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Unit 18 Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Movements : 1919-1922

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UNIT 18 NON-COOPERATION AND KHILAFAT MOVEMENTS : 1919-1922 Structure 18.0 Objectives 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Background 18.3 The Issue of Khilafat 18.4 Towards Non-Cdoperation: Calcutta to Nagpur 18.5 Main Phases of the on-cooperation Movement 18.6 Peoples' Response to the Movement 18.7 Spread of the Movement, Local Variations 18.8 The Last Phase 18.9 Causes of Withdrawal 18.10 Impact 18.11 LetUsSurnUp 18.12 Key Words 18.13 Answers to Check Your Progress Exercises I 18.0 OBJECTIVES After reading this Unit you will be able to: discuss the reasons for launching the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat movements, familiarise yourself with the programme of action adopted in these movements, , learn about the response of the Indian people towards these movements, learn about the impact of these movements. 18.1 INTRODUCTION During 1920-21 the Indian National Movement entered into a new phase, i.e. a phase of mass politics and mass mobilisation. The British rule was opposed through two mass movements, Khilafat and Non-Cooperation. Though emerging out of separate issues both these movements adopted a common programme of action. The technique of non-violent struggle was adopted at a national level. In this Unit we discuss the reasons for the launching of these movements; the course of the movements; role of leadership and the people. This Unit also analyses the regional variations and the impact of these movements. w 18.2 BACKGROUND The background to the movements was provided by the impact of the First World War, the Rowlatt Act, the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms. i) During the post-First World War period the prices of daily commodities increased sharply and the worst sufferers were the common people. The volume of imports which declined during the First World War again increased towards the end of the war. As a result the Indian industries suffered, production fell, many factories were closed and the workers became its natural victims. The peasantry was also under the heavy burden of rents and taxes. So the economic situation of the country in the post-war years became alarming. In the political field the nationalists were disillusioned when the British did not keep their promise of bringing in a new era of democracy and self-determination for the people. This strengthened the anti-British attitude of the Non-Cooperation and Khilafat Indians. Movements: 1919-1922 i) The next important landmark of this period was the passing of the Rowlatt Act in March 1919. This Act empowered the Government to imprison any person without trial and conviction in a court of law. Its basic aim was to imprison the nationalists without giving them the opportunity to defend themselves. Gandhi decided to oppose it through Satyagraha. March and April 1919 witnessed a remarkable political awakening in India. There were hur.tuls (strikes) and demonstrations against the Rowlatt Act. iii) The same period witnessed the naked brutality of the British Imperialists at Jallianwala Bagh, in Amritsar. An unarmed but large crowd had gathered on 13 April - 1919 at Jallianwala Bagh to protest against the arrest of their popular leaders, Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlu and Dr. Satyapal. General Dyer, the military commander of Amritsar, ordired his troops to bpen fire without warning on the unarmed crowd, in a park from which there was no way out. Thousands were killed and wounded. This shocked the whole world. The famous poet Rabindranath Tagore renounced his Knighthood in protest. iv) The introduction of another constitutional reform act which is known as the Government of India Act, 1919 further disillusioned the nationalists. The reform proposals (we have discussed it in unit 17) failed to satisfy the rising demand of the Indians for self-government. The majority of the leaders condemned it as "disappointing and unsatisfactory." All these developments prepared the ground for a popular upsurge against the British Government. The Khilafat issue gave an added advantage to get the Muslim support and the final touch to it was given by Gandhi's leadership. We will discuss now the Khilafat issue which provided the immediate background to the movement. 1. A Cartoon Showing the Beginning of Non-Cooperation and Khilafat 18.3 THE ISSUE OF KHILAFAT During the First World War Turkey allied with Germany and Austria against the British. The Indian Muslims regarded the Sultan of Turkey as tbeir spiritual leader Khalifa, so s Nationalism: The Inter War naturally the~rsympathies were with Turkey. After the war, the British removed the Years-I Khalifa from power in Turkey. Hence, the Muslims started the Khilafat movement in India for the restoration of the Khalifa's position. Their main demands were: \, Khalifa's control should be retained over the Muslim sacred places, Itl territorial adjustments after the war the Khalifa should be left with sufficient territories. \\ In early 1919 a Khilafat Committee was formed in Bombay. The initiative was taken by Muslim merchants and their actions were confined to meetings, petitions and deputations in favour of the Mhalifa. However, there soon emerged a militant trend within the movement. The leaders of this trend were not satisfied with a moderate approach. Instead they preached for the launching of a countrywide movement. They advocated, for the first time, at the All India Khilafat Conference in Delhi (22-23 November 1919) non- cooperation with the British Government in India. It was in this conference that Hasrat Mohani made a call for the boycott of British goods. The Khilafat leadership clearly spelt out that in case the peace terms after the war were unfavourable to Muslims they would stop all cooperation with the Government. In April 1920, Shaukat Ali warned the British that in case the Government failed to pacify Indian Muslims, "we would start a joint Hindu-Muslim movement of non-cooperation." Shaukat Ali further stressed that the movement would start "under the guidance of Mahatma Gandhi, a man who commands the respect of both Hindus and Muslims". 2- hil la fat Volunteers 3 Khilafat Band The Khilafat issue was not directly linked 'with politics in India but the Khilafat leaders ~ol~~ooparkamdw- were eager in enlisting the support of Hindus. Gandhi saw in this. an opportunity to bring -. 1919-1922 about Hindu-Muslim unity against the British. But in spite of his support to the Khilafat issue and being the president of the All India Khilafat Committee, Gandhi till May 1920- had adopted a moderate appmach. However, the publication of the terns of 'the Treaty with Turkey which were very hmh towards Turkey. and the Publication of the Hunter MtkeRepart on 'Punjab disturbances' in May 1920 infuriated the Indians. and Gandhi now took an open position. The Central Khi.Mu Committee met at Allahabad from 1st to 3rd June i920. The meeting was attended by a number of Congress and Khilafat leaders. In this meeting a programme of non-coopcmtion towards the Govemment was declared. This was to include: boycott of titles conferred by the Govemment, boycott of civil services, army aad police, i.e. all government jobs,and non payment of taxes to the Govemment. August 1st. 1920 was fixed as the date to start the movement. Gandhi insisted that unless the Punjab and Khilafat wrongs were undone. there was to be non-cooperation with the Government. However, for the success of this movement, Congress support was essential. Therefore, Gandhi's efforts now were to make the Congress adopt the non-cooperation programme. 4 Mohd. Ali and M A: Ansari -KhUafat Loaders Check Your Progress 1 1 Which of the following statements are correct or wrong (~v~sunv or x ). 3 ', NatiocrPlh: TkInter War ii) The Rowlatt Act wb passed mainly to suppress the Indian nationalists. Yam-1 iii) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre exposed the true character of the British Imperialism. iv) The Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms fwlled the expectations of the Indian I Nationalists. v) Gandhi became the President of the All India Khilafat Committee. 2 What was the Khilafat issue ? Write in five lines. ....................................................................................................................................... 18.4 .TOWARDS NON-COOPERATION: CA,LCUTTA TO NAGPUR It was not an easy task for Gandhi to get the entire Congress to approve his programme of political action. According to Prof. Ravinder Kumar Gandhi "made a concerted bid to convince Tilak of the virtues of Satyagraha and of the expediency of an alliance with the Muslim community over Khilafat". However, Tilak was "sceptical of Satyagraha as an instrument of politics." He was also not in favour of having an alliance "with Muslim leader? over a religious issue." The basis of cooperation between Hjndus and Muslims, argued Tilak, should be a secular one like the Lucknow Pact (1916). A lot2qended on Tjlw- whether hostile or neutral - but unfortunately he passed away on 1st August '1920. L& Lajpat Rai and C.R. Das vehemently opposed the Gandhian idea of boycottingcouncil elections. Jawaharlal Nehru wrote in his autobiography that "almost the entire old Guard of the Congress opposed Gandhi's resolution of non-cooperation." The programme of nom-cooperation and boycott was then placed before the Rovipcial Congress Committees ((PCC)for their opinions. The PCC of the United Provinces after prolonged debate app$oved of the principle of non-cwperation, gradual boycott of govemment schools and colleges, govemment offices, British goods. But there were reservations about the,boycott of the legislative councils. The Bombay PCC. approved of non-cooperation as the legitimate method of agitation, but it objected to boycott ot:council and only recommended boycott of British goods as a first stage. The Bengal PCC. agreed to accept the principle of non-cooperation but disagreed with the idea of council boiycott.
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