Current Assets in Cash Flow Statement
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Technical Line: a Closer Look at the Accounting for Asset Acquisitions
No. 2019-05 Updated 10 September 2020 Technical Line A closer look at the accounting for asset acquisitions In this issue: Overview ............................ 1 What you need to know Scope ................................. 2 • The new definition of a business in ASC 805 has resulted in additional transactions being accounted for as asset acquisitions rather than business combinations. A transaction Initial accounting ................ 4 may be considered an asset acquisition under ASC 805 and an acquisition of a business Determine that the for purposes of SEC reporting. transaction is an asset acquisition ..................... 4 • Asset acquisitions are accounted for by allocating the cost of the acquisition to the Measure the cost of the individual assets acquired and liabilities assumed on a relative fair value basis. asset acquisition ............. 5 Goodwill is not recognized in an asset acquisition. Allocate the cost of the • Entities may need to reassess the design of their internal controls over asset acquisitions asset acquisition ........... 18 to make sure they sufficiently address the risks of material misstatements. Evaluate the difference between cost and • This publication includes updated interpretive guidance on several practice issues, fair value...................... 21 including noncash consideration, contingent consideration and exchanges of share- Present and disclose based payment awards in asset acquisitions. the asset acquisition ..... 26 Subsequent accounting .... 26 Overview Other considerations ........ 28 Determining whether an entity has acquired a business or an asset or a group of assets is SEC reporting critical because the accounting for a business combination differs significantly from that of an considerations ............... 30 asset acquisition. Internal control over That is, business combinations are accounted for using a fair value model under which assets asset acquisitions ......... -
Enforcement and Cash Flow Management to Delay Goodwill
Enforcement and Cash Flow Management to Delay Goodwill Impairments under IFRS Andrei Filip, ESSEC Business School [email protected] Gerald J. Lobo, University of Houston – Bauer College of Business [email protected] Luc Paugam,1 HEC Paris [email protected] Acknowledgements We gratefully acknowledge the helpful comments of Anastasios Elemes, Martin Glaum, Humayun Kabir (discussant), Alexander Müller, Katherine Schipper and of workshop participants at the following workshops: Concordia University, Bocconi University, WHU University, 2016 EUFIN conference (Fribourg, Switzerland), 2017 EAA meeting (Valencia, Spain), and International Accounting Section 2017 Midyear AAA meeting (Tampa, Florida). A previous version of the manuscript was circulated under the title “The Effect of Audit Quality and Enforcement of Accounting Standards on Goodwill Impairment Avoidance”. 1 Corresponding author 0 Enforcement and Cash Flow Management to Delay Goodwill Impairments under IFRS Abstract: Under IFRS, managers can use two approaches to increase the estimated recoverable value of a cash generating unit (CGU) to which goodwill has been allocated in order to justify not recognizing impairment: (1) make overly optimistic valuation assumptions (e.g., about discount rate, revenue growth, terminal growth rate), and (2) increase future cash flow estimates by increasing current cash flows. Because enforcement constrains the use of optimistic valuation assumptions we propose that the strength of enforcement influences the relative use of these two choices. Using an international sample of listed firms that report under IFRS, we document that the use of cash flow increasing management for firms that delay goodwill impairment is more positively associated with enforcement relative to a control sample that recognizes impairments. We also find that as enforcement increases, firms that delay goodwill impairment shorten the cash conversion cycle in the current year by delaying cash payments to suppliers, and that these transactions reverse in the next year. -
Life Sciences Industry Accounting Guide Acquisitions and Divestitures
Life Sciences Industry Accounting Guide Acquisitions and Divestitures March 2020 The FASB Accounting Standards Codification® material is copyrighted by the Financial Accounting Foundation, 401 Merritt 7, PO Box 5116, Norwalk, CT 06856-5116, and is reproduced with permission. This publication contains general information only and Deloitte is not, by means of this publication, rendering accounting, business, financial, investment, legal, tax, or other professional advice or services. This publication is not a substitute for such professional advice or services, nor should it be used as a basis for any decision or action that may affect your business. Before making any decision or taking any action that may affect your business, you should consult a qualified professional advisor. Deloitte shall not be responsible for any loss sustained by any person who relies on this publication. Deloitte refers to one or more of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, a UK private company limited by guarantee (“DTTL”), its network of member firms, and their related entities. DTTL and each of its member firms are legally separate and independent entities. DTTL (also referred to as “Deloitte Global”) does not provide services to clients. In the United States, Deloitte refers to one or more of the US member firms of DTTL, their related entities that operate using the “Deloitte” name in the United States and their respective affiliates. Certain services may not be available to attest clients under the rules and regulations of public accounting. Please see www.deloitte.com/about to learn more about our global network of member firms. Copyright © 2020 Deloitte Development LLC. All rights reserved. -
Fundamental Analysis and Discounted Free Cash Flow Valuation of Stocks at Macedonian Stock Exchange
Ivanovska, Nadica, Zoran Ivanovski, and Zoran Narasanov. 2014. Fundamental Analysis and Discounted Free Cash Flow Valuation of Stocks at Macedonian Stock Exchange. UTMS Journal of Economics 5 (1): 11–24. Preliminary communication (accepted February 24, 2014) FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS AND DISCOUNTED FREE CASH FLOW VALUATION OF STOCKS AT MACEDONIAN STOCK EXCHANGE Nadica Ivanovska1 Zoran Ivanovski Zoran Narasanov Abstract: We examine the valuation performance of Discounted Free Cash Flow Model (DFCF) at the Macedonian Stock Exchange (MSE) in order to determine if this model offer significant level of accuracy and relevancy for stock values determination. We find that stock values calculated with DCF model are very close to average market prices which suggests that market prices oscillate near their fundamental values. We can conclude that DFCF models are useful tools for the companies’ enterprise values calculation on long term. The analysis of our results derived from stock valuation with DFCF model as well as comparison with average market stock prices suggest that discounted cash flow model is relatively reliable valuation tool that have to be used for stocks analyses at MSE. Keywords: valuation, securities, free cash flow, equity, stock-exchange. Jel Classification: G1,G12 INTRODUCTION Valuation of an asset can be determined on three ways. First, as the intrinsic value of the asset, based on its capacity to generate cash flows in the future. Second, as a relative value, by examining how the market is pricing similar or comparable assets. Finally, we can value assets with cash flows that are contingent on the occurrence of a specific event as options (Damodaran 2006). -
Over-Investment of Free Cash Flow
Rev Acc Stud (2006) 11:159–189 DOI 10.1007/s11142-006-9012-1 Over-investment of free cash flow Scott Richardson Published online: 23 June 2006 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2006 Abstract This paper examines the extent of firm level over-investment of free cash flow. Using an accounting-based framework to measure over- investment and free cash flow, I find evidence that, consistent with agency cost explanations, over-investment is concentrated in firms with the highest levels of free cash flow. Further tests examine whether firms’ governance structures are associated with over-investment of free cash flow. The evidence suggests that certain governance structures, such as the presence of activist shareholders, appear to mitigate over-investment. Keywords Free cash flow Æ Over-investment Æ Agency costs JEL Classification G3 Æ M4 This paper examines firm investing decisions in the presence of free cash flow. In theory, firm level investment should not be related to internally generated cash flows (Modigliani & Miller, 1958). However, prior research has docu- mented a positive relation between investment expenditure and cash flow (e.g., Hubbard, 1998). There are two interpretations for this positive relation. First, the positive relation is a manifestation of an agency problem, where managers in firms with free cash flow engage in wasteful expenditure (e.g., Jensen 1986; Stulz 1990). When managers’ objectives differ from those of shareholders, the presence of internally generated cash flow in excess of that required to maintain existing assets in place and finance new positive NPV projects creates the potential for those funds to be squandered. -
Glossary of Financial Terms
GLOSSARY OF FINANCIAL TERMS Balance sheet The balance sheet sets out the assets and liabilities of a business and its net worth. Bottom line The closing cash balance, which then becomes the next month’s opening balance and provides the basis for comparison with the firm’s monthly cash-book total. Current assets Assets used or turned over within 12 months: cash in hand or at the bank, debtors and work in progress. Current liabilities Liabilities that need to be met regularly or within the current reporting year. They may include trade creditors, disbursements, bank overdrafts, lease or hire purchase payments and accrued expenses such as annual leave and insurance. Disbursements Client disbursements can be both an income and an expenditure component. Over a period these will be the same, apart from a small net outflow due to growth of the practice and increasing charges. Investing activities This category refers primarily to the cash flow of sales and purchases of assets relating to the business. An example of an inflow of revenue from an investing activity is the sale of an office, property or equipment. An outflow would be the purchase of such assets. Fees or income Cost basis when fees paid for legal services. Accruals when invoice raised for legal service. Financing activities This category relates to such things as the borrowing and repaying of loans, and returning investments to investors. Financial performance statement Also known as a profit and loss statement; shows all income and expense accounts over time while indicating profitability over the same period. The main items shown on a financial performance statement for a legal practice are: fees or income operating expenses net profit before tax provision for income tax net profit after tax. -
Accounting Adjustments on the Discounted Free Cash Flow Valuation Model for Appraising Smes in Greece
Chinese Business Review, Oct. 2016, Vol. 15, No. 10, 498-506 doi: 10.17265/1537-1506/2016.10.006 D DAVID PUBLISHING Accounting Adjustments on the Discounted Free Cash Flow Valuation Model for Appraising SMEs in Greece Athanasios D. Karampouzis, Dimitrios Ginoglou University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece The present paper examines accounting issues that come up when evaluating a private firm under the Greek accounting standards. More specifically, we try to provide an accounting framework for appraisers who, when they try to retrieve intrinsic values of SMEs, make use of the Free Cash Flows to the Firm (FCFF) model. We focus on adjusting the firms’ statements’ items in order to produce a nominator that is consistent with the FCFF theory, taking in response—among others—the Greek tax legislation and the Greek General Chart of Accounts. Finally, we produce a rather normative formula, which can be positively used upon this very model (FCFF valuation) in order to assess the value of a private firm in Greece. The formula is explained thoroughly enough via a practical example of a real Greek private firm. Keywords: firm valuation, private firm, FCFF, taxation Introduction Valuation of a firm via discounted free cash flows to the firm is a common way to evaluate a non-public enterprise, because of the flexibility that offers. Free cash flows to the firm are cash flows available to the potential investor (especially in cases of mergers, acquisitions, audit etc.) after deduction—from net income—of investments in fix and working capital, after addition of net non-cash charges and after-tax interest charges. -
Uva-F-1274 Methods of Valuation for Mergers And
Graduate School of Business Administration UVA-F-1274 University of Virginia METHODS OF VALUATION FOR MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS This note addresses the methods used to value companies in a merger and acquisitions (M&A) setting. It provides a detailed description of the discounted cash flow (DCF) approach and reviews other methods of valuation, such as book value, liquidation value, replacement cost, market value, trading multiples of peer firms, and comparable transaction multiples. Discounted Cash Flow Method Overview The discounted cash flow approach in an M&A setting attempts to determine the value of the company (or ‘enterprise’) by computing the present value of cash flows over the life of the company.1 Since a corporation is assumed to have infinite life, the analysis is broken into two parts: a forecast period and a terminal value. In the forecast period, explicit forecasts of free cash flow must be developed that incorporate the economic benefits and costs of the transaction. Ideally, the forecast period should equate with the interval in which the firm enjoys a competitive advantage (i.e., the circumstances where expected returns exceed required returns.) For most circumstances a forecast period of five or ten years is used. The value of the company derived from free cash flows arising after the forecast period is captured by a terminal value. Terminal value is estimated in the last year of the forecast period and capitalizes the present value of all future cash flows beyond the forecast period. The terminal region cash flows are projected under a steady state assumption that the firm enjoys no opportunities for abnormal growth or that expected returns equal required returns in this interval. -
An Introduction to Basic Farm Financial Statements: Balance Sheet
W 884 An Introduction to Basic Farm Financial Statements: Balance Sheet Victoria Campbell, Extension Intern S. Aaron Smith, Associate Professor Christopher N. Boyer, Associate Professor Andrew P. Griffith, Associate Professor Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics The image part with relationship ID rId2 was not found in the file. Introduction Basic Accounting Overview To begin constructing a balance sheet, we Tennessee agriculture includes a diverse list need to first start with the standard of livestock, poultry, fruits and vegetables, accounting equation: row crop, nursery, forestry, ornamental, agri- Total Assets = Total Liabilities + Owner’s tourism, value added and other Equity nontraditional enterprises. These farms vary in size from less than a quarter of an acre to The balance sheet is designed with assets on thousands of acres, and the specific goal for the left-hand side and liabilities plus owner’s each farm can vary. For example, producers’ equity on the right-hand side. This format goals might include maximizing profits, allows both sides of the balance sheet to maintaining a way of life, enjoyment, equal each other. After all, a balance sheet transitioning the operation to the next must balance. generation, etc. Regardless of the farm size, enterprises and objectives, it is important to keep proper farm financial records to improve the long- term viability of the farm. Accurate recordkeeping and organized financial statements allow producers to measure key financial components of their business such A change in liquidity, solvency and equity can as profitability, liquidity and solvency. These be found by comparing balance sheets from measurements are vital to making two different time periods. -
IFAC – Perspectives on Cost Accounting for Governments
September 2000 IFAC Study 12 Public Sector Committee Perspectives on Cost Accounting for Government International Public Sector Study Issued by the International Federation of Accountants International Federation of Accountants 535 Fifth Avenue, 26th Floor New York, NY 10017 United States of America Copyright © 2000 by the International Federation of Accountants. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored ina retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, with the prior written permission of the International Federation of Accountants. Information about the International Federation of Accountants and copies of this Study can be found at its internet site, http://www.ifac.org The approved text of this Study is that published in the English language. ISBN 1-887-464-60-3 PREFACE The objective of the Public Sector Committee (PSC) of the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) is to develop programs aimed at improving public sector financial management and accountability. To that end, the IFAC PSC issues Standards, Guidelines, Studies and Occasional Papers. Studies are undertaken by the Committee to provide information that contributes to public sector financial reporting, accounting or auditing knowledge, and to stimulate discussion. The objectives of government are determined by the political process, and cost accounting is one of a number of tools that may be used to achieve those objectives. Although in some situations cost accounting may not be as central to achieving a particular government’s objectives as it is generally for private sector entities, it nevertheless almost always provides important information to help improve the functions of government. -
48 CFR Ch. 99 (10–1–10 Edition)
9904.415 48 CFR Ch. 99 (10–1–10 Edition) TABLE XVII—SUMMARY OF COST OF MONEY COMPUTATION ON FACILITIES CAPITAL—Continued [Cost of money included in total cost input—regular method] Computation using regular Allocated to facilities, cap- Allocation base contract, ital cost of Amount table VIII money factor, table XV Manufacturing labor ....................................................................................................... 1,210,000 .18 217,800 Technical computer time ............................................................................................... 1 280 15.57895 4,362 Cost of money related to overheads ............................................................................. .................... ........................ 236,365 Cost of money above to be included in cost input ....................................................... 236,365 ........................ ................ Cost input, table VIII ...................................................................................................... 5,369,000 ........................ ................ Cost input including cost of money ............................................................................... 5,605,365 .00096 5,381 Total cost of money on facilities capital ......................................................... .................... ........................ 241,674 1 Hours. TABLE XVIII—SUMMARY OF COST OF MONEY COMPUTATION ON FACILITIES CAPITAL [Cost of money included in total cost input—alternative method] Computation using alter- -
An Introduction to Environmental Accounting A
United States Office of Pollution EPA 742-R-95-001 Environmental Protection Prevention And Toxics June 1995 Agency (MC 7409) Washington, D.C. 20460 ) An Introduction to EPA An Introduction to Environmental Environmental Accounting Accounting As A Business As A Business Management Tool: Management Tool: Key Concepts And Terms U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Design for the Environment Program Environmental Accounting Project This paper was prepared by ICF Incorporated under EPA Contract No. 68-W2-0008, Work Assignment 82. The EPA Work Assignment Managers were Marty Spitzer and Holly Elwood. Carlos Lago served as the EPA Project Officer. The ICF Work Assignment Manager was Paul Bailey. - iii. - Acknowledgments The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) would like to thank all of the individuals who took the time to review earlier drafts of this Disclaimer paper and offered their helpful comments and suggestions. Their contributions are very much appreciated. The reviewers included the following individuals: This primer refers to environmental accounting activities at Robert W. Backes, Manager Terri Goldberg Accounting Implementation and Pollution Prevention Program Control Manager several companies in North America. These examples are by no Schering-Plough Corporation Northeast Waste Management Officials’ means exhaustive of the many laudable efforts underway to implement Corinne Boone Association (NEWMOA) Advisor: Full Cost Accounting environmental accounting at firms in many different industries. Environmental and Sustainable Lou Jones, Manager Development Division Corporate Accounting Moreover, by mentioning these examples, EPA is not necessarily Ontario Hydro Caterpillar Company Rick Brenner Joseph J. Martin, CMA endorsing their approaches or terminology. Strategic Planning and Assistant Controller Prevention Division IBM Corporation EPA, Federal Facilities Enforcement Office Robert C.