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Fugitive Slaves in the "Daybook of the Richmond Police Guard, 1834--1844"

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Fugitive Slaves in the W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects 2005 Absconded: Fugitive slaves in the "Daybook of the Richmond Police Guard, 1834--1844" Leni Ashmore Sorensen College of William & Mary - Arts & Sciences Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the African History Commons, American Studies Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Sorensen, Leni Ashmore, "Absconded: Fugitive slaves in the "Daybook of the Richmond Police Guard, 1834--1844"" (2005). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1539623486. https://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21220/s2-ctar-hf12 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ABSCONDED: FUGITIVE SLAVES IN THE DAYBOOK OF THE RICHMOND POLICE GUARD, 1834-1844 A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the American Studies Program The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Leni Ashmore Sorensen 2005 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. APPROVAL SHEET This dissertation is submitted in partial fulfillment of The requirements for the degree of Doctor o f Philosophy Leni Ashmore Sorensen Approved by the Committee, November 2005 Scott R. Nelson, Chair, Associate Professor, Lyon G. Tyler Department o f History Kimberley L. Phillips, Frances L<^id Edwin L. Cummings Associate Professor of History feA*V — James P. Whitteriburg, Associate Professor, Lyon G.' ient o f History iate Professor of History,No/rece T Jones, Associateiate Professor of History,No/rece Virginia Commonwealth University Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. This work is dedicated to the memory of Dr. Anita H. Rutman iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables v List of Illustrations vi Abstract vii Chapter I. The Daybook of the Richmond Police Guard 2 Chapter II. The Streets of Richmond 20 Chapter III. The Fugitives 38 Chapter IV. The Strategies of Control 68 Chapter V. Conclusion 86 Appendix A: Transcription of The Daybook of the Richmond Police Guard, 1834-1844 91 Appendix B : The Men of the Watch 314 Bibliography 318 Vita 326 iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF TABLES Tables Page 1. Percentage of Female Runaways in Selected Studies 16 2. Population of Richmond, Virginia 1830 and 1840 67 V Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Illustration Page 1. The Capital and surrounding business district 5 2. Runaway Advertisement 18 3. The Basin 22 4. Exchange Alley 34 vi Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT In the antebellum period Richmond, Virginia newspapers ran advertisements for runaway slaves. Most of the ads concerned individuals absconded from outlying counties, distant regions of the state, or nearby states. These short notices have been used frequently to describe and discuss runaways and the link between flight and freedom in Virginia. In contrast to the brief newspaper entries theDaybook of the Richmond Police Guard, 1834-1844 provides names and detailed descriptions of 935 runaways all of whom lived in the city and were reported within the city precincts during one ten-year period. TheDaybook is a hand written record consisting of entries made by the Watchmen on duty each day. Its pages are “A Memorandum of Robberies and Runaways” for the whole city and in addition to fugitive slaves list lost and stolen clothing, food, textiles, bank notes, fires and murder. Chapter 1 discusses the historiography of runaway slaves and the ways that theDaybook data allows a close examination of African American resistance in an urban setting. Chapter 2 explores the geography and look of the city of Richmond in the 1830s and early 40s. Chapter 3 closely examines the fugitives themselves, and Chapter 4 explores the context of laws and restrictions under which the black population, slave and free, lived. Chapter 5 describes the varied strategies the enslaved population, bound in kinship and friendship to the free black population, used to successfully hide within the city and segues into the transcribed complete text of theDaybook of the Richmond Police Guard, 1834-1844. vii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSCONDED: FUGITIVE SLAVES IN THE DAYBOOK OF THE RICHMOND POLICE GUARD, 1834-1844 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 2 Chapter I THE DAYBOOK OF THE RICHMOND POLICE GUARD From 1830 to 1840 the Richmond, Virginia newspapers ran one hundred and forty-one advertisements for runaway slaves. Most of the ads concerned individuals running away from outlying counties, distant regions of the state, or nearby states. These short notices have been used frequently to describe and discuss mnaways and the link between flight and freedom in Virginia. In contrast to the newspaper entries and in a slightly later, but overlapping time span, theDaybook o f the Richmond Police Guard, 1834-1844 provides names and detailed descriptions of 935 runaways, all of whom were reported within the city precincts. TheDaybook is a hand-written record consisting of entries made by the individual Watchmen on duty each day. It is “A Memorandum of Robberies and Runaways,” 1 and within in its 223 pages the fugitives themselves are described by name, gender, age, color designation, skill, place of escape, destination, clothing, identifying marks & descriptions including hair, reward offered, and notice of apprehension. Also included in the entries about the fugitives are the following types of information: • Names of fugitive’s relatives and friends, their relationship to the fugitive, and their place of residence/work. • Names of owners and the owner’s place of residence. 1 Each page o f the Daybook is prefaced by a version of the title “A Record of Robberies &c,” (through August 1836); “A Record of Robberies &c” (through mid-June 1839); “A Memorandum o f Robbers &c” (through Feb. 1840); “A Memorandum of Robberies &c” (through most of 1841); after which, pages with no titles and others with “Memorandum o f Robberies & Runaways” appear irregularly to the end o f the document. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 • Names of current hirers; type of business. • Agent acting on behalf of the owner or hirer. • Previous owners or hirers. • The names of the Watchmen, number of actions taken or reports made, and punishments administered. • Names of whites helping fugitives. Within the fugitive entries and throughout the remainder of theDaybook there are details that allow the reader to better visualize day-to-day life and common objects found in an antebellum city: • Street addresses and specified locations in Richmond. • Objects reported stolen within the city. • Textiles (cloth on the bolt and items of clothing). • Merchandise (watches, tools). • Foodstuffs. • Money (cash and/or bank notes). • Objects reported lost (clothing and money). • Businesses with their doors found open after hours by the Watchmen. • Fires. • Several assaults, two jail breaks, and one murder. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Few historians have used theDaybook since its purchase by the Alderman Library at the University of Virginia in 1942.2 Several things may account for this. The binding of the ledger in which the record was written has broken over the years. The current manuscript consists of folio pages broken at the fold and most of the pages have become shuffled many times, breaking the chronological order. The microfilm version, also out of chronological order, is dark, splotchy, and difficult to read. Thus, along with the usual handicap of indistinct script and idiosyncratic spelling the microfilm copy hinders systematic analysis. It may be that the originalDaybook was merely an unofficial record solely for the men of the Watch and no particular care was taken to preserve it or other records like it. Certainly, the document is unique and my complete transcription (Appendix A) will make it accessible in print (and ultimately, searchable on-line) for the first time.3 The year and a half spent transcribing the document was often frustrating and tedious but the results have been deeply satisfying. 2 Dr. Edward Ayers, at the University o f Virginia, has often taken his students into Special Collections to see the Daybook and other primary documents of Virginia history. In my research I have found only four citations for the Daybook, all in work published since 1988 and all dependant on either the original manuscript or microfilm; Marie Tyler-McGraw and Gregg D Kimball’s exhibit catalogue forIn Bondage and Freedom: Antebellum Black Life in Richmond, Virginia (Valentine Museum, 1988); Marie Tyler- McGraw, At the Falls: Richmond,
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