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Refrigeration Roadmap working with Refrigeration Road Map Contents Introduction 1 Refrigeration Road Map 2 Introduction to the Refrigeration Road Map 4 Abbreviations 5 How was the Refrigeration Road Map developed? 5 The baseline supermarket 6 Direct emissions 6 Indirect emissions 6 How should the Refrigeration Road Map be used? 7 CO2e saving options that can be retrofitted 10 CO2e saving options suitable for a store refit 25 Future technologies 48 Appendix 1. Summary of technologies 51 Introduction Reducing energy use makes perfect business sense; it saves money, enhances corporate reputation and helps everyone in the fight against climate change. The Carbon Trust provides simple, effective advice to help businesses take action to reduce carbon emissions, and the simplest way to do this is to use energy more efficiently. This Refrigeration Road Map introduces the main energy saving opportunities for refrigeration use in the retail sector and demonstrates how simple actions save energy use, cut costs and increase profit margins. 2 Carbon Trust Refrigeration Road Map The Refrigeration Road Map was developed to identify technologies that can be implemented by retailers to enable them to save energy and CO2e. Application timescale 2010 Short Med ium Technologies available now to retrofit Technologies available for store refit • Refrigerant change to R407A • Cabinet selection • Training • Secondary systems (with NCs) • Cleaning and maintenance • CO2 refrigeration technology • Re-commissioning • Borehole condensing • Floating head pressure • Dynamic demand • Store temperature • Occupancy sensors and controls – doors • Doors on cabinets • HFO-1234yf in MT pack • Store dehumidification • R134a in MT pack • LED lights • Ground source • Evaporator fan motors • Pipe insulation/rifling/reduced pressure drops • Suction pressure control • Anti-fogging glass • Occupancy sensors and controls – cabinet lighting • Air curtain optimisation • Curtains (strip) • Evaporative condensers • Condenser fans • Back panel flow • Cabinet lighting (non-LED) • High-efficiency evaporators and condensers • Night blinds • Refrigeration system contamination • Set-point • SLHE • LPA • Nanoparticles • ASH controls • Heat pipes and spot cooling • Riser or weir plate • Anti-frost evaporators • Covers • Dual/triple air curtains • Loading – volume • Centrifugal fans • Loading – duration and temperature • Economisers • Defrost controls • Electronic expansion valves • Store light (LED and fluorescent) • Tangential fans • Radiant heat reflectors • Reflective packaging al enti • HCs (integrals MT) • Insulation e.g. VIPs pot • HCs (integrals LT) • Supercooling/chilling of food aving • Off-cycle losses O2 s • Cabinet location C • Desuperheating/heat recovery saving potential saving 2 • Variable speed drives (integral) CO Refrigeration Road Map 3 Med ium Long term 2020+ Technologies available for new stores/concepts Potential future technologies (alphabetic) • Internet shopping • Acoustic refrigeration • Supermarket cold store • Air cycle • Vending cabinet concepts • Ammonia (sealed hermetics) • Water loop systems • Automation • Polygeneration • Electro caloric • Adsorption • Eutectic packaging • Absorption • Hydraulic refrigeration • Novel building fabric • Leasing concepts • High-efficiency compressors • Magnetic • Centralised air distribution • New food • Store light (natural) • Optical cooling • Peltier • Pulsed electrical thermal de-icers • Stirling cycle variations • Thermionic refrigeration • Vortex tube cooling • Water 4 Carbon Trust Introduction to the Refrigeration Road Map Background The technologies included in the Refrigeration Road Map have been divided into three sub-groups: Retail food outlets in the UK are responsible for around 3% of total electrical energy consumption and 1% of • Technologies currently available for retrofit total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, with major retail in supermarkets food outlets alone responsible for around four million • Technologies that could be installed during a store refit tonnes (Mt) of CO2e annually. A large proportion of these emissions can be attributed to refrigeration and, therefore, • Technologies that could be implemented in a new build improving the efficiency and reducing emissions from supermarket. refrigeration units could provide significant carbon savings. Each technology has then been benchmarked against All retailers face a similar number of key decision points a baseline supermarket scenario to show its relative along the route to carbon reduction in refrigeration. carbon saving potential. In addition, a number of potential The Carbon Trust, The Institute of Refrigeration and the future technologies have also been identified. These British Refrigeration Association have worked together technologies are discussed within this report, but have to produce a ‘Refrigeration Road Map’ for reducing not been evaluated for their CO2e saving potential as carbon emissions in retail refrigeration applications. The there is currently insufficient evidence to attribute carbon Refrigeration Road Map has been developed to assist savings to them at this stage in their development. supermarkets, contractors and equipment manufacturers This report accompanies the Refrigeration Road Map and to identify the technologies most likely to reduce CO 2e is split up into a number of sections: emissions in supermarket refrigeration systems. These groups will be able to use it to identify their company’s • How the Refrigeration Road Map was developed. current status, and to clearly see what the next steps • How the Refrigeration Road Map should be used. are for their business. This could include actions such as basic improvements in leakage monitoring, new • The presentation format for the Refrigeration approaches to design and installation, the introduction Road Map. of alternative refrigerants, or the creation of zero carbon • The baseline supermarket used for making carbon stores. The Refrigeration Road Map provides information calculations. on the technologies that are most likely to save carbon emissions, and prioritises them in terms of carbon saving • The Refrigeration Road Maps for the three technology potential, relative cost and limits to commercial maturity. subgroups (retrofit, refit and new store), together with an explanation of each technology. • Details on other future potential technologies that could save carbon but are not currently considered viable in the short to medium-term. Refrigeration Road Map 5 How was the Refrigeration Road Abbreviations Map developed? ASH Anti-sweat heaters The Refrigeration Road Map has been developed using information obtained from a range of sources, including CO2e Carbon dioxide equivalent published literature and consultation with industry. COP Coefficient of performance This information has been used to identify the carbon emissions savings, relative cost and limits to commercial EC Electronically commutated maturity of a range of technologies. ECM Electronically commutated motors For the purposes of the Refrigeration Road Map the EEV Electronic expansion values term ‘technology’ has been used to cover both technical options and non-technological behavioural changes such FGD Full glass door (cabinet) as training and maintenance improvements. GHG Greenhouse gas Each technology included in the Refrigeration Road Map GWP Global warming potential has been compared to a ‘baseline’, or typical supermarket, and the relative CO2e savings compared. It has also been HC Hydrocarbon evaluated for the time required for the technology to be HFC Hydrofluorocarbon implemented, and the relative payback period has been identified. For the purposes of the Refrigeration Road HFO Hydro-Fluoro-Olefin Map, the time to implementation has been defined as HGD Half glass door (cabinet) the time taken from making a decision to purchase a technology up until the point of installation and use in HVAC Heating ventilation and air conditioning the supermarket. An assumption has been made that LED Light emitting diode technologies can be applied without delay in current commercial timescales. LPA Liquid pressure amplification The analysis undertaken considered the potential to LT Low temperature reduce the energy consumed by the refrigeration system MT Medium temperature and cabinets, and does not include store construction, lighting or air conditioning, apart from where these NIST National Institute of Standards technologies impact on, or are used by, the refrigeration and Technology system or cabinets. In addition, energy usage has been PSC Permanent-split-capacitor defined as the energy used within the supermarket only, and does not include any energy associated with the SLHE Suction liquid heat exchanger manufacture or transportation of the technologies. tCO2 Tonne carbon dioxide It should be noted that all savings have been calculated TDA Total display area for each individual technology and that there may be interactions between technologies in cases where more TEC Total energy consumption than one option is implemented (see Appendix 1 for more TEV Thermostatic expansion valve details). Therefore, it should not be assumed that the CO2e savings shown for each technology will be cumulative. TEWI Total equivalent warming impact In all payback calculations, a cost for energy of £0.12 per VIP Vacuum insulated panel kilowatt hours (kwh) has been used. It has been assumed that all refrigeration in the benchmark store is operated VSD Variable speed drive using electricity. When converting energy into CO2e emissions, a conversion
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