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Ázerbájdžánský Nacionalismus V Íránu: Riziko Pro Regionální Bezpečnost

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Ázerbájdžánský Nacionalismus V Íránu: Riziko Pro Regionální Bezpečnost THE RISE OF NATIONALISM AMONG IRANIAN AZERBAIJANIS: A STEP TOWARD IRAN’S DISINTEGRATION? By Emil Souleimanov, Kamil Pikal, Josef Kraus* This article deals with the Azerbaijani minority in Iran and its potential and real security threat for the country’s internal affairs and for the entire Caspian region. The article opens with an introduction on the ethnic and religious identities of Iranian Azerbaijanis and the community’s historical development in Iran--with a particular emphasis on the 1990s and onward. Next, it reviews the current situation in the region and the group’s primary motives and goals. The study also focuses on the international perspective, including the positions of key local and extra-regional powers that play an important role in the security of the Islamic Republic. INTRODUCTION Azerbaijani origin and their first- or second- generation descendants.2 The Islamic Republic of Iran is a country of In view of their large numbers and multiple nationalities. Ethnic Persians account corresponding representation among the for approximately half of the total population. members of the Iranian elite as well as their The remainder of the population consists of territorial concentration, the loyalty of Iran’s members of various ethnic groups of Turkic, Azerbaijanis is of key importance for Iranian, and Semitic origin, generally sustaining the regime and for maintaining the concentrated in a particular area.1 The exact Islamic Republic’s territorial integrity. The number of these individual minorities and growing nationalistic and, in extreme cases, even of the Persian majority is unknown, since even separatist tendencies within the population censuses in Iran do not determine Azerbaijani minority are therefore being nationalities, but rather religious affiliation evaluated by Iran’s government with growing alone. frequency as a security threat to which Nonetheless, Azerbaijanis are by far the attention must be devoted. This article then most populous ethnic minority in Iran. Various deals primarily with the growing national self- estimates place them between 12 and 22 consciousness among the members of the million within the territory of the Islamic Azerbaijani minority within Iran’s territory. Republic, accounting for as much as one The purpose of this study is to outline and quarter of Iran’s population. The large evaluate the security risks for Iran’s internal majority of the Azerbaijani population inhabits affairs and for the stability of the entire Iran’s northwestern provinces, which border Caspian region. As little has been written on with Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iraq. the topic as of yet, this article focuses on the These include Western Azerbaijan (where a broader context, presenting readers with an considerable part of the population consists of introduction on the ethnic, religious, and Kurds); Eastern Azerbaijan; Ardabil and politico-historical factors influencing the Zanjan (together with Persians); to some current situation in the region. It then moves to extent also Gilan (together with Gilaki and the status of the ethnocultural emancipation Persians); and Hamadan and Qazvin (in both movement of Iranian Azerbaijanis and its cases together with Persians). According to influence on Iran’s state security. Last, it deals some estimates, a quarter to a third of the with the international context of Azerbaijani population of Tehran consists of immigrants of nationalism in Iran, focusing primarily on the Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Spring 2013) 71 Emil Souleimanov, Kamil Pikal, Josef Kraus security dimension. Also presented are the (or Parsi, Persian) for written communication, positions of the United States, Azerbaijan, as the Iranian variant of Azerbaijani Turkish Israel, Turkey, and Russia and their relations had not been codified. Knowledge of the with the Azerbaijani minority and with Iran language among Azerbaijani immigrants in itself. Tehran, Qom, and other cities outside of northwestern Iran is gradually declining, Ethnic and Religious Identity Among Iran’s which is also related to a reduction of Azerbaijanis Azerbaijani self-identification.6 The vast majority of Azerbaijanis, like the The Azerbaijani minority’s perceptions of majority of the rest of Iran’s inhabitants, the central government in Teheran and of belong to the Shi’i branch of Islam.7 Shi’i Persians as the dominant ethnic group in Iran Islam is predominant in only a few countries are directly related to their own historical other than Iran, including the Republic of experience of coexistence with the Persians. Azerbaijan, Bahrain, and Iraq. As a minority in Linguistic and religious affiliations and their the Islamic world, Shi’i solidarity is stronger evolution within the Iranian context play a than that found among the majority Sunnis. particularly important role here. The This bond was further reinforced in Iran Azerbaijanis of Iran speak a Turkic dialect that following the 1979 Islamic Revolution, in is part of the Oghuz language group. Apart which Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was from a rather large number of lexical overthrown and a Shi’i clerics led by Ayatollah borrowings from Persian and Arabic, it is Ruhollah Khomeini took over with the identical to the language of the so-called velayat-e faqih (guardianship of the jurist) Northern (Soviet or Caucasian) Azerbaijanis.3 system of government. The multiethnic state It is also very close to the language spoken in that had relied on Persian nationalism and Turkey. The two languages (Azerbaijani and perceived power through the concept of the Anatolian Turkish) are mutually shared state of Iran during the era of the comprehensible. The language is commonly Pahlavi Dynasty was replaced by the concept spoken among Azerbaijanis inhabiting of a religious Iran that unified its inhabitants northwestern Iran, though instruction in through the Shi’ism. Azerbaijani Turkish is de facto banned at all The fact that Persians and Azerbaijanis both levels in the country--in contradiction to Iran’s follow the Shi’i religion has historically constitution. The ban is in effect in all levels brought them together, while on the contrary, of school and applies not only to instruction in this has created animosity towards Anatolian the Turkish language, but also to teaching that Turks and Kurds, who mostly profess Sunni language as a subject. Thus, for example, at Islam. For many religiously oriented the University of Tabriz, where seven other Azerbaijanis, to this day, a marriage between languages are taught, the native language of persons speaking the same (Turkic) language the majority of students may not be taught.4 but belonging to different branches of Islam Under the Persian nationalist regime of the (i.e., Shi’i or Sunni) is totally unthinkable. Pahlavi Dynasty (1925-1979), the use of a frequent as a result of the mass migration of Turkic language in public was completely Azerbaijanis from the northwest to other places in banned. During the period that followed, the Iran. On the other hand, nothing would prevent policy was slightly more lenient, allowing for a marriage between two Shi’a of different the establishment of an Azerbaijani radio and ethnic origins (such as a Persian and an television station. These official media, Azerbaijani). Such “mixed” marriages have however, only broadcasted in Azerbaijani become frequent as a result of the mass Turkish for a few hours a day, and the migration of Azerbaijanis from the northwest language for broadcast was “Persianized” to to other places in Iran. Also affecting migrants the maximum possible extent.5 Until recently, to the Persian-speaking parts of the country is the majority of Iran’s Azerbaijanis used Farsi their separation from the Turkish-speaking 72 Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Spring 2013) The Rise of Nationalism Among Iranian Azerbaijanis: A Step Toward Iran’s Disintegration? environment and ethno-linguistic certain extent even from their origins in the discrimination on the part of the Persians. Azerbaijani provinces. This is particularly true These factors have led to intensive of the members of the older generations. For Persianization of Azerbaijanis (as with example, Ayatollah Khamene’i very seldom migrants from other minorities) migrating to speaks Azerbaijani Turkish in public, and he Persian cities.8 refers to himself as an “Iranian from As Shi’a, Azerbaijanis are traditionally Mashhad.”11 integrated into Iranian society. By no means negligible are the numbers of Azerbaijanis The Historical Experience of Iran’s serving as high state officials, clerics, army Azerbaijanis commanders, important figures in the economy, and representatives of the At the beginning of the twentieth century, intellectual elite. Among the most prominent Turkish dominance over Persia came to an end examples are the country’s supreme religious with the establishment of the first purely leader, Ali Khamene’i; the opposition leader Persian dynasty, the Pahlavis. Persian and reformist candidate in last year’s nationalism, already strongly developed at the presidential election, Mir-Hossein Mousavi time, became the state ideology.12 The (who is incidentally a distant relative of importance of religion as a collective identity Khamene’i, and who also comes from the that was not all-encompassing (in view of the same village as the ayatollah); and the former populous Sunni minority) was suppressed as Minister of Interior and Minister of Social much as possible by the shah’s regime. Security Sadeq Mahsouli. Instead, pan-Iranian nationalism dominated, Such cultural and religious figures include with the political assimilation of ethnic popular poet Mohammad-Hosein Shahriar, minorities. who was born in Tabriz and wrote in Persian The state’s assimilation policy was and Azerbaijani, and Grand Ayatollah especially harsh on the Azerbaijanis--who Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari, one of the were viewed as a potential threat to the most influential clerics in Iraq and Iran in the country’s territorial integrity, above all twentieth century. As far as Azerbaijanis in the because of their numbers and their degree of Iranian armed forces are concerned, they face integration into Persian society.
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