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BEHIND the LANDSCAPE of LAKE BURLEY GRIFFIN: Landscape, Water, Politics and the National Capital

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BEHIND the LANDSCAPE of LAKE BURLEY GRIFFIN: Landscape, Water, Politics and the National Capital BEHIND THE LANDSCAPE OF LAKE BURLEY GRIFFIN: Landscape, water, politics and the national capital. 1899-1964 A THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DIANNE F. FIRTH Division of Communication and Education UNIVERSITY OF CANBERRA 2000 i II. SUMMARY The Australian Constitution of 1901 required Parliament to establish its seat of Government in territory in New South Wales, but distant from Sydney. Interpreted as cause for building a new city it was, from the earliest deliberations, conceived as a city beautified by a landscape enhanced by water. Despite Australia’s variable climate, particularly its unreliable rainfall, the Canberra site on the Molonglo River provided an opportunity for storing a large body of ornamental water in a picturesque landscape setting, provided storage reservoirs were built to maintain water levels. Walter Burley Griffin’s design gave the Lake form as a chain of ornamental lakes and parklands through the centre of the city. However, developing the Lake was complex and costly and although Parliament met at Canberra from 1927 it was not until the early 1960s that work began on implementing the Lake. Lake Burley Griffin was inaugurated in 1964. Inquiring into the significance of landscape setting and ornamental water for Australia’s National capital the thesis reviews designed landscapes in cities that Australia aspired to emulate and the organisational and professional structures that enabled landscape projects to be implemented. Using Canberra’s lake as a focus this thesis examines the national and international context of landscape ideas, analyses the processes of landscape implementation in the public domain and evaluates the design outcome. The importance of national aspiration, national control of resources, Federal and State government rivalries, the power of government bureaucracy, the contribution of the design professions and the influence of Modernism as a design force in the built environment are addressed. The thesis establishes that over the sixty-five-year period Australian perceptions and expectations of landscape underwent a fundamental change. From the idea of landscape as a part of the aesthetic and moral high ground of national consciousness and international discourse, landscape, particularly landscape with water, became a device to consolidate power, bolster national pride, garner international recognition and enhance recreational opportunity. The thesis establishes the fundamental importance of Lake Burley Griffin and its parklands in creating a distinctive image of a visually unified National capital as well as a focus of public activity. As an empirical thematic history the thesis articulates landscape ideas and practice with the creation of a place of national significance. Through links with cultural context, the history of cities, and the history of design the research and its findings extend the knowledge base of the profession and practice of landscape architecture in Australia. ii III. AUTHORSHIP OF THESIS Except as specially indicated in footnotes, quotations and bibliography, I certify that I am the sole author of the thesis submitted today entitled: BEHIND THE LANDSCAPE OF LAKE BURLEY GRIFFIN: Landscape, water, politics and the national capital. 1899-1964 in terms of the Statement of Requirements for a Thesis issued by the University Higher Degrees and Scholarships Committee. Signature of Author ________________________ Date ________________________ iii IV. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I. TITLE PAGE i II. SUMMARY ii III. AUTHORSHIP OF THESIS iii IV. TABLE OF CONTENTS iv V. ABBREVIATIONS vi VI. ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS vii VII. PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS x ____________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE THESIS 2 1.2 MAIN FINDINGS 6 1.3 OBJECTIVES 6 1.4 RESEARCH MATERIALS AND METHOD 7 1.5 THESIS STRUCTURE 8 CHAPTER 2: LANDSCAPE, WATER AND CITY: c.1900 10 2.1 INTRODUCTION 11 2.2 THE CULTURE OF LANDSCAPE 12 2.3 DESIGNED LANDSCAPES OF INFLUENCE 17 2.4 CAPITAL CITY PRECEDENTS 24 2.5 LANDSCAPES WITH WATER 32 2.6 LANDSCAPE AND TOWN PLANNING 35 2.7 LANDSCAPE MAKING AND THE PROFESSIONS 39 2.8 LAND AND POLITICS 46 2.9 A LANDSCAPE VISION FOR AUSTRALIA’S FEDERAL CAPITAL 48 CHAPTER 3: INTERPRETING THE VISION: 1899-1913 51 3.1 INTRODUCTION 52 3.2 THE SEARCH FOR A SUITABLE SITE: 1899-1908 54 3.3 PROBLEMS WITH WATER 64 3.4 ESTABLISHING THE FEDERAL TERRITORY 68 3.5 APPROVING A SUITABLE DESIGN 75 3.6 DISCUSSION OF CHAPTER 3 85 iv CHAPTER 4: A LANDSCAPE TO LIVE IN: 1913-1929 87 4.1 INTRODUCTION 88 4.2 THE OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL CAPITAL: 1913-1920 89 4.3 THE FEDERAL CAPITAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE: 1921-1924 99 4.4 THE FEDERAL CAPITAL COMMISSION: 1925-1929 102 4.5 DISCUSSION OF CHAPTER 4 108 CHAPTER 5: NOT WORTHY OF A NATIONAL CAPITAL: 1930-1957 111 5.1 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT 112 5.2 HIATUS: 1930-1954 119 5.3 COMMONWEALTH AVENUE BRIDGE INQUIRY: 1954-1955 128 5.3 THE SENATE INQUIRY: 1954-1955 130 5.4 HOLFORD THE ‘EXPERT’ 137 5.5 DISCUSSION OF CHAPTER 5 144 CHAPTER 6: A LANDSCAPE FOR THE NATION: 1958-1964 148 6.1 INTRODUCTION 149 6.2 THE NATIONAL CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION 152 6.3 A COMMITTEE OF REVIEW 158 6.4 LAKE IMPLEMENTATION 167 6.5 MANAGING THE LAKE 183 6.6 THE LAKE EMERGES 188 6.7 DISCUSSION OF CHAPTER 6 194 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION 197 ______________________________________________________________________ VIII. LIST OF REFERENCES I IX. APPENDICES XI A1 METRIC CONVERSION TABLE XII A2 CANBERRA TIMELINE: 1887-1964 XIII A3 CHRONOLOGY OF MINISTRIES AND DEPARTMENTS: 1901-1964 XIX A4 LAKE BURLEY GRIFFIN STATISTICS XXV v V. ABBREVIATIONS ACT Australian Capital Territory ACTEW ACT Electricity and Water AILA Australian Institute of Landscape Architects CIAM Congres Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation CA Commonwealth of Australia FCAC Federal Capital Advisory Committee FCC Federal Capital Commission FCT Federal Capital Territory IFLA International Federation of Landscape Architects MARS Modern Architectural Research Society NAA National Archives of Australia NCA National Capital Authority NCDC National Capital Development Commission NCPC National Capital Planning Committee NCPDC National Capital Planning and Development Committee NLA National Library of Australia NSW New South Wales PD Parliamentary Debates PP Parliamentary Papers PW Public Works RAIA Royal Australian Institute of Architects RAPI Royal Australian Planning Institute RIBA Royal Institute of British Architects TVA Tennessee Valley Authority vi VI. ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS Following Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 Walter Burley Griffin. First Prize, Federal Capital Design Competition, Plan of the proposed city. (Reps, 1997, p.141). Figure 1.2 Lake Burley Griffin 1965. (NCDC, 1965a, p.ii). Following Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Harewood, Yorkshire. Designed by Capability Brown, 1772. (Stroud, between pp.176,177). Figure 2.2 Golden Summer, Eaglemont, by Arthur Streeton, 1889. (Johns et al, p.206). Figure 2.3 A Humphry Repton before-and-after view. (Loudon, p.74). Figure 2.4 The English Landscape style applied to America, designed by Andrew Jackson Downing, 1841. (Downing, opp. p.440). Figure 2.5 Paris. a. Boulevard du Temple. (Benevolo, p.69). b. Parc Monceau. (Benevolo, p.69). Figure 2.6 Sydney, c.1880. (Statham, p.36). Figure 2.7 Adelaide, c.1880. (Statham, p.158). Figure 2.8 Melbourne, c.1880. (Statham, p.198). Figure 2.9 Melbourne Botanic Gardens. a. Completion of the main lake landscaping, 1902, following the realignment of the Yarra. (Prescott, 1974, p.139). b. Plan, c.1902. (Prescott, 1974, p.146). Figure 2.10 Court of Honour, World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893. (Newton, p.366). Figure 2.11 Layout plan of World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893. (Newton, p.364). Figure 2.12 Perspective view of Washington, 1902. (Reps, 1967, p.110). Figure 2.13 River Salvator. Engraving from Thomas Mitchell’s Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Tropical Australia, 1848. (Carter, opp. p.258). Figure 2.14 The Upper Nepean, New South Wales, W.C. Pigenit, 1889. (Johns et al, p.163). Figure 2.15 Windermere, by Joseph Farington, 1789. (Smith, 1791). Following Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 Image of a Federal Capital at Lake George by James Coulter, 1901. (Reps, 1997, p.52). Figure 3.2 Plan on the Radiation Principle by Alexander Oliver, 1901. (Reps, 1997, p.14) Figure 3.3 Gadera. Plan for artificial lake, 1903. (NLA: Map section). Figure 3.4 Image of Australian capital at Dalgety, 1908. (The Lone Hand, 1908, p.592). Figure 3.5 Federal Capital Territory showing river system and territory added and excluded. (Commonwealth Year Book, 1912). Figure 3.6 1909 Contour survey of Canberra showing extent of the 1891 flood. (Gillespie, p.271). Figure 3.7 Photograph of Federal Capital site from Camp Hill with Black Mountain in left background. (Fitzgerald, p.93). Figure 3.8 Base Map for the Federal Capital Design Competition. (NLA: Map section). Figure 3.9 First prize, Entry No.29. Walter Burley Griffin, Chicago, Illinois, USA. (NLA: Map section). vii Figure 3.10 Griffin’s Logical Diagrams. (Griffin, 1913a). a. Public Groups. b. Government Group. c. Recreation Group. d. University Group. Figure 3.11 Second Prize, Entry No.18. Eliel Saarinen, Helsinki, Finland. (NLA: Map section). Figure 3.12 Third Prize, Entry No.4. Alfred Agache, Paris. (NLA: Map section). Figure 3.13 Honourable Mention, Entry No.7. Harold van Buren Magonigle, New York. (NLA: Map section). Figure 3.14 Honourable Mention, Entry No.35. E. Schaufelberg, V.O. Rees, W.H. Gummer, London. (NLA: Map section). Figure 3.15 Minority First Prize, Entry No.10. Walter Scott Griffiths, Robert Charles Coulter, Charles Caswell, Sydney. (NLA: Map section). Figure 3.16 Minority Second Prize, Entry No.41. Arthur Comey, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. (NLA: Map section). Figure 3.17 Minority Third Prize, Entry No.81. Nils Gellerstedt with Ivan Lindgren and Hugo du Rietz.
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