Digital Advertising to Children

POLICY STATEMENT Organizational Principles to Guide and Deﬁne the Child Health Care System and/or Improve the Health of all Children

Digital Advertising to Children Jenny Radesky, MD, FAAP,a Yolanda (Linda) Reid Chassiakos, MD, FAAP, FACP,b Nusheen Ameenuddin, MD, MPH, MPA, FAAP,c Dipesh Navsaria, MPH, MSLIS, MD, FAAP,d COUNCIL ON COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA

Advertising to children and teenagers is a multibillion-dollar industry. This abstract policy statement reviews the forms of advertising that children and teenagers encounter, including newer forms of digital marketing, such as sponsored fl aDepartment of Pediatrics, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann content, in uencers, data collection, persuasive design, and personalized Arbor, Michigan; bDepartment of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of behavioral marketing driven by machine learning. Parents and pediatric Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; c d health care providers need to be aware of the ways different marketing Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, messages reach children and teenagers, including Internet sites, social media, Wisconsin and mobile apps. Evidence suggests that exposure to advertising is associated Dr Radesky drafted the initial policy statement, wrote sections of the with unhealthy behaviors, such as intake of high-calorie, low-nutrient food and manuscript, and critically revised the manuscript on the basis of reviewer feedback; Drs Chassiakos, Ameenuddin, and Navsaria wrote beverages; use of tobacco products and electronic cigarettes; use of alcohol sections of the manuscript and revised the manuscript on the basis of and marijuana; and indoor tanning. Children are uniquely vulnerable to the reviewer feedback; and all authors approved the final manuscript as submitted. persuasive effects of advertising because of immature critical thinking skills Policy statements from the American Academy of Pediatrics benefit and impulse inhibition. School-aged children and teenagers may be able to from expertise and resources of liaisons and internal (AAP) and recognize advertising but often are not able to resist it when it is embedded external reviewers. However, policy statements from the American Academy of Pediatrics may not reflect the views of the liaisons or the within trusted social networks, encouraged by celebrity influencers, or organizations or government agencies that they represent. delivered next to personalized content. This policy statement expresses The guidance in this statement does not indicate an exclusive course concern about the practice of tracking and using children’s digital behavior to of treatment or serve as a standard of medical care. Variations, taking into account individual circumstances, may be appropriate. inform targeted marketing campaigns, which may contribute to health All policy statements from the American Academy of Pediatrics disparities among vulnerable children or populations. Pediatricians should automatically expire 5 years after publication unless reaffirmed, guide parents and children to develop digital literacy skills to prevent or revised, or retired at or before that time. mitigate negative outcomes, but it is equally important that policy makers and This document is copyrighted and is property of the American Academy of Pediatrics and its Board of Directors. All authors have filed technology companies embrace digital design, data collection, and marketing conflict of interest statements with the American Academy of practices within today’s broad digital environment that support healthier Pediatrics. Any conflicts have been resolved through a process approved by the Board of Directors. The American Academy of decision-making and outcomes. Pediatrics has neither solicited nor accepted any commercial involvement in the development of the content of this publication.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-1681

Address correspondence to Jenny Radesky, MD, FAAP. E-mail: [email protected] THE CHANGING LANDSCAPE OF MARKETING TO CHILDREN PEDIATRICS (ISSN Numbers: Print, 0031-4005; Online, 1098-4275). Advertising to children and teenagers via various forms of media has occurred for decades, with expenditures of $3.2 billion for nondigital and Copyright © 2020 by the American Academy of Pediatrics $900 million for digital advertising in the United States in 2018.1 Children and teenagers encounter advertising through television, radio, print To cite: Radesky J, Chassiakos Y(LR, Ameenuddin N, et al. media, the Internet, and their mobile phones. Advertising can take many AAP COUNCIL ON COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA. Digital Advertising to Children. Pediatrics. 2020;146(1):e20201681 forms, including images, videos, and games that advertise speciﬁc brands.

Downloaded from www.aappublications.org/news by guest on September 25, 2021 PEDIATRICS Volume 146, number 1, July 2020:e20201681 FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS However, since the introduction of a familiar character as well as products with sponsorship from mobile media and Internet-connected correctly connect them with an companies. Child advocacy groups devices (eg, virtual assistants, endorsed product.5 have highlighted the large amount of fl Internet-connected toys), advertising Most importantly, most research on child-directed in uencer marketing, now comprises a wider range of children’s understanding of often undisclosed, which is not ’ marketing approaches for which advertising involves television and allowed on children s television (ie, fl “ ” in uences on child behavior have not print ads only, but newer forms of host selling, using stars of been well described. The purpose of advertising found in mobile and a television program in commercials this policy statement is to review the interactive media and smart airing during that program) because developmental science explaining it is harder for children to identify or technologies, often powered by 8 how children and teenagers are personal data, are more difficult to resist. vulnerable to advertising, review the identify. They do not necessarily Data and Privacy emerging research on novel occur in a predictable manner and are marketing approaches and evidence often integrated into the content.6 Data collection for commercial regarding advertising and child Advertising may also be linked to purposes includes use of cookies in ’ health, and offer guidance to parents, rewards or be embedded in trusted a user s browser, which record and pediatric health care providers, social networks or personalized follow Web page history; the industry, and policy makers about the digital platforms, which may collection of posts, likes, purchases, needs and rights of children in the undermine children’s abilities to and viewing history by apps such as modern digital media environment. Facebook and Instagram or search identify or critically think about 9 advertising messages. Regulations on engines such as Google ; and CHILDREN’S UNIQUE VULNERABILITY TO television advertising7 have not yet collection of data via apps granted ADVERTISING been updated for the modern digital permission to track device data, such as location or contacts. Software Research on children’s understanding environment. 2 mines such data from user accounts, of television advertising devices, and virtual assistants and demonstrates that children 7 years NEW MARKETING APPROACHES often shares data with third-party and younger have limited ability to The nature of media used by children companies to develop a profile of the understand the persuasive intent (ie, and teenagers has changed user, which informs the delivery of that someone else is trying to change 10 dramatically in the past decade, and targeted ads. Collection of mobile their thoughts and behavior) of the children now spend more time on the device-derived data has been found advertiser. From ages 7 to 11 years, Internet, social media, user-created to be highest in news and children’s children can start to recognize 11 content, video games, mobile apps, many of which evade privacy television advertising and persuasive applications (apps), virtual or rules of the Children’s Online Privacy intent with their parents’ assistance augmented reality, virtual assistants, and Protection Act (COPPA) (1998; but lack the abstract thinking skills and Internet-connected toys. The revised in 2013) by stating that their that help individuals recognize Internet allows advertisers to contact, apps are for general audiences. User advertising as a larger commercial track, and influence users, as guided data can be aggregated and stored, concept. At ∼12 years of age and by behavioral data collection; a user’s sold to third parties, and used to infer older, teenagers were able to identify digital trail of location, activities, in- personal characteristics, such as television advertisements (ads) and app behavior, likes, and dislikes sexual orientation or health advertisers’ intention to change 12 12 contributes to a digital profile shared problems. Livingstone et al, in behavior (which is why some among many companies that can be their review of the limited literature countries, such as Sweden and Brazil, used to make advertising messages on “datafication” of children, conclude have laws banning advertising to more effective. that school-aged children up to children younger than 12 years). teenagers do not comprehend the full fl However, recognition of persuasive Sponsored Content and In uencers complexity of how digital data are intent does not necessarily lead to the User-created content on social media collected, analyzed, and used for ability to resist marketing, especially platforms and video-streaming commercial purposes. For example, with highly appealing products. services (eg, TikTok, YouTube) studies suggest that teenagers have Marketers use emotional or frequently involves commercial a more interpersonal, and less subconscious approaches3 to engage content and marketing messages. technical, conceptualization of children, such as using trusted Examples include the highly popular privacy, so they may not be as aware characters4 or celebrities. At as young unboxing and toy-play videos as well of the ramifications of sharing data as age 2, a child can easily identify as influencers reviewing or using with governments or corporations

Downloaded from www.aappublications.org/news by guest on September 25, 2021 2 FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS compared with sharing private reliably.11 The European Union’s teenagers, including virtual information with friends or parents. General Data Protection Regulation assistants. It is unclear how much Young children are more trusting of (2018) is more ambitious in data are being collected, how data are privacy-invasive technologies, such as protecting user privacy, and the UK being processed or used to shape location trackers,13 likely because of Information Commissioner’sOffice query responses for the purposes of their convenience. In a recent report has recently introduced an age- marketing to children, or how parents commissioned by the UK Information appropriate design code to address can access the information. Young Commissioner’sOffice, children and children’s vulnerabilities regarding children attribute more animism to parents reported not reading the data collection and persuasive and place more trust in these artificial terms and conditions or privacy design.17 intelligence agents and are more notices in platforms, feeling likely to share information with pressured to accept cookies to use Persuasive Design and Behavioral them.20 Marketing Web sites, and feeling uncomfortable with their data being used for Design elements intended to nudge targeted advertising.14 In addition, users into specific behaviors (by SPECIFIC HEALTH-RELATED CONCERNS preschool-aged children up to constraining choices, highlighting teenagers in this study believed they preferred buttons to click, or Food Advertising and Childhood should have the right to erase or limit providing rewards for preferred Obesity the use of their digital data.14 behavior) are now a common part of Food marketing funding today is less However, data-brokering services are digital design.18 These design dependent on television and is highly complex, using evolving elements extend digital engagement instead concentrated on integrated algorithms across multiple platforms, in ways that increase exposure to marketing campaigns and cross- with business practices that are advertising, which children and platform promotion to spur children’s intentionally opaque, which even teenagers may not be able to identify requests and demands for products,21 adults do not fully understand.15 or resist. This targeted marketing also as highlighted in the recent results in different products being comprehensive report by the Beyond advertising, it is also advertised to different populations, University of Connecticut Rudd important for families to understand which may accentuate existing Center for Food Policy and Obesity.22 how data collection influences the disparities.12 Food advertising has been linked to information that reaches them higher obesity risk via ads for high- through the Internet. Previous online fi Gami ed Ads and In-App Purchases calorie, low-nutrient food and behaviors shape what is delivered to Newer Internet marketing practices beverages (which influence diet and users via news, notifications, and in the 2000s included gamified purchases).23 Screen media social media feeds, creating a filter advertising (“advergames”), which consumption is inversely correlated bubble in which all input, rewards users for watching ads or with fruit and vegetable intake and unbeknownst to users, is tailored to buying products,19 but have evolved directly correlated with energy-dense, their interests and creates false to include advertising that is less nutrient-poor snacks, drinks, and norms that can undermine healthy evident to the child. For example, an food.24 Ads also promote intake of behaviors. analysis of the most-downloaded free foods that contribute to dental In the United States, COPPA is meant apps for children younger than caries.25 More fast food and sugar to “place parents in control over what 5 years on Google Play revealed that beverages are advertised in African information is collected from their 96% contained commercial content, American, Hispanic, and low-income young children online” and limit the including hidden ads, interstitial ads communities, according to the Rudd data that child-directed Web sites, that pop up automatically, and ads report,26 as are candy and cereals. apps, or other online services collect, that, when viewed, provided Nearly 40% of ads on television use, or disclose to third parties in the incentives, such as more game tokens targeted to African American and absence of parental consent.16 or making gameplay easier.6 App Hispanic populations are for fast food However, COPPA leaves open many characters were noted to encourage and other restaurants. Unhealthy food gaps in its protection. It generally in-app purchases in some games.6 advertising in 13- to 17-year-olds is does not protect children when they also correlated with development of fi are using Web sites or apps that are Arti cial Intelligence and Machine media-driven norms that supersede considered targeted to a general Learning healthier family norms.27 Influencers audience, nor does it apply after Artificial intelligence and machine can sway teenagers toward unhealthy a child is 13 years of age. In addition, learning form the core of many choices; Bragg et al28 identified the law has not being enforced technologies accessed by children and popular music stars endorsing 18%

Downloaded from www.aappublications.org/news by guest on September 25, 2021 PEDIATRICS Volume 146, number 1, July 2020 3 of surveyed ads; 49 (71%) promoted protecting vulnerable populations intentions (rather than reacting to sugar-sweetened beverages, and 21 from alcohol marketing.” engagement-promoting design). (80.8%) endorsed foods were energy However, Livingstone et al12 dense and nutrient poor. In an Marijuana Advertising identified disparities in knowledge 29 experimental study, Coates et al, The legalization of marijuana in many about technology and privacy among found that school-aged children who states has led to media and point-of- parents of different socioeconomic viewed mock profiles of influencers sale advertising seen by people status or digital skills. For example, promoting unhealthy snacks showed younger than 21 years40 or increased parents from lower-income a significant increase in intake of exposure through social media backgrounds were more likely to unhealthy snacks and total calories mentions, sometimes accompanied by place credence in the learning compared with children who viewed cartoon characters or other design value of apps marketed as influencers promoting nonfood items. elements attracting to children.41 educational for their young 30 48 Folkvord et al observed increased Point-of-service advertising has been children, despite a lack of evidence- 49 caloric intake in 7- to 10-year-olds found to be more common in areas of based data for most such products. playing advergames as well, which lower socioeconomic status and Thus, differences in digital children with high impulsivity had an minority populations.42 Marijuana literacy skills and knowledge especially hard time inhibiting. advertising exposure is associated by socioeconomic status may with heavier use, use of marijuana contribute to digital disparities. Tobacco and Electronic Cigarette concentrates and edibles in young Advertising Digital literacy programs have been adults,43 and higher probability of developed to teach children how to Multiple studies have revealed that in marijuana use and intentions in teenagers, attention and receptivity to 44 think about technology, not just how middle schoolers. 10 cigarette advertising is correlated to use it. For example, Zarouali et al with both current and future use.31 Cultural Biases, Body Appearance, showed that teenagers responded fi Cigarette ads on television and radio and Teenager Self-image more favorably to speci cally targeted rather than nontargeted ads, were banned in 1971 for this reason. By presenting ideals of body but teenagers who understood the This correlation has been found with appearance, ads can convey cultural privacy intrusions that led to such emerging tobacco products, such biases, such as skin color (eg, skin- 32,33 targeted advertising were more electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes), lightening products), hair traits (eg, skeptical and less likely to purchase to which the majority of middle and hair-straightening products), or the product. Educational programs high school students have been unhealthy body weight ideals (eg, diet 34 and campaigns are recommended, in exposed. E-cigarette companies have products or muscle-building combination with the design changes used social media influencers, supplements). In addition, ads for discussed below, to mitigate this hashtags, music videos, and other indoor tanning salons often target influence and persuasion. informal social media presence to teenagers. Because indoor tanning is 35 advertise their products, although considered a class 2 carcinogen, such companies have deleted their own advertising is restricted over CONCLUSIONS official social media accounts. traditional media. For this reason, tanning salons actively use social Many digital media resources, Alcohol Advertising media as a strategy for attracting and including apps, programs, games, and Studies have revealed increased retaining customers,45 encouraging educational materials, are subsidized exposure to alcohol content for high-frequency tanning,46 and lowering and supported by advertising dollars. middle and high school youth via the perception of the risks of tanning.47 Children’s and teenagers’ unique social media,36 banner ads, and video developmental needs make them ads, with disparate exposure for more vulnerable to negative physical, African American,37 Hispanic, and DIGITAL LITERACY mental, and financial health effects of American Indian youth.38 A review by Digital literacy requires that children, digital marketing. Although parents Jernigan et al39 of 12 longitudinal teenagers, and parents understand play a large role in helping their studies published from 2009 to 2015 that technology is created by other children be critical of media demonstrated a positive correlation humans with their own agendas and messages, identify surreptitious between marketing exposure and that they can accept or reject its advertising approaches, and resist receptivity and alcohol consumption messages, identify advertising and their influence, it is also crucial that in youth, and the authors concluded persuasive intent, reflect on their own there are measures in place in that “existing self-regulatory systems reactions to media, and engage with children’s digital media environments do not meet their intended goal of media on the basis of their own to protect their needs.

Downloaded from www.aappublications.org/news by guest on September 25, 2021 4 FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS RECOMMENDATIONS determine what other users can features, such as autoplay, that keep see about you and the platform them watching longer. For older For Parents collecting data about you (helpful children, discussions can revolve Excessive media use has been linked resource: https://www. around influencers, unpacking with negative health outcomes in commonsensemedia.org/privacy- messages about consumerism, or children and teenagers. American and-internet-safety). whether they understand all of their Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) policies 3. Create a family media use plan privacy settings. These are just a few 50,51 regarding media provide that intentionally uses high-quality examples of how such discussions guidance for parents and families media content that has as few ads allow parents to understand the ’ regarding limiting media use and as possible, limits data collection, extent of their children s literacy (or ’ engaging in healthy conversation and encourages discussion about lack thereof), help to align children s about media messages. However, privacy (helpful resource: https:// media use with their family values, parents should not be the only ones www.healthychildren.org/English/ and help children to feel comfortable held responsible for child privacy in media/Pages/default.aspx). reaching out to their parents when a digital environment that is they have concerns about online predicated on a business model of 4. Teach children to analyze the ads content or privacy. advertising and data collection in they see, identify algorithms that which the default settings serve to affect their streaming content, For Providers compromise user privacy or understand what personal data are potentiate disparities. Parents can be collected, and be savvy about the The AAP recommends the following: persuasive intent behind the effective in teaching children and 1. Understand how children and design of the technologies they use teenagers to think critically about teenagers are targeted by (helpful resource: Digital literacy digital media, but this AAP policy advertisers, and help parents toolkit from Sonia Livingstone: statement places the primary duty to understand children’s specific www.myprivacy.uk). protect children on technology vulnerability to persuasive design developers and policy makers, who 5. Talk to school administrators and and targeted ads. Encourage should create a digital environment in teachers about the digital privacy parents to be discerning which families can access content that of the technology tools they use consumers of their child’s media provides opportunities rather than (helpful resources: Campaign for and demand better design and fi delivers pro ts. a Commercial-Free Childhood data collection practices. parent toolkit for student privacy To empower parents to help their 2. Ask patients and families about [https://commercialfreechildhood. children, the following steps and any media use concerns as a part org/pf/parent-toolkit-student- resources are recommended: of routine health maintenance. privacy/] and Common Sense Encourage families to use the AAP 1. Build digital, privacy, and design Media privacy evaluations of family media use plan to set media savviness. Know what your educational technology products use limits, adopt privacy- children are downloading and https://privacy.commonsense. preserving behaviors, and engage accessing so that you can help org/evaluations/1]). them be an informed consumer, in parent-child communication and demand better-designed The best thing parents can do to regarding digital media. digital products for children encourage digital literacy in their 3. Provide educational materials and (helpful resources: https://www. children is to talk openly and references (listed above) to help childrenscommissioner.gov.uk/wp- critically about media from the time parents and patients build digital content/uploads/2018/11/who- children are young. For example, literacy, as developmentally knows-what-about-me- when watching a television show or appropriate. Consider using infographic.pdf and https://www. using mobile technology, parents can a parent or child’s use of a mobile consumerreports.org/digital- express their skepticism or ask device during visits as a teachable security/online-security-and- children their opinions. Alternatively, moment to identify ads or privacy-guide/). when children ask to buy a specific persuasive design (helpful resource: AAP News 2. Enhance and monitor privacy product, parents can ask questions to article on building digital settings on personal devices, apps, explore how advertising might have literacy: https://www.aappublications social media, virtual assistants, contributed to that desire. Parents .org/news/2019/04/24/masteri and wireless networks. can speak with younger children ngmedia042419). Understand the differences about what ads are trying to sell or 4. Recommend parents to think of between privacy settings that why their favorite app has design themselves as role models for

Downloaded from www.aappublications.org/news by guest on September 25, 2021 PEDIATRICS Volume 146, number 1, July 2020 5 digital media use, digital from apps and Web sites 7. In accordance with previous AAP citizenship, and digital literacy. clearly used by children policy statements on marijuana53 Encourage discussions about younger than 13 years and alcohol,54 limit access and Internet privacy and persuasive without parental consent and by marketing of these substances to design, and recommend settings or anyone 13 to 17 years of age youth (eg, by using mascots, cartoon filters to reduce ads and improve without the user’s consent. For characters, or influencers popular privacy. Web sites and apps used by with children and teenagers). 5. Advocate for policies and multiple age groups, such as 8. Require and fund digital literacy regulations that limit advertising search engines and YouTube, curricula in schools. Prohibit use and data collection from provide alternative services that of digital media that contain children and teenagers. do not collect or aggregate data advertising in the classroom. and that limit advertising. Ban Pediatricians can advocate with 9. Fund and promote research on targeted (ie, data-driven local schools to avoid educational the effects of advertising in behavioral) advertising to technology that is commercial and digital media in children and ’ individuals younger than does not protect children s privacy. teenagers to further identify risks 18 years. Pediatricians and parents can also inherent in data collection, digital ask for the establishment of digital 3. Ban all commercial advertising to profiling, and selective targeting literacy curricula in public schools children younger than 7 years, of disadvantaged communities so that children from all and limit advertising to older and to inform age-appropriate socioeconomic backgrounds can children and teenagers. All design guidance. build equitable understanding of advertising should be clearly 10. Increase efforts to promote digital digital marketing and persuasive labeled as such (eg, as sponsored equity by improving access to design. content). quality commercial-free content. 4. Prohibit in-app host selling and For Industry and Policy Makers purchases, including loot boxes COUNCIL ON COMMUNICATIONS AND MEDIA The AAP recommends the following: that pressure gamers to spend EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, 2019–2020 1. Policy makers and technology money during game play. Require clear separation of content and Nusheen Ameenuddin, MD, MPH, MPA, FAAP, companies should adopt stricter Chairperson privacy regulations for all users advertising in media designed for Rhea Boyd, MD, MPH, FAAP (including children and children, including product Ellen Selkie, MD, MPH, FAAP teenagers), which include data placement in child-directed Jenny Radesky, MD, FAAP collection from home videos. Michael Patrick, Jr., MD, FAAP Jaime Friedman, MD, FAAP technologies, mobile devices, and 5. Reduce advertising of unhealthy Yolanda Evans, MD, MPH, FAAP other Internet-connected devices foods and beverages to children Suzy Tomopoulos, MD, FAAP or toys. Disclosure of such and teenagers, particularly Hansa Bhargava, MD, MBE, FAAP collection should be prominently targeted advertising that Jeffrey Hutchinson, MD, FAAP provided at appropriate literacy exacerbates disparities when Edith Bracho-Sanchez, MD, FAAP and developmental levels, and combined with structural sources technology companies should of inequality (eg, healthy food LIAISON report what data will be collected, scarcity, public underinvestment Kristopher Kaliebe, MD - American Academy how the data will be used, with in opportunities for exercise or of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry whom data might be shared, and play). fi the risks and bene ts to the 6. In accordance with the AAP STAFF consumer. Information about 52 policy statement on tobacco, Thomas McPheron blocking this data collection and depictions of tobacco products deleting personal information (including e-cigarettes), tobacco permanently should be provided. product use, and images Default settings for platforms, associated with tobacco product ABBREVIATIONS programs, apps, and Internet- brands in movies and video AAP: American Academy of connected toys should be set at games should be restricted. Pediatrics the highest level of privacy. Internet sales of tobacco COPPA: Children’s Online Privacy 2. Strengthen COPPA enforcement products should be banned and Protection Act to prohibit personal and because they are easily accessed e-cigarette: electronic cigarette location data collection by minors.

Downloaded from www.aappublications.org/news by guest on September 25, 2021 6 FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE: The authors have indicated they have no ﬁnancial relationships relevant to this article to disclose. FUNDING: No external funding. POTENTIAL CONFLICT OF INTEREST: Jenny Radesky is a paid consultant and board member for Melissa & Doug. The other authors have indicated they have no potential conﬂicts of interest to disclose.

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Downloaded from www.aappublications.org/news by guest on September 25, 2021 8 FROM THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS Digital Advertising to Children Jenny Radesky, Yolanda (Linda) Reid Chassiakos, Nusheen Ameenuddin, Dipesh Navsaria and COUNCIL ON COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA Pediatrics originally published online June 22, 2020;

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Downloaded from www.aappublications.org/news by guest on September 25, 2021 Digital Advertising to Children Jenny Radesky, Yolanda (Linda) Reid Chassiakos, Nusheen Ameenuddin, Dipesh Navsaria and COUNCIL ON COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA Pediatrics originally published online June 22, 2020;

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