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Review on Freshwater Fish Diversity of Threats and Conse Hwater Fish Diversity of Northern West Bengal, India

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Review on Freshwater Fish Diversity of Threats and Conse Hwater Fish Diversity of Northern West Bengal, India International Research Journal of Biological Sciences _______________________ ____ _________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 7(7), 39-51, July (2018) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. Review Paper Review on freshwater fish diversity of Northern West Bengal, India: status, threats and conservation measures Souraditya Chakraborty University of North Bengal, Raja Rammohunpur, Dist Darjeeling, West Bengal-734013, India [email protected] Available online at: www.isca.in, www.isca.me Received 3rd April 2018, revised 23 rd June 2018, accepted 5th July 2018 Abstract Fishes are the most diverse group of vertebrates and the most important aquatic fauna, directly or indirectly related to human well-being. West Bengal is a Nadimatrik state i.e., land nourished by rivers with a total freshwater area stretching about 272380 ha area. However, despite the huge water resource, the knowledge of fish diversity is very inadequate, especially in northern part of West Bengal, known as North Bengal. This dearth of information on ichthyofauna is a big obsta cle for promoting, resurrecting and conserving the fish variety present in the variety of freshwater habitats present here. This review is an attempt to provide a systematic catalog of fish species recorded so far in this area, along with thei r local names , economic importance and conservation status. Attempt has also been made to enlist the possible threats to survival of these fish varieties and their conservation strategies. As many as 177 species of freshwater fishes, belonging to 31 families have been found to be recorded in various freshwater habitats in this area. Keywords : Fish, fresh water, fish diversity, North Bengal, ichthyofauna. Introduction economic status and livelihood of local people depend largely on the diversity of fishes in these freshwater habitats. Fishes are the most important aquatic fauna which is directly related to human well-being. The diversity among fishes is very However, despite the huge water resource, the knowledge of 1 high and includes 33,900 species . The awareness of fish faunal fish diversity in this area is very inadequate and unorganized. diversity in tropical Asia is still in its primal phase notably in This lack of systematic information on the ichthyofauna in this 2 India where survey work is still fragmentary . region is a big obstacle for exploring the fish variety and strategizing any conservation mean. West Bengal is an eastern stat e of India having a total area of 88,551 square kilometers, ranging between the Himalayas in the The main objective of this review is to: i. highlight the rich north to the Bay of Bengal in the southern side. freshwater resource in North Bengal, the recently updated status of freshwater fish faunal diversity recorded, along with their West Bengal is traditionally referred to as Nadimatrik i.e., land local names and conservation status. ii. focus the local threats to nourished by rivers with a total freshwate r area stretching about fish diversity and iii. suggest some proposals for fish 3 332379 ha area . biodiversity management and conservation and in North Bengal. The northern part of West Bengal, commonly called North These would definitely help in strategizing effective methods 0 0 0 0 Bengal, lies within 24 40'N/87 45'E to 27 03’N/88 26’E for their conservation, exploration, production, and exploitation including the districts of Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Alipurduar, in future. Coochbehar, North Dinajpur, South Dinajpur and Malda. This part of Bengal is unique as it bears a variety of freshwater District-Wise Freshwater Area in North Bengal habitats; some endowed with a huge amount of snow -fed water while others rain-fed and so on. Owing to the geographical and topographical differences, there is a huge variation in the extent of t he freshwater area in Documenting and characterizing different components of different districts of North Bengal. Table -1 and Figure-2 shows biodiversity is an es sential step towards sustainable Jalpaiguri district has the highest amount of fresh water area development and conservation. Cataloging of freshwater fish followed by Coochbehar and Malda. Jalpaiguri has the highest diversity is an important means of evaluating the status of amount of riverine area while Malda district h as the highest area biodiversity in an aquatic medium. Apart from this, the of canals and streams 3. International Science Community Association 39 International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________ ___________________ _____________ ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 7(7), 39-51, July (2018) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. Table-1: District Wise Area of River, Canal/ Stream in North Bengal 3. River Length Area No of Lengths Area No of Area Total area District (No.) (Km) (Ha) Canals/Streams (Km) (Ha) Reservoir (Ha) (ha) Darjeeling 35 750 3395.63 16 101 683.94 0 0 4079.57 Coochbehar 9 246 13095.82 16 246 1664.58 0 0 14760.4 Jalpaiguri (including 19 617 16006.44 72 538 562.29 1 438 16568.73 Alipurduar) Uttar Dinajpur 15 693 61 234 0 0 4032.08 1774.30 5806.38 Dakshin Dinajpur 8 289 10 60 0 0 Malda 14 184 6497.60 67 140 2551.42 0 0 9009.02 20000 15000 10000 (In hectare) 5000 0 Coochbehar Jalpaiguri Siliguri U.Dinajpur, D. Malda Dinajpur Figure-1: Comparison of fresh water area (in hectare) in different districts of North Bengal 3. Rivers of Northern West Bengal together and infuse into Mahanadi, while Atrai conjoins into the Padma. The Ganga-Padma river fragments the state of West Bengal into two regions, i.e., the North and South Bengal. Accordingly, the Lengths of Some Important Rivers of North rivers of West Bengal can be divided into two regions: South - flowing rivers and North flowing rivers. Here the rich riverine Bengal resources of North Bengal are discussed: Lengths of some important rivers of West Bengal are depicted in Figure-1, showing variability of lengths of different rivers in The rivers of the North are basically snow-fed and seasonal in the region 3. nature. The main rivers of North Bengal are as follows: Teesta, Rishi, Relli, Leesh, Chel, Neora, Dudhia, Rangeet, Reyang, Status of ichthyofaunal diversity in North Bengal Jaldhaka, Balason, Ghish, Mahanan da, Sankosh, Tarkhola, Torsa etc. The Teesta river, originating from the Himalayas, The nor thern part of West Bengal, i.e., North Bengal , is flows through the hilly districts of Darjeeling, Kalimpong and endowed with eight river basins. About 63% of the freshwater the plains of Jalpaiguri mixing with the Brahmaputra in resource (98,679 million cubic meters of surface and 9,130 million cubic meters of groundwater) of the entire West Bengal Bangladesh. Torsa, Jaldhaka, Kaljani, Raidak, Sankosh and 4 Mahananda rivers also a rise in the Himalayas and flow in a is carried out by these basins annually . southernly via the districts of Darjeeling, Jalpaiguri, Alipurduar, West Bengal possesses 59 threatened freshwater fish species of Cooch Behar and North and South Dinajpur and enter India 5,6 . Considering the presence of a number of the threatened Bangladesh eventually. The Mahananda river, flowing mainly and endemic species in North Bengal, the region may be through Darjeeling and Malda districts, is fed by tributaries like described as the Hot Spot of the fish resource of Wes t Bengal 7. Mahanadi, Balason, and Mechi and finally joins the great Padma in Bangladesh. Tangon, Punarbhabha, and Atrai However, the dearth of information on the present ichthyo originate in the plains. Tangon and Punarbhabha converge faunal diversity is an impediment for disseminating the International Science Community Association 40 International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ________________ Vol. 7(7), 39-51, July (2018) knowledge of fish variety present associated with a particular ecosystem. The following works have been done in this area till dat e: Records of the ichthyofaunal diversity of the rivers of North Bengal dates back to forties when Shaw and Shebbeare (1937) reported 131 species from the river, streams, and ponds in the hills and plains of the Darjeeling District and the adjoining Duars 8. This was followed by Hora and Gupta (1940) who reported 58 species of fishes from Kalimpong, Duars and Siliguri Terai 9. Jayaram and Singh reported 96 species of fishes from the confluence of river Tengan with Mahananda, Atrai river, Punarbhabaa river, r iver Dharla at Changrabandha, river Kalindi, river Mahananda at Malda Town, Jamuna at Hilli village of Balurghat, Teesta, Karotoa, Panga, Balasan, Jaldhaka etc of North Bengal 10 . Chakraborty and Bhattacharjee (2008), in an extensive area of the major river s of South Dinajpur district, Kaljani , 96 Chel, 10 Ghish, 30 Leesh, 12 Balason, 46.4 Raidak, 370 Torsa, 145 Figure-2: Figure-3: Comparison of recorded ichthyo International Science Community Association International Research Journal of Biological Sciences ___________________________________ _____________ISSN 2278-3202 Vol. 7(7), 39-51, July (2018) Int. Res. J. Biological Sci. In this study, as many as 177 species of freshwater fish have Ornamental Fish Species been found to be recorded by different ichthyologists in different water bodies of North Bengal. These 177 species India is one of the gold mines for indigenous ornamental fishes included 31 families, in which family Cyprinidae had the and it possesses two global hot spots of freshwater fish bio- highest number of member species, followed by Sisoridae and diversity viz. the Northeastern region and the Western Ghats. Bagridae. A complete list of fishes recorded in this area is given Out of the approximately 879 fish species inhabiting freshwaters in Table-4. of India the North East is reported by 266 species (recorded and reported) belonging to 114 genera under 38 families and 10 22 Endemic species orders . But in case of West Bengal, especially in North Bengal, the survey and documentation of indigenous ornamental North Bengal freshwater habitats have been a place of many fishes are sketchy and only a few works have been reported to endemic species due to certain unique habitats.
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