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China's Stadium Diplomacy and Its Determinants: a Typological
Hugh Vondracek JCIR: Vol. 7, No. 1 (2019) China’s Stadium Diplomacy and its Determinants: A Typological Investigation of Soft Power Hugh Vondracek* Abstract Since 1958, China has constructed over 140 sports facilities around the world. Previous research into stadium diplomacy lacks definitional clarity, has not systematically investigated the phenomenon, and crucially, has failed to explain why China employs stadium diplomacy where it does. This article defines the phenomenon and locates all known cases without temporal or geographic restrictions. We create a classification system and typology, permitting a comparison of theoretically-like types to develop and test a multi-determinant theory. We find empirical evidence that China employs stadium diplomacy to secure natural resources and to secure diplomatic recognition in line with the One-China policy. These findings have important implications for scholarship into the use of soft power within interstate rivalry, and the methodology demonstrates that a clear typology of soft power which is mutually exclusive and logically exhaustive can be created and is informative. Keywords: China, stadium diplomacy, soft power, interstate rivalry Introduction1 Several dozen photographers and reporters hurried into position while onlookers jostled for view, dodging the earthmovers and dust of the construction site. The President’s limousine was pulling up, but no one had come to see him. Lionel Messi was here! The best player of the world’s most popular game was in Port-Gentil, Gabon, a world away from his home in Barcelona, to lay the cornerstone of China’s newest stadium (Djellit, 2015). Just the latest example of China’s stadium diplomacy, a soft-power push dating back to 1958, reaching from Antigua, to Vanuatu, to Dar es Salaam. -
Does US Counter-Drug Policy Affect Nationalism
Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-20-2014 Does U.S. Counter-drug Policy Affect Nationalism in the Anglophone Caribbean? A Comparative Study on the Impact of Counter-drug Policy on Nationalism in Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago Krystel Ramdathsingh [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FI14042401 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the International Relations Commons, and the Other International and Area Studies Commons Recommended Citation Ramdathsingh, Krystel, "Does U.S. Counter-drug Policy Affect Nationalism in the Anglophone Caribbean? A Comparative Study on the Impact of Counter-drug Policy on Nationalism in Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago" (2014). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1257. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1257 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida DOES U.S. COUNTER-DRUG POLICY AFFECT NATIONALISM IN THE ANGLOPHONE CARIBBEAN? A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF COUNTER-DRUG POLICY ON NATIONALISM IN JAMAICA AND TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS by Krystel Ramdathsingh 2014 To: Dean Kenneth G. Furton College of Arts and Sciences This dissertation, written by Krystel Ramdathsingh, and entitled Does U.S. Counter-drug Policy Affect Nationalism in the Anglophone Caribbean? A Comparative Study on the Impact of Counter-drug Policy on Nationalism in Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. -
Architecture of Diplomacy: Chinese Construction Aid in Asia, 1950–1976
Chang, W, et al. Architecture of Diplomacy: Chinese Construction Aid in Asia, 1950–1976. ARENA Journal of Architectural Research. 2019; 4(1): 3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/ajar.147 HUMANITIES ESSAY Architecture of Diplomacy: Chinese Construction Aid in Asia, 1950–1976 Wei Chang1, Charlie Xue2 and Guanghui Ding31 Construction aid was a physical tool – and indeed a key tactical manoeuvre – of international diplomacy that became especially obvious during the Cold War period. Among the outcomes of construction aid were cultural and technical exchanges between the donor and recipient countries. This essay examines the typical construction aid projects gifted by the Chinese Communist government and professionals to developing countries in Asia and African during the era of Chairman Mao Zedong, with a focus on key Asian examples. The remarkably high percentage of national income spent by Maoist China on construction aid might have increased the burden upon the lives of ordinary Chinese people, yet they gave Chinese architects rare opportunities to practice Modernism in overseas environments. The strength of the technical forces of the Chinese Communist state, and the wisdom of Chinese designers, were notably crystallized through a series of conference halls and stadiums built across Asia. These construction aid projects informed similar designs back in China, which led in turn to further innovations that could then again be exported abroad. Altogether it represents an important non-Western strand within Modernist architecture of the twentieth century. Keywords: Construction aid; developing countries; Chinese architecture; Cold War Introduction Development aid became particularly apparent and active as a diplomatic tool and manoeuvre after the Second World War. -
8. China and the Chinese Stadium Diplomacy
8. China and the Chinese stadium diplomacy As mentioned above in chapter 6, China and Chinese construction companies have built numerous venues in Africa. According to ‘The Africa Report’, China had built 52 stadiums in Africa up to spring 2010129 and, according to our investigations; Chinese stadiums can be found in nearly 30 African nations. But several additional stadiums are currently under construction and China’s interest in the construction of stadiums abroad extends not only to Africa, but to Central America, the Caribbean, Oceania and Asia. Is there an underlying explanation? China, as do many other countries, has various ways in which it formulates its foreign aid in developing and NIC countries. In the Chinese foreign aid, six key areas are prioritised: agriculture, industry, economic infrastructure, education, health care, and public facilities.130 The construction of sports facilities is included together with the construction of public buildings, hospitals, cultural venues and the digging of wells for water supplies131 in the foreign aid area. In addition to the different foreign aid areas, China has various ways of implementing its aid programs. The form of assistance that China mainly offers when it comes to the construction of stadiums is named ‘complete projects’. When the complete projects are implemented, the Chinese stadiums are built with financial assistance from China in the form of grants or interest-free loans. An important aspect is that China is responsible for the entire process – from the initial planning stage to the stadium’s completion.132 This means that China organises and is responsible for feasibility studies, design and construction; provides Chinese equipment, materials; and sends Chinese engineers and technical staff to lead and organise the projects. -
Key Strategic Issues List
U.S. ARMY WAR COLLEGE KEY STRATEGIC ISSUES LIST July 2008 Visit our website for other free publication downloads http://www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil/ To rate this publication click here. ***** All Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) publications are available on the SSI homepage for electronic dissemination. Hard copies of this report also may be ordered from our homepage. SSI’s homepage address is: www.StrategicStudiesInstitute.army.mil. ii CONTENTS Foreword......................................................................................................................... v Global and Functional Strategic Issues.....................................................................1 I. Global War on Terror ......................................................................................1 II. Homeland Security/Homeland Defense/Civil Support .......................... 2 III. Military Change............................................................................................... 4 IV. National Security Strategy/National Military Strategy ............................ 6 V. Landpower Employment................................................................................7 VI. Landpower Generation and Sustainment.................................................... 8 VII. Leadership, Personnel Management, and Culture..................................... 9 Regional Strategic Issues........................................................................................... 12 I. Evolving Regional Security Matters in Africa.......................................... -
Brics and US Hegemony
MAINZ PAPERS ON INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN POLITICS BRICs and U.S. Hegemony: Theoretical Reflections on Shifting Power Patterns and Empirical Evidence from Latin America Alexander Brand, University of Mainz Susan Mc Ewen-Fial, University of Mainz Wolfgang Muno, University of Erfurt Andrea Ribeiro Hoffmann, University of Erfurt Paper No. 4 Mainz Papers on International and European Politics (MPIEP) ISSN: 2193-6684 Edited by the Chair of International Relations, University of Mainz Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz Department of Political Science Chair of International Relations Colonel-Kleinmann-Weg 2 D-55099 Mainz Phone: +49 (0)6131-39-21051 Fax: +49 (0)6131-39-27109 E-mail: [email protected] http://www.politik.uni-mainz.de/cms/83_ENG_HTML.php All of the Mainz Papers on International and European Politics are available at: http://www.politik.uni-mainz.de/cms/mpiep.php Editorial Board: Prof. Arne Niemann Dr. Susan McEwan-Fial Axel Heck Editorial Assistant: Jan Bucher Brand, Alexander, Susan McEwan-Fial, Wolfgang Muno and Andrea Ribeiro Hoffmann. 2012. BRICs and U.S. Hegemony: Theoretical Reflections on Shifting Power Patterns and Empirical Evidence from Latin America. Mainz Papers on International and European Politics, 2012/04. Mainz: Chair of International Relations, Johannes Gutenberg University. © 2012 Alexander Brand, Susan Mc Ewen-Fial, Wolfgang Muno and Andrea Ribeiro Hoffmann Alexander Brand is Lecturer and Post-Doc Researcher at the Department of Political Science at the University of Mainz. [email protected] Susan McEwen-Fial is Lecturer at the Department of Political Science at the University of Mainz. mcewen-fi[email protected] Wolfgang Muno is Visiting Professor of Political Science at the University of Erfurt. -
1 Environmental and Social Review Summary Jamaica Water Supply
Environmental and Social Review Summary Jamaica Water Supply Improvement Project This Environmental and Social Review Summary (ESRS) is prepared by MIGA staff and disclosed in advance of the MIGA Board consideration of the proposed issuance of a Contract of Guarantee. Its purpose is to enhance the transparency of MIGA’s activities. This document should not be construed as presuming the outcome of the decision by the MIGA Board of Directors. Board dates are estimates only. Any documentation which is attached to this ESRS has been prepared by the project sponsor, and authorization has been given for public release. MIGA has reviewed the attached documentation as provided by the applicant, and considers it of adequate quality to be released to the public, but does not endorse the content. Country: Jamaica Sector: Infrastructure Project Enterprise(s): The Bank of Nova Scotia Jamaica Limited and the National Water Commission of Jamaica; Vinci Construction Grands Projets (VCGP); BNP Paribas Environmental Category: B Date ESRS Disclosed: October 20, 2009 Status: Due Diligence A. Project Description The Jamaica Water Supply Improvement Project (JWSIP) entails a US$198.5 million refurbishment and expansion program aimed at addressing the perennial water supply constraints affecting the greater Kingston Metropolitan, Ocho Rios, and broader rural parish areas of Jamaica. It is being sponsored and implemented by the National Water Commission (NWC) of Jamaica, a state owned enterprise created under the 1980 National Water Commission Act, and overseen by the Jamaica Ministry of Housing and Water. To facilitate the JWSIP financing, the NWC has segmented the works into two categories (“A” & “B”), which will be implemented concurrently, using the same Engineering Procurement and Construction (EPC) Contractor, Vinci Construction Grands Projets (VCGP) of France, but financed by separate entities. -
Annual Report 2005-2006.Qxd
Notes Our Vision... The National Works Agency will create a world class safe, quality main road network meeting the needs of our clients in the towns, community and districts where they vacation, work and live. Our Mission... To plan, build and maintain a reliable, safe, and efficient main road network and flood control system which: Protects life and property Supports the movement of people, goods and services. Reduce the cost of transportation Promote economic growth and quality of life. Protects the environment. Our Values... We believe that our principal strength is our people and that our success will depend on our ability to provide them with the tools and the environment to allow them to excel. We demonstrate trust and respect for each other, our partners and stakeholders through open and honest communication. We respect the values, principles and opinions of the public as they help define our goals and evaluate our performance. We continuously strive for excellence, quality service, value for money, fiscal prudence, flexiblity, creativity and innovation. We commit to treating all persons with whom we come in contact fairly and without regards to their sex, race, religion, political affiliation or the community to which they belong. 2 National Works Agency- Annual Report 2005 -2006 National Works Agency- Annual Report 2005 -2006 71 Notes Contents Page PERSPECTIVES: Hon. Robert Pickersgill Minister, Housing, Transport, Water & Works 5 Hon. Dr. Fenton Ferguson State Minister in the Ministry of Housing, Transport,Water and Works 6 -
PRISM Vol. 2 No 3
PRISM❖ Vol. 2, no. 3 06/2011 PRISM Vol. 2, no. 3 2, no. Vol. ❖ 06/2011 www.ndu.edu A JOURNAL OF THE CENTER FOR COMPLEX OPERATIONS PRISM ABOUT CENTER FOR COMPLEX OPERATIONS (CCO) CCO WAS ESTABLISHED TO: PRISM is published by the National Defense University Press for the Center for ❖❖ Serve as an information clearinghouse and knowledge Enhancing the U.S. Government’s Ability to manager for complex operations training and education, PUBLISHER Complex Operations. PRISM is a security studies journal chartered to inform members of U.S. Federal agencies, allies, and other partners on complex and Prepare for Complex Operations acting as a central repository for information on areas Dr. Hans Binnendijk integrated national security operations; reconstruction and nation-building; such as training and curricula, training and education pro- CCO, a center within the Institute for National Strategic relevant policy and strategy; lessons learned; and developments in training and vider institutions, complex operations events, and subject EDITOR AND RESEARCH DIRECTOR Studies at National Defense University, links U.S. education to transform America’s security and development apparatus to meet matter experts Government education and training institutions, including Michael Miklaucic tomorrow’s challenges better while promoting freedom today. related centers of excellence, lessons learned programs, ❖❖ Develop a complex operations training and education com- and academia, to foster unity of effort in reconstruction munity of practice to catalyze innovation and development DEVELOPMENTAL EDITOR and stability operations, counterinsurgency, and irregular of new knowledge, connect members for networking, share Melanne A. Civic, Esq. COMMUNICATIONS warfare—collectively called “complex operations.” existing knowledge, and cultivate foundations of trust and The Department of Defense, with support from the habits of collaboration across the community Constructive comments and contributions are important to us. -
Bajo La Mirada Del Hakon Estados Unidos - America Latina Post 11/09/2001
Bajo la Mirada del Hakon Estados Unidos - America Latina post 11/09/2001 FLACSO·CHILE © 2004, Fuentes, Claudio, editor. Inscripci6n N° 141.490, Santiago de Chile. Derechos de edici6n reservados para todos los pafses por: © FLACSO-Chile Av. Dag Hammarskjold 3269. Vitacura, Santiago de Chile. Telefono: 290 02 00 Fax: 290 02 63 www.flacso.cl 327 Fuentes, Claudio, ed. F954 Bajo la mirada del Hakon. Estados Unidos America Latina post 11/09/2001. Santiago, Chile, FLACSO-Chile, 2004. 260 p. Serie Libras FLACSO-ehile. ISBN: 956-205-1491-9 RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES / POLmCA EXTERIOR / MULTILATERALISMO / POLmCA DE SEGURIDAD / AMERICA LATINA / AMERICA CENTRAL / CARIBE / ESTADOS UNIOOS Ninguna parte de este libra, incluido eL disefto de La portada, puede ser reproducida, transmitida 0 alrnacenada, sea por pracedimientos mecanicos, opticos, quimicos 0 electronicos, incluidas las fotocopias, sin permiso escrito del editor. Esta publicaci6n es posible gracias al aporte de Open Society Institute. Texto compuesto en tipografia Palatino 11/13 © Fotografia portada: Juan Aguirre Castro, [email protected] Disefto portada y Producci6n editorial: Marcela Zamorano, FLACSO-Chile. Diagramaci6n interior: Marcela Contreras, FLACSO-Chile. Se termin6 de imprimir esta PRIMERA EDICI6N, en los talleres de LOM Ediciones, Maturana 9, Santiago de Chile, en agosto de 2004. IMPRESO EN CHILE / PRINTED IN CHILE Baja la Mirada del Halcon ESTADOS UNIDOS - AMERICA LATINA POST 11/09/2001 Claudio Fuentes Editor ....j.C5U. $[W"{ADl.I(.IOf(HIU FLACSO-Chile ,1 ' fl£]~ Ire., .I" ! ~~o .E[ rcch:I.~...2.C?t._..3:0olf _.-.~ • C.. ", • .iII. t -:>, : Do:..c·'a: )( .....-.-_..__ .~ --_ --..........• INDICE INTRODUCCION "Unilateralismo radical" y America Latina Francisco Rojas Aravena 9 ESTADOS UNIDOS Y EL NUEVO CONTEXTO GLOBAL Estados Unidos 2000-2004: tendencias de politica exterior Claudio Fuentes 19 Multilateralismo y la politica exterior de Bush en el mundo post 11 de Septiembre: l Ha habido algun cambio? David R. -
Introduction
Environmental Impact Assessment Environmental Solutions Ltd. Executive Summary Introduction The Government of Jamaica through the National Water Commission (NWC) intends to effect improvements in the potable water supply for the Greater Spanish Town (GST) and Southeast St. Catherine (SESC) sections of the Kingston Metropolitan Area (KMA), with financial assistance from the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC). These sections of the KMA are presently supplied by a number of sources within St. Catherine, including the Rio Cobre Scheme (constructed in the early 1970’s) and wells in Greater Spanish Town and Southeast St. Catherine. The current state of repair of all existing production and relift pumping facilities is poor while existing service storage reservoirs and tanks exhibit some deficiencies. Currently, about 95% of the population within Greater Spanish Town and SE St. Catherine has access to piped water but supply can be variable, with some NWC customers receiving water only for a few hours each day on occasion. Current “maximum month” water demand in Greater Spanish Town is estimated at some 63.5 Mega-Litres per day (Mld) or 13.98 migd and this is projected to rise to some 90.6 Mld (19.94 migd) in 2026 (the project design year). With current available supply of some 58.2 Mld (12.82 migd) there is a current deficit of some 5.3 Mld (1.82 migd). In the absence of the proposed capital works of the Project (but assuming some reduction of leakage as a result of ongoing in-house NWC initiatives) the deficit will rise by 2026 to some 32.4 Mld (7.12 migd). -
Jamaica Highway 2000 Case Study JAMAICA HIGHWAY 2000 CASE STUDY
Jamaica Highway 2000 Case Study JAMAICA HIGHWAY 2000 CASE STUDY 1 Caribbean Development Bank Jamaica Highway 2000 Case Study i © Caribbean Development Bank 2017 ISBN: 978-976-96037-2-1 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or otherwise without the permission of the publisher. Published by: Caribbean Development Bank Printed by: Caribbean Development Bank The views expressed in this book, as well as any errors of commission, or omission, are the sole responsibility of the authors, and do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Caribbean Development Bank. Jamaica Highway 2000 Case Study Acknowledgements This publication was prepared by the Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) Regional Support Mechanism (RSM) of the Caribbean Development Bank (CDB); and was written by S. Brian Samuel, Head of Regional PPPs, and Albert Gillings, Operations Officer (Civil Engineer). The case study is based on taped interviews with key personnel from public and private sector agencies involved in the project, all of whom are listed in the Bibliography. The document benefited from a review seminar held at CDB as well as inputs from Ivan Anderson, Managing Director, National Road Operating Construction Company Limited (NROCC), Denise Arana, Manager, PPP Unit, Development Bank of Jamaica Limited (DBJ), Guillaume Allain, Managing Director, Trans Jamaican Highway Limited (TJHL) and Kingsley ii Thomas, Consultant; all of whom provided useful comments on the draft. Financial data was provided by NROCC and the Ministry of Finance, Debt Management Branch.