………………………...51 2-8.Strawstorageinthe straw bales…………………………………………………...50 loaderfor Figure 2-7.Front-end Figure strawshredder………………………………………………………...….44 2-6.Rotating Figure supplyingstrawtoautomaticallyfedboiler……………………………...44 2-5.Conveyor ash………………………………………………………………………………….....43 bottom Figure 2-4. A tractor with front-end loader wateraccumulator…………………………….....43 Figure boilerwithhot 2-3.Batch-firedstraw used to feed in straw bales to the boilerFigure 2-2. Bioenergyand co-benefits contributingremove to sustainable development…………………....30 Figure 2-1. Bioenergy feedstocks, conversion routes and end products………………………..25 Figure 1-2.Targetaudience…………………………………………………………………....17 Figure 1-1. Relationship between research area, problem and questions………………………11 of Figures List xii CEU eTD Collection province, Ukraine………………………………………………………………………….…314province, Kyiv village, Drozdy “DiM”, LLC enterprise agricultural at storage straw Figure Field VII-5. Ukraine…………………………………………………………………………………….…312 province, Kyiv village, Drozdy 980 in VII-4. RAU-2-1210 Figure boiler straw-fired kW Ukraine…………………………………………………………………………………….…309 Figure VII-3. Boiler loading in Zlatoustivka, Donetsk province, Ukraine……………………………………………………………………………………….307 province, Donetsk 600 Zlatoustivka, VII-2. RAU-2-600, Figure boiler straw-fired kW Ukraine……………………………………………….………………………………………292 Figure province,ChernihivDyagova, villageof the in dryer Grain VII-1. Denmark……………………………………………………………………………………...275 Figure VI-13. Truck cleaning after straw unloading at Avedøre plant, Copenhagen, Figure VI-12. Straw unloading at Avedøre plant, Copenhagen, Denmark…………………….274 Denmark…….………………………………………………………………………………..269 plant, heating neighbour Stokkemarke at boiler oil reserve and cleaning gas Flue Figure VI-11. Figure VI-10. Straw conveyor belts at Stokkemarke neighbour heating plant, Denmark……...268 Denmark……………………………………………………………………………………...266 Figure plant, heating neighbour Hunseby at storage straw Plant VI-9. Figure VI-8. Crane lifting straw bales at Horbelev neighbour heating plant, Denmark………..263 Denmark...……………………………………………………………………………………262 Figure measurementStrawmoistureVI-7.Horbelevcontent at neighbour heating plant, Denmark……………………………………………………………………………………...261 Figure 550plant, heatingVI-6.neighbour Horbelev at accumulatorwater hot m3 Scania…………………………….255Trelleborg, fieldFigure closeto storageinthe VI-5.Straw Denmark………………………………………………………251 Figure Bailer, VI-4. Horreby, Denmark…………………………...249 farm, Figure Horreby VI-3.1MWstraw-firedboileron Scania, Sweden………………………………………………………………………………..248 Figure VI-2.straw A conveyor and shredder supplying fuel totheboiler at Svenstorp estate, Figure VI-1.600 kW straw-fired inPugerupestate,Eslöv,Sweden…………………….240 boiler Denmark……………………………………..176 Figure Copenhagen, 7-6.AvedøreCHPplant, Figure 7-5. ABF 3: Large scale power orcombined heat and power generation………………174 Figure 7-4. ABF 2b: Medium scale straw combustion for district heating…………………….171 Figure 7-3. ABF 2a: Medium scale local heat provision with excess for sale…………………..170 Figure 7-2. ABF 1b: Small scale local straw production for fuel sale tomunicipality………….168 Figure 7-1.ABF1a: Small scale localheatproduction………………………………………..166 xiii CEU eTD Collection UA - Ukraine UA - TPES – total primary energy supply TIS - Technological Innovation System SRC -short rotation coppice crop Landbruksuniversitet) (Sveriges Sciences Agricultural of University –Swedish SLU SEC Biomass - Scientific Engineering Centre Biomass SE -Sweden sub-question research RsQ – RQ – research question RES –renewable energysources REP – Renewable Energy Plan (Spain) petajoule - PJ OJSC –open joint stock company NUBNUU – National University of Bioresources and Nature Use of Ukraine NERCU – National Electricity Regulatory Commission in Ukraine NERC -National Electricity Regulatory Commission NASU – National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine NAER - National Agency on Effective Energy Use in Ukraine Mtoe - million tones of oil equivalent waste solid –municipal MSW LLC – limited liability company kg - kilogramme JI – joint implementation IIIEE – International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics IEA – International Energy Agency IDEA – Institute for Energy Diversification and Savings (Spain) HTU - Hydro Thermal Up-grading ha - hectare GtL – gas to liquid GIS – green investment scheme GHG – greenhouse gas FM -framework EUR – Euro EU – European Union ES - Spain EiT – economy in transition EBAP – European Biomass Action Plan DTI -Danish Technological Institute DSSA -Danish Straw Supply Association DK -Denmark DH – district heating DEA – Danish Energy Agency DBA – Danish Biomass Agreement CtL – coal to liquid CMU – Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine CHP – combined heat and power CEU – Central European University BWV – Babcock and Wilcox Vølund A/S BtL – biomass-to-liquids Bioenergy NoE– Bioenergy Network of Excellence ABF - agro-biomass based framework for organisation and action List of Abbreviations xiv CEU eTD Collection WWTP - waste water treatment plants WE – Western Europe VRU – Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine VAT –value addedtax USD –UnitedStatesdollar UN FCCC -United Nations Framework Convention onClimate Change UAH – Ukrainian hryvnya xv CEU eTD Collection political conflicts (A. Cherp centralised systems, which are at heart of international socio-economic confrontations and Unequal distribution ofconventional energy sources, and thus power, creates highly the key ones (A. Cherp waste utilisation (IAEA 2010; IEA 2008) and therisk perceptions of nuclear safety are among challenges inthe areas of social and environmental sustainability. The problem of nuclear 2010).(UNFCCC century Nuclear energyis GHGfree, however, entails a number other of climate average predictthe global models temperature increase by 1.8 (UNFCCC 2010) while that in Europe – by more than 0.9 formation. Inthe 20 oftheir speed the than rates faster much fuelsat fossil burn 2010). Humans (UNFCCC greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, which are known tocause global climate change Combustion offossil fuels (i.e. coal, oil and natural gas) forenergy production contributes to unsustainable. cases important global challenge of the 21 is an services energy of supply sustainable environmentally and affordable secure, Ensuring Traditional energy systems 1.1.1 The nature of the 1.1 problem and identifies target audience for this study. contexts. Section 1.2 maps research area and scope, frames research problem and questions, how bioenergy development can potentially address these challenges in global and Ukrainian ideas on andpresenting systems energy current by faced challenges sustainability discussing addressed.be to Section 1.1 presents backgroundresearchto the problem bybroadly Chapter 1 defines research problem explored in this work and formulates research questions 1 Introduction th century theglobal mean temperature increased by about 0.74 et al. 2006; IEA 2008; Kåberger 2004). 2008; Kåberger 2006;IEA et al. et 2006). These issues are of particular importance to the importance particular of issues are 2006).These st century. However, existing energy systems are in most 1 o C (Fagernäs o C to 4.0 et al. 2006). Computer 2006). o C during this C during o C CEU eTD Collection unsolved problems and numerous initiated debates (Bauen socio-environmental contexts can beconsidered as a quite young research area with many The exploration ofbioenergy opportunities for various types of economies, and for different could sustainably contribute between a quarter and a third of global TPES in 2050. and disruptions in thegas supply (Voytenko energy intensity of the economies in all countries, a continuous increase in natural gas prices imports ofnatural gas from Russia. Thesituation is complicated with a high to very high 2009). Whatadds specific tension totheissue is that themajor part of this is constituted by European Union (EU),which imports at least 50% of its energy (Fagernäs energy sources (RES) (Peck 10%) (Bauen Currently energybiomass from supplies 50 500EJ outof EJ intheglobal TPES (or about Two sides to the bioenergy 1.1.2 debate development of sustainable indigenous energy sources including bioenergy. environmental quality, and better distribution justice are among the leading drivers for the A needfor energy source diversification, improved local energy self-sufficiency and levels. regional and and have ongoing and perhaps serious implications for the energy security on local, national EiTs. All of the mentioned factors can thus beexpected to significantly affect transit business are able topay more and thus further increase its ability todemand higher prices from the that markets new reach Moldova), and Belarus Ukraine, (i.e. countries transit energy current alternative routes to transport natural gas toEurope (IEA 2006) to reduce its dependence on (Voytenko Belarus in 86% 2006), (IEA As such the share of energy imports in total primary energy supply (TPES) is 46% in Ukraine al. et transitioneconomies (EiTs)in Eastern Europe (e. g., Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova) (A.Cherp 2006). et al. 2009), which corresponds to 80% of energy supplied from renewable et al. 2010). It is forecasted (Bauen isforecasted 2010).It et al. 2009) and 95.7% in Moldova (Gavrilita &Druta (Gavrilita Moldova in 95.7% and 2009) 2 et al. 2009). In addition, Russia is seeking for isseeking Russia addition, In 2009). et al. 2009). Important ones of the et al. 2009) that bioenergy that 2009) et al. 2006), and to CEU eTD Collection subsistence land users) (Groom (e. implications of social as well displacement as the g.,