Nodjmet A, Daughter of Amenhotep, Wife of Piankh and Mother of Herihor*

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Nodjmet A, Daughter of Amenhotep, Wife of Piankh and Mother of Herihor* 54 ZÄS 140 (2013) / DOI 10.1524/zaes.2013.0005 AD THIJS Nodjmet A, Daughter of Amenhotep, Wife of Piankh and Mother of Herihor* Two books for one lady? At the time, I was of the opinion that their identities were to be “separated” as follows: Back in 1998, I published an article called – Nodjmet A, the mother of Herihor. Her “Two Books for One Lady, The mother of 6 7 1 mummy and coffins were found in the great Herihor rediscovered” . Although in the early Royal Cache. Since the title “God’s mother of days of Egyptology there had been much uncer- Khons-the-child” appears on her coffins and in 2 the Book of the Dead, BM 10541, the latter was tainty regarding her relationship to Herihor , 8 today Nodjmet is normally taken to have been tentatively ascribed to her . 3 – Nodjmet B, the daughter of Hrere and Piankh. the wife of Herihor . The reversed order of High She married Herihor with whom she is depicted Priests as proposed by Jansen-Winkeln has done on the Leiden Stela V 65 while he was still a mere little to alter this4. In my 1998 article, however, High Priest of Amun (HPA)9, and in the Temple of Khonsu, with her husband as king and a whole I postulated that there had been actually two 10 ladies called Nodjmet: Nodjmet A, the mother row of sons and daughters . The second funeral 5 papyrus belonging to a Nodjmet, Pap. BM 10490, of Herihor and Nodjmet B, his wife (see Fig. 1) . was ascribed to her11. As the title of the article indicates, I based my hypothesis mainly on the fact that there were In a way, the bottom has fallen out of this ar- two funeral papyri belonging to a queen Nodj- ticle, since its main purpose had been to explain met. the phenomenon of Nodjmet apparently having two funeral papyri. Following a remark by Kit- chen12, I assumed this was an anomaly which Hrere = HPA Piankh Nodjmet A needed explaining. However, since it turns out | that there is no a priori problem with a mummy HPA Pinuzem Nodjmet B = HPA Herihor Fig. 1. My position in 1998. 6 Mummy no. 61087; Smith, The Royal Mummies, * I would like to thank all readers of the drafts of Cairo 1912 (CGC), 94–98, pl. LXIX, LXX and LXXI. this article, especially Dr G. P. F. Broekman, Dr R. J. 7 No. 61024, in: Daressy, Cercueils des cachettes Demarée, Dr L. Popko, Dr R. Porter and Dr P. G. royales, Cairo 1909 (CGC), 40–50. van der Veen, who have all given valuable comments. 8 I use the designation P. BM 10541 for conven- The responsibility for the theories presented here and ience. Actually, this papyrus is split into three parts, for any remaining errors (and I hope the reader will not with the two other parts in the Louvre (Louvre E. 6258) conclude that these are mere synonyms) lies with the and in Munich (now lost: Niwinˊ ski, DE 20 (1991), author. 39); TIPE, 42. 1 Thijs, GM 163 (1998), 101–110. 9 TIPE, 41. 2 Comp. Thijs, o.c., 107–110. 10 The Epigraphic Survey, The Temple of 3 E.g. Kitchen, The Third Intermediate Period in Khonsu, vol. I (OIP 100), 11, plate 26. She also appears Egypt, 2nd revised edition, Warminster 1996, 40ff. together with the princess Shesebeke, while she (henceforth: TIPE). (= Nodjmet) is carrying an infant; ibid, 14f., plate 28.B. 4 Jansen-Winkeln, ZÄS 119 (1992), 22–37; GM 11 For a discussion of Nodjmet’s funeral papyri, see: 157 (1997), 49–74. Lenzo, British Museum Studies in Ancient Egypt and 5 For an alternative genealogy involving two Nodj- Sudan 15 (2010), 63–83. mets, now see Dodson, KMT 22:4 (2011–2012), 12 “(...) the relation of this Book of the Dead to the 21, 24. I would like to thank R. Porter for bringing other remains problematic (two copies for one lady?) this to my attention. (...)”: TIPE, 44. Unauthenticated | 81.206.192.140 Download Date | 9/27/13 12:47 AM ZÄS 140 (2013) A. Thijs: Nodjmet A, Daughter of Amenhotep 55 possessing two funeral papyri13, we can no lon- still alive17. It is only after we have let her cof- ger use this fact as the basis for postulating two fins, shroud and funeral papyri tell their own separate identities. But although the original story, that we will compare this to the informa- premise underlying the article may have been tion from these other sources. By taking this wrong, this does not automatically mean that cautious step by step approach, we can try to there is not a case for the existence of two sepa- avoid jumping to conclusions, which poses a rate Nodjmets. Quite the contrary. In fact, as I real danger, especially given the amount of time hope to show, the case is much stronger than during which we have all familiarised ourselves presented back then14. with a model in which there was only one Nodj- met18. There can be no harm in our temporary postponement, for if there was indeed only one A new start after an early mistake historical Nodjmet, the two distinct sets of evi- dence should add up without too much prob- There is no obvious a priori reason why a lems in whatever order they are studied. model which distributes the available artefacts and references over two individuals would be inferior compared to a scenario which ascribes Nodjmet’s funeral equipment all sources mentioning the name Nodjmet to a single individual. Nevertheless, ‘multiplying his- If we take the funeral papyri and the evidence torical personages’ should not be done lightly. from the coffins and the mummy shroud as our Therefore, we will start out by showing that starting point, one cannot help but being struck there is indeed a problem with a “one Nodjmet by the fact that Nodjmet’s ‘claim to fame’ seems hypothesis” in any chronology. For methodo- to have been that she mothered a king rather than logical reasons, the natural thing to do would be that she married one, although this has not al- to assume that all sources mentioning Nodjmet ways been fully appreciated. Broekman has criti- belong to one lady and see whether that working cised my model because 15 hypothesis “runs into trouble” . However, we “as well in BM 10541 as on the mummy shroud will here take on a slightly more severe ap- Thijs’ Nodjmet A is called ‘Lady of the two lands’, proach: we will start on the assumption that we which indicates that she is a king’s wife”. are dealing with one single lady, but, not unlike He adds: the method used for the Banishment Stele in an 16 “as not any king belonging to a dynasty prior to the earlier article , we will first study the funerary st equipment in isolation and ‘postpone’ all knowl- 21 was at the same time High Priest of Amun, a lady bearing both titles Chief/Principal of the Harim of edge of the sources on which she is depicted as Amun(ra)(sonter) and Lady of the two Lands could not possibly have been married to a 20th dynasty king 13 or high priest, which means that it is improbable that Niwinˊ ski, Studies on the Illustrated Theban 19 th th Nodjmet A was Herihor’s mother” . Funerary Papyri of the 11 and 10 Centuries B.C., Freiburg-Göttingen, 1989, 42, 219 et passim. 14 However, it is by no means certain that the ti- Already in 1998 I had additional reasons to postu- late a second Nodjmet, but since these were related to tle “Lady of the Two Lands” (nb.t t#wy) was an alternative chronology which I had not even begun to publish, I decided to use the two book phenomenon as a first step to work towards this chronology. Even 17 In casu Leiden Stele V 65; the evidence from the now, several important pieces of evidence will have to Temple of Khonsu; the Late Ramesside Letters and the be postponed to a forthcoming article, because they can Luxor graffito: TIPE, 41f. only come into play once I have published my views on 18 The temporal precedence of one theory over an- the 21st Dynasty. other is always a factor to be reckoned with. As I have 15 For a summary of these sources: Jansen- experienced before, it is very difficult not to uncon- Winkeln, Inschriften der Spätzeit I, 30–33, 3.57 sciously carry elements from one model into another: (henceforth, Inschriften I); TIPE, 41f. Thijs, ZÄS 132 (2005), 84 with note 95; 87. 16 Thijs, ZÄS 132 (2005), 81ff.; ZÄS 138 (2011), 19 Broekman, GM 191 (2002), 14; in this he was 163–181. followed by Lenzo, o.c., 65. Unauthenticated | 81.206.192.140 Download Date | 9/27/13 12:47 AM 56 A. Thijs: Nodjmet A, Daughter of Amenhotep ZÄS 140 (2013) borne exclusively by a queen. We find the title in Khakheperre Pinuzem were two distinct indi- the Luxor graffiti with the God’s Wife of Amun viduals, with the former never claiming king- (GWA) Maatkare20. On Marseilles Statue ship28, this interpretation seems highly unlikely no. 232, the God’s Wife of Amun Mutemhat- from the evidence of the goblet alone: if Henut- Maatkare is likewise called “Lady of the Two tawy’s title “Lady of the Two Lands” (or her Lands”21. Broekman’s assumption would there- cartouche for that matter) are supposed to make fore make the God’s Wife of Amun into the her into the wife of a king, it is highly incongru- wife of some king, although she is supposed to ous that there is not the slightest indication of have been celibate22.
Recommended publications
  • Serving the Traveling Public Since 1975
    Serving the traveling public since 1975 Consolidated Tours Organization, Inc. 1675 Virginia Avenue Suite 200 Atlanta, GA 30337 Phone: 1-800-554-4556 Local: 404-767-2727 Fax: 404-766-4520 KEMET STUDY TOUR SUN. DAY 01: THE BEGINNING OF OUR STUDY TOUR Depart JFK International Airport via EgyptAir jet SAT. DAY 07: WASET/EDFU (THE TEMPLE OF service to KMT (Egypt). Meals will be served on board HERU [HORUS])/KOM OMBO (THE TEMPLE OF before your arrival in Cairo the next day. SOBEK)/ASWAN Leave Waset and journey towards Edfu on the Left Bank. Visit the Temple of Heru (Horus) which MON. DAY 02: INTO THE LAND OF THE PHARAOHS was excavated by Mariette and is one of the best preserved in Upon your arrival in Cairo, you will be met and transferred to KMT. Resume your journey to Kom Ombo, 103 miles. On your hotel. the hill, which you see long before you arrive in Kom Ombo, is the Temple, with a double dedication to the Crocodile- TUE. DAY 03: MEMPHIS/SAKKARA/GIZA Morning headed Sobek and the Sparrow-headed Haroeris. In the tour to Hi Ku Ptah (Memphis) and Sakkara. Located twenty middle of the temple area, a sanctuary was built for each of miles southwest of Cairo, Memphis was one of the most these divinities. Double entrances lead through the pylons to important cities through the history of ancient KMT and was the court, vestibule, pillared hall and the three antechambers once the ancient capital of KMT. Sakkara’s step pyramids to the Sanctuaries of the Gods.
    [Show full text]
  • 149 Original Article MONTU, the ORIGIN of a SACRED NETWORK
    id1575000 pdfMachine by Broadgun Software - a great PDF writer! - a great PDF creator! - http://www.pdfmachine.com http://www.broadgun.com Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies "EJARS" An International peer-reviewed journal published bi-annually Volume 7, Issue 2, December - 2017: pp: 149-160 www. ejars.sohag-univ.edu.eg Original article MONTU, THE ORIGIN OF A SACRED NETWORK Soliman, R. Tourism Guidance dept., Faculty of Archaeology & Tourism Guidance, Misr Univ. for Sciences & Technology, 6th October City, Egypt. E-mail: [email protected] Received 11/5/2017 Accepted 2/12/2017 Abstract A key issue in understanding the sacred landscape of Thebes is the origin of god Montu and how his cult, and system of temples, changed through time and in relationship to other gods. He had several temples built for him in the Theban region including those at the closely connected sites of Armant and Tod south of Thebes, and also at Medamoud north-east of Karnak. One aspect of Montu is his division into multiple forms, particularly visible by the time of the new kingdom where he can manifest himself in the form of four Montus connected with the four primary cult places of the Theban nome: Thebes proper, Tod, Armant and Medamoud. A network that could imply an originally linked series of Theban religious sites defined by the rituals and festivals dedicated to Montu. The evolution of Montu within a cultic and temple framework of the Theban nome is an issue yet to be resolved. However, the comparatively limited state of excavation and publication of these sites complicates the analysis and has led to various controversies such as that regarding the specific origin of Montu.
    [Show full text]
  • Sample Text Template
    SHIP OF THE GOD: THE AMUN-USERHET IN NEW KINGDOM EGYPT A Thesis by MEGAN ELIZABETH COLLIER Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS Chair of Committee, Shelley Wachsmann Committee Members, Deborah Carlson Kevin Glowacki Head of Department, Cynthia Werner December 2013 Major Subject: Anthropology Copyright 2013 Megan Elizabeth Collier ABSTRACT The Amun-Userhet was a ship which played a crucial role in the development of religious thought in New Kingdom Egypt. The pharaoh and his entourage sailed down the Nile on its deck as part of a religious celebration called the Opet festival. This festival commemorated the annual renewal of the royal Ka and reinforced the order of the universe. This ship was the bridge between the human world and the divine. No one has found any archaeological remains of the ship, but iconography, artifacts that would have adorned a miniature version of the Amun-Userhet, and written sources offer an accurate depiction. From this evidence we know that this ship was gilded and covered in precious gems. It also had a specific formula of symbols attached to it that can give us insight into its function in New Kingdom religion. Through the review of the surviving iconography, artifacts, and written accounts of the Amun-Userhet, this thesis looks at the role this ship played in the development of New Kingdom religion. This ship was not only the bridge between the human and divine, but was also the bridge between the state religion of the Old and Middle Kingdom and the new idea of personal piety that arose in the New Kingdom.
    [Show full text]
  • Karnak's Quaysides
    Karnak’s Quaysides Angus Graham, Luc Gabolde, Mansour Boraik To cite this version: Angus Graham, Luc Gabolde, Mansour Boraik. Karnak’s Quaysides: Evolution of the Embankments from the XVIIIth Dynasty to the Graeco-Roman Period. Harco Willems (Université catholique de Louvain); Jan-Michael Dahms (Université de Heidelberg). The Nile: Natural and Cultural Landscape in Egypt, 36, Transcript Verlag, pp.97-144, 2016, Mainz Historical Cultural Sciences, 9783837636154. 10.14361/9783839436158-004. hal-01894903 HAL Id: hal-01894903 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01894903 Submitted on 13 Oct 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License Karnak’s Quaysides Evolution of the Embankments from the Eighteenth Dynasty to the Graeco-Roman Period MANSOUR BORAIK, LUC GABOLDE, ANGUS GRAHAM 1. Introduction The results presented by Luc Gabolde and Angus Graham at the symposium held at Mainz in March 20131 have in part already been published or are in print.2 The authors proposed to the editors – who were very kind to accept it – a re-orientation of their contribution to the proceedings focused on the recent results gained through archaeology, history, geoarchaeology and geophysical survey on the evolution of the Nile embankments/quaysides at Karnak from the Eighteenth Dynasty onwards.
    [Show full text]
  • Herihor's Kingship and the High Priest of Amun Piankh
    HERIHOR’S KINGSHIP AND THE HIGH PRIEST OF AMUN PIANKH* Peter James Independent Researcher, London, UK Robert Morkot Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, UK Abstract The theory of Jansen-Winkeln, which argues for a reversal of the traditional order of the late 20th Dynasty High Priests of Amun Herihor and Piankh, has provoked considerable controversy. The key to a resolution seems to lie in recognising that Herihor, on his elevation to kingship, was able (like later monarchs of the TIP) to co-opt a colleague/relative as High Priest of Amun. This way Piankh’s pontificate can be placed within the reign of King Herihor, explaining the genealogical and other evidence which might otherwise suggest a reversal of the two but avoiding the pitfalls of Jansen-Winkeln’s case. The evidence suggests a shortening of the high priestly genealogy at this period by one to two generations (from the stan- dard/Kitchen model). A first step is offered here towards a new model involving a short overlap between the 20th and 21st Dynasties, as well as between Herihor and Pinudjem I, as Upper Egyptian kings based at Thebes. * * * * The nature and dating of Herihor’s kingship has long been one of the most debated issues of 20th–21st Dynasty history. Practically all our evidence for this important figure comes from the Theban temple of Khonsu begun by Ramesses III and IV.1 The hypos- tyle hall was decorated by Ramesses XI, who is depicted making offerings together with the High Priest Herihor. However, in the forecourt Ramesses XI is completely absent and Herihor officiates * Our thanks to Robert Porter, Bill Manley and Ad Thjis for reading earlier drafts and providing valuable feedback.
    [Show full text]
  • Oracular Sessions and the Installations of Priests and Officials at the Opet Festival
    Oracular Sessions and the Installations of Priests and Officials at the Opet Festival Oracular Sessions and the Installations of Priests and Officials at the Opet Festival Masashi FUKAYA* The Opet Festival is known for its juridical function relating to the oracles of Amun. There are only three texts unequivocally relevant to its oracular sessions, dated to the Nineteenth Dynasty and later. However, other evidence can be associated with this celebration, based on the dates of events. This paper consists of two parts, each re-examining the known evidence and presenting new one. The new sources examined here are mostly related to the installations of high-ranking individuals, such as the high-priests of Amun, the divine wives, and viziers. Unlike juridical oracular sessions, the dates of their ceremonial appointments are rather peripheral in nature, taking place in proximity either to the beginning or the end of the festival. This may hint at the legal assumption of priestly titles prior to religious events and subsequent approval by the god in ceremonial settings, or reward ceremonies when those individuals received special favours from the king for their devotion to him after particular festivals. The author also notes that the accessions of kings were probably modeled on the same pattern in view that some rulers celebrated an accession anniversary at the Opet Festival in their first regnal year when they went on a tour all over Egypt to proclaim their new authority. Keywords: Opet Festival, oracle, decree, installation, appointment Introduction Clear evidence attesting Egyptian oracular rituals is known only from the New Kingdom onwards.1 We have no more than four examples from the Eighteenth Dynasty, all of which pertain to decision-makings on state affairs made by Amun at Thebes.2 Two of them are dated – II Peret 30 and III Peret 2.
    [Show full text]
  • A Major Development Project of the Northern Area of the Amun-Re Precinct at Karnak During the Reign of Shabaqo Christophe Thiers, Nadia Licitra, Pierre Zignani
    A major development project of the Northern area of the Amun-Re precinct at Karnak during the reign of Shabaqo Christophe Thiers, Nadia Licitra, Pierre Zignani To cite this version: Christophe Thiers, Nadia Licitra, Pierre Zignani. A major development project of the Northern area of the Amun-Re precinct at Karnak during the reign of Shabaqo. A major development project of the Northern area of the Amun-Ra precinct at Karnak during the reign of Shabaka, Oct 2013, Louqsor, Egypt. pp.549-564. halshs-00943468 HAL Id: halshs-00943468 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00943468 Submitted on 13 Feb 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Thebes in the First Millennium BC Edited by Elena Pischikova, Julia Budka and Kenneth Griffin Thebes in the First Millennium BC, Edited by Elena Pischikova, Julia Budka and Kenneth Griffin This book first published 2014 Cambridge Scholars Publishing 12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2014 by Elena Pischikova, Julia Budka, Kenneth Griffin and contributors All rights for this book reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Some New Texts of Herihor and Ramesses IV in the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak Author(S): Ann Macy Roth Source: Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol
    Some New Texts of Herihor and Ramesses IV in the Great Hypostyle Hall at Karnak Author(s): Ann Macy Roth Source: Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Jan., 1983), pp. 43-53 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/544746 . Accessed: 21/04/2011 16:12 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at . http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=ucpress. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Near Eastern Studies. http://www.jstor.org SOME NEW TEXTS OF HERIHOR AND RAMESSES IV IN THE GREAT HYPOSTYLE HALL AT KARNAK* ANN MACY ROTH, Universityof Chicago IN his introduction to the recently published scenes of Herihor from the Khonsu temple, E.
    [Show full text]
  • The Transition Between the Twentieth and Twenty-First Dynasties Revisited
    Birmingham Egyptology Journal The Transition between the Twentieth and Twenty-First Dynasties Revisited Ian Mladjov Abstract Jansen-Winkeln’s argument for reversing the hitherto established order of the High Priests of Amun at the end of the Twentieth Dynasty has become almost universally accepted, but still presents some complications. Leaving aside the complexities of the royal and high priestly genealogy, this article attempts to find a solution for what is perhaps the most problematic aspect of Jansen-Winkeln’s placement of Herihor after Piankh. This is the notion that the datelines from the period reference the regnal years of High Priests of Amun (who had not yet assumed royal titles) rather than the regnal years of kings. To avoid this problem, we must assume a chronologically possible short reign between those of Ramesses XI and Smendes, corresponding to a period when neither Herihor nor Smendes were yet kings. The article disproves Thijs’ identification of such an intervening king with Khakheperre Pinudjem, considers alternative solutions by Dodson and Krauss, and posits a short-lived additional Ramesside king to be interpolated between Ramesses XI and Smendes. This Ramesses XII is possibly to be identified with a king attested on a Wadi Hammamat graffito, who can be shown to be distinct from Ramesses II, with whom he has long been identified in error, and to belong to the late Twentieth Dynasty. Although inevitably based on partly circumstantial evidence, the resulting arrangement keeps the overall chronological framework intact, while resolving a significant problem with Jansen-Winkeln’s popular thesis. Key words: Herihor, Pinudjem I, Smendes, Ramesses XI, Twentieth Dynasty, Twenty-First Dynasty, New Kingdom, Third Intermediate Period.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report
    FINAL REPORT Season Two: October 2008 – April 2009 ARCE Groundwater Lowering Response Project, Luxor “Field School for SCA Conservators” Edward D. Johnson The Egyptian Antiquities Conservation Project (EAC) USAID Agreement No. 263-A-00-04-00018-00 Awarded to THE AMERICAN RESEARCH CENTER IN EGYPT (ARCE) Address: 8700 Crownhill Blvd. Suite 507, San Antonio, TX 78209 Tel: (210) 821-7000 by the USAID Program Office of Productive Sector Development / Office of the Environment USAID / Egypt In collaboration with the United States Agency for International Development and the Egyptian Ministry of State for Antiquities TABLE OF CONTENTS AIMS OF THE CONSERVATION FIELD SCHOOL…………………………………………………………………………………………………PAGE 1 PRELIMINARY PREPARATION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….PAGE 1 SUMMARY OF SUBJECT TAUGHT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...PAGE 2 BAB EL AMARA/EUERGETES GATE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….PAGE 6 WORK AT LUXOR TEMPLE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….PAGE 6 COURSE REPORTS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………PAGE 6 ASSESMENT OF INDIVIDUAL STUDENT PERFORMANCE………………………………………………………………………………..PAGE 14 RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT………………………………………………………………………………….PAGE 19 ARCE Conservation Field School Component: Second Season, October 2008 – April 2009 Edward D. Johnson, Assistant Director The Conservation Field School, a part of the Luxor East Bank Groundwater Lowering Response Project, began the second round of teaching of conservation and related actual conservation
    [Show full text]
  • The Personnel of Khonsu During the Third Intermediate Period at Thebes: a Prosopographical Study of the 21St Dynasty
    The Personnel of Khonsu During the Third Intermediate Period at Thebes: A Prosopographical Study of the 21st Dynasty By Alba María Villar Gómez Submitted to the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degreeof Doctor of Philosophy Tesis doctoral Doctorado en Estudios del Mundo Antiguo Departamento de Historia Antigua, Historia MedievalyPaleografía y Diplomática, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Abril 2015 Supervisors - Dr. John H. Taylor (Assistant Keeper Ancient Egypt of the Department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan of the British Museum) - Professor Dr. Joaquín Mª Córdoba Zoilo (Catedrático de Historia Antigua, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) Cover and back cover image: Falcon-headed standart depicting the god Khonsu; Graffiti No. 21 from the roof of the Khonsu Temple at Karnak (Jacquet-Gordon 2003). This page image: Front view of the Khonsu temple at Karnak. Author’s personal picture SUMMARY The purpose of this doctoral thesis is to make a prosopographical reconstruction of the Theban personnel of Khonsu during 21st Dynasty as a means to understand the role played by their members both as servants of the different forms of Khonsu and as part of the cultic and administrative domains at Thebes. Although my research initially included the servants of this god during the whole Third Intermediate period throughout Egypt, the outstanding interpretations suggested by the variety of materials collected forced me to demarcate the limits of this dissertation. In this regard, I present a methodological proposal as well as a part of the results of a further reseach, whose main lines are summarised at the end of the dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • The Temple of Karnak: How Architecture Shapes Ritual Practices
    The Temple of Karnak: How Architecture Shapes Ritual Practices Biafra Ahanonu* 4.605 The Temple Complex at Karnak served Thebes and ancient Egypt both as an impor- tant ritual site and center of power. Originally a small temple to the god Amun, various Egyptian dynasties have added to the temple complex, from Senusret I to Ptolemy VIII. Additions such as the processional way built by Tutankhamen allowed new ceremonies to develop. By carefully organizing the plan and section of the main Temple of Amun to the spatial arragement of surrounding temples, such as Luxor or Queen Hatshepsut’s, the Egyptians allowed several rituals to develop: the Daily Ritual, the Opet Festival, Beauti- ful Feast of the Wadi and Wehem-Ankh. The steps needed to complete each festival or procession is guided by the orientation and relation of different sections of each temple. Thus, we will show through comparison of architectural form and its ritualistic function, how architecture can inform and guide ceremonial practices. Dept. of Brain and Cognitive Sciences & Biology Massachusetts Institute of Technology Correspondence: [email protected] Architecture and Ritual at Karnak Introduction The Temple Complex at Karnak has a long history whose architecture guides the var- ious rituals that took place there. The temple complex began life under the rule of Intef II, an 11th Dynasty king (Sullivan, 2008b). It was originally just a mud brick temple to the Egyptian god Amun-Ra, a syncretization of Amun and Ra. Various expansions took place almost continuously throughout the Old and New Kingdoms, such as construction of var- ious pylons or Hatshepsut’s ”red chapel”, a bark shrine used during processions (Favro, 2008).
    [Show full text]