D Docto Or of F Ph Iloso Ophy

REPRESENTATION OF CHILD CONSCIOUSNESS IN MARGARET ATWOOD’S WRITINGS FOR CHILDREN

THESIS SUBMITTED FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF

Doctor of Philosophy

IN ENGLISH

BY ZAHRA HEMMATI

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. SAMINA KHAN

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (U.P.), INDIA

2018

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH Prof. Samina Khan ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY Department of English Aligarh - 202002 (INDIA)

Certificate

This is to certify that Ms. Zahra Hemmati has completed her Ph.D. thesis entitled, “Representation of Child Consciousness in Margaret Atwood’s

Writings for Children” under my supervision. To the best of my knowledge, it is her own work. I recommend this thesis for submission for the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy in English.

(Prof. Samina Khan) Supervisor

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH – 202002

This is to certify that Ms. Zahra Hemmati (Enrolment No.

GH9886) has completed the following formalities successfully which are

equired for the submission of a Ph.D. thesis as per the university ordinances.

1. Completion of the Course Work

2. Presentation of Pre-submission Seminar

3. Published two papers based on the thesis

4. Presented two papers in international conferences

(Signature of the Chairperson of the Department)

ANNEXURE I

CANDIDATES’S DECLARATION

I, Zahra Hemmati, Department of English, certify that the work embodied in this Ph.D. thesis is my own bonafide work carried out by me under the supervision of Prof. Samina Khan, Department of English, Aligarh Muslim University. The matter embodied in this Ph.D. thesis has not been submitted for the award of any other degree.

I declare that I have faithfully acknowledged, given credit to and referred to the research workers wherever their works have been cited in the text and the body of the thesis. I further certify that I have not wilfully lifted up some other’s work, para, text, data, result etc., reported in the journals, books, magazines, reports, dissertations, thesis, etc., or available at web sites and included them in this Ph.D. thesis and cited as my own work.

Date: ……………….. ZAHRA HEMMATI ......

Certificate from the Supervisor

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge.

PROF. SAMINA KHAN Department of English A.M.U, Aligarh- India

(Signature of the Chairman of the Department with seal)

ANNEXURE II

COURSE/ COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION/ PRE- SUBMISSION SEMINARCOMPLETION CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that MS. ZAHRA HEMMATI (GH 9886), Department of English, has satisfactorily completed the course work/ comprehensive examination and pre-submission seminar requirement which is part of her Ph.D. programme.

Date: ……………… (Signature of the Chairman of the Department)

ANNEXURE III COPYRIGHT TRANSFER CERTIFICATE

Title of the Thesis: REPRESENTATION OF CHILD CONSCIOUSNESS IN MARGARET ATWOOD’S WRITINGS FOR CHILDREN

Candidate’s Name: ZAHRA HEMMATI

The undersigned hereby assigns to the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh copyright that may exist in and for the above thesis submitted for the award of the Ph.D. degree.

Signature of the Candidate

Note: However, the author may reproduce or authorize others to reproduce material extracted verbatim from the thesis or derivative of the thesis for author’s personal use provide that the source and the University’s copyright notice are indicated ACKNOWLEDGMENT

All praise and thanks be to Allah whose compassionate Will and Grace enabled me to complete this work.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Samina Khan, Department of English, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, for her efficient supervision, patient reading, meticulous checking, suggestion and correction during the course of my research. Without her consistent guidance and kind support, the completion of this task would not have become possible.

I would like to thank the Chairperson Department of English, Dr. Akbar Joseph, Prof. Asim Siddiqui, Dr. Rashmi Attri and all my teachers for their valuable help and advice. I highly appreciate the generous cooperation and the assistance of the staff of Maulana Azad Library, AMU, Aligarh. My special thanks are due to Mr.Suhail Ishaque, Mr. Khan Parvez Rafi (Seminar Incharge) and other office staffs of the Department of English, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, for their support and help. Further, I would like to thank all my friends and colleagues and Pray for their help and cooperation.

I would fail in my duty if I forget to acknowledge my parents’ unflinching faith and constant support through all ups and downs of my academic journey. I would ever remain indebted to my family for their constant moral support and motivation. They stood by me with remarkable consistency in the course of my whole struggle. Their prayers and encouragements during my exhausting research work helped me immensely to complete my thesis successfully. Finally I would like to thank all those who helped me in making this research possible.

(Zahra Hemmati) ABSTRACT

This thesis has attempted to study children’s consciousness in Margaret Atwood’s writings for children and explore her works for children in order to explore their concerns in the field of children's literature. The main aspect of the research work is to observe how the works of Margaret Atwood is helpful to contribute in molding the minds of child readers.

The life of children is reflected in children's literature. The life and habit of the children can be seen in the children’s literature. The brain of the child can be trained in the early stage of their life. Sociologist acknowledged that family taught the first lesson of the life. The family is the first institution where human being learned the first and foremost lesson of life. Therefore, children require continuous guidance, teaching and adequate from their family. The education of the children is one of the essential instruments which can help in the cognitive development of the children.

The thesis has been divided into five chapters with introduction and conclusion. The first chapter of the thesis deals with Margaret Atwood’s children literature and consciousness. Her major works consist of: The Handmaid’s Tale, Cat’s Eye, The Blind Assassin, Oryx and Crake, Surfacing, The Year of the Flood. And her children’s books: Up in the tree, Anna’s Pet, For the Birds, Princess Prunella and the Purple Peanut, Bashful Bob and Doleful Dorinda.

Newberry is the father of children’s literature in the world. The picture books are containing beautiful stories and exciting art. The two work in concert to produce meaning through the transaction with the reader. In the picture books, readers can study the artistic use of colour, space, shape. In picture books, the properties of light and dark within the illustrations contained on each page or the whole book. Thus, the readers look at the individual components of the art with a view to getting knowledge.The Consciousness theory is a subjective focus on different things, for instance, visual articles, events, musings, and human emotion. It is essential to various scholars including the theologist philosopher, and psychologists. Therefore, at one stage it would have already been thought preposterous to take into account consciousness precisely, ongoing progressions in

1 intellectual neuroscience and its own perception methods have managed to get conceivable to check brain instruments that are particularly recognized with conscious awareness. The books are a good source of learning it develop the interest of the children and makes them more exciting and happy while they read it. The books are written in such a way that it provides more exciting and encourage ways of learning. The mother has been playing very important role in the development of the children personality. The emotional attachment of being a mother is more powerful than being a father of the given child of spouse. The biological as well as physiological relationship of the mother to the child represents the first reasonable criteria for the physical and intellectual growth of the child.

This Thesis makes analysis about her children’s books in chapter second and third where Margaret Atwood has attempted to convey the message of importance of nature in our life. She also reminds us about other valuable culture genres could be in assisting children experience nature. Therefore, children’s literature could be an effective means in kindling the environment- awareness. Literature related to Children with a tinge of ecological issues might help promote eco-awareness among the near future generations. Children’s literature is among the major tools utilized by parents and colleges in the socialization procedure for children.

Chapter fourth of thesis studies about Mother plays an important role in the development of her child, emotionally, physically and intellectually. The love, affection and her emotional bonding are endless and inseparable. Mother is not just a simple word, but she is the whole universe in herself, she is the one without whom life of child is incomplete and without mother-child cannot understand true meaning of love and affection. She is the first pillar of the strength and hope in everyone life. Mother’s ability to love selflessly and sacrifice made by her cannot describe in a sentence. Mother nurtures her child, inculcate good values and guide in the journey of life. Thus, mother is the first person who teaches the lesson of love and creates a secure, loving environment for her child. A child with the help of the mother is able to find intimate love with her. Hence, the mother’s role is significant in the life of everyone. Moreover, the mother-child relationship is

2 sacrosanct, inseparable. Mother conceived child in her womb for nine months before child comes into the world.

We can see examples of mother child relationship in major novel of Margaret Atwood. : Handmaid’s Tale, Cat’s Eye, The blind Assassin, Oryx and Crake, Surfacing, The Year of the Flood.

In the world of literary critics, lot of feminist critics deals at length about the mother-child relationship in their work. Margret Atwood also observing the issue of mother-child relationship in her novels. It is one of the essential characters in her literary works. But the question is how mother-child relation shapes the world and to what extent external factors are influencing the mother- child bonding of love and affection in Atwood’s novels. Although, Atwood’s mother and child relations is fictional character. They are sharing the prevailing culture and heritage with the real life of the twenty and twenty-first century of mother and child. The trouble mother-child relation mentioned in many of the Atwood novels which also represent the regular theme of her literary works. Margaret Atwood personal experience as a mother and daughter could help in understanding of her point of view regarding mother and child relationship. It is reasonably comprehended that growing helping mother-daughter relationship would be taken as a positive influence. Therefore, the conflict with the strongly negative relationship image has been depicted in the Atwood novels. Although, Margaret Atwood inherited some of her talents from the family. Children can sound terms out and understand new types, too. And similar to the reserve, the show is filled with alliteration. Atwood’s wish is that the present gets young visitors motivated about reading and composing. She advises that parents viewing the display with their children will get them to create their own stories using the letter presented in each show. I believe they can answer what hands they are dealt, in any manner. But anybody who is ever endured babies understands that they emerge in a different way.

Thesis has concluded that The most crucial and sensitive part of the every human life is childhood. In this stage of life every person grows, physically and intellectually in accordance with the circumstances of the life. Their habit, trait and behaviour also developed in this period.

Generally numbers and alphabets are taught to the child at home in the beginning. The one of the wounderful thing about the easy to read books are they can be normally recognise and accepted, because, they have been reading independently by the children and smaller than regular picture books. Sometimes, the breaking union between mother and child is essential for the growth of the children personality. Although, mother always wish to self-fulfillment just through her child. In this thesis, researcher extracted a few works of the Margaret Atwood of children's literature for critical study. Furthermore, the importance if the children’s literature cannot be ignored or neglected, it is carrying the faith, that it is an effective link between literature and society. Thus, children’s literature is the assimilation of the diverse values, teaching and ideological framework to the children. Which, eventually develop as a way of life. The children are using a considerable level of fiction to a textbook, from poem to adventure, from picture to visual books as part and parcel of their daily life.

CONTENTS Annexures: I-III Certificates Acknowledgements

Page No. CHAPTER – 1 INTRODUCTION 1-32

CHAPTER – 2 A CRITICAL STUDY OF ANNA’S PET;

UP IN THE TREE; BASHFUL BOB AND 33-63

DOLEFUL DORINDA

CHAPTER – 3 A CRITICAL STUDY OF FOR THE

BIRDS AND PRINCESS PRUNELLA 64-89

AND THE PURPLE PEANUT

CHAPTER – 4 DEPICTION OF CHILD

CONSCIOUSNESS IN MAJOR WORKS 90-127

OF ATWOOD

128-139 CHAPTER – 5 CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY 140-154

INTRODUCTION

Margaret Atwood is an internationally acclaimed author. She has penned down award-winning poetries, short stories and novels. MS. Atwood was born on November 18, 1939, in Ottawa, Canada. When she was seven years old, her family shifted to Toronto. She studied at the University of the Toronto, after that took her graduate degree at Radcliffe College, Massachusetts, in 1962. She is Canada’s one of the most famous author and artist, who has short stories, basic studies, screenplays, and radio scripts and books for children into her credit. Her scholarly endeavours got translated into more than thirty languages, and various prominent magazines have published articles on her works. She has edited numbers of books, including ‘The New Oxford Book of Canadian Verse’ in English. She has collaborated with Robert Weaver and edited ‘The Oxford Book of Canadian Short Stories’ in English. The first literary works of the Atwood was a book of verse, titled ‘The Circle Game’, which won the Governor General’s Literary Award for Poetry (Canada). Some more verse accumulations took after that, including Interlunar, ‘Morning in the Burned House’ and the recent one ‘Eating Fire: Selected Poetry, 1965-1995’. Similarly, her books of short stories incorporate Dancing Girls and Other Stories, Wilderness Tips, and Good Bones. As a writer, she started her career in 1972 and because of her impeccable work she held reverend ranks among her contemporary writers/authors at that time. For instance, she was the President of the Writers’ Union of Canada from 1981-1982 and the President of PEN, Canada from 1984-1986.

Because of her books, she has earned a position as an internationally renowned writer. Ms. Atwood in her works intentionally made detailed and consistent mysterious character of women and exceeded anticipations in recounting open-ended stories while dismembering modern urban life and sexual issues. Her first novel was ‘The Edible Woman’ which revolves around a woman who cannot eat, but feels that she is being eaten. The next novel was ‘Surfacing’, which is the story of a woman searching her father, who has disappeared. In this series, her another work titled ‘The Handmaid’s Tale’ is the story of the suppression of women in a patriarchal society and their attempts for liberation against the cruel rules of the same. In the ‘Cat’s Eye, she portrays the torments suffered by a young woman, namely Robber Bright. ‘Alias Grace’ is all about the mention of a woman accused of conspiring in the death of two

1 people without showing any memory of that incident. ‘The Blind Assasin’, covers up a full family journal, and ‘Oryx and Crake’ is an ‘imagination of the logical but oppressed world’, which later on got shortlisted for two awards, Man Booker Prize, 2003 and Orange Price 2004. The other two books ‘The Handmaid's Tale’ and ‘Cat’s Eyes’ were nominated for Booker Prize, while the Blind Assassin won the same award in the year 2000.

Furthermore, few of Atwood’s books got selected for stage and screenplays. In this series, one of her celebrated books titled ‘Alias Grace’ was chosen for the Canadian television mini-series, which was directed by Mary Harron and promoted by Sarah Godan. One more noted director, Volker Schlondorff made a film on Atwood‘s novel The Handmaid’ Stale, which was entered into the fourth Berlin International Film Festival. ‘Payback’ is another film based on Atwood’s novel Payback: Debt and the Shadow Side of Wealth. A Canadian drama film which was directed by Claude Jutra in 1981 was based on the Atwood’s novel ‘Surfacing’ (1972).

The British Premiere was performed by the English National Opera at the Coliseum, London, in April 2003. Margaret Atwood was assured sixteen privileged degrees, and held the position of a fellow at the Royal Society of Canada, and has received the ‘Order of Ontario’ and ‘Order of Literary Merit of Norway’. She spent her times in different countries like England, Scotland and France, while presently she has made Toronto (Canada) as her home. Her latest literary publications are a short stories collection named Stone Matters, Maddaddam which is third in the part of a series which earlier included Oryx and Crake and ‘The Year of the Flood’. Her latest work is the ‘Heart Goes First’. She popularised a book of exposition about scientific fiction named In Other Worlds: Science Fiction and ‘The Human Imagination’. Atwood is an ‘addicted’ reader, and she only reviews books which she likes:

As soon as I’m doing a book review …I’m reading the little stickies that you place on to reference a page so that you can find it again when you’re doing your review. What I like to do before I say I’m going to do a review is to read the book to see whether I enjoy it enough to want to read it again, and possibly again. If the answer is no then…I can’t do this. It may be a good book, but I have, personally, nothing to say about it. (Macpherson 4)

Consciousness Theory: The Consciousness theory is a subjective focus on different things, for instance, visual articles, events, musings, and human emotion. It is essential to various scholars including the theologist philosopher, and psychologists. Therefore, at one stage it would have already been thought preposterous to take into account consciousness precisely, ongoing progressions in intellectual neuroscience and its own perception methods have managed to get conceivable to check brain instruments that are particularly recognized with conscious awareness. Research on visual concern has particular pertinence to conscious encounter, and numerous researchers have linked a few types of thought with consciousness. It is this region that people find most fascinating and in this manner will focus quite a little of our conversation. We will contend that consciousness offers some cover with visible consideration (which should get in touch with consideration in various modalities), yet generally, awareness and attention could be regarded as particular types of mental states. We spotlight on visible reflection because it is an area that is contemplated broadly in subjective mind science and has apparent ramifications for conscious knowledge.

Four main arguments can help in explaining the relationship between consciousness and visual attention:

1. The first argument is that a vast amount of study displays that many types of attention, even at the individual level, happen mechanically and without conscious awareness.

2. Second, we tend to claim that most theoretical opinions on the nature of consciousness involve some levels of dissociation between attention and consciousness.

3. Third, we tend to argue that there is a particular type of conscious attention that is not reducible to conscious awareness or attention.

4. And fourth, considerations about evolution strongly recommend that attention and consciousness should be dissociated, that is maybe the strongest empirical argument to be made.

So by this theory, we are going to analysis Margaret Atwood work on children conscious

Biography of Margaret Atwood: The account of Atwood will be of minimal support in the required analysis of her books. Still, it really is to some degree authentic that verging on several events in the fiction will certainly possess a birthplace or clarification in the lifespan of the maker. As Wellek and Warren possess called to focus on, biography could be judged in link with the light it throws on the true creation of verse. Nevertheless, we can, apparently, safeguard it and legitimize it as a study of the person of his virtues, of his ethical, scholarly and enthusiastic improvement which includes its particular characteristic high quality, and, finally, we are able to consider memoir bearing components for a methodical investigation of the mind technology of the artist and the beautiful procedure. The typical accurate certainty in the lifespan of Margaret Atwood is unusually exceptional. She was conceived with the endowments that produced her as a fantastic author. These may be expressed mainly.

Atwood, right now seventeen eight years old, she was born on 18, November 1939 in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada’s capital city. Her parents Carl Edmund Atwood and Margaret Dorothy Killam had been at first from Nova Scotia. She was the next of three children to Carl Edmond and Margaret Dorothy Killam Atwood. Her sibling, Harold, is two years older than Margaret. Her sister, Ruth, was born in 1951. She spent her initial adolescence active in the backwoods and small settlements of the Northern Ontario and Quebec with her parents and her senior sibling; her father was a field entomologist. Moreover, after the Second World War, her family is finally settled in Toronto where her father started his career as a college teacher.

Atwood went to school there and afterwards to Victoria College, University, in the University of Toronto, where she succeeds to get an Arts level with distinction in English. Throughout that period she was involved in composing and scrutinising her college magazine and planning for the stage show culture. This visual measurement provided remained an essential component of Atwood’s function, where vision is frequently expounded to incorporate understanding and visualisation and also only to see. In 1961, in a year when she graduated, she experienced her first book of lyrics secretly distributed, in a gathering called Double Persephone.. Regardless, Atwood never felt as, in the home in the town, she says she’s dependably experienced “Society Stun” after her shrubbery youth. Her first journey of the United States of America came when she moves a graduate association to Radcliffe University, 4

Harvard, where she studied on Victorian and American writing and began her Ph.D. theory on The English Metaphysical Romance.

Atwood had the standard frontier connection while moving to a metropolitan society where individuals know nothing at all and think nothing at all about one’s home place. Here may be discovered the underlying foundations of Atwood’s Canadian patriotism, which she created in the past 1960s, and normally as feasible characterised itself against America, a posture which she examines in her mid-1970s fiction. Atwood moved back again to Canada without completing her doctorate and devoted the following decade; she portrays them as her “Living House” instructing in English university offices crosswise over Canada, from Vancouver to Montreal and Toronto. It produced her 1st excursion to Europe; finding hitched James Polk in 1967 remarkably, whom she met for the first time at Harvard in 1963 and composed her first novel. In 1970, she received national and worldwide admiration as the very best author. In late 1970, she started a trip worldwide and, perusing and addressing many countries, like Britain, Italy, Australia, and Afghanistan.

Although, in 1973, Atwood and James separated, from then on she proceeds to Alliston, Ontario, combined with the Graeme Gibson, whom she met in 1970. In the same year, she was conceded a D. Litt, by the Trent University. Their daughter, Eleanor Jess Atwood Gibson, was conceived in 1976. In 1980, she moved to Toronto with her family which was for permanent settlement. Her reputation as a writer, artist, pundit, and article writer was tremendous, a good example which has proceeded until this day. Moreover, her initial novel, the Edible Woman, has been thought to be the very best of the 1st novel of 1969. Comparable to a sugars plum pixie along with an Xmas cake. It was certainly with the distribution of her second novel, Surfacing, in 1972 that she made her first proper case for the necessary account. Her third novel, Lady Oracle, denoted the motion to Atwood’s definite recognizable evidence as a writer.

Life Before Man got energetic applause in the USA and Britain, even though in Canada, Atwood was turning out to be a distinct personality in social, legislative problems facing the society. She was an organizer of the Writer’s Union of Canada, on this article leading body of the lately settled Anansi Press in Toronto, and an associate of Amnesty International. As she commented, her association with political

5 problems was“not separate from composing. When you start to keep in touch with, you manage your quick environment; as you develop, your prompt environment gets to be bigger. There’s no disagreement”. She’s kept up a powerful engagement with political and human rights problems in Canada including the worldwide scenario.

The Handmaid’s Tale has won in Canada, Governor General’s Award; in United States (USA) it won Arthur C. Clarke Research Fiction Prize. Also, it got shortlisted for Booker prize in Britain. In 2000, the Blind Assassin won the Booker prize. Moreover, each of the six of Atwood’s latest books has been applicants for the Booker Prize. Thus, she becomes the most famous Canadian essayist ever.

This way, Atwood has developed into a kind of famous personality in Canada and also globally on open experience. Atwood is likewise the editorial supervisor of the Oxford Publication of Canadian Verse in English and co-supervisor of the Oxford book of Canadian Short Stories in English. She’s not, regardless, composed a brief history or a personal background. Her importance as an artist, commentator, and article writer has been tremendous, frequently as the rate of more than on book every year.

Margaret Atwood over the years ,composed many books which were mainly in Gothic style while giving importance to the system of belief of people, and the issues faced by the society on the political level, the importance of problems and discrimination related to sex, created fables and sometimes destroyed myths as well.

Margaret Atwood and her writing a broad perspective: Margaret Atwood, an artist, writer, literary critic, short-tale essayist and author of children’s books, is an remarkable figure unmistakably in the modern Canadian writing. She is an author of general notoriety and globally acclaimed as an artist, writer, and short-story essayist, she developed as a fantastic shape in Canadian letters. Making use of such devices as incongruity, imagery and hesitant portrayals, she analyses the relationship amongst humankind and nature, the dark part of the human carry out and power since it pertains to sexual orientation and governmental problems. Prevalent with both abstract experts and the perusing open up, Atwood offers characterized and recognized the goals of modern Canadian writing and provides earned recognition among women's activist, journalists, on her behalf investigation of women's problems.

Atwood, who is an author for more than forty years now, offers, excited a regularly developing universal band of onlookers with her noteworthy inventive effectiveness. She is universally known, goes through, interpreted and scrutinized the modern Canadian faultfinder, establishing supervisor of Canada.

Atwood’s Work: Poetry Margaret Atwood is internationally recognized author for her novels, poetry, and children’s literature, which are very pragmaticin nature. She similarly speaks about herself and her sort out a few abstract structures. As an essayist, she produced her demonstration with Double Persephone, a collection of the ballad, at the age of nineteen. Another early collection, The Circle Game won the Canadian Governor General’s Award for the verse in 1966. In Power Politics as well as in You Are Happy, she considers women's lives as tame domains colonized by men. Two-Headed Poems scrutinizes the importance of dialects. In True stories, she concludes that the ladies are the casuality.

Murder at night is exploratory, postmodern composing ballads and brief fictions, which energized decisive factor in new circles. She continued exchanging composition with a verse with Interlunar trailed by Determined Poems II. in 1995, she published The Morning in the Burned House, it is her foremost collection of new sonnets in teen years and The Door in 2007, Atwood may understand deep of the nature of art:

Poetry is the heart of the language, the activity through which language is renewed and kept alive and also that fiction writing is guardian of the moral and ethical sense of the community. Especially now that organized religion is scattered and in disarray, and politicians have lost their credibility, fiction is one of the few geneses left through which we may examine our society not in its particular but in its typical aspects, through which we can see ourselves and the way in which we behave towards each other, through which we can see others and judge ourselves. (Howells 23)

Short- Story: Margaret Atwood’s short-tale collection, Dancing Girls, taken in the even more positive notification, it gained the town of Toronto Publication Award, Canadian, Booksellers Association Award and Periodical Distributors of Canada Brief Fiction Award. It really is her accumulation Bluebeard’s Egg observes this issue of women’s minimal situation inside hegemonic talk. Wild Tips is the assortment of tales with Gothic hints about females confronting middle age group blended with accounts about showdowns with the crazy; followed by Great Bones which is approximately female areas of the body and social restrictions composed with destroying your mind.

Non-Fiction: When she became the president of the Toronto Publishing House, Anansi in the mid-1970, a questionable research Survival was published by Atwood: A Thematic Guide of Canadian Literature 1972, in this she explained the Canadian fiction generally described the exploitation in the society. Second, the work of the feedback is the second Words that explains Canada’s society for women liberation and universal human challenges. Books for Children

Atwood offers likewise composed Children's books. Up in the Tree offered Atwood the craftsmanship, which is certainly accompanied by For the Birds along with Princess Prunella and the Purple Peanut showing her capability art of word play.

Up in the Tree:

Perky, unconventional and wry; that is a pleasant picture book with an easy message at its centre. Margaret Atwood and an excellent present for just about any sweetheart of her terms. Composed, represented and hand-lettered by Atwood, Up in the Tree, was at first in 1978, and maybe the narrative of two children who make their house up in the branches of a tree, where they are grating the authorization for performing whatever they would like to Become that as it might, when the stepping stool they depend on to get down once again routed, a few of their versatility vanishes, as well. The kids begin to ponder what they could miss, down amongst the bottom occupants until they possess a shiny though, which assists them to select what they genuinely lean toward, for the last moment.

Two children cheer within their house up in a tree, clear of the parental path and worldly concerns. End up being that as it might, when beavers chew their stepping stool into matchsticks; they are not sure they have to be so alone. Funny, uncommon, and wry, Atwood composed and represented the publication, along with hand-lettered the type. This edition catches all the selling point of the first and makes a mindful display for fans and also for young readers. These two titles are perfect for children almost ready for chapter books.

Anna’s Pet:

The “Six Darn Cows" and “Anna's Pet”, published in 1970-80 as part of the Children of Canada’s series. Both books have been out of print for the long time. Although, both books now taking into consideration for the new generation readers. There is also a nostalgic curiosity for a few parents also While going to her grandparent’s farm, city. Young girl Anna decided to have a Cow? A snake? Anna realises that these animals will not be happy in the town, and she does not want a pet unless of course, it's upbeat. Grandmother and Grandpa have the right thing for Anna. Short chapters and primary language in the written text; make this tale ideal for the beginners.

Princess Prunella and the Purple Peanut:

The Proud, prissy, and beautiful, and miserably exceptionally ruined, Princess Prunella lives in a pink castle with her pinheaded parents, her three stout pussycats, and her prize puppy dog,, Pug. Thus, her enthusiasm is normally to marry a pinheaded cost with piles of pin money, who will praise and pamper her.

The Margaret Atwood the novelist, poet, short story writer and internationally bestselling writer of The Handmaid’s Tale and The Robber Bride-become emerge a modern fairy tale with an excellent message. She's been illustrated as elegant humor by Maryann Kovalski, Princess Prunella and the Purple Peanut demonstrates in the smart-aleck humor of its brave heroine and comparable sounding word utilisation of p’s that provides the tale tongue-bending vitality with shocks every stage of just how. Princess Prunella, is among the most loving and appealing books children and adults who like the reading as Dr Suess, for the sheer fun of the language; they must prefer to read it. Become that as it might, there is something more, as well, as a conceived

9 storyteller makes, with the insignificant decision of a term, a utterly exuberant representation a spoiled little lady who is going to obtain her much-deserved reward.

Rude Ram say and the Roaring Radishes:

The Rude Ramsay and the Roaring Radishes, the in exhaustive author Margaret Atwood propose the pleasantly absurd tale about the ethics of opposition and restrictions along with the tongue-winding expressions highly prepared with words began with R, the story move with his companion Ralph, the red-nosed rodent, from his home brimming with revolting relatives to a field of thundering radishes. There he meets a young lady named Rillah, who needs a touch of enterprise herself. Wicked and DušanPetricic’s sagacious delineations join Atwood's romping content.

Bashful Bob and Doleful Dorinda:

Sway was unaware that he is a human child after getting deserted a marvel parlour outdoors and from then on raised by several pooches. He yapped at representatives and tunneled under shrubberies. Fortunately for Bob, dimple- confronted Dorinda, an upset woman down on her behalf good fortune, found out him and demonstrated him how to be considered a genuine child. At the point whenever a bureaucratic bumble places the city in risk, simply Bashful Bob and Doleful Dorinda can get extra everybody from a distressing disaster. Coupled with Dušan Petricic’s eccentric representations, Margaret Atwood’s keenly composed, alliterative picture reserve will test and pleasure readers of any age group. Novels: Atwood said about composing novel “if you write a novel, you know that you’re going to be writing very hard for a minimum of a year and a half. You know you’re going to get pains in your arms. You know you’re going to get pains in your neck. You know you’re going to get headaches .it is hard, physical work” (Macpherson 25). It would be proper to consider

Atwood’s novels in a constant progression quickly in a sequential manner. Her scholarly works as a novelist begin with her woman novel, The Edible Female, it was about the early women activist treatise both funny and revolving the story around the woman who was working for a buyer organisation.

It is an early on women's activist treatise, both witty and startling tale around a lady, who functions for a purchaser organization. It is a novelist's inventive response; give a part as a comic interpersonal parody in obviously allegorical dialect. Hence, it is a human science described into colloquialism of one fictive female character. Whereas, Social reveals as a dietary problem. It written in 1969, it deals about the innovative reaction to present social discomfort.

Surfacing is the Atwood’s most exceptional and exciting novelistic accomplishment where the innovative character endeavours in political conditions. It raises the Atwood status to the strong patriot and acts along with women’s activist belief system. It communicates the legislative problems of sexual orientation and portrays man's burden on the girl in issues of calling, marriage and parenthood which injures her mentally, candidly and ethically. It demonstrates as a woman battle to struggle herself to set free herself. At the idea whenever a hero's awareness achieves its peak, she makes ready the bottom for rebellion against misuse and persecution. By the end, she rises as a courageous new woman who's equipped for accumulating her personality.

Moreover, Atwood third novel, Lady Oracle includes a gothic sentiment won the 1977 City of Toronto Book Award and a Canadian Booksellers Award. It’s the representation of the writer as a female and a survivor in male-ruled culture. It speaks to a check of patriarchal culture. The hero, Joan Foster is usually a definitive one who will get out of a good place confronts the obstructions in a patriarchal culture.

The novel shows the way the character and distinction of a female essayist are decimated by undetectable power of male authors and her created work is gendered and classed on the premise of sex. It, however, predicted that men and women are equal, bearing the same sense of responsibility and abilities. The novel can be a women's activist essayist’s frontal assault on the prevailing exemplary case of sexual orientation relations in modern society. Life Before Man, the fourth novel is Atwood’s most local novel with its triangular plot. It has brought universal acknowledgement for Atwood. She inspects the legislative issues of force in interpersonal connections amongst spouse and husband in it. It manages the breakdown of the establishment of cutting-edge marriage. It additionally tosses light on the women’s acknowledgement

11 of the force of the mother figure and the profundity of her torment in the organisation of marriage.

Atwood’s fifth novel, Bodily Harm specializes in the complexity between rich speculation and the harsh reality of influence and sexual legislative issues. It delineates the procedure of self-revelation against the brutality. Sexual governmental problems are regularly camouflaged as "adoration" is one more type of force legislative matters. It concentrates on sexual force legislative issues. It is worried about issues, for example, self-perception, the representation of the female sexuality, male, female relationship and male cruelties in a patriarchal society. It demonstrates that in the public arena real damage is all around. Be that as it may, a lady ought to reject her resigned part and be prepared to stand up reality about the exploiter.

The Handmaid's Tale is a dystopian navel of Margaret Atwood. The novel is based on the pragmatic picture of the patriarchal society and their subjugation of the women. It is excellent story revealing courage and persistence attempts of the women for their liberation to become independence from the clutch of the patriarchal rules. Furthermore, The Handmaid’s Tale is one of the greatest novels of the Atwood. It has been translated into more thirty languages, The German director Volker Schlondorff made a movie on this novel and Danish writer Poul Ruders. Made the full musical show on The Handmaid’s Tale. Moreover, this novel strongly depicted the patriarchy image women are prized just for their conceptive blessing. While giving a stunning treatment of the topic of sex, reproduction and affection, this novel assumes the personalities of dark and prophetic vision of a future world where male haughtiness will be obliterated the most exquisite harmonies of wifehood, parenthood and womanhood. It won in 1985 Governor General's Award, in 1987, the first Arthur C. Clarke Award and it also nominated the 1986 Nebula Award, the 1986 Booker Prize, and the 1987 Prometheus Award.

Atwood’s seventh novel, Cat’s Eye concentrates on the issues of women through craftsmanship and craftsman without precedent for history. It manages the cooperation amongst adulthood and youth. It uncovered male biases against prejudice against the creative ability of the women and exhibited the way in which artistry use as a strong weapon against cruelty in the each of its signs. Moreover, it resembles a desert spring for those whose imagination is kept from blossoming.

It resembles a desert spring for those whose imagination is kept from blossoming. The novel is the account of Elaine Risley, an uncertain painter who went to Toronto. The city of her childhood for a review of her field that contains her own life from her school days to her present vocation as a painter. Her artworks advocate social privileges of women and equivalent solid connections amongst men and women.

The Robber Bride, is the eighth novel, a perfect work of art of Atwood without a doubt affirms her remaining as a standout amongst the most creative exciting and fulfilled writers writing in English. It analysed Toronto way of life and women’s fellowships; it indicates how one sex overwhelms and is a methodology for practising power in the public arena. It is the story of avarice, brutality, violence and desire for force and the war between genders. It requests for the equity of both sexes and trusts on the planet free from sexual abuse and mistreatment.

Nom de plume Grace, it is a ninth novel of Atwood was nominated for the Man Booker and short-listed for the Governor General’s Award. It inspects pivotal problems like the probability of a bound collectively subject, the type of truth and relations of power. It is not precisely like Atwood's prior composing regarding the initial run through the various selves have emerged to exist within the hero herself rather than as individuals in exterior truth. In it her methods to deal with legislative problems and writing are world-wide and multifaceted and that she is eagerly needed in realizing positive switch.

The Blind Assassin, tenth novel, of the Atwood won the Booker Prize in 2000 and made a universe of extraordinary vision and extraordinary effect. It is a meta- anecdotal children’s story which presents a novel inside a novel. It is an unusual and convincing story of two sisters and their insider facts with chronicled entirely shading. There the three stories are all different, yet gradually met up skillfully. It is likewise a depiction of the central portion of the twentieth century with two world wars, the despondency and the social substances of the time.

Atwood’s eleventh novel, Oryx and Crake, is an imagine humanity's uncompromisingly dark potential. It is a novel with tragic parts that frequently arranged as sci-fi just like the Handmaid’s Tale. This novel will not depend on upon envisioning brand-new logical or innovative disclosures. It just extrapolates on the

13 premise of improvements that are available today and conveys current interpersonal and monetary developments. It had been additionally shortlisted for the person Booker Prize for Fiction in 2003.

Her twelfth novel, The Year of the Flood, is a continuation of, not really precisely a spin-off of Oryx and Crake. Both are theoretical fiction around a tragic long term. A few characters from the last novel arrive. In it, the worldwide pandemic provides slaughtered all the humankind apart from two personas Toby and Ren. A progression of flashbacks tells how they survived the epidemic. Atwood offers seen that writing is definitely political: “the writer simply by examining how the forces of society interact with the individual…seek[s]to change social structure”(Goldblatt, 282).

Children’s Literature

Children’s literature is an attractive study because children’s books were generalized to inform scientific and social teachers, they are clearly devoid of ideas, what we should think about. I mean, perhaps, they are original writings if the "writing" consists of texts that inspire, change, and provoke intense reactions in readers. If this is special, the joy seems rather mildly pleasing to study, then we can think of the direct or back effect. It was written by children's books and had a social, social and historical meeting The majority of adults, and almost the vast lion's share rather than force and influence, read children's books when the child reads that it is not gratifying that the ideologies that penetrate these books have no effect on their progress.

However, the importance of books have been underestimated by the Young people, all the things we take into account can be certainly undeniable circumstances; children's books from maintaining the distribution of touch to association with children are the region of this micro-feminine type. As such, this reduction has already led to some advantages. Since this program does not provide a low social image, “writing children” has not become a home any self-discipline or assembly, it does not have a position or in or near the Library College. Parental Association. It is fascinating and interesting for university students (recognized or unofficial) of authorship, training, library studies, background, psychology, workmanship, pop traditions, journalism, careers of thought, etc., and can be drawn from any

14 professional perspective. Her temperament, both as a compilation of texts and a subject of study has gone to separate barriers between disciplines and between types of visitors. It's really, on the double, among the most vibrant and exclusive of the arts, the site of misuse of the most obscure business. This simply means that children's books cannot be found in the void. They have real visitors, baffles, and remarkable and pragmatic uses. Thus, the premise of children's composition is constantly combined with the work of uniting books and visitors. The very (very inspiring) summary of this is that we must admit that children's books are puzzling, and that their analysis has changed forever.

Many students around the world who were tempted to write for children in courses at any “levels” of means quickly found that things were more complex than they assumed. There cannot be many teachers writing for children who are not welcomed by speakers but rather a single book for children, “children will not see it in it” or "you make it more disturbing than it should be." However, the complexities are not a trivial problem by active academics to ensure their holiday tickets; the most clearly presented correspondence is surprisingly multifaceted, and we are conducting critical questions about communication and understanding between adults and children, or more specifically between individuals and individuals.

Writing for childhood is more unpredictable than it seems, which is very puzzling, perhaps, is where you find it in the middle of the book, adults, critics, practitioners, and young readers. Children's writings are a good time when the hypothesis comes to actual action. We have to ask: what will we be able to say about a book, why should we say that what is the ability to say it, and what will be the impact? We too are forced to confront our prejudices. Many individuals will be deprived of being influenced by their teenager's understanding (I read xyz when I was young, and there was no harm). But these are the same individuals who recognise that youth is a vital stage in our lives (as is almost universally known) and that children are helpless and vulnerable and must be protected from domination. Writing for children is imperative, but it is not.

Thus, before embarking on the somewhat interlocking wilderness, namely “writing for children”, we have to put some basic concepts, ideas and methods: work through the main arguments, take a view into the methods of criticism, our theme. It

15 can be said that we can (and must) use the virtual and analytical apparatus in every discipline from philosophy to psychotherapy. Or that we must develop a basic premise and practice tailored to the specific needs of “writing children”. The authors of this book share an undeniable conviction that writing children are worth considering, worthy of debate, and worthy of reflection for adults. Aidan Chambers summed up the inspiration of many liberal teachers and writers:

I have a place with the demotic convention; I trust writing belongs to constantly, that it should be efficiently and easily accessible, that it should be amusing to peruse as well as trying, subversive, refreshing, soothing, and the various qualities we guarantee for it. At long last, I hold that in writing we locate the best expression of the human creative energy and the most useful means by which we deal with our ideas about ourselves and what we are. (Chamber, 16).

This confidence in writing lies behind much of every day in the education and hopes of children and books. It is the link between writing and ingenuity regardless of whether children's books are seen as profitable in themselves, or as steps to higher things (writing “grown-up” or “incredible”).

It does not seem to be a fair statement: it embodies a belief system (very clear) and some of it is not very clear and raises us against the issue of writing this matter. However, it is necessary to realise that there is no such thing as “professional” quality or is inherently worth any combination of words on the page. As Jonathan Culler says: “Writing is definitely a speech demonstration or imprinted event that elicits certain types of consideration” (Culler 82) or agreed upon by the specific quality of these members in the way of life in a position to give values.

This is essential for writing for children practitioners (those who work with books and children, who generally have more pressing concerns than nuances). it required to know as much as possible what is excellent. The shadow of what they must "respect" lies behind them, and it is difficult to convince many individuals that the "great" have no place else for these “enormous”. Outside the educated community, the arguments about what is "great" often collapse to “exhaustion” to some extent, it is a matter of taste, but individuals are usually rather uncomfortable or rebellious

16 about it, as when there is a person What, somewhere, outperforms anything they do is "great."

This leads to the natural situation that individuals will secretly admire, or appreciate, one type of book, while freely describing something else. Books that may have a low status on some levels of cosmic quality (which are very successful industrially) prevent them from looking actively; others are classics, perhaps they are educated, initiate and explain. In primary and secondary education, this can lead to a violent reaction to the clarification: if children read a type of book at school and another school is out of school, certain books will be viewed as other.

This segmentation leads to inappropriate base approaches in books. Children’s books relate to adult books: they are composed of an alternative group of spectators, with changing skills, changing needs, and diverse ways of reading; similarly, children learn texts in ways that are often ambiguous, yet much of us doubt that it is exceptionally rich and complex. In the absence of an opportunity to judge children’s books (regardless of the possibility that we do that unconsciously) through the same systems that we use for large books where they are obliged to declare that they rise less, we give ourselves unnecessary problems. To say, for example, is not Judy Bloom like Jane Austen, it's like saying that this apple is orange incomplete because it is green and that orange is better anyway. "Writing", then, is just a useful idea in a non- proscribed way that we need to teach children in a specific type of society, yet this can lead to misinformation or sin. We "use" texts in different ways.

History, Ideology, Politics:

It will end up being crystal clear at this point both scope of children's books, and the ways that they could be studied are pervasive. Simply as children's books indeed are a little bit of the ideological structures of the cultures of the globe, so their background is constructed ideologically. Most obvious constructions of the background are from an Anglo centric perspective and from a male perspective (even though, of the program, those “viewpoints” certainly are a long way from steady). Different constructions of background like a feminist, a ladylike, or a "childish" approach-keep up to end up being composed. Moreover, some progress has been produced with books such as for example Lynne Vallone’s Disciplines of Virtue. Girl’s tradition in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, Kimberley Reynold’s

Girls Just? Sexual orientation and Popular Children's Fiction in Britain, 1880-1910, and, even more hypothetically (and evangelistically) Roberta Seelinger Trite’s waking Sleeping Beauty: Feminist Voices in Children’s Novels).

Children’s books possess a long history around the world, and they absorb into themselves components of culture and fable and the oral convention. In various places, such as for example numerous elements of Africa, they possess a postcolonial tinge and an uneasy romantic relationship with indigenous society; somewhere else, they have appeared sufficiently necessary to totalitarian states concerning suffering severe censorship. Additionally, it is possible to see related patterns all over the world. When we contend that conspicuous children's writing needs an unmistakable youth, and really should not be wholly distributed to adults, then we might argue that unique in the eighteenth century, with British publishers such as for example Mary Cooper and John Newbery, do English-dialect children's books develop. They possess since been immensely effective, the first book 'specifically arranged for United States youth’, John Cotton’s Spiritual Milk for Boston Babes, was imprinted in London.

History and Development of Children’s Literature:

The images of youth and the kid respectively have observed significant changes through the span of time. This turns into evident in children's perusing components from days gone by as this is the place adolescence pictures are reflected. In the 19th century, the sentimental youth picture began to flourish with adolescence getting compared to a dropped paradise. Around 1900, adults endeavored to shield kids from the reality of their reality; children were to become sheltered for the space of feasible from the hardships of existence. The second timeframe lasted until about the 1760s and 1770s and is normally portrayed by consensus on the texts from general composing considered ideal for children and that have been then adjusted, spiritual texts, legends and fables. Thus, all types of educational books had been discovered especially suitable.

Another reason could be the impact of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, an educationalist upholding fresh ideas which were generally welcomed. Unlike the basic evaluation of those times, Rousseau contended that adolescence is usually a transition stage and he perceived kids as blameless, specific beings with specific requirements and desires. He summarized his pedagogical concepts in his publication

“Émile”, describing the childhood of a wealthy man's son and working out principles which were connected. Among Rousseau's suggestions was that kids should begin to peruse as past due as feasible, to dodge them getting into connection with the immoral grown-up culture. Nonetheless, as the first reserve for kids to peruse, or even to end up being perused to them, he recommended "Robinson Crusoe", due to the naturalness of the storyline.

Even though there has been a translation of “Robinson” into German in the entire year 1721, the first effective translation was that simply by Campe in 1779. Never like the prior function, Campe’s translation was suffering from Rousseau's tips and was closely linked to the brand new instruction considering that period. As the “pioneer”, Campe’s publication and the suggestions behind it are worth nearer investigation. Campe’s “Robinson der Jüngere was released in the same season that another Robinson translation proceeded to go onto the business enterprise sector. This one really was of higher creative quality than Campe’s, and its own translator experienced stayed unwavering to the 1st, refusing to create any concessions to the limited skills of kids or the spirit of this. All these were points that Campe got overlooked. Despite what may be expected, he previously spoiled the initial by it for his moralistic lecturing and for instructing everything that he probably could inside the framework of the reserve. By this, he implied altering the contents for educational factors and also presenting the type of a dad perusing the tale to his kids, which offered him a whole lot of opportunity for moralistic discussions and explanations. In the short time, his edition had converted into the “Publication of scriptures” for parents in a bigger number in Europe, who passed it to their children, familiarising them with all the current instructive notions of the time of edification. Campe’s “Robinson” reveals a substantial element of CHL which is definitely its objective much less of addressing children's requirements or conveying a trusted translation yet of choosing the grown-up intermediaries and fulfilling their desire to have a moralistic, instructive advantage in children's books. This is the reason why basic Campe’s success 200 years back, which is still what matters today.

Nevertheless, there is a specific case to the guideline. Mark Twain transparently attempt to abuse many of the taboos linked with children's books. He demonstrated adults in a poor light, and his males misbehaved with the exemption. However, according to West, since these books had been presented by a member

19 publisher instead of a typical publishing house, nobody attempted to censor these books before these were published. It needs to be conceded, become as it might, that Twain's books ended up being exceptionally controversial later on. Another counter- response to those sanitized variations was the achievement of the so-known as “penny dreadful” because they had been brought in the UK or “dime novels” because they were known in the US. Developing in the 1860s, these were modest books which kids could stand to buy themselves and whose authors prepared to fulfill children's demands instead of earning the endorsement of parents. Generally, they couldn't be careless a whole lot about grown-up taboos. These books converted into a massive achievement among youngsters. This improvement couldn't be halted albeit adult authorities endeavored to declare that the books provided an awful impression of lifestyle, or worse, that kids may get to end up being criminals and youngsters from low cultural classes may display against social carry out. Dr. John Dixon, in his statement of the latest Dartmouth meeting of American and English professors:

The dryness of schematic analysis of imagery, symbol, myth, structural relations and so on ought to be avoided passionately at school and frequently at college. It really is literature, not really literary criticism, which may be the subject. It really is vividly plain that it's much easier to train literary criticism than to instruct literature .the fundamental talk that springs from the literature are discussing the knowledge. The demand for interpretation rises throughout such talk: normally, it really is a dead hand. (Smith 780)

Canadian Children’s Literature:

Canadian children's writing includes Canadian themes, settings, perspectives, and a personality, usually composed of Canadian authors, and disappears into pre- kindergarten to 12th grade. Until fairly late, there were a few books that could fit the definition. In 1967, Canada's Centennial Year witnessed two significant developments other than the Canadian children's writing scene: The Children's Association of Chile, the first Canadian children's book, attracted new attention to the scarcity of national writing for adolescent collections. In Montreal, the author and editor of the articles, Miley Kattler, founded the Tundra Books, the first publishing house to commit

Canadian books to Canadian children and to support Canadian writers and painters for children.

The rush to take over nationalism after the centennial of 1967 was interrupted by a wave of thoughtful thought about the children’s books created by Canadian authors and painters investigating the Canadian experience. The establishment of the Canadian Center for Children's Books and its partner in French communications; the establishment of the Children's Literature Service as part of the Library and Archives of the National Government of Canada; and the presentation of new awards and prizes to authors and illustrators of Children in Canada. While the return of Canadian children's book publishers is still small compared to their counterparts in the United States, the paid study for the creation of Canadian children's books and adults books over the past epochs has led to a diverse and diverse range of writing careers.

Today, Canadian children's books manage a range of age groups, species, regions, and topics. The writing of ecclesiastical, hockey and other well-known Canadian games moves the writing of contemporary Canadian children into an extraordinary Canadian pathway in mythology, stories of creatures, books of books, verse, realistic fiction, fairy tales, realism and historical fiction. Whether you're writing, dating, French, or any other topic, it is possible that there's a Canadian book that can fit your educational units.

For example, in a unit about the American Revolution, the children's stories Hollow Tree by Janet Loon, George Johnson's War by Maureen Garvey and Mary Bayati, Letters about Elie Stephen Eric Davidson. The Way Lies North, by Jean Rae Baxter, has organised Canadian events by incorporating the tales of loyalists, Mohawks and various groups often left by the mysterious reading account. For Black Month, Underground to Canada (Published in the United States) In the film Runaway to Freedom, by Barbara Smoker, a young woman from Mississippi follows a Canadian underground train, Elijah Paxton, by Christopher Paul Curtis. The story of the first free young woman depicted in a safe house for fugitive slaves in Canada and the town of Grish by Anne Toil, in a similar dark group, stands as an update that escapes to the north did not end hardship and racism.

In units on migration or different ethnic groups, proposed lists of proposals by Obasan by Joy Kagawa may include a search of the detention of Japanese Canadians

21 in World War II. The stealth train by Paul Ye, who deals with Chinese foreign work on Canadian railways; my name is Cypetza from Shirley Stirling, where a young woman from Salish was forced to live in a British Columbia residential school. The Square of the Angel by Brian Doyle, who deals with the anti-Jewish event in Ottawa in 1945; and the separation by Paul Ye, where a Canadian family struggles in a recession in Vancouver.

World of Children’s Literature:

Writing for children in English, writing for children until early adolescence has been written since the mid-nineteenth century. The writing was tentative as life was portrayed in the new nation - confrontations and adaptation to landscapes and local people, land colonisation and then making and building a state - they were looking for suitable vehicles to express. In the middle of the 19th and 21st centuries, automobiles were, for the most part, modern cars in Great Britain. When the new century appeared on the animal story, the first Canadian type appeared. In the latter half of the twenty century, authors and painters used a variety of species to reflect the land and social diversity of Canadian life.

The Animal Story : Although the animals were said to be written before writing, the writings of Charles JD Roberts and Ernst Thompson Seton have come up with animal stories to get the structure out. The famous wild animals known by Seton (1898) influenced Roberts, whose film The Kindred of the Wild appeared in 1902 and the Red Fox in 1905.

On their observations of rigid life and their study of the Darwinian theory of joint selection. Thus, the authors focused on the life of superior species. In Red Fox, Roberts joined the power and extraordinary knowledge of the individual fox, making him the legend of the novel. For Seton, the vital truth of animal life was the demise and drawing by man and always dormant.

Pets have also given focus to different children's books. One of the most well- known internationally known early novels, Margaret Marshall's beautiful Saunders Joe, is the “Life Account” of the "Hybrid" who, after being rescued from a cruel master, lives a long and happy life. Farley Moat the dog who would not be the funny

22 story of the buster, a pet who "in some early snapshots of his existence ... ended up there was no future in being a puppy." An incredible trip in Sheila Burnford is a 400 km journey record across northern Ontario trying dogs and cats.

The Adventure Story: The adventure story, a unique type of Victorian children's writing, influenced Canadian books in the 19th century, and to a lesser extent, the twentieth century. To salute the British Empire, Christianity and personal material, such as the British novels such as the settlers Frederick Maria in Canada and JJ. Henty’s with Wolfe, in Canada was hugely popular in Britain, and the colonies formed many of the young Canadians' views of their nation. R.M. The first Ballantyne record of the Hidden Exchange, Hudson Bay, followed by his other novels Snowflakes, Sunbeams and Ungava. It is assumed that the vast landscape, inhabited by wild and barbaric wild animals, has been won for human progress by individuals such as young white heroes and heroics of these author’s novels.

However, the book describes how the three pivotal figures, and all adolescents, believe in essentials; portray their strong confidence in securing and saving a local young woman who learns the principles of Christianity. The reputation of the traditional adventure story of the mid-20th century may be a feature of novels like Starbuck Valley Winter in Haig-Brown, Lost in the Barrens and Frozen Fire. In each story, the male grows for development, drawing on lessons learned from interviewing local people and adapting to harsh wildlife. Tony, Tom Benny and Bill Freeman Shantemann of Lake Cash, create historical backgrounds and provide the threat and suspense with active heroes who climb up against evil elements and characters.

There is no self-conscious agreement in the Canadian novel to confuse historical figures and historical events, as in the writings of American children. Thus, in historical writings, Canadian authors can not relate their stories to the certainty that their young readers will have common denominators with important events or events. Certain periods of Canadian history (for example, the War of 1812 and the Northwest Revolution) seem to be favoured in novels. The former was dealt with in Barbara and Heather Bramwell’s adventure at the mill and the betrayal of John Hayes in York. Another at WT. Cout Cutt’s On the Trail of Long Tom and Jan Truss' Rebellion is too

23 small. The Royal Canadian Mounted Police was shot in J. Knights Chalmers in Scarlet. The loyalists went to Canada at Mary Alice, John Downs Honor Pound, and Cariboo Gold Rush at Christie Harris' Cariboo Trail. In Underground to Canada, Barbara SMUCKER describes the perilous journey to Ontario from three slaves who have fled a southern region. Many contemporary authors have made historical accounts about the first fifteen percent of this century.

The days of Barbara Smacker of Terror is a record of the Mennonite struggles that fled their Ukrainian hometown and come to Canada in the midst of the First World War. In his book “Listening for the Sing” (1977), Jean little describes the tensions of a German-Canadian family during the Second World War. Family Story Myra Paperny the Wooden People was set in Alberta in the 1920s, Brian Doyle from Up to Low and Angel Square are based on his childhood in Eastern Ontario in the 1940s Cora Taylor is located in the summer of MadMonk in the country of Alberta amid the Depression and presents the experience of a young man with Russian mourning who is believed to be the leader of the famous Tsar Rasputin. Paul Yi, on the way of Uncle III, addresses the impact of the Chinese unrest in 1909 on a young Canadian. Hockey Pat Harris, by Jeffrey Belson, Kate Pearson, Sky Falls, Look at the Moon and the Lights. He once again continues to link the suffering of British children who have been cleared to Canada in the midst of World War II. Satisfaction The Kogawa’s Naomi Road system depends on the Creator's own experience of being a Japanese during World War II. Thus, many important and hierarchical literature on children exist in the management of the local population, in the past, and after the European reality call.

These stories are regularly based on rites of passage, as in the whales of Big Brown, where the youth of Notka are pushed to power after his father's death. In Nkwala Edith Sharp, a child from Salish looks for a vision to guide him to adulthood. The three-person Faulknor group, The White Calf, The White Peril and The Smoke Horse are located in the meadows before and in the middle of the Europeans descent. Stories that manage communication between local and European cultures include J.F. Hayes Buckskin Colonist and Doris Anderson’s Blood Brothers and Harris Forbidden Frontier. Sweet grass in Jan Hudson combines historical research and a feminist perspective in defining the life of a young Blackfoot woman in the mid-nineteenth

24 century. Kevin Major Blood Red Och draws parallels between the lives of a young local Newfoundland and her ancestors in Beothuk.

The book of the story of life and historical history needed to maintain a strategic distance from the pitfalls of fine researchers, although they were dry and to create the wrong imagination so far. Among those biased biographies, Captain Higg- Brown of Discovery: The Story of Captain George Vancouver, Kay Hill and Tomorrow's Stars: The Story of John Cabot and Ruiz Daniels Alexander McKenzie and the Northwest. Precise and stimulating history of young readers Incorporated Pierre Burton in The Golden Trail, T.M. Longmetreth's The Scarlet Force and William Toye’s The St. Lawrence, and Janet Lunn and Christopher Moore's Story of Canada.

The School Story and Social Realism: Local and school stories and novels were not as popular in Canada as in Britain and the United States, but there are essential works there. Ralph Connor, in the days of Glengari School, and Nelly Mac Long, in sowing the seeds in Danny, described the lives of young people who lived in small Canadian cities. At present, these books, which are being scrutinized for their emotions and excessively exaggerated beliefs, reflect daily tastes, social atmosphere and readers. In 1908 Ann appeared from Green Gables by LM Montgomery, which many critics consider to be the basic classic in the writing of Canadian children. However, she was condemned for her passion, in the enthusiastic display of a courageous and terrifying lady. Her socialization remains among the most readable Canadian children's books.

The class of social realism, which portrays ordinary children's lives and the problems of the day they face, has become prevalent since 1970. Jean Little, who suffers from a severe visual impairment, has recorded young people's lives through physical issues - for example, in Mine for Keeps and From Anna, and in the film, Mama's Going to Buy, the flying bird was allergic to a child's response to his father's death. Kevin Majors runs Fast and Far From Shore frustrated teenage boys who conflict with themselves and the Newfoundland community. The relationship between the different local peoples and Canadians in John Craig's words is “Noord for Good- bye”. Local creator Beatrice Colton presents the contemporary life of Mrs Metiz in search of Nissan Raintree. Bryan Doyle's Hey, Dad and You Can Pick me up at

Peggy's Cove focus on the harried relationship between parents and children, while in Cora Taylor]s Julie a mother must know how to acknowledge her girl little's psychic powers. Diana Wailer Bad Boy talks about the conflicts a young hockey player faces when he discovers troubling facts about a colleague. In the fires of Julie Lausanne Burning, she is forced to reveal to her mother the secret of sexual abuse she has encountered at the hands of her mother’s husband. Julie Johnston, Adam and Eve, Bench-Me and Tim Win-Jones in the Maestro, show how troubled teenagers buy more full senses of self-worth and energy around others after leaving a dysfunction.

Most of the famous literature was read by Canadian children in Britain or the United States of America. There are exceptions. Mary Griegans Mary Marie Storiz, Maggie Mullins and McGarrity are a collection of fictional fairy tales based on her CBC radio series. In the mid-1940s, Leslie McFarlane wrote several volumes of the Hardy Boys series under the pseudonym, Fenton W. Dickson. Two late authors are also important. In books like Murder on the Canadian, Terror in Winnipeg and The Green Gables Detectives, Eric Wilson mixes Canadian settings with the current social problems in the adventures of Tom and Liz Austen, young investigators. Gordon Korman, who started publishing in his first teen, made humorous stories about teenagers in This Cannot Be Happening at Macdonald Hall!

Fantasy:

In the promotion of Canadian imagination since the Second World War, many of the best writers have turned to the wilderness and spiritual beliefs of local individuals, as in the case of Catherine Anthony Clarke, including The Golden Sun, The Suns and The Diamond Feather. Christie Harris connects the advanced sciences and ancient beliefs in the mystery of Stlalakum Wild and Sky Man, on the Totem Pole. Monica Hughes emphasises the local worship of both nature and the past beyond the dark river. In the 21st century, after Edmund was destroyed, presumably because of the atomic war, the novel deals with the relationship between a young man and a local therapist. Hughes has also written science fiction, including The Keeper of the Isis Light, The Guardian of Isis and The Isis Pedlar, on a planet possessed by fugitives from polluted land that has degenerated into frightening and superstitious beings. Ruth Nichols used Canada's hard landscapes in “Outing the World” and “The Marrow

26 of the World,” where children embrace arduous journeys from Earth to alternative universes that have been conceived.

The various works of the fictional Pierre Burton include The Secret World of Og, which depicts the adventures of children entering a passage found under the ground of their theater and entering a strange area. Mick or Tsai Rickler Jacob 2 - Meet Fang Hooded, Desperate Silence, An unsafe child, becomes a legend after being sent to a children's prison. Janet Lunz the Root Cellar, Kate Pearson A Bunch of Time, Margaret Baffy Who is Francis Rennes? , Kora Taylor's Doll and Jie Lawson's White Jade Tiger are the shadows that slip down as they surround girls in the past, meeting previous generations of their families. Although they understand their roots, they are better prepared to adapt to their actual issues. In the film Welwyn Wilton Katz's Out of the Dark, a child was lamenting the death of his mother encountering Norwegian explorers on the coast of Newfoundland.

In Witchry Hill and Sun God, Moon Witch sends her young heroes to the Channel Islands and West England, respectively, creating inner powers as they climb up against supernatural powers. Donk Kouchner’s gift is a gift about an enchanted bird that can predict what will come. While it does not exclude true magic, red work with Michael Bedard deals with the mysterious science of speculative chemistry and its impact on the lives of two united teenagers in Toronto. Perry nodelman has noted that: “Children’s literature is frequently about coming to terms with a world one does not understand the world as defined and governed by grownups and not familiar or comprehensible to children” (Granby 164,165)

Folk Tales:

The Canadian folk tales of children can be divided into European stories modified by Canadian writers, original folk tales of European settlers and the rephrasing of myths, myths and folk tales of Indian and Inuit. Two collections of two stories, the fictional Canadian fairy tales of Kirk McMillan and Tilson Kiles, contain stories from each of the three categories, although most of them have been obtained from local Canadian and French tales. The tales reflect a taste in the middle of the 20th century and were often written in an emotional way popular in the late 19th century in England. The Canadian versions of the excellent record of Paul Bunyan appear in Paul Bunyan: superhero of wood shirts by John D. Robbins and Paul

Bunyan on the west coast by Tom Henry. Helen Creton collected the legends of the maritime provinces of Bluenose Ghosts. Marquez Barbez is a "Golden Phoenix," a collection of French anecdotes, two of which are Princess Tombuso, illustrated by Frank Frank old and Jack Woodstater, which were adapted by Kate Pearson and illustrated by Ann Bildes. Newfield has also adapted and illustrated the story of Nova Scotia "Simon" and "The Golden Sword". The special European tales recounted and photographed by Canadians include the miracle of Hind and Petruschka by Elisabeth Cleaver. Cinderella by Alan Sutton. The Twelve Dancing Princesses of colour, illustrated by Lazlo Gal. Edited and illustrated by Ian Wallace and Ludmila Zeman, edited and illustrated by the ancient Sumerian saga Gilgamesh in three books: Gilgamesh the King, Revenge of Ishtar and The Last Quest of Gilgamesh.

Furthermore, many authors have modified tales of their non-Canadian heritage. The Tolola Müller, a Masai from Tanzania, tells the legend of the Morning Star at The Orphan Boy. Stories from Gold Mountain contain Paul Ye's stories of Chinese Canadians at the end of the 19th century. Miodio Zola relies on his Eastern European Jewish establishment in "Dream of Promise": the folktale in Hebrew, English and the best only. Ricardo Keynes Douglas, a resident of Grenada, tells the story of a child's experience with a mystical being in Nutmeg.

The Inuit collection and local oral materials began shortly after the start of European contact. However, because of the strong Christian emphasis on writing children in the 20th century, the local folktale’s alterations of children were generally few. In the latter half of this century, to a limited extent due to a general increase in awareness of minority cultures, there was a flood of local myths to be recounted. The most essential former writers in this genre are Christie Harris and James Houston. Starting once upon Totem, A. Harris has seven sets of stories based on the legends of the Northwest Coast. Although the stories are more evident than their sources, they reflect their common forces with the harsh landscapes and social beliefs of peoples. The stories of Houston, including Tikta liktak and White Archer, are based on the legends of the neighbourhood that I heard during his 12 years in the Arctic.

Other impressive collections of local tales are Francis Fraser's Legends of Blackfoot in the Bear that Chinook stole. Dorothy Reid of Nanabuzu Tales, rephrasing the legends of Ojiboa; and K.L. Slope Glooscap and Charm, Accounts of

Wabanaki, Holy God. William Toey has researched it, and Elizabeth Cleaver has made many local tales, including “The Mountain Goat” in Temelham and Pierre Stellar. The blade also recreated the Enoched Caribou, the Inuit legend. Later, an increasing number of local writers recounted the tales of their relatives, retaining elements of the past at risk of being ignored. In the son of Ravin, the son of the monastery of Georges Klotsi modified the stories of Vancouver Island, and in Tales, The Wise Men (1981) by Basil Johnston, the legends of Agipoa are recounted. Maria Campbell, in Little Badger and the Fire Spirit, made her own version of the myth of Pourquoi Plains. The author of the Mohawk and the painter CJ Taylor has modified the myths and myths of many local cultures in how the two feathers were saved from loneliness and the beast from the swamp. In A Promise, Hide and Sneak, both photographers of Vladyana Krykorka, author Inuit Creator Michael Kusugak linked his old stories with the adventures of an advanced young man.

Although there are usually long stories of Canadian children, there are few Canadian poets or poems widely known until the 1970s. Children regularly remember the poetic works of adults by Thomas Darcy Mcgee, Pauline Johnson, Bliss Carman, Robert Service and others. There are two famous books, The Wind Has Wings, edited by M.A. Downie, Barbara Robertson, and All Kinds of Everything, by Louis Dodick, and contains poems by well-known Canadian poets. So all the stars fell, changed by David Booth, and did whales jump at night? , Edited by Florence McNeill, are later anthologies containing poems for children by Canadian authors. It was not until 1974, with Pie Alligator Pie of Dennis LEE and Nicholas Knock and other people, that a collection of poems composed expressly for Canadian children had accomplished a wide range of onlookers.

The irony and nonsense in these volumes, and in Lee Garbard Delight and Jelly Bailey, are also characteristic of many other Canadian children's poetry, including Gillibrand by Susan Musgrave. The Sue Ann Alderson's Bonnie McSmithers (You're Driving Me Dithers) and Al Pittman's Down by Jim Long's Stage, and Sheree Fitch's I Am Small and Mabel Murple. Other collections include the late Louise Simie, Trinity, The Baby, Robert Hidbraider Do not Eat Spiders, Tim Win-Jones' Mischief City BP, ‘Nicole’ Once Upon a Time, ‘Sean O'Haighan’ is the Ghost Horse of the Mountain, 'Lee Levka' Leaf, the first fall of snow in the fall are the editions of books along individual poems.

Many painters put book editions along with other eminent poems. This version includes Ron Berg from Eugene Field at bedtime, Wynken, Blynken and Nod; Ted Harrison editions of 2 Classics of Service, The Cremation of Sam McGee and The Shooting of Dan McGrew; and Robin Muller fun and professional from your class. Francis Tyrrell hs actress Sr Bréuf in Carol Huron. There are two copies of two of the usual Mother Goose songs: Barbara Goody, Mother Goose, Maryann Kovalski's Sharon, Lois and Bram's Mother Goose.

Picture Books:

Due to high construction costs and a moderately small market, few comic books appeared in Canada until the 1970s. Thus, the Tundra Books in Montreal published several winning volumes. Ann Blades ‘Mary of Mile 18 and William Kurelek’s Prairie Boy's Winter and A Prairie Boy's Summer are famous known. Others incorporate Shizui Takashima "child in prison" and Ted Harrison's children from Yukon. Blades also authored A Boy of Taché and developed several other images, including A Salmon for Simon, Ide Sue Ann Alderson and Wool Smugglers. In the mid-1980s and 1990s, more Canadian comic books were published.

Plays:

Since the mid-1970s, many great Canadian plays have been published. In 1975, Rolf Kalman changed a Collection of Canadian plays, Volume 4, a social event for ten children's plays, including Eric Nicole's The Clam Made Face, and Carol Bolt’s Cyclone Jack. In Joyce Dallas' play “Eight plays for young people” (1984) is “Tikta Lettak” by Brian Besley and Cornelius Dragon. The original individuals are the subject of Enoch in Henry Pace and the Sun and of Dennis von in Windigo.

Children Consciousness:

Mindfulness is apparently the most basic issue in brain research, from both a formative and a transformative point of view of advancement. Five levels of mindfulness as they sequentially unfurl from the snapshot of birth to roughly 4–5 years old. The formative methodology in brain science is indispensable. It permits one to watch how essential skills rise and go ahead line.. It uncovers what the last item is made of and the sequencing of each of its components. David Chalmers writers:

One sometimes feels that there is something to consciousness experience transcends all these specific elements [visual experiences ,auditory ,olfactory ,tactile ,and taste experiences, experiences of hot and cold, pain and other bodily sensations, and conscious thought]:a kind of background hum, for instance, that is somehow fundamental to consciousness and that is there even the other components are not .this phenomenology of self is so deep and intangible that it sometimes seems illusory, consisting of nothing over and above specific elements such as those listed above. Still, there seems to be something to the phenomenology of self, even if it is very hard to point down. (Kriegel194)

References:

Chambers, Aidan. "Ways of Telling: From Writer to Reader: An Author Reads Himself" in Booktalk: Occasional Writing on Literature and Children. London: Bodley Head, 1985, and Woodchester: Thimble Press, 1995. Print

Culler, Jonathan. Literary Theory : A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 1997. Print

Gerenby, M.O. Chilrens Literature. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008. Print

Goldblatt, Patricia F. “Reconstructing Margaret Atwood’s Protagonists.” World Literature Today 73.2 (1999): 275-282.JSTOR. Web. 21 May 2015. Print

Howell, Coral Ann. The Cambridge Companion to Margaret Atwood. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Print.

Kriegel, Uriah. “Consciousness and Self-Consciousness.” The Monist 87.2 (2004): 182-205. JSTOR. Web. 21 May 2015. Print

Macpherson ,Heidi Slette Dahi . The Cambridge introduction to Margaret Atwood. London: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print.

Smith, Dora V. “Children’s Literature Today.” Elementary English 47.6 (1970): 777- 780. JSTOR. Web. 21 May 2015. Print

A CRITICAL STUDY OF ANNA’S PET; UP IN THE TREE; BASHFUL BOB AND DOLEFUL DORINDA

A Critical Study of Anna's Pet:

The nature, identity and mentality of the children are like a soil, it can be give any shape and dimension. Thus, teaching and guidance for children is one of the important aspects of educating and caring for children. The positive strategies require to be developed to help in the learning and educating of the children.

Many children’s writing commentators now bring up that youngsters are not one collection, but rather vary as indicated by sexual orientation, ethnicity, religious foundation, et cetera. Many Feminist children's literature critics therefore attempt to work out how boys and girls read in an unexpected way, for instance. Other critics make this thought a stride further and contend that youngsters are frequently “colonized” by grown-ups, including child’s writing commentators, because adults speak on behalf of children instead of letting children express themselves. However, these critics also can not concede to what then are "genuine" youngsters communicating, and which books are in this manner "great" for them. Finally, a few critics take this talk considerably further, contending that characters are made and not "innate", and that on account of a personality, for example, "adolescence" it is made by “grown-ups” in the light of their own impression of themselves. That is, "adulthood" characterizes “youth” in connection to contrasts and likenesses it sees to itself. This post-structuralism approach is like that contended by critics in gender studies is generally acknowledged and utilized as a part of sociological and anthropological investigations of youth. As Paul Hazard so aptly stated: “I like books that set in action truths worthy of lasting forever and inspiring one's whole inner life.”(Huck 468)

Literary Criticism:

Literary criticism studies the art of literature and explores the ways that literature affects us emotionally, intellectually, and aesthetically.

Reason:

• To translate the importance of an abstract work and assess its quality • To advance exclusive requirements in writing and support a general energy about writing What would anyone be able to do as critics? • To dissect the purposes behind our reactions • To find why we feel the way we do • To look for connections between the works we read • To draw associations between our perusing and our background When we discuss feedback in youngsters writing there are five regular methodologies utilized as a part of children's literature:

1) Formal Criticism 2) Archetypal Criticism 3) Historical Criticism 4) Psychoanalytical Criticism and 5) Feminist Criticism

1) Formal Criticism:

The formalist critic takes a gander at the artistic work itself – its structures, or examples – and evaluates how the work capacities as an agreeable entirety. Formal criticism makes utilization of the abstract phrasing and likes to sort writing into types. Formalist likewise inspects the dialect, giving careful consideration to its non-literal significance as it adds to the aesthetic entirety. It helps us to peruse the writing painstakingly and keenly and gives a typical vocabulary to the talk of writing. It overlooks the interconnectedness of writing, the impact of society on writing, the significance of the writer's independence, the pursuer’s reaction to the writing.

2) Archetypal Criticism:

Archetypal Criticism depends vigorously on images and examples working on a widespread scale. The premise of archetypal criticism is that all writing comprises of minor departure from an extraordinary mythic cycle inside the accompanying example:

1. The legend starts life in a heaven, (for example, a garden)

2. The legend is dislodged from heaven (distance)

3. The legend persists time of hardship, for the most part a meandering (a voyage)

4. The legend accomplishes self-revelation subsequently of the battles on that voyage

5. The legend comes back to heaven (either the first or a better than ever one) The travel theme is extremely normal in children's stories and more often than not takes one of the two structures:

1. The straight trip: The legend moves far from home, experiences undertakings, and finds another home superior to the first.

2. The round excursion: The legend moves far from home, experiences enterprises, and returns home a superior individual.

3) Historical Criticism:

Verifiable feedback looks at the way of life and the general public from which an abstract work came and how these impacts influence the writing.

Questions to ask from the verifiable approach:

1. Who is the writer, where did he or she originate from?

2. How did the political occasions of the time impact what the author composed?

3. How did the overwhelming social traditions of the time impact the author's standpoint?

4. What is the overwhelming rationality that affected the work?

5. Were there any extraordinary conditions under which the work was composed?

4) Psychoanalytical Criticism:

Psychoanalytical feedback endeavours to clarify the explanations behind human activities and to “offer maps to the oblivious phases of psychic improvement” (Hunt, 60).The psychoanalytical critic sees a work of writing as the outward

35 articulation of a writer's oblivious personality. The pundit's undertaking is to test the oblivious to the characters and to find the creator's shrouded fears, wishes, and inspiration. The most obvious threat in psychoanalytical feedback is in over-perusing, in observing an image in each protest, and in observing oblivious yearnings and fears sneaking in each expression.

5) Feminist Criticism:

Women's activist feedback puts its emphasis on the inquiries of how sex influences a scholarly function, essayist, or peruse through a basic approach.

Questions to ask from the women's activist approach:

1. How are women depicted in the function? As generalizations? As people?

2. How is the woman's perspective considered?

3. Is male prevalence inferred in the content?

4. How is the function influenced on the grounds that it was composed by a woman ? Or, then again a man?

A noteworthy worry of women's activist feedback is the manly inclination in writing. Generally, most works were composed from a manly perspective and for male crowds. The women's activist commentator searches for societal misguided judgments that regard the manly perspective as the standard and the female perspective as a deviation. The women's activist approach addresses content’s fundamental suspicions about contrasts amongst men and women that for the most part set women as second rate. It makes the pursuer more mindful of the intricacy of human connection.

When anybody consider his own particular encounters of perusing writing. On the off chance that any of their instructors show them how to peruse writing when they were a youngster.

• To see each word written in a content.

• To get significance from setting as they read,

• To dependably read nearly and systematically.

• To don't hesitate to peruse against a content.

• To see their perusing of writing as a wellspring of inquiries to consider instead of answers to acknowledge.

• To parrot the reactions or elucidations of other individuals, especially those with expert over them, to demonstrate that they comprehended the "right" things about a book they read.

• To have their own thoughts regarding what they read.

• To trade their perspectives with others and regard the distinctions.

• Provide child’s with assorted encounters of writing.

• To read with a familiarity with ideological ramifications, that is, of the courses in which writings speak to or distort reality and work to control pursuers.

How can we connect these criticisms with Children’s literature?

The majority of the literary critics accept knowledge of the children and they while readers are central with their negotiations of the implied reader seeing that the audience of children's stories. The children are first read to by their parents and later on informed what their literature means by adults. Adults who talk about literature with children tend to be conscious they are using the tale to tell the kid something about life. Generally, they will not explore what the child, in fact, hears when the tale is shared. Moreover, to illustrate, another important development in children's literature criticism worth considering is that of setting. For most of children’s literature and its criticism, the issues around the definition of childhood are even more specific than for that of childhood in general. Nowadays, the academic scholars have grown to be conscious that critics of children’s literature possess directed their focus on the intertextuality a cultural within books for children.

Literary scholars actually want to define how theory meets within crucial interpretations of children’s Latest conversations about the child as audience and the need for being able to browse the clues in intertextuality additional indicate complex issues on the subject of defining genuine readership for children’s literature when

37 exploring the essential practices of adults who interpret children's literature. Within the children’s literature, there exists a developing concern that the fictional child produced by adult writers and illustrators and the perfect of a real child reading is usually arbitrary in important scholarly discussions about children’s literature.

It can be defined in a form of chart easily:

Fig. 1.1: Elements of Graphic Designer:

The long convention of the picture book, then, becomes out of some fundamental human trademark that throughout the hundreds of years has been the consequence of a social need to speak to some essential part of the individual and the race through picture and myth, and a craftsman's have to pass on some significance through visual images. In resulting years, the changing needs of society, as reflected in the way of life of a given age, have decided the substance of the photo book and assigned the gathering of people, while innovative advances have permitted the medium of the experience to extend past the mass of a surrender or the floor of the leave to laser multiplications of all way of unique works, bound in paper between the fronts of a book. In addition, similarly as the give in artworks of Middle Ages, and the

38 “Dreaming” of Australian natives are typically the territory of craftsmanship history specialists, today's photo books are workmanship protests and should be liable to a comparative visual feedback. For a photo book depends to such an extent or more on visual importance as it does on verbal significance.

The productive essayist Margaret Atwood is a stanndout amongst the most well-known and gifted authors of Post Modern Canadian Fiction. She is a writer, as well as a commentator, a story teller and an artist moreover. Through her works has set another pattern in Canadian writing.

Atwood’s prevalent basic review has turned out to be one of the focal messages in instructing of Canadian Literature, particularly among the secondary teachers. Atwood appropriately comprehend that what the reader need to watch the morals of book.

Observing the image presentation anyone can clearly depicts the emotion, consciousness and interest of a child:

Fig. 1.2: Anna with her Grandfather

39 She exhibits the ethic of her book through bringing up issues from starting pursuers. Principally in child starting pursuers:

Fig. 1.3: Raised Question from Beginning Readers:

Anna's Pet

This was an alright book about a girl that needed to have a pet to deal with. She didn't know enough about creatures yet goes out in the outside and just begins getting different creatures including a snake. The thought behind the story was “there” however simply didn't play out exceptionally well. Anna scans for a pet on her grandparents cultivate and in the process finds how distinctive creatures want to live. In a beguiling and energetic way Atwood and Bark house inspire the connection between a tyke and the characteristic world. Full page watercolor delineations show up on consistently page whose makes it so natural to reader.

Fig. 1.4: Anna at farm:

This volume in the Childs of Canada arrangement takes after a youthful city girl’s investigation of the wide open, demonstrating what she finds there. Short parts and simple to-peruse content make this story ideal for starting readers.

Anna's Pet Ethics:

Anna, a young city girl visits her grandparents who live on a farm and chooses she needs a pet. She investigates her environment and finds there are numerous animals that may fill in as great pets, everything from frogs and worms, to snakes and tadpoles. She is so befuddled to choose what animal will be her pet. She chose one by one four animals in the perspective of her pet and with every animal experience she takes in somewhat about its environment and, with the assistance of her grandparents, reaches inferences in the matter of why they would not make great pets. Anna is going to surrender when her grandma proposes a tadpole. Regrettably, grandma reveals to her that it's not the fish Anna trusts it to be; rather, that it will develop and change into something fresh out of the plastic new. The story closes with Anna at long last being 41 content with her new pet and, albeit disillusioned, understanding that when it turns into a frog she should discharge it once more into the wild where itt has a place. “Her grandma advises her that it's difficult to keep hold of anything perpetually, insightful guidance for anybody” (Atwood, 37).

Anna understands that these animals won't be upbeat in the city, and she doesn't need a pet unless it's cheerful. Grandmother and Grandpa have recently the best thing for Anna.

In an enchanting and lively way, Atwood and Bark house bring out the connection between a child and the common world. Short sections and simple to- peruse content make this story ideal for starting pursuers.

Fig. 1.5: Anna with Snake

The composition style and story line are fitting for the fiction classification; the intrigue level and perusing level legitimately coordinate the starting pursuer class for which it is planned.

Fig. 1.6 : Anna with Worm:

In this figure we can see the level of happiness of a child to get the pet, her eyes is full of curiosity, and adventure and wonder of life never end. In the eyes of a child there is joy there is laughter there is hope there is trust a chance to shape the future. If child loves animals, they will not get bored. They will probably get inspired!

Fig. 1.7: Anna with Tord

43 The figure depicts the care of a pet from a child. A child who grow-up with a pet gets so many benefits as like caring, responsible and nurturing adult etc. In this book anyone can extract the intense care of a pet from a child.

A Critical Study of Up in the Tree:

We know nothing of childhood: and with our mistaken notions the further we advance the further we go astray. - Rousseau, Emile

It is exceptionally a good book for understanding habitats, migration and exploring the rise and fall of different civilization and species. The major part of the book described the accounts of how Flute offers been preserved by the attempts of school children. Thus, Atwood illustrates each web page with numbers of a tree which surround the positioning. Therefore, this book acts for example for the kids who need to observe how they are able to create a distinction.

The teachers have the ability to encourage their students to move with book in relation of environmental message. The spread the message contained in the book about the humanity. Thus, literature can be used as a tool for learning about the science of earth and the process of formation of the fossil fuel. For the learning about the tree the book, Up in the Tree by Margaret Atwood should be suggested. The children may help in the protection and propagation of knowledge about the tree.

Moreover, the literature with visual help could also be utilize for promotion and spreading the environmental conscious consciousness among children .It is said to become a tale about acquiring responsibility for the planet earth.

It really a common understanding that relationship between children and nature is twofold. But on the other side there may be the belief that children are innocent. Therefore, are presumed to possess a privileged romantic relationship to the nature where they possess the wish of enjoying. However, the child is assumed to become without content. A child does not have any necessary reference to nature, no experience or knowledge of it, so it is definitely presumed that the types lie on elders to help make the children alert to their natural environment. The U.S. Division of Education Workplace of Educational Study and Improvement distributed a pamphlet entitled “What Can I Teach My Young Child about the Environment?” It argues that environmental education should start through the formative years of life. This belief is

44 founded on two premises. Initial may be the assumption that children who aren't exposed to the environment and its issues at young age can never find the respect and worth of nature that culture considers appropriate. Second maybe the even most important that relation with the surroundings is an essential part of healthy child development.

Furthermore, in the children poem, Margaret Atwood has attempted to convey the message of importance of nature in our life. She also reminds us about other valuable culture genres could be in assisting children experience nature. Therefore, children’s literature could be an effective means in kindling the environment- awareness. Literature related to Children with a tinge of ecological issues might help promote eco-awareness among the near future generations. Mother may be playing a significant part by becoming the initial teachers of their children in this respect. Because they make their children rest by singing lullabies, they need to consider the initiative of informing the tales about the destruction of the environment today to be able to create consciousness among the children. It would be very effective and beneficial if children should explore nature right from the start, they'll not face the intense encounters. Children’s literature, intertwined with ecological problems, can render the most effective support to humanity for a reason that context.

Children’s literature is among the major tools utilized by parents and colleges in the socialization procedure for children. It is a way for introducing children to various ideas, cultural norms, and interpersonal practices. Apparently, not only artifacts that reflect current ideologies, morals, and ideas about everything, but tend to be types of what society ideals as important, and therefore indeed hopes to spread to another generation.

Thus, such objects which embed sociable constructions directly influence a child’s environmental socialization, be it pro or anti-environmental. This implies that the kids are offered the ecological ideals that may either end up being eco-friendly or elsewhere. Therefore, subsequently, affects how they connect to the environment right now and in the foreseeable future. Consequently, it turns into significant to ask vital questions and bring proof based findings of how the literature socializes the children environmentally, through the perspective it presents on human-nature conversation and the governing ideologies its efforts to impart.

Recently, children literature criticism accepted that children in the written text and the implied child reader cannot stand set for the “Real” child reader This is a concern which various other literary criticism provides been at pains to acknowledge, but which children’s literature critics possess neglected.

Children’s background experiences not only make them unique individuals, but also impact their interactions with texts because of their varied schema. In so far as they champion Romance, however, it is with a reservation similar to that made by Booth concerning reader-involvement and identification:

Romance, the only narrative form which is ineluctably artistic since it is the product of the story telling impulse at its purest, diminishes in interest as its perfection carries it too far from the world of ideas or from the actual world. A pure story, without ideas or imitation of actuality to tie it to human concerns and experiences would be, if such a possibility were realized, totally uninteresting to adult readers. In some children's stories this infinitude of inanity is approached. But in general, narrative artists have sensed the dangers of purity in their art and shied away from it consciously or not. (Hughes 557)

Children’s literature presents many particularities that distinguish it from the rest of literary genres, but the one feature that is unique to this type of literature is its explicitly limited implied readership. The Children’s literature can be funny, entertaining, informative, and imaginative. Picture books certainly are an extremely effective tool to market environmental literacy. They breathe lifestyle into principles that are perceived to become lifeless in the textbooks. Further, they provide words and photos to greatly help the children consider issues and circumstances along with providing tales. Through poem, children’s literature becomes the powerful setting of shaping the mindset of children. These invitations become a lot more effective when what are elaborated with illustrations. Through the usage of picture books, children of all ages can learn about the countless areas of their environment and understand the inter-relatedness of their lives with their environment.

In Children's Literature: An Invitation to the World, Mitchell quoted Margaret Atwood who termed these books as “picture storybooks” and explains them as works

“in which the pictures and the text are tightly intertwined. Neither the pictures nor the words are self-sufficient; they need each other to tell the story” (Mitchell qtd.92).

Up in the Tree Ethics:

Margaret Atwood is the best internationally recognized author of more than thirty books of fiction, poetry and critical essays. Thus, this story deals about the explorations of the two children who live up in a tree is certainly classic Atwood playful, whimsical and wry. Ideal integration of terms and physique makes an obvious and wonderful whole.

Two small kids reside in a tree and think it’s great beyond all of the crazy weather shifts. And some beavers arrive and steal their ladder and the tree seriously isn't as fun to end up being on any longer. It is fun in sunlight and discomfort in the torrential rain, but both of us have umbrellas method up in the tree." Anyone could most likely recite the complete book.

Fig. 1.8 : Child on Tree

Playful, imaginary and wry, that is a pleasant image book with a lucid message at its heart. Additionally, it is traditional Margaret Atwood and an outstanding gift for just

47 about any lover of her phrases. Written, illustrated and hand-lettered by M.A., Up in the Tree was initially released in 1978, and maybe the tale of two children who make their house up in the branches of a tree, where they are absolved to perform whatever they choose. However when the ladder they depend on to reunite down once again is destroyed, a few of their independence disappears, as well, and the children start to question what they may be lacking, down amongst the bottom dwellers - until they possess a nifty little idea, which assists them to choose what they actually prefer forever!

This is a pleasant little story from Margaret Atwood, all done in rhyme. There exists a restricted color palette; interestingly this is down to costs at that time, so only blue, reddish and brownish are used. The tale is very simple, the kids are trapped in the tree and question what is occurring down on the floor, but they look for a way in order to fall and raise the tree to allow them to stay living there.

The book was made in an old-traditional way, using a few colors that combined together to make a surprisingly large selection of tones and textures. The delightful result reminds us that technology hasn't always made things better.

There are always a plethora of books that can be utilized to help children not merely celebrate their cultural encounters but to discover on the subject of the diversity of communities where other children live.

48 Fig. 1.9: Child and Bird on Tree:

A blurb in leading from Atwood describees the aesthetics. The book, which is totally written and used brown, reddish colored and blue, was confined to these three colors to save lots of money; otherwise, it could have been very costly to print. The complete volume is also hands lettered by Margaret Atwood herself. The appearance of the written text adds an agreeable quality since it is handss drawn which will mildly compliment the illustrations. Nevertheless, Atwood aptly defines her methods and the results as “primitive.”

The picture book starts with children who live way up in a tree. A ladder propped against the tree offers allowed them to climb up plus they are determined to live there completely. They like their tree rather than want to go back home.

Fig. 1.10: Child plays on Tree:

The children are glad up in their tree until two beavers come along and destroy their ladder. This should be the climax but because the plot is so shallow even this comes across as anticlimactic. As soon as the children are stuck they start to regret their situation: they hate the tree, they’re tired, scared, and they want to go home. Finally, they are saved by a bird that flies them down to thhe ground. As soon as the children’s feet touch solid ground they miss their tree.

49 That lawn was often greener is a reasonably mundane topic which has redeemed, partly, when the characters opted to take their problem at once and create a ladder that may bridge the bottom and the tree, permitting them to a usage of both and eliminating the necessity to depend on another force the ladder. This results in pretty faintly and the closing is not thoroughly satisfying.

The text includes a nice, rhythmic flow that is effective, especially when read aloud. Unfortunately, in my own view, author’s many tries at poetry during her composing profession are significantly less than amazing. This book is merely that; an effort. The book itself is amusing however the tale falls rather smooth and, at the chance of sounding redundantly pejorative, the rhyme scheme is normally mundane. As the illustrations keep something to be preferred and the text is rather ordinary, the reading encounter is enjoyable overall.

Fig. 1.11: Child plays on tree

50 From the modest combination of color to the cadence of what, this is an outstanding children's reserve. It's printed with two colors (occasionally combined to create a third) to save lots of money. The colours scheme and the illustrations. They are very easy, but wonderful and the colures are simple/muted enough that they feel safe and inviting, not really bold and neon and in that person. The tale is fun, nonetheless it is just a little jilted because only elements of it rhyming. Children want the idea of residing in a tree and it may be fun to desire up means of waking up and down the tree.

Fig. 1.12: Child plays on Tree:

The rhyming is too good. Therefore, many writers wish to create children's books rhyme, however they do, and I love ones like this where in fact the design and rhythm aren't clear. It is not “the cat sat on the hat” or “Roses are red, violets are

51 blue” types of rhymes. There have been once or twice where in fact the rhythm changed somewhat. It creates the story seem much less mundane and expected.

Fig. 1.13: Child plays on Tree

Fig. 1.14: Child plays on tree

Margaret Atwood did the drawing and lettering herself. How she shows the joyful moment of child as strengthen she expels their sadness also.

53 A Critical Study of Bashful Bob and Doleful Dorinda (2006)

Do not train a child to learn by force or harshness; but direct them to it by what amuses their minds, so that you may be better able to discover with accuracy the peculiar bent of the genius of each. - Plato

This is a great book since it provides a chance for children to play with language and also to enjoy with it. That is a great publication to be read aloud in the category . Its utilization of regular alliteration means it is a significant tongue-twister, which makes it worth interest when the instructor is reading it audibly. Right here, Margaret Atwood has relocated her concentrations briefly to children’s fiction to create about two character types, Bashful Bob and Doleful Dorinda. Bob, who was simply abandoned as a baby outside a beauty parlour, is elevated by three canines, a boxer, beagle and a Borzoi. He barks instead of talks, and is completely bewildered by the normalities of everyday life routine.

Dusan Petricic is a Serbian illustrator and caricaturist. He provides illustrated many children's books and his caricatures possess appeared in various newspapers and publications from Politika to The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and the Toronto Star. Petricic has received many prestigious awards including an IBBY Certificate of Honour, an Alberta Book award for his cartoons.

The illustrations are nicely carried out by Petricic in pen and ink. In ink- collection illustrations washed with monochrome watercolor, Petricic color-codes Bob in warm gold and ochre, and Dorinda in lavender, pink and blue. When one child's story of woe requires the foreground, the other is seen in the length, so they should never be far from each other. Bob is elevated by a pack of canines, and Dorinda is usually housed by wealthy but uncaring family members. When Dorinda runs aside, both meet, become fast close friends, and eventually save the city from a bewildered buffalo. Most of Bob’s web pages are in dark yellows, Dorinda’s are in purple, and the looks of the buffalo brings lime and pink into the mix. The ultimate spread displays Bob and Dorinda’s “New world”, where in fact the colors all function in harmony. This book is usually engaging, and the representations quietly demonstrate the bond between your two characters (yellowish for Bob and purple for Dorinda) and how finally they both demonstrate a small amount of every others colures in them.

Bashful Bob and Doleful Dorinda Ethics:

Extracted theme of the story

In alliterative witty wit, grant winning writer Atwood tells the stories of two kids, Bob and Dorinda.

Bob’s character: “When Bob was a child, he was abandoned in a basket, close to a beauty parlor. His bubble headed mum, a brunette, had turned into a fair in the beauty parlor, and was so blinded by her shined brightness that infant Bob was smeared from her mind.”

Fortunately, three canines, a boxer, a beagle and a borzoi end up plainly deserted infant Bob's surrogate guardians. They furnish him with nourishment and asylum, however reserved Bob is befuddled about his character; he trusts that he is a dog, not a boy. He barks, nibbles, and limits behind bushes. Bob's confounded canine partners are worried about his conduct.

Dorinda's story: “On a block beside Bob lived Doleful Dorinda. Dorinda's father and sweetheart mother had vanished in a horrible disaster when she was still in diapers, and she had been dumped on far off relatives.”

Dorinda is not treated adequately by her relatives: she is bolstered appalling nourishment, wearing grimy garments, and relegated horrid obligations. Dorinda winds up plainly discouraged and leaves. As she walks through the empty parcel possessed by Bob, she hears yelping and recognizes two flickering eyes in a bush. Dorinda devotes herself to instructing Bob to talk.

A bewildered buffalo, that likewise experiences a personality emergency in light of the fact that a “blundering bureaucrat messed up its certificate and announced it to be a major begonia,” escapes from the Botanical Garden. Bob, Dorinda, the boxer, beagle and borzoi embark on a comic save. At last, the buffalo is come back to Alberta, and Bob and Dorinda are brought together with their parents.

Despite the fact that the pleasantry drives the story, the story is humorous; its artistic components and occasions resonate with numerous tall tales. Shading is utilized astutely by Dusan Petricic to convey significance: Bob's reality is rendered in dim tons of gold/yellow and Dorinda's reality is portrayed in tones of purple. The

55 characters' universes are "artfully" mixed together in the last delineation of the book. At the point when the verbal content concentrates on either Bob or Dorinda, the other character's reality is portrayed at the same time through the representations. And in addition including a moment story told completely through outlines on a few pages in the book, Petricic has skilfully consolidated a mis-en-abyme right this minute page spread of the Alberta-bound bison. Finally, readers ought to set aside opportunity to view and discuss the designed mauve and enthusiastic delineations on the end pages.

Dorinda, who has lived with far off relatives since the disappearance of her folks during a disaster, is compelled to live in a notorious plunge while her relatives live in magnificence. She regrets that she does not deserve such a dismal deal and leaves just to discover Bob in a bush. The two turn out to be impossible companions. Dorinda instructs Bob to talk, and after an experience with a buffalo, motivates Bob to at no time in the future be modest, however overcome. Weave proclaims to Dorinda that she is no longer doleful, yet brave. Both their folks come to them, and they all end up living respectively in a bungalow where there are 'dishes of delicacies' and in addition a 'bounteous backyard' to appreciate.

The Bob was unaware that he is a human child, after getting abandoned outdoors a beauty parlour and raised by a couple of dogs. He barked at businessmen and burrowed under bushes. Luckily for Bob, dimple-confronted Dorinda, a distressed damsel down on her behalf fortune, found him and trained him how to be considered a real boy. Whenever a bureaucratic blunder places the town in danger, just Bashful Bob and Doleful Dorinda can conserve everyone from a dreadful disaster.

Combined with Dusan Petricic's whimsical illustrations, Margaret Atwood's cleverly written, alliterative picture book will challenge and delight readers of all ages.

A childhood without books – that would be no childhood. That would be like being shut out from the enchanted place where you can go and find the rarest kind of joy. - Astrid Lindgren

It miracles if that is a case of a robust literature writer embracing children's composing and really, she ought not to end up being there. Having a bashful baby, a doleful lady (filled with dreadful cruel family member’s ala David Copperfield), a

56 boxer, a beagle and a borzoi, and finally, a bewildered buffalo escaped from the neighbourhood botanical garden.

This book demonstrates to us the energy of friendship, and how it is required so we can take in more things out about ourselves that we never knew, and how we can also help other people.

When reading Bashful Bob and Doleful an excellent illustrated work, the vocabulary Atwood uses in those children books. . As anyone read even more on junior picture books, and the actual fact that they are designed to challenge the youthful reader's vocabulary, not only entertain with illustrations. Atwood’s book may be the ideal salute to the youthful reader. The plot is easy, if not unfortunate, and witty and enchanting. Reader can verify a great degree of humour, and imagine the demanding vocabulary and achieved illustrations allows for the intended target audience to check out along happily and with curiosity. Ultimately, Atwood restores their parents, who “bought a bungalow” for all, dogs included. Happy ending notwithstanding, the title waifs are crushed under the perversely prolific wordplay.

This book has been designed with some complicated words sometimes, these were clutching at terms that match the /b/ or /d/ theme, and however they did not really enhance the text message. It is a fascinating concept as much students blend up ‘b’ and ‘d’ noises and letters when speaking and reading. The language required causing this to be function means that it really is a challenging text message for young readers. However this gives scope for the instructor to discuss these words, and also promising the kids to autonomously look into these words in dictionaries, in this way growing their vocabulary.

You have to write the book that wants to be written. And if the book will be too difficult for grown-ups, then you write it for children. - Madeleine L'Engle

This specific release accompanies a sound CD of the book, which is awesome as it gives kids the chance to rehearse their listening abilities and to check whether they can take after the story without taking a gander at pictures and content.

A fun and pleasant errand is check whether youngsters can make up their own stories utilizing similar sounding word usage, and to perceive what number of various words they can think of that start with their picked letter.

Fig. 1.14 : Picture from Poem - Bashful Bob and Doleful Dorinda

58 Fig. 1.15 : Picture from Poem - Bashful Bob and Doleful Dorinda:

Dusan Petricic’s images echo the written text in being both advanced and slapdash, with a purple -hued Dorinda and a brownish Bob in jaunty scenery of peculiar perspectives and compacted period references.

Fig. 1.16 : Picture from Poem - Bashful Bob and Doleful Dorinda The intuitive connection children could sense with animals in their depiction. Here anyone can see a tremendous source of joy of children with animal. The unconditional love received from creatures, and the lack of artifice in the relationship, contrast sharply with the much trickier dealings with members of their own species.

Fig. 1.17 : Picture from Poem - Bashful Bob and Doleful Dorinda

60 The message depend upon their features in the book that animals can offer great possibilities for entertainment and learning. Most children are normally attracted to animals; therefore conversation with animals could be a fun activity where learning comes as a side-effect.

Most people that work with children understand that children are attracted to animals of most kinds. There is certainly something unique about children’s curiosity in animals. Research demonstrates humans’ innate curiosity in animals is definitely biiological: we are attracted to species that are “additional” than human and perhaps possess an instinct to need to look after or nurture creatures that are little and vulnerable

Fig. 1.18: Picture from Poem - Bashful Bob and Doleful Dorinda:

One of the most crucial components in a novel or brief story is characterization: creating the characters appears vivid, true, and alive. These methods that therefore many authors make use of with achievement are to make a personality profile for the primary heroes in the novel or brief tale. The motive of a personality

61 profile can be twofold: to aid the article writer in creating a personality that's as lifelike as feasible and also to help with continuity problems in the story.

Features profiles are thus useful when composing in any genre. Based on the genre where the author writes, the writer will create extra sections on the type Profile Worksheet. For instance, fantasy writers may use the type profiles to keep an eye on factors such as for example magical abilities, family members lineage, spells the type is under, and restrictions on the character’s capacity to ensure continuity in the actions. For literary and mainstream novels, profiles are especially useful for remembering motivations of the type hurts and disappointments previously which may not become alluded to straight in the dialogue, but which however color everything the type thinks and feels. Here in the book of Margaret Atwood the character profile easily feel exactly like the theme created in the story. It matches with the theme of the story, which makes it up of the satisfaction level of the reader. Professor Beach said:

Nevertheless, an understanding of behaviour, animal or child, cannot be expected in the absence of theory. If it is not one theory, it will have to be another. There is no escaping an ultimate organization of the facts. Reinforcement theory is a step in this direction. It has met with some initial success at the animal level and within the field of experimental psychology in general; and it has made suggestive points of contact with ideas of clinical or psychoanalytic origin. Its future will depend upon the ease with which it handles questions of social and verbal interaction. The experimental investigation of infant and child behaviour presents itself as an alluring approach to this goal. It will be a pity if outmoded objections and extra scientific considerations stand in the way. (Keller 10)

References:

Atwood, Margaret & Barkhouse, Joyce Anna’s Pet. Illustrated by Ann Blades. James Lorimer & Company Ltd. Publishers, Toronto.1998 .Print.

Huck, Charlotte S.C. “Children’s Literature—Defined” .Elementary English 41.5(1964);467-470.JSTOR.Web.30 Jul.2018. Print.

Hughes, Felicity A. “Children’s Literature: Theory and Practice” .ELH 45.3(1978):542-561.JSTOR.Web.30 Jul.2018. Print.

Hunt, Peter. Children's Literature: An Illustrated History. New York: Oxford University Press.1995.print.

Keller, Fred S. “Animals and children”. The society for Research in Child Development/ Wiley 21.1(1950):7-12.JSTOR.Web.30 Jul.2018. Print.

Mitchell, Diana, Pamela Waterbury and Rose Casement. Children's Literature: An Invitation to the World. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2003. Print.

A CRITICAL STUDY OF FOR THE BIRDS AND PRINCESS PRUNELLA AND THE PURPLE PEANUT

A Critical Study of Princess Prunella and the Purple Peanut

Children are not the people of tomorrow, but people today. They are entitled to be taken seriously. They have a right to be treated by adults with tenderness and respect, as equals. – Janusz Korczak

The Canadian Literature is the result of confluence of two essential branches of English Literature, British and American. Margaret Atwood is one of the great names in the contemporary Canadian Literature. She is a poet, novelist, critic, short story writer. She has won more than fifty literary awards including the Booker prize for literary works. The literary works of the Atwood explores and titles her own custom and national identification through a report of Canadian literature. She discovers a custom replete with pictures of victimization. The novels of the Atwood are full of the adventures and teaching to the children. The scholars have been working to elaborate the works of the Atwood.

Margaret Atwood is daughter of Carl and Margaret Killam Atwood. She was born on November 18, 1939, in Ottawa. She actually is the middle among three children in the family members with solid traditional origins in Nova Scotia, Sault Ste Maria, in Toronto. As an end result of her father's entomological study, she spent extended intervals of her childhood with her family members in northern Ontario and in the Quebec bush and did not attend a complete year of formal college until grade eight. 1946, she settled in Toronto and, her parents continued to consider the children into the northern woods in the summertime. The childhood experience of her prepared a background to become a great novelist of the Canada. It provided the fertile ground and for her novels and thematic materials for her poetry.

It provides the fertile ground for her novels and thematic material in the poetry. Margaret Atwood has been won number of honours and awards, including the Canadian literary prize. Atwood also awarded with the honorary degrees by Trent University (Litt.D), Queens University (LL.D), and Concordia University of Toronto (Litt.D.) The Malahat Review address Atwood as the presiding genius of the Canadian literature. At the age of twenty seven, she was awarded with the Governor

General’s Award for the Circle Game. Atwood formed the substantial body of poetry, fictions, novels and criticism. She is excellent writer, social critic and meticulous observer of the life and its changes. She wrote eleven novels, fifteen books of poetry, five short collections, four books on literary critics and four children’s books.

The Language in Children's Book:

Margret Atwood use very simple and unequivocal language, the eloquent style which often creates confusion to decide whether the book is children book or not. The genuinely straightforward, restricted, vocabulary is the regular standard.

Children are very sensitive to the words, their design and description. Therefore, words are not using frequently are very challenging and containing the puzzle, excitement, magnificence, intrigue and radiance. Atwood is famous for using a simple and repetitive vocabulary and using new or uncommon words to the children in the space of new pages of Princess Prunella and the Purple Peanut the reader comes upon ‘Pringle’ ‘puffin’, ‘pinheaded’ etc. although words are not certainly simple words for the Atwood fan. But such new and innovative words are very important for development of the children language building action. Altogether with language constraint, restriction of style and word play are prerequisite in a child book. Belletrist allusions, mythology, puns, irony and satire, on challenges to the child reader.

Animals in Children’s Stories:

Animals as the characters are portrayed in children’s literature. In children’s books, they are not separate from the usual, whether they are animals, children or animals. The function of animals in children stories is complex. Nel described:

Those of us who study children’s literature would reply that it is arguably the literary form most worthy of serious attention. These are the books people read before they are fully formed. Their ideas about themselves and the world in which they live are still developing, but so are their ideas about poetry, prose, art, and book design. Children’s books impart not only messages about morals, knowledge, and power but also lessons in aesthetics, humor, and the pleasures of reading and looking.(Nel 23)

This is the fundamental reality of fantasy along with the fabulous adventure stories by the writers, for example, Lewis Carroll, Enid Blyton and J. K. Rowling, whose characters experience have been exposing the liberty of childhood. The ability of the children to distinguish the cut-off point in really difficult, therefore authors often generally trying to restrict the plentiful experience from their books. Plethoric feeling and exaggerated are forbidden in children’s writing as a child is not prepared for such feelings. Confined and limited apparently by the emotive and intellectually restrictions of children, different practices are obviously non-existent in child’s literature.

The adolescence stage of the life and exiguity of the knowledge in the children are imposing restriction to the authors. Moreover, the composite experience must be represented from children point of view. Therefore, they can easily understand by the children reader. There are different type of topics are link with the children’s literature like, incest, abortion, homosexuality. Now treated in books for children can't be called children' books even though it draws the considerable attention of children and listen them from such challenging issues.

Adults in Children’s Books:

Adult character in the children’s books are substantially negligible if notably they are using the harsh language or consories tone. The Adults generally entrusted to the background, food supply, other comforts and necessities to the child protagonist. they have kept away from vicinity. Thus, they turn up the in the book in order to advice and at the last appreciate the children’s activities as shown in Atwood all stories of adventure and mystery, Franklin W. Dixon’s Hardy Boys and Carolyn Keene’s Nancy Drew series. The domains of magic and dream are rich in children’s books as children are not by any stretch of the imagination keen on the real world. Comparable subjects are depicted at the same time in books for children as well.

Children’s literature abounds in a lot of genres, from the quest in fantasy, the picaresque with the rags-to-riches story or vice versa, the verification of identity, the ordeal and the growth of the child heroes and heroines as demonstrated in Rowling’s texts. the domains of enchantment and dream, an unmistakable theme in children’s books,emminent progressive theme in the children’s books the advancement of social values; more fantacy and idtance from reality.

Besides, the technicalities a fact is forgotten expediently sidled to breaks on considerating children. Overseen by the adult's, children’s fiction is written, edited published, reviewed and recommended that has brought and sold by them. Subsequently, the ideology of the writers and stereotype characters particularly of adults are inalienable or pushed onto these books and on the child reader. These artefacts differed in mode and designed are isolated into various mechanical appearances under the names of imagination, practical stories, experiences, adventures, allegories and many more. An enormous effect around then brought about abundance fiction. These books, mirroring the social demeanour, occasions and culture of the time, were devoured by all readers. The realistic fiction by the authors like Louisa Alcott, an exemplification of proof about society tilted as assets for social history.

The realistic fiction, is an outcome of social and economic changes, could be called a domestic novel or its nearby reliability the children family story. Alcott’s Little Women, acclaimed both by girls and their respective parents was a thorough girl’s book that instructed tradition and change along with a simple and true way with both the sound moral message and abundance appeal for girls.

However, these volumes with acquainted values, in its intimate narrative energetic, engaging viewpoint, normal, commonplace and genuine, mandane and real out fitted power to the girl. the characteristic, then again, moved children literature a goliath step far from the adequately instrumental part of educator and into the realm of ‘real’ literature.

A child protagonist, one of the essentials of a children’s books is seen in the growing up’s book too. It tends to be detected that the conspicuous uniqueness is the perspective embraced by the author, which controls the reader of the book. A children’s book It tends to be deducted that the noticeable originality is the perspective embraced by the author, which controls the reader of the book.while writing the children book it must keep in the mind the nature and level of child understanding. Therefore,children book always write with point of view of children On the other side, child in the adult books may be two prospective, on the point of view when adult is looking into his past, recollecting his innocence and sensibilities and interacting to his reader, or is through the perspective of an adult. Thus, this

67 double idea along with variation among the ideas reveals the double view which is either dependable or contradictory. The adult books with the most influential and attractive experiences of the children depicted, it is questionable as to whom the reader is. Youth in David Copperfield, a few parts of Jane Eyre and The Mill on the Floss are very attractive and exciting to the children that one questions are these after all children books.?

The making statement about writers for children, growing the diversity of themes, although in the earlier on more reviews entirely dominated by the author’s inclinations successfully thrived making a canon for children’s literature, which persisted into recent years. Ignoring social and political implications, these critics encouraged the presentation of traditional values, giving rise to books which were mainly didactic. With the emergence and growth of literary theories, criticism of children’s books also underwent dynamic changes. Following the norms encouraged in adult books, different ideas were executed in the children’s books resulting in mortifications.

The majority of the authors always attempting to blended various healty values with enough quantities of exhilarant concernto render the story most exciting and intriguing to the children,hoping all the well, the precise proportion being pivotal to wrting of inflential children’s books it is presumtion that book, which has done remarkably in the children’s literature do so on the basis of two criteria.The first being literary, inculcating aesthetic pleasure. The second viewpoint is education. Most books spread certain education convictions and qualities passed on from one generation to the next generation, so do the standard of children’s book so to do in the canan existing children’s literature. The author, incalcating some higher values in children’s literature. Which are so imminent for their expansion as a disciplined individual.

These books clarify their readers are obedience, install regard for the adult s’ world and accentuate and give due regard to the adult’s advice and perspectives. The ordinance of children’s writing at a specific time proliferates thoughts adequate to the contemporary society and additionally forever. Most mainstream children’s books stubborn the adult market as it created in its few layered variety. On the off chance that boys were passionate to read lurid adventure novels formed for a non-genteel

68 adult readership then genteel authors would learn to write exciting adventure tales more in harmony with the middle class values. If national novels attracted enormous audiences among literate middle class women, then surely the domestic tales could be adapted to serve the reading taste of middle class girls.

Books for children have been experincing the great deal of changes from adventure books in the mid-nineties, to the fairy tales in the nineteen-eighties, and to the newly type of fiction in which only one side view is directly represnted, which is normally bourgeois,middle or upper middle class and typical westen culture The values such as genuineness, liberality, the feeling of pride, equity, and fair play with a great deal of expectation and positive thinking were embraced through these books, featuring, White children, in a clean and glad world. Indeed, even in the most hopeless of worlds, an improve is welcomed as portrayed in J. K. Rowling's equation based novels where every novel complete with a high sense of optimism,equity and justice which takes into account children’s emotions.

The class predisposition in children’s books is convincingly portrayed by barring all classes with the exception of the middle class. The platitudes of ordinary ideas of the workers class were recovered to a distinct degree. Treated with refinement, they were the advantaged dedicated hirelings. Obviously undetectable in children’s literature is the fiction and misconstruing in families. Consummate families were the tone of the day, joblessness, separation, divisions and demise were among different concerns prominently inconspicuous in these books. Harry Potter in Rowling’s novels firmly embraces the present culture, consigned, ignored, abused and overworked by his close relative, uncle and cousin, gone up against by his adversaries in his battle against insidiousness evil and injustice. The last novel portrays an adjustment in his uncle, close relative and cousin.

In the realm of childen’s literature today, the most prevailing critics are those that propagate subversion. The studies of children’s literature prior, completely ruled by the writers, abhorrence and tendencies were more similar to reviews of the entire custom of children’s writing, generally with semi-biographical, semi-critical and semi-historical views. whatever point complaints are raised, whatever be the subject, the protests are raised just for control. the empowerment of any group and of any kind is dependable to the detriment of another group. Spread of oppressive power

69 structures and political motivation through children’s books would degenerate the psyches of children. But nowadays only a tiny part of a child’s world is connected with books if at all books do have any impact on a child. In today’s widespread canvas, with its variegated influence on a child, the effect of volumes, be it a book of racism or sex, has a negligible impact on a child. If all books do have any impact on a child.

Therefore, to edit and rework out of all acknowledgement is justice both to the author and reader. The author has right to write what he/she feels and the peruser ought to have the decision to peruse what he/she needs and to comprehend it to his/her loving and to receive his/her points of view. The current critism reach out a lot of object to, in he books of the past and future generations. The critics might also discover objectional volumes of today. It is comprehended that points of view change as time and way of life change.

Therefore, literature does not deal the illusions just but rather with the enduring truth. It portrays life in the general way with the reins of power in the adults although it is a literature of children. Whereas, schooling and their psychology nurturing are wholly under the control of the adults. For children are allowed to sit unbothered to choose for themselves what is beneficial for them.

The world of children and their respective literature is a world of reality and dream juxtaposed; and magic of kingdom is entirely without the positive control of grown ups or a world with the control of grown-ups. It conveyed diverse belief systems and qualities which ought to should be taken into consideration.

But the children’s literature ought to likewise be investigated as a wellspring of delight and knowledge. The facts of authority in particular parents and teachers in overall could agree that the reading of stories is a most desirable thing for children.

The days have gone when public libraries used to restrain fiction ticket with regard of nonfiction ticket. The condemnations once heard regarding the adverse effects of novels on susceptible readers are yet generally reserved in some TV programmes. Hence, it is surprising that how many adults justifying story-telling and reading, beyond the negative reasons likes keeping children away from the mischief and enhancing reading capacity. Moreover, the positive case of the fiction is not

70 introspect than literature moment could be at risk and rather precious. The unnecessary worry about the pleasant but otherwise insignificant side of childhood.

Fig. 1.19: Picture from Poem - Princess Prunella and the Purple Peanut

The picture books of all length and size are always comfortable to recognize, these books are generally good in comparison with story books. Their pages are properly uniform and size is adequate. The large numbers of the picture books removing the uncommon formats such as broad books or popup books have thirty two pages. It can be counted from both sides. The books of such length are actually without the page numbers. The larger picture of the books has forty-eight or sixty four pages. Thus, the full length is multiple of sixteen in the manner press can print the paper.

Moreover, some children literature specialists combine all picture books in a distinct category for the purpose of study as the large group. The picture books have been referring to its format. These books look more glorious and attractive and can be keeping in the room. Hence, these books have unique style of writing along with distinctive format. These books can be identified easily, even without looking inside.

71 Thus, all picture books are containing different content and content can be categorized byy type.

Easy-to-Read Books:

If randomly selected hundred pictures books and starting to review them in full length and intricacy in their sentences and difficulty with the number of syllables of words. Than you find the majority of these books have wrote for reading rather than by children. Although, the designing of the books are such type that beginning reader has great experience by using common name with the object of easily to read series.

Fig. 1.20: Picture from Poem - Princess Prunella and the Purple Peanut

The one of the wounderful thing about the easy to read books are they can be normally recogniseand accepted, because, they have been reading independently by the children and smaller than regular picture books. Moreover, the pages are very unique and meaning of the words are fully elaborated. The picture books are smaller and less profuse, which agree on the next to take up a greater proportion of every pages.

Fig. 1.21: Picture from Poem - Princess Prunella and the Purple Peanut

A liberal amount of white space is attained by superior print, even more space between lines, and lines that end with the phrase instead of running flush to the particular margin. Perhaps the most crucial characteristic of easy-to-examine books may be thhe restricted vocabulary. Generally, less than 250 different phrases appear in a publication, and they are arranged in basic sentences, repeated text, frequently with term patterns and actually rhyming lines to create decoding new words less difficult. The issue of the vocabulary can be controlled, with a lot of the terms having only one syllable.

“Princess Prunella and the Purple Peanut" is about Prunella. Prunella’’ is a princess that is unfortunately ruined. Through this book, readers see a fairy tale that involves an exemplary message. Prunella lives in a pink castle with her parents and three cats, her pug. She adores herself, and later on, she wants to marry a rich price. From this great message comes a story with a tongue-curving vitality that has a lot of different turns.

Fig. 1.22: Picture from Poem - Princess Prunella and the Purple Peanut

The book was super fun to learn aloud! Filled with p-phrase alliteration, the illlustrations are excellent (but my children had been distracted and hugely entertained in a fairly inappropriate method by the inclusion of what we are able to only presume was a cat's anus... don't inquire...) and the vocabulary was challenging but fun. The tale was simplistic rather than terribly exclusive (spoiled princess gets cursed for not really helping an unhealthy woman, must do great deeds to invert the curse).

Indeed, there is some phenomenal vocabulary in it (there must be, one must get innovative on the off chance that they will discover enough P words to top off a whole story).

The Princess and the Purple Peanut tells a tale about the pitfalls of pride. The princess includes a high opinion of herself, and a vintage woman places a spell on her behalf that makes her nasal area a purple peanut. Therefore, this book is by using to instruct children about being as well stuck up or searching down on others. What a terrific way to train alliterations to children.

What an extraordinary method to instruct similar sounding word usages to children. This ruined princess not just uses identical sounding word usages to depict

74 everything around her, she likewise, utilises extraordinary vocabulary that will have understudies enamoured. Besides the conspicuous dialect exercise, this book likewise educates the significance of reasoning of others and not just about yourself. Leddy said:

Imagine that aesthetics had been designed with children's picture books as paradigmatic. The idea is not inconceivable. Plato deals with children's Literature in Book III of the Republic, long before his somewhat better-known Book X. Imagine that Aristotle had responded, in his Poetics, not to Book X, but to Book III, and that his central concern was not tragedy, which is designed for adults, but children's picture-books. Although such books did not exist in his time, there were books, like Aesop's fables, which were at least partially intended for children, as well as many easy-to-understand pictures available on vases and walls. As it turned out, tragedy was the paradigm art form in Western aesthetics. Aristotle believed that he needed to defend it against Plato, and he did not bother defending imaginative stories told to children, or narrative pictures that might accompany.(Leddy 43)

A Critical Study of For the Birds:

The emotional aspect of a human being makes him different from other living creatures. Therefore, human are most sensible towards it is surrounding where they are living in a group and in an organised manner. Human make develop cultural, civilization and they are not machine like other. They have emotion and feeling love, hate and suffering. Therefore, they can respond to the pain and pleasure. Moreover, the family is a significant place in a person’s life. It is a first place of experiencing emotions. This is the place where a child knows his own life. Age of infancy is counted from the time of birth to six years of age. While the Childhood age comes in the age group from six to twelve years. This is a very significant time of a child’s life. According to Sigmund Freud, the Psychologist, the foundation of the child personality grows during the first three years of his/her.

In the early childhood age, the parents should make extra efforts on some following things regarding children, Satisfaction of Love, Significance of Sports and

Imaginations, Satisfaction of Curiosity’ Significance of Imitative instinct, Compliments and Rewards’ Self-Respect, Freedom, Significance of Socialism, High thinking, Character and Values. The full childhood age is marked from the two year to thirteen to fourteen years of a child. The first six to eight years of a child’s life lasts the lifetime!!

Known as the early childhood stage, these years are globally acknowledged to be the most critical years of life-long development, since the pace of growth in these years is extremely rapid. In early childhood care and education, concern is a tiny word but as significant as life, and its breaths. Attention is like nourishment and security from danger. We usually say “please take care of you.” We use this sentence mostly for adults and elders. We hardly use this sentence for little children. Because when the children of early childhood age go through their childhood time, we their elders take care of them. Because at that stage of their life, we the mature and adult people know that they are like a bud instead of a fully blossomed flower.

We nourish that buds to blossom. So in that way a child is just like a bud. When a child gets birth, first of all, he/she comes in contact with his/her mother. When a mother conceive child for nine months with another hidden life into her womb, she feels something that cannot be explain in words. The experience she has gained during her pregnancy is the first step towards the care of her baby. The moment she knows that she is pregnant; she becomes conscious and aware of listening to some unlisted heart beats and movements. When the child gets born, first of all, the mother takes him/her into her arms to make sure that her womb was a comfortable place for her baby. Because, at that time she gets to know how careful she is to child. When the baby comes into the new world, a new journey of mother starts. And it is well known that always a trip should be safe and successful. From here a journey of the baby also begins.

The first feed he/she gets from the mother. Subconsciously baby realises that except me there is somebody around me, who strokes me and feeds me. At that moment the baby realizes his/her first satisfaction. And that's why he/she stops crying.

Baby cry also due to a new temperature different from the temperature of the mother’s womb, where he/she was living before his/her birth. In the form of feeding and stroking the baby gets first lesson of care, the humanitarian act of human being.

And perhaps this is the first education the baby gets by fulfilling his/her hunger and their senses get relaxed. At this time the baby gets to know his/her capability to respond next time for the fulfilment of next hunger. The same way baby learns that he/ she can take something from the world. Although he/ she doesn’t know the meaning of taking at this stage, but learning something in all that. After a month when the baby's body gets improved, the baby responds more than before. After the age of five to six-months his/her attachment with mother can easily see.

At this time in the absence of the mother, baby feels restless and responds through cry. It is said that at least for a one-year baby takes mother’s milk. So feeding by mother is a link to make the baby attached to his/her mother even after the birth. It is a time to bonding of two bodies. Except for all these feelings and emotions, there are some responsibilities of mother, family and society towards a baby in his/her early childhood care and education. When talks about the word responsibility, it should be very positive and moral. It is not like the same word often used for terrorist attacks in which any terrorist organisation takes responsibility for an assault with pride. Baby’s care is related to his mental and physical growth, while education is related to his/her overall personality. For a child’s education his/her parents should be educated enough.

They must have as much maturity as to deal every problem comes during their child’s childhood. At the early childhood age of a child, the people around him should be alert in his/her upbringing and education. With some real and specific examples, it is an enquiry to investigate some hidden problems and their solutions in reference to early childhood care and education. Specific examples with discussions and their solutions are as follow after the method used in the present research paper.

Some Real Life Examples to explain about Child's Consciousness:

Example:-I. A girl child at the age of eight, in class 1st, was once speaking to her bench-mates. And all of a sudden her Hindi teacher saw and punished her for sitting on the bench of boys far from the girl’s row of benches. At that time the author was feeling so lonely. And as a resultant, she could not speak for many days in that particular class. And one day the teacher asked the girl that what was wrong with the girl. The teacher asked her mother, that if she was ill. Because from the day of punishment, she did not speak in the class. Although at that time the author realised

77 that the teacher is also concerned about her. But she was not feeling comfortable to sit with boys. Because at her home in her own room she usually lived with her two real sisters. She was not habitual to live with boys. And in a class where there is a separate row of the girl child and boy child. A girl sitting with boys can feel uncomfortable. She used to get afraid due to staring eyes of her teacher. Therefore, in solution be said in a class every student is different. So during teaching punishment should be decided very carefully. Because in this world where Capital Punishment even for cruel deeds of criminals in debatable, then how can we be rude towards a child.

Example:-II. During the final exam of class III in the first paper perhaps Hindi author attempted the exam usually. When she came back to her home, her tutor while preparing her for the next exam instructed her to solve some sums of Mathematics on the question paper of Hindi.

She did it and nobody neither her mother nor the tutor checked her pencil box for the Math’s exam. Mistakenly she took the box in the Math’s exam. And invigilator came and saw the box. The first time she warned her not to to do it again. She went to the home and narrated everything to her mother. At that time the mother just ignored. Again the tutor prepared her for next exam that was of English. Again her tutor instructed her to write some spellings on the question paper of Maths. And again author mistakenly took the paper into her pencil box and went to school to attempt the exam.

The same incident happened again in this time invigilator insulted her lot. She scolded her and gave her the last warning. Now again when she came back to her home, again she narrated the whole story before her mother. Soon this time her mother became alert. But being shocked and insecure she slapped her own daughter and blamed her for the entire incident. Now the question arises that who was responsible for the mistake?. The little girl child, the tutor, or the mother, a housewife. In the early childhood age of a child, a mother and tutor should be very attentive and careful about his/her education. They have to check their school bags and even should teach them the rules which they have to follow. Mother of that girl is a housewife and belonged to a middle class joined the family.

There are very much differences in the nourishment of a child both in the joined family and the nuclear family. A mother cannot be a machine. She is also a

78 human being. In joined families usually, ladies have to perform a lot of duties and responsibilities. So in those circumstances, some of the essential care of early childhood and education gets ignored. Therefore, in solution, it is said that a kind of family really a matters for a child's development. So parents should think about this aspect also. Due to the above two incidents, the author gathered fears from her teacher, invigilator and her mother. The concern she gained from her early childhood resulted later in another situation as follows.

Example:-III. When she entered in class 9th, she took Drawing (Design) as a subject. In the syllabus, it was instructed to make a freehand floral design by drawing. It was a habit of the author to hold the drawing pencil tightly and draw with pressure on the paper. Sometimes when she erased the lines and made some new lines, the deleted lines reflected on the white paper. So under this habit unknowingly she made a drawing of floral design and showed it to her drawing teacher. When her drawing teacher saw her drawing, all of a sudden she blamed her that she traced the outline from a drawing book. She was trying to explain the reason for reflected lines.

She was trying to prove that she did nothing wrong and she did not cheat on her work. But the drawing teacher was reluctant to prove her wrong. She was continually shouting and only shouting. She forced her to accept that she traced the design.

She was rebuking the author to admit that she determined the design. Otherwise, she would take her before all the staff members of the school and she would be scolded by other teachers also. After getting rebukes of the teacher, the author got threatened more.

Now she was confused about what to do. Being afraid she stopped proving her. But there was an urge within her to show her because she knew that she was innocent.

So it happens in our school education. Drawing and Painting is one of the disciplines of Fine Arts through which emotions and sentiments come out in a physical form on the basis of technical skill. But the drawing teacher was not ready to understand the technical problem in the drawing. Without any logical reasoning, she was blaming her student. Art teaching is also a type of art form in which an art teacher

79 should be sensitive, logical, rational and most importantly humble. So as a result, the author became silent, and the ego of the drawing teacher won. The more a child gathers fears and terror in his/her early childhood age, the more he/she faces problems and difficulties in his/her whole life. Therefore, in solution, it is said there must have some improvement in the system of education in early childhood age.

Example:-IV. In 1993 at the age of around eight to nine- years old, child (girl) used to see horror show telecasted on Zee T.V and sometimes horror movies with her cousins lived in the same joined family. She and her cousins before sitting in front of T.V. screen usually used the washroom due to the threat of horror show and movies. They used to whisper to each other. They actually used to share their fears. They were sharing their worries but not removing. It is said that the impact of horror shows and movies can be long-lasting if the elders and parents don't talk to their children about the shows or stop them from seeing them.

When a child sees this type of shows, his/her parents should make him/her realise that they are there to protect him/her. They should not get afraid. Now it can say that the author was impacted by those horror scenes till the age of twenty six to twenty seven years until one of her cousin (Mr Siddhartha Wahi) suggested her that horror show should be perceived as a comedy show. Therefore, in solution, it can say that there must be some discussions about “what is horror or horrible?” Generally, the thing we don’t like, don’t accept and don't feel positive comes in the category of ugly, bad and harmful. And these are three attributes of something deniable or like uncomfortable and unhealthy. In early childhood age, parents should discuss with their children about the real meaning of horror or horrible. They should interact enough with them.

Example:-V. At the early childhood age of the child, family members should observe the activities of their child. They should be very careful about the placement of domestic things in their home.

Once time the younger sister of that girl drunk the kerosene oil at the age of three when her mother was using in the making of a painting. It happened when she moved from there just for a while. So in the meanwhile, she had drunk the whole kerosene. Luckily she was diagnosed and got proper treatment. Therefore, in such situation, it is said that one should be very careful about the things like medicines,

80 kerosene oil, fire, electrical appliances, knives and many other things. They are hazardous things for children because at early childhood age children are not adequately trained in using these things.

Example:-VI. Sometimes our destiny gives us a lot of problems. The first marriage of her cousins was not successful.

Her husband was an alcoholic and sometimes beaten her. He created violence even when his wife was pregnant. It is well said that the nature and behaviour of a child develop in the mother's womb according to the psychological and physical health of the mother. So due to some domestic violence the pregnant mother was under threats and that impacted her child also. When her baby was born after some time the first husband of her cousin was died due to alcohol-related leaver disease. At the age of three to four years of the baby, it was found that she got afraid by darkness or the place lacking the light. She feels uncomfortable to live without her mother.

She was living without her father until the age of six and in this period several times, she wept for her father. She felt an inferiority complex on being fatherless. But as a solution, her mother remarried. Nowadays with God’s grace, she is happy with her daughter and second husband. Therefore, it be said parents should face every problem with enough and possible efforts in order to give a good and healthy life for their children.

On the basis of the above observational real-life examples, it is found that some of the crucial moments in early childhood care and education should be taken with tremendous attention. A child’s psychological persona develops due to various reasons like the incidents and accidents of his/her life; the people to whom he/she meets; the caste and religion he/she belongs; and many more. Child carries different types of notions from his early childhood age. His memory plays a vital role in these notions and emotions being created out of them. The negative emotions like fear, terror, anxieties, insecurity, inferiority complex, irritation and anger can come at any time of his/her life. A child’s sanskaras get constructed mainly due to three reasons- first his/her life of the previous birth, second genetically his/her belonging to his/her parents and third his/her surroundings where he/she lives after his/her birth. So it is said that a child who afraid on some general situation can be under the impact of negative experiences of previous birth.

A child can be as angry by nature as his/her mother or father. A child can be of violent behaviour due to some negative experiences he achieved in his/her present life. Therefore, it is said whatever we, the elders do with children in their childhood comes into their adulthood. So better to be alert and do something positive with them. First of all, should give the right education and an excellent atmosphere to a child. Parents should take separate training regarding early childhood care and education before planning a child in their life. Whatever type of education the parents gained in their own career doesn’t matter a lot. There must have some kind of professional training regarding the child’s upbringing for parents. Because they are the first caretaker of a child. And there should have some right and positive changes in the system of school education. Lastly society and the people live in society should think morally towards a child and of course to each other.

Margaret Atwood realized she wished to write professionally when she was sixteenth years old. In 1957, she started studying at Victoria University in the University of Toronto, where she released poems and content articles in Acta Victoriana, the university literary journal. She did her graduation in the year 1961 with a Bachelor of Arts in English (honors’) and minors in French and philosophy. According to Sponenberg:

“The relationship between gender, writing, and life is also explored as a bio graphical theme, beginning with a discussion of Atwood's childhood preference for gruesome fairy-tales and comic books” (Sponenberg 250).Also she studied in to twenty-first century and it both indicated and well-known Atwood as one of the most significant authors of the age, As Harker mentioned about Canadian literature: “The population in which the Canadian student is struggling to become most whole and most responsible is the population of Canada. For that reason, without neglect of other cultures and literatures, the literary expression, the language and the social order of his or her own culture must be the most important in the studnets education” (Harker 142).

Like different contemporary writers, Atwood likewise read Sartre, Beckett and British literature with Shakespeare, Eliot, Austen, Thomas Hardy, Keats, Wordsworth, Shelley and Byron. It was at Harvard that Atwood First started to ponder Canada. In this way, she was not just impacted by Northrop Frye and Jay

Macpherson yet additionally by her ancestors like A.J.M. Smith, Dorothy Livesay and Al Purdy. The verse of Pratt, Margaret A vision, P. K. Page and Davidson attracted her and moulded her literary profession. In Canda children’s litrature has a contemporary history. Many of researchers composed about importance of Canadian children in literature .As indicated by Pantaleo:

The reading program should include a variety of materials, both fiction and non-fiction. Students should read both classic and contemporary literature of a high standard, including works produced by Canadians. ... They should read an increasing variety of forms of both fiction and non-fiction (e.g., picture books, novels; poetry; myths, fables, folk tales; textbooks and books on science, history, mathematics, geography and other disciplines; biography, autobiography, memoirs, journals; encyclopedias; graphs, charts, diagrams, instructions, manuals; newspapers, editorials, articles; essays, reports, plays; scripts for television or radio). (Pantaleo 216)

Her composing is grounded in a solid sense of her very own cultural identity while white, English-speaking, Canadian and feminine; but she also difficulties the limitations of such groups, questioning stereotypes of nationality and gender, child awareness, exposing cultural fictions and the artificial limitations they impose on our knowledge of ourselves and others as individual. Margaret Atwood’s stories cope with the child’s experience with the world. She is concern about the child's relationship with nature and animals to find himself and discover self-fulfillment. Atwood has performed a key function in setting in motion, many radical ideas in conditions of child’s individuality. The main purpose of her fiction is to develop the critical consciousness of the children about nature and animals or any living creatures surround them.

The significant theme of her books or novels is the harmonious relationship among human and nature, and the unmistakable connection between human, nature and living animals. In both situations one try to prevail over the other might be because of the fact that she writes from a child’s point of view. She recognizes children with nature. Nature is regularly victim. Human is envisioned as the controlling oppressor. She exhibits various composes to represent this hunter-hunted

83 picture in her works. The hunted animal is repeatedly a sign of the unconscious in Atwood’s works. The chased creature is frequently an image of the oblivious in Atwood’s works. At crucial moments, there is a propensity to overcome the unconscious and the hunter is identified with the hunted. Practically, all the stories of Margaret Atwood are about the lives of child.

For the Birds, by Margaret Atwood and illustrated by John Bianchi, is one of a new series on pollution issues. The stories have been intended with the blend a fictional tale with factual information is an attempt to aware and involve children in environmental concerns.

Fig. 1.22: Picture from Poem - Princess Prunella and the Purple Peanut

Margaret always reflects a merciful attitude towards the animals. In this sequence, she depicted a relationship between the child and the bird. In this picture, she draws a scenario between the child and the bird.

The world is changing at a very fast rate and it is very easy to travel from one side to another side of the world only in one day. There are plenty of ways to

84 discourse to someone anywhere in the world if you set your mind to it. We can quickly get knowledge from all over the world. It appears there is no place we cannot reach, and nothing we cannot learn in this world. Thus, children can also make a meaningful contribution to bird conservation efforts and learn a lot about birds. Bird watching is the fastest-growing outdoor recreational activity in the world. In order to enjoy watching birds, one must be able to find them. Especially in forests, this can be challenging at times, even for specialists. To see birds, it is essential always to look and listen. The Searching for bird’s assistances children focus and pay attention to their surroundings in a fun and exciting way. Once a bird is spotted, use binoculars if you have them to see it more closely. Give each child his or her Bird Journal and a pencil. Go to any location where you can hear a variety sounds such as a schoolyard, a local park or natural area. Whether you have been living in a town or countryside area, the bird is readily found and comparatively easy to recognised.

After you become aware of the bird species that are common in your area, you can begin making scientific observations. Adults who also were once kids themselves lament that they don't comprehend kids today. We ought to remember that whenever we were youthful, how quickly we were pleased with little pointss, how eagerly we wanted to share that which was ours with another, how quickly our psychic wound healed, how fast we produced friends, and how exactly we could always understand new energy and wish. Children’s book authors are those who fantasy such dreams and children’s books reveal the dreams of authors.

Fig. 1.23: Picture from Poem - Princess Prunella and the Purple Peanut

85 Nature offers some powerful transformative power which adjustments our feeling and behavior accordingly. A character has the capacity to recover the individuals from their illnesses if they're provided with the mandatory and enjoyable environment. Nature may be the environment which surrounds us, cares us and nourishes us every instant. It offers us a protective coating around us to avoid the damages. We cannot survive on the planet earth without the character like air, land, drinking water, fire, and sky. Character includes everythhing all around us like vegetation, animals, river, forests, rainfall, lake, birds, ocean, thunder, sun, moon, climate, atmosphere, mountain, desserts, hills, ice, etc. Every type of nature is quitte powerful which has capability to nourish and also destroy us.

This book is also a picture based boook which represents the relationship between the child and the animals or living creature amongst us in this beautiful world.

Fig. 1.24: Picture from Poem - Princess Prunella and the Purple Peanut

Although Atwood is internationally known for her mature fiction and outstanding poetry. She has written two earlier works for children: Anna's Pet with Joyce Bark house and Up in the Tree. . In these books, she introduces Samantha, not used to the neighborhood and unhappy about any of it. Samantha trespasses onto the adjoining backyard and injures a cardinal that's going to the bird feeder. Captured by the owner/bird lover, Phoebe Merganser, Samantha is transformed right into a bird. Phoebe, today a crow, and Samantha, a scarlet tanager, migrate South American

86 rainfall forest, and along the way Samantha is certainly exposed to the countless environmental hazards facing birds, from business lead shot poisoning to pesticides.

Fig. 1.25 : Picture from Poem - Princess Prunella and the Purple Peanut

Margaret Atwood offers repeatedly produced observations about our associations to pets in her functions. In Surfacing, one personality remarks about eating pets: “The animals die that we may live, they are substitute people and we eat them, out of cans or otherwise; we are eaters of death, dead Christ-flesh resurrecting inside us, granting us life”( Atwood 136). Some personas in her books hyperlink sexual oppression to meat-eating and therefore give up meat-eating.

Such a significant number of Atwood’s character relates to hunted animals and cries in tthe wake of hearing her fiancé's experience of hunting and knowledge of

87 shooting. All these stories beam a light on the consciousness of children and the living creatures amongst us and show the relationships between these two lovely creation of God.

The intention of the “Earth Care” series is remarkably admirable and in these “greening” days, any material regarding the matters of contamination and environment in demand in the open libraries. Subsequently, the book demonstrates a valuable expansion to ecological accumulations, even though this commentator has reservations about the achievement of the joined fiction/ fact set up.

In 1960, the Canadian novel literature take a new turn with the arrival of the extraordinary novelists who were tend to write as the child than as the family part. The children movement help to break the traditional picture of the children that how they have been played for their family. She also encourages and motivates the children. Their works turn as tools for the children to face the ground reality of the life. They have been concerning the manner of the survival and present the image of the children who is important. They have been endeavouring to improve the life of the children for the peaceful and just world.

Margaret Atwood challenges the Canadian English novel along with contemporary women writers like Mavis Gallant, Margaret Laurence, Alice Munro and Marian Engel who raised their voice against the gender-based injustices, child consciousness and proposed feminist alternatives through their writing. The primary objective of Mavis Gallant’s writing is development of specific situation and reconstruction of the state of mind or of heart. Her stories focus on expatriate men and women who have come to feel lost or isolated.

The setting of Atwood’s novel is worldwide. She very successfully and conveniently provides the context as a background to precede personal, social, national and universal themes. She gives a vivid explanation and colourful real-life exposure to the setting, along with the famous places like Toronto, Rom, London, Caribbean Island, Gilead, Cambridge, Britain, New York, Vancouver, Port Ticonderoga and Avilion. Above all, she is highly successful in presenting the canvass of Toronto, which is her hometown. Her poets integrate a variety of setting.

References:

Atwood, Margaret. Surfacing. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1972. Print.

Harker, W.John . “ Canadian Literature in Canadian Schools: From the Old to the New Internationalism”. Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l'éducation 12:3 (1987):417-427.JSTOR.Web. 11 Sept.2018. Print.

Leddy, Thomas. “Aesthetics and Children's Picture-Books.” Journal of Aesthetic Education 36. 4( 2002): 43–54. JSTOR.Web. 06 October 2018.Print.

Nel, Philip. “The Fall and Rise of Children's Literature”. American Art 22: 1 (2008):23-27. JSTOR.Web. 11 Sept.2018.Print.

Pantaleo, Sylvia. “Children's Literature across the Curriculum: An Ontario Survey.” Canadian Journal of Education / Revue Canadienne De L'éducation 27.2/3( 2002):211–230. JSTOR. Web. 07 Oct 2018. Print.

Sponenberg, Ashlie. “Utopian Studies.” Utopian Studies 11.2 (2000): 249– 251. JSTOR .Web. 07 .2018. Print.

DEPICTION OF CHILD CONSCIOUSNESS IN MAJOR WORKS OF ATWOOD

Mother plays an important role in the development of her child, emotionally, physically and intellectually. The love, affection and her emotional bonding are endless and inseparable. Mother is not just a simple word, but she is the whole universe in herself, she is the one without whom life of child is incomplete and without mother-child cannot understand true meaning of love and affection. She is the first pillar of the strength and hope in everyone life. Mother’s ability to love selflessly and sacrifice made by her cannot describe in a sentence. Mother nurtures her child, inculcate good values and guide in the journey of life. Thus, mother is the first person who teaches the lesson of love and creates a secure, loving environment for her child. A child with the help of the mother is able to find intimate love with her. Hence, the mother’s role is significant in the life of everyone. Moreover, the mother-child relationship is sacrosanct, inseparable. Mother conceived child in her womb for nine months before child comes into the world.

In the world of literary critics, lot of feminist critics deals at length about the mother-child relationship in their work. Margret Atwood also observing the issue of mother-child relationship in her novels. It is one of the essential characters in her literary works. But the question is how mother-child relation shapes the world and to what extent external factors are influencing the mother-child bonding of love and affection in Atwood’s novels. Although, Atwood’s mother and child relations is fictional character. They are sharing the prevailing culture and heritage with the real life of the twenty and twenty-first century of mother and child. The trouble mother- child relation mentioned in many of the Atwood novels which also represent the regular theme of her literary works. Margaret Atwood personal experience as a mother and daughter could help in understanding of her point of view regarding mother and child relationship. It is reasonably comprehended that growing helping mother-daughter relationship would be taken as a positive influence. Therefore, the conflict with the strongly negative relationship image has been depicted in the Atwood novels. Although, Margaret Atwood inherited some of her talents from the family.

Atwood extreme public writing skill and outstanding ability drove her to become an internationally well-known author and novelist. However, the subjects of

90 her mother stories are once relegated to the feminine space of private home. Thus, the complexity of mother-child relationship appears together with many other threads.

Mother and Children in The Handmaid’s Tale:

In The Handmaid Tale, a woman recounts the occasions of roughly twelve months in her life. She has given the detail information through flashback about the brand new society and the way the world has changed significantly in a very short span of time. The society which is known as the Republic of Gilead is managed by an elite group of men. Who often used the Biblical justification for almost all their strict rules and regulation? The society imposed strict regulation on women, and they cannot read or write, or act in any other ways except to serve the men. Atwood claims: “Rules that never spelled out but that every women knew” (Atwood 37).

Therefore, the small minority of the women who were working for satisfaction of the men’s gratification and conceiving their children, without violation of any strict unjust rules of the ruling party are employed as Handmaids. Their productive capability gives them worth but their power was restricted. Moreover, their primary work is certainly to have sexual intercourse with the Commanders to whom they are designated. If indeed they successfully bear children, they may maintain their positions. If they failed to procreate child within the two years of period, their fates will be identical to the other infertile women. The women who have healthy children are permissible to hand over the child to the Commander and her wife after a brief interval of breast feeding. They may acquire some privilege of never being set aside to the colonies. This expected security has an incentive, though Handmaids have not any further associations with the children. The Gilead’s horror due to taking that nurturing part from the children mothers. The Offered is central character, tells her tale through a number of present tense and past tense flashbacks. Through her eyes readers find out about Offred’s experiences as a girl and a mother. Offred’s lifestyle as a Handmaid, after that, differs significantly from her past existence as a child, a wife, and a mother in “enough time before.” Many encounters in her present lifestyle lead her to keep in mind those roles, regardless of how she tries in order to avoid it. The first of her remembrances arises when she describes the Commander’s Wife. Atwood said: “I need to make them ,I need to be very clear in my own mind”(Atwood 55).

The wife in The Handmaid’s Tale includes a few comparative privileges, though. She can drink alcoholic beverages and gossip openly with other women, and she is in a position to select gardening and knitting as actions to occupy her period while she has no child. There is absolutely no other work on her behalf to do in family members since there are servants to make, clean, and perform errands. The Offred’s memories likewise incorporate information regarding her feminist activist mother. Through the entire novel, her recollections reveal the complicated nature of their romantic relationship. Offered remembers her mother acquiring her to a gathering of females who burned pornography at a recreation area. Later on, she recounts a discussion between herself and her mother about her mother’s deliberate choice to possess a child and increase her as an individual mother or father. Offered recalls some incidents from her childhood in conditions of what she were performing without her. Her mother’s absence during those early years sticks out a lot more than any events. Offered gets to the point of hopeful desire to have pregnancy since it helps to ensure her survival, her failing to succeed outcomes through no fault on her behalf part, but she actually is blamed by others and blames herself as if she is some control over the problem.

Offered initially accepts the totality of the regime that tips Gilead and accepts the vocabulary without a level of resistance, not even informing the reader her actual name. In her effort to adapt and therefore to save her own life, she has made her ‘new world’ and its own language, her own. Consequently, the 1st break in her normally seamless text message occurs when she actually is trying to spell it out what she experienced hitherto thought difficult, the switch in the Commander’s behavior toward her. With that crack in the apparently impermeable wall structure of the brand new regime, lexical ambiguity can be all of a sudden possible, making possible another version of her fact on her behalf and then for all of us, in fact, it is reflected in her discourse. She presents two variations of her first night with the Commander, and with the impossibility of focusing on how it actually was:

I think about how I could approach the Commander, to kiss him, here alone, and take off his jacket, as if to allow or invite something further, some approach to true love, and put my arms around him and slip the lever out from the sleeve and drive the sharp end into him suddenly, between his ribs. I think about the blood coming out of him, hot as

soup, sexual, over my hands In fact I don't think anything of the kind. I put it in only afterwards. Maybe I should have thought about that, at the time, but I didn’t. As I said, this is a Reconstruction. (Berman 850,851)

She has considered it, if not then, later. There exists a sort of political correctness right here that her retrospective narrative affords her, and she requires advantage of it. Simultaneously, we are pressured to understand that political correctness and normal human reaction might not become one and the same. The next break occurs in an identical moment. She is stepped even further from the springboard that could catapult her either into independence or into exile; she actually is having sex with Nick, the Commander’s Chauffeur. He might or might not be the devil incarnate, as his name implies, but he certainly will represent both danger and independence to her. Should she get pregnant, everyone might benefit: Serena Joy, the Wife who organized their liaison, because in the hope that she would have a child. Because it help to increase the man position and status. Hence Offered, expected her life will be spared in the expectations that she had produced more children, actually Nick, maybe, since he too cannot resist satisfaction in the actual fact of having had the opportunity to conceive a child. Moreover, that the romance plot is indeed easily invoked by Atwood therefore easily sustained is itself a statement about its force. The Commander’s unexplained illicit check out to the Handmaid’s room will do to conjure up pictures of the aloof grasp intrigued and finally subdued by a woman household dependent:

There's someone standing in the hall, near the door to the room where I stay. The hall is dusky, this is a man, his back to me; he's looking into the room, dark against its light. I can see now, it's the Commander; he isn't supposed to be here. He hears me coming, turns, hesitates, and walks forward. Towards me. He is violating custom, what do I do now? I stop, he pauses, I can't see his face, and he’s looking at me, what does he want? But then he moves forward again, steps to the side to avoid touching me, inclines his head, is gone. (Morrison 319)

The achievement is offered narrative of dependent largely on Atwood’s skill utilization of indirection, irony, and understatement. Information is permitted to seep through steadily, frequently in a naturalistic, offhand, giveaway manner. As you would anticipate of a poet, Atwood's indirection regularly takes the form of imagery and symbolism. Provided the topic matter, the sexual symbolism founded at the very start of the publication is certainly inevitable: “We slept in what had once been the gymnasium. The floor was of varnished wood, with stripes and circles painted on it.” (ketterer 211).As the book develops, it is the feminine imagery of circles and curves which predominates Actually the Wall, which may be construed as a masculine symbol, forms an imprisoning circle. Grace said:

Offered narrative strategies consistently stress the failure of any single reading of an event to be valid. Indeed, they challenge the very notion of a textually fixed, historical truth. Offered comments at various points, for instance, on the failure of texts to provide convincing pictures of reality or to account for female experience. "The newspaper stories were like bad dreams to us," she observes; how awful, we would say, and they were, but they were awful without being believable. (Grace 485)

Offered story is among groping level of resistance, of the essentially daily domestic labor of crafting selves with the capacity of surviving her fresh and impoverished truth. And for almost all their fragility, these provisional and precarious selves perform survive to inform Offered story. Moreover, there are lot of stories to tell in the context in which their theme are developed in any scenario. The stories of Offered composes from these vivid, disjointed pictures of days gone by constituting provisional selves, selves that notably lack the composed demeanor and posture of the model handmaid. The pictures of herself as mother, girl, friend, and wife are counterparts to Offered right now hobbled and increasingly discouraged sensuality:

I walk around to the back door, open it.... The table has been scrubbed off, cleared of flour; today's bread, freshly baked, is cooling on its rack. The kitchen smells of yeast.... It reminds me of other kitchens, kitchens that were mine. It smells of mothers.... It smells of me, in former times, when I was a mother. (Hansot 60)

Furthermore, Offered describes the way the aunts teach the new culture. The first lesson taught about greatness. Then she explains struggle of the women for equality and self-governance caused all the assault and brutality submitted against women before Gilead they additionally show that confinements on portability and correspondence are shielding the handmaids from the attack and rape brought upon them by feminism. Women battles for freedom are in like custom reprimanded for Gilead’s proceeding with issues. The handmaid’s characteristic defiance to their constraint is diverted into spying and informing on others, and into customs where they severely criticise each other into more prominent congruity or slaughter political prisoner with their open hands. The commanders write official Gilead’s history and have the strong control over the all means of communication except access to books.

They preserve and advance a few parts of pre-Gileadean life, similar to the bits of the Christian Bible that train women to submit to men. The Offred’s Commander routinely reads this Bible to his home right before he, his wife and Offred perform the rite of sexual activity that has to give birth of his child. Armbruster claimed:

“Consciousness-raising generated the energy for creating new institutions. Remember starting health canters, newspapers, carpentry- and automobile repair collectives? Learning to use the tools that we had been taught belonged to men? That was heady” (Armbruster 151).

Furthermore, the relation between gender, writing, and life can be explored as a biographical theme, starting with a dialogue of Atwood’s childhood preference for gruesome fairy-tales and comic book. A chapter on The Handmaid’s Tale also associates feminist literary discourse with historical and biographical context through the use of interviews and letters to clarify what sort of timely dinner dialogues with the peer group about “the more absolutist pronouncements of right-wing religious fundamentalism” (Snoberg 250). Inspired the successful feminist dystopia. According to Laflen:

It's the bags over the heads that are the worst, worse than the faces themselves would be. It makes the men like dolls on which the faces have not yet been painted; like scarecrows, which in a way is what they are, since they are meant to scare. Or as if their heads are sacks, stuffed with some undifferentiated material, like flour or dough. [...]

The heads are zeros. [. . .] The heads are the heads of snowmen, with the coal eyes and the carrot noses fallen out. The heads are melting. (Laflen 110)

The narrator acknowledges this shortcoming by delineating several past instances where she had maintained a dynamic carelessness toward the plight of women. Thus, it indicating her harmful denial of violence before the coup, Offred confesses how she saw various other less-privileged females as “corpses” and “dreams,” thereby refusing their reality:

We the privileged lived, as usual, by ignoring. Ignoring isn't the same as ignorance; you have to work at it.... There were stories in the newspapers, of course, corpses in ditches or the woods, bludgeoned to death or mutilated . . . but they were about other women.... The newspaper stories were like dreams to us, bad dreams dreamt by others.... We [privileged white women] were the people who were not in the papers. We lived in the blank white spaces at the edge of print. It gave us more freedom. (Dodson 81)

Offered has intense desire to have a reunion with her eight-year old daughter it illustrates the intensity and the at first uncomplicated character of the mother-child relationship. Her remembered emotions of resentment toward her mother and the embarrassment. She experienced over her feminist mother’s types of gown and behavior brings us to the inevitable stage of conflict between mother and daughter. Therefore, Offered hardly ever sees her mother once again and learns from Moira that she was delivered to the Colonies, but Offered in her reflections finally exorcises her anger toward her mother:

“No mother is ever, completely, a child's idea of what a mother should be, and I suppose it works the other way around as well. But despite everything, we didn’t do badly by one another; we did as well as most. I wish she were here, so I could tell her I finally know this” (Morrison 229, 230).

Moreover, the human relationships and their significance are strongly represented in the novel through repeated observation of the relationship between

96 mothers and daughters. Due to the dearth of healthful children in Gilead, caused, so we are informed in the section historic notes, by such elements as nuclear incidents, toxic leakages, Helps and syphilis, reproduction in Gilead is definitely a matter of condition survival. Offered tale targets a system in which a child is essential as a statistic instead of for itself, and the ones which do not really measure to the state's regular of perfection are eliminated as ‘shredders’.

In stark contrast to Gilead's attitude to children may be the relationship between Offered and her personal mother, and her passionate love on her behalf for her own lost child.

Offered confronts such questions many times in the novel, but I wish to look closely at only two such occasions as introduction to my bigger claims about how exactly we might browse the novel. The initial moment occurs in early stages, as Offered describes an average walk she will take with her double. Both females do their shopping, after that pause before “the wall” where bodies of traitors are hung for displaying, the heads covered with the white bags blood stains protected with white hand bags. Blood stains among these bags, bloodstream that leaks from the dead man mouth and takes the form of of "another mouth, a small red one, like the mouth painted with thick brushes by kindergarten children" (Miner 151). Offered discovers herself attracted to the red tag, and she meditates on its reference to other red marks:

I look at the one red smile. The red of the smile is the same as the red of the tulips in Serena Joy's garden, towards the base of the flowers where they are beginning to head. The red is the same but there is no connection. The tulips are not tulips of blood, the red smiles are not flowers, and neither thing makes a comment on the other. The tulip is not a reason for disbelief in the hanged man, or vice versa. Each thing is valid and really there. It is through a field of such valid objects that I must pick my way, every day and in every way. I put a lot of effort into making such distinctions. I need to make them. I need to be very clear, in my own mind. (Miner 151)

Obviously, Offered herself sees a connection, she yokes both together metaphorically, the reddish is the same. Taking into consideration the reddish of a smile and that of tulips, we would argue that at least superficially, both items recommend a kind of sensual enjoyment; both convey positive connotations. But we are able to maintain this positive reading on repress the foundation of the reddish colored; the smile of the hanged man is usually a smile of the bloodstream. This fact must after that pushes us to inquire about the foundation of the tulips inflammation; metaphorically, it’s the blood of various other women which allows Serena enough time to cultivate her colors. Quite simply, for some ladies to take pleasure from the freedom of using red flowers, other females must wear the crimson of handmaids.

However, Margaret Atwood novel does not provide very much information on the subject matter. Although, since the show is usually elaborating about the universe of Gilead, it’s likely these questions will be answered in future episodes. Therefore, Atwood’s novel, it is apparent that the only functions men can complete Gilead are aggressive one. Young fellows may become Guardians of the Faith, they could be section of the secret police, the Eye of God, or they are able to discover themselves in the best placement as Commanders of the Faithful.

Atwood is discussing the renewed timeliness of her 1985 novel The Handmaid's Tale. The reserve is back in the news headlines, on bestseller lists and going to debut as a television series on Hulu. The day before the interview, several women dressed up in the reddish robe and white bonnet of the novel's name personality staged a sit-in protest in the Texas Legislature, in which a bill had been considered that could ban some options for second-trimester abortions.

Henceforth, in imaginatively reliving the annals of her relationship with her mother, Offered matures, moving beyond the lingering infantile dependence and the adolescent anxiety on her behalf identity exposed in the remembered conflicts between them.

Offered is proficient at such exercises; however they are not fool proof. Unconstrained sensualities threaten to erupt also from within the exactly fashioned surfaces that Offered constructs her present:

The first egg is white.... The shell of the egg is smooth but also grained; small pebbles of calcium are defined by the sunlight, like craters on the moon. It's a barren landscape, yet perfect; it's the sort of desert the saints went into, so their minds would not be distracted by profusion.... The egg is glowing now, as if it had energy of its own. To look at the egg gives me intense pleasure. (Hansot 62, 63)

Confronting an isolated little bit of her own concealed, turbulent body, some sort of synecdoche in a jar, Kat is confronted with the dilemma which this entire content is focused the problem of how to browse the “grotesque” female body system and assign it indicating by method of the tale woven about it. After learning of Gerald's dual betrayal, she sits by itself at home, searching at the jar:

She'd asked the doctor if it could have started as a child, a fertilized egg that escaped somehow and got into the wrong place. No, said the doctor. Some people thought this kind of tumour was present in seedling form from birth, or before it. It might be the woman's own undeveloped twin. What they really were was unknown. They had many kinds of tissue, though. Even brain tissue. Though of course all of this tissues lack structure still, sitting here on the rug looking in at it, she pictures it as a child. It has come out of her, after all. It is flesh of her flesh. ( Shapira 66)

The Handmaid’s Tale and Oryx and Crake bridge this era of profound cultural transformation and, though both novels explore the physiological limitations of view and the exploitation of these limits for political factors, they attract quite different conclusions about the probability for crucial spectatorship. In both novels, The Handmaid’s Tale and Oryx and Crake, the issue of the picture evolves from one regarding the manipulation of the signifier for political leads to the previous, to the issue of total domination of the signifier and lack of the referent in the latter. Appropriately, the stakes of visible representation increase as well, as Atwood shows that not merely civil liberties but humanity itself is usually threatened by the consequences of an extremely degraded and dehumanizing visible culture. However, despite changing circumstances of visually, Atwood proceeds to recommend literature

99 as a practical space within which to channel level of resistance to what often appears to be the entire hegemony of visual tradition.

Oryx and Crake:

The Oryx and Crake published in 2003, this novel is based on the speculative fiction and adventure romance and it is also an example of unsuccessful mother child relationship. Jimmy’s complicated relationship along with his mother is developed most completely. Her range, depression, and distraction stem from the task she will. Like Offered mother in The Handmaid’s Tale, she stays occupied working. Unlike Offered mother whose career is by no means specified, Jimmy’s mother work for a big biotechnology company. Her professional position as a microbiologist, unthinkable in the patriarchal lifestyle of Gilead, he should make a progressive, positive declaration about women’s accomplishment of equality. Her function eventually threatens her sanity, though. Consequently, she abandons her just child. Jimmy, the “Snowman” of Oryx and Crake, relates his specific experiences with regards to his mother and his lover in suspenseful techniques foretell the global disaster he manages to survive. His story also contains telling information regarding the troubled maternal interactions that shaped the name characters. There are many types of scientific advancements put on human reproduction as well; wealthy lovers can create kids with made-to-order specifications. A lot more than in Gilead, kids are described as the consequence of breeding. Those children born into the period of the novel are mainly left alone to mother or father themselves, no positive mothers or mother numbers help the primary characters. These good examples illustrate the failings of the future society.

In a text message with few mentions of the world outside of the United States of America (USA), the Oryx is an essential tone of voice, reminding us how women, children, and folks of color are disproportionately suffering from environmental crises. Everything is definitely connected; Oryx’s tale reveals how climate modification led to the children in her village for sale into sex slavery. Jimmy’s anger at a child sex trafficker is obviously understandable, but his savior complicated and his individually-concentrated worldview prevent him from viewing the bigger picture of the way the system he is component of created the circumstances for this guy to thrive to begin with. Oryx’s view is a lot more nuanced. Jimmy understands that his

100 narrative of Oryx is not “true” but/therefore he continuously pressures her for even more information about her existence before they met. He’s obsessed with the many lurid and exploitative information on her past; the even more he is aware of the awful points (or what he thinks will need to have been awful), the even more he can believe that he has preserved her, that he's different to her compared to the other guys in her lifestyle. Atwood takes on with the narrative convention of focalization, destabilizing the energy positions of focalized (Jimmy) and focalized object (Oryx). Although the reader receives the focalized narrative through Jimmy, Atwood uses humor to criticize Jimmy for his fetishization of Oryx. Atwood writes:

The Abominable Snowman - existing and not existing, flickering at the edges of blizzards, apelike man or manlike ape, stealthy, elusive, and known only through rumours and through its backward-pointing footprints. Mountain tribes were said to have chased it down and killed it when they had the chance. They were said to have boiled it, roasted it, held special feasts; all the more exciting, he supposes, for bordering on cannibalism.( Di Marco 139)

The novel’s protagonist is a boy, named Snowman. He lives in a post- apocalyptic globe with human-like creatures known as the Crackers. The narration of the novel can be sectioned off into two different degrees of time enough time before and following the apocalypse. Flashbacks in the narration from the pre-apocalyptic era display the reader that Snowman was once a boy known as Jimmy. The world demonstrated to the reader via flashbacks reveals a global ruled by multinational companies. The corporations’ workers live with their own families in compounds which have been separated from all of those other population.

Today’s study uses theory supplied by the Eco critical study of literature as a guiding principle in taking into consideration the borders mentioned previously. The border between your physical world and literature, and the border between human beings and animals. The function given to meals in Oryx and Crake is certainly a fruitful area to research since meals is intrinsically linked to queries about the definitions of human being and animal.

101

Jimmy becomes linked to the human-character -dichotomy currently in his childhood through his father’s occupation. Jimmy stated: “Why aren’t you making the locks for the doors anymore?”(Margaret 30).

The primary idea in this scene of the novel is showing that there will never be any one else to make decisions for someone, nobody will ever be “old enough”, it really is everyone’s personal duty to discover about the exploitation of nature independently. For Jimmy’s dad, the best way to humanity’s survival is normally to exploit character and to keep up with the human-over-character -hierarchy, whereas for Crake the perfect solution is to make a new. Improved, humanity. Neither of the options is usually represented as positive and Jimmy/Snowman may be the link between both of these extreme.

Furthermore, the Oryx, the central woman character, may be considered a child porn celebrity. She is offered during her childhood by her mother, along with her brother due to poverty. She suffers course, gender, and sexual along with colonial exploitation. She turns into a sexual commodity moving from one man to some other, with each one exploiting her sexually. She actually is acquainted with the work of women in culture during her childhood itself. All of the roles and responsibilities of females revolve around her body, as she actually is seen just as a body. The picture of Oryx is referred to as sexual commodity that’s sexually objectified and oppressed in patriarchal culture due to her femininity. She actually is harassed both due to her sexuality and course and treated as “body” and object. Her feminity is definitely built as object of sexual usage. Due to her poor course status she is marketed by her family members to rich man called Uncle En who uses her at first as a flower vendor and as sex bait to trap sexual visitors for the money. She is put through the truth of the usage of ladies as body since her extremely childhood.

Atwood confirms the sociable and cultural building of gender through the type of Jimmy and Oryx and demonstrates gender boundaries are porous and unstable where both masculinity and femininity could be appropriated by the folks of either sex. Which means features of masculinity and femininity usually do not remain specifically confined to jimmy and Oryx plus they reflect overlapping of both gender identities?

102

In the open animal story specifically, this triangulated schema is traditionally mediated by human-animal interactions based on a character’s proficiency in woodcraft, a discipline that the exogenesis invariably proven as being not capable of mastering. A complicated kind of specialized knowledge, the term woodcraft, as defined.

However, The Handmaid’s Tale is Atwood’s work to heal modern views of the mother, what in her latest novel, Cat’s Vision, would indicate such a therapeutic? I think it is in her selection of the fictional memoir, one therefore intimately near to women's lives of Atwood’s era that the article writer feels she must deny its autobiographical roots in the copyright web page of the written text. I possess proposed, in my content “Early Canadian Women's Memoirs,” that the memoir is a fortunate choice for most Canadian women who want to present their self-structure as intimately mixed up in day-to-day time lives of their own families and communities. It really is a come back to the city of her childhood that creates the memorialist instinct in Elaine Risley. I think it is notable that both statistics with whom Elaine can be most preoccupied are her mother and the “friend” a friend who was both victimizing, powerful, maternal figure of her childhood and, in her adulthood, becomes the “madwoman” victim of the patriarchal program that denies women complete personhood and locks them up when hysteria outcomes.

The Oryx and Crake partake of an identical logic of representing procedures of inclusion and exclusion, of outside and inside. The supposed protection of jimmy’s is accomplished at a higher cost by way of implementing a policy of authoritarian monitoring and control. This one way Jimmy’s father clarifies it to his child:

“Long ago, in the days of knights and dragons, the kings and the dukes had lived in castles, with high walls and drawbridges and slots on the ramparts so you could pour hot pitch on your enemies …and the Compounds were the same idea. Castles were for keeping you and your buddies’ nice and safe inside. And for keeping everybody else outside” (Howell 109).

The Year of The Flood:

The Year of The Flood, published in 2009,In the entire year of the Flood, Atwood describes the flood’s consequences for just two plebes, users of the low class,

103 who find refuge from the flood in wildly different locations. It introduces the God’s Gardeners, and eco-conscious faction that anticipated the environmental disaster. Atwood actually intersperses hymns and homilies from the God’s Gardeners within the novel.

The story shifts between Toby, an associate of God’s Gardeners hiding out in the cult’s refuge, and Ren, a child raised by the God’s Gardeners who becomes a dancer in the sex club Scales and Tails. Both women battle to survive while wanting to understand the focal point of the disaster’s origins. Just like other two novel The Madaddam trilogy, The Year of the Flood have received acclaim because of its innovative and chilling undertake near-future environmental disaster.

Toby’s describes the journey from the socio-economic point of view, her infertility and androgynous physique leading her path to live a nomadic life; I would contend that Toby's character is striving to hold onto full agency as her very own storyteller. This is apparent in how Toby escapes into Gardener creed, loans her voice to recount a male story, at last giving her story and its advising to a male figure. Thus, the Toby exists within an in-between space, and as the trilogy concludes we find that she’s efficiently allowed herself to become created out of her personal story.

Similarly, Oryx and Crake and The Year of the Flood began soon after the catastrophe and tracks back in its history over the corrupt and degenerate world But as the first novel centered on the privileged elite in the substances and the morally bankrupt companies, the entire year of the Flood depicts even more of the globe of the plebes, an edgy no-man's property inhabited by criminals, sex employees, dropouts and the few people who want to resist the hold of the corporations.

Moreover, the novel centers revolve around the lives of Ren and Toby, female members of a fundamentalist sect of Christian environmentalists, the God’s Gardeners. Led by the charismatic Adam One, whose sermons and eco-hymns punctuate the narrative; the God’s Gardeners are finding your way through life following the prophesied Waterless Flood. Thus, Atwood plays had played some of their religion and their hymns have a cleverly bobbing, churchy mood, and we discover that both Ren and Toby have been drawn toward the group for nonreligious reasons. However, the tenderness and benevolence of the Gardeners is a wellspring of expectation and additionally humour. Hence, it gutsy and expansive novel, rich with

104 ideas and concepts, but overall it is more optimistic than Oryx and Crake. It is heroes have got a compassion and energy without Jimmy, the wounded and floating lothario at the prior novel’s center.

Thus, each novel could be enjoyed independently of the additional, but what’s perhaps most amazing is the amount of connection between them. Collectively, they type halves of an individual epic. Character types intersect. Plots overlap. Actually the tiniest information tessellate into an complex whole. In the ultimate pages, we meet up with Jimmy once again, as he waits to come across the strangers. These times, Atwood commits herself to a dramatic and hopeful denouement that’s commensurate with this novel’s spirit of redemption.

Toby Character:

Among the two protagonists, and whose existence we follow through the entire story. She is actually is an orphan whose mother passed away from the artificial sicknesses and her father committed suicide after death of his wife. After running into problems with her abusive boss Blanco and Toby is saved by God’s Gardeners. She actually is reluctant to remain with the Gardeners and their unusual life-style, but the safety they offer her convinces her to remain. She quickly rises through the ranks and proves herself as a worthy person in the Gardeners after she accepts the positioning of Eve Six. Toby is normally educated, no-nonsense, and street wise, and is quite respected within the Gardeners. Her understanding is what maintains her and many more alive before and following the Waterless Flood.

Ren:

Ren is the youngest among the two heroes; she was grown and nurtured in the compounds. After her mother, Lucerne left her to abandon her husband for pleeblander, Zeb, the two walk out of the compound and fused with God’s Gardeners.. She actually is naive and occasionally gullible, and is very easily influenced by peer pressure. She actually is much softer plus much more emotional than Toby.

Ren’s mother who has abandoned her husband Frank for a pleeb lander named Zeb. Therefore, she became a member of the God's Gardeners, which Zeb was an associate, and brought Ren along with her. A lovely woman, but is frequently referred

105 to as vain, self-centered, and selfish. She will not believe the religious beliefs that The Gardener’s coach, and she will not try hard to cover it. She is just with The Gardener's to become with Zeb. She actually is manipulative and intelligent, and will perform what she can to obtain what she wants.

Zeb:

Zeb is a respected but rebellious person in The Gardeners. He is an instructor and teaches the kids Gardeners about survival and hunting abilities, and how exactly to defend yourself. He's notorious for breaking the guidelines that the Gardeners established, but frequently escapes punishment because he is an invaluable person in the group. He is he Gardeners liaison between their globe, the pleeblands, and occasionally the substances. He knows how exactly to survive lifestyle in the pleeblands and how exactly to start unnoticed, and his abilities tend to be required. Zeb is usually a hardcore man who shouldn't be messed with, but is definitely loved by the kids of the Gardeners and several researches to him. He is father figure to many when the world is certainly going mad and a sense of loneliness and despair won’t leave one’s mind, one becomes a simple victim for sects. No question that increasingly more sects show up daily and almost every one of them discover their target audience and devoted fans. They promise a method to salvation, offer with a fake feeling of comfort and ease and brotherhood. Toby and Ren understand all about it, most likely Toby knows a bit more than Ren. Exactly like a great many other people, who opt to sign up for a sect, she's a difficult amount of her existence. Lonely, tired and actually abused, she is prepared to follow anyone, who can guarantee her an expected improvement. Fortunately on her behalf, the God’s Gardeners could not certainly be a rather harmful and destructive sect, but there are numerous people, who enter a trap.

Although presently there are many people, who say that the near future would not be that awful, actually it will be far better; Margaret Atwood depicts the worst situation. Everything can be submitted to the corporation’s control, there is absolutely no more any such thing as freedom of preference anymore. To can be found in this “New World” one is to understand never to ask questions, never to hesitate, not to be concerned about others. To endure no matter what is the primary goal.

106

Therefore, the influence of physical abuse on an abused person could not be underestimated. The globe depicted by Margaret Atwood in this novel is certainly ruled by violence. The more powerful you are, the richer you are, the even more connections you possess, and the better you are. That power and lack of laws, which could actually protect victims from their abusers open up Pandora’s Box. Toby’s tale is among a victim. She understands that she can’t head to police and statement. She also understands that there surely is no way to flee. This insufficient choice can simply cause mental breakdown. Luckily, Toby manages to flee before thoughts about suicide begin occupying her brain constantly, but no one knows just how many people possess to face the issue Toby used to cope with.

The Year of The Flood certainly strengthens Atwood’sstatements about expect human cooperation. The novel represents a broad spectral range of experiences. From negligent and selfish Lucerne to nurturing and stouthearted Toby, the number of encounters the characters share display that children miss a protective mental impact. Also the survivors exhibit forgiveness, a trait that connects them to Offered from The Handmaid’s Tale and Jimmy from Oryx and Crake.

Lady Oracle:

It is the first novel where the daughter’s development as an artist is normally discerned from her childhood to early adulthood. What looms behind the daughter’s innovative process is her romantic relationship with her biological and surrogate mother, from whom the novel heroine woman, Joan Foster, takes in the stereotypical picture of female excellence and the requirements forced women in the patriarchal society. Therefore, she is worried about the mother and daughter relationship and its impact on the daughter's psychological development. certainly, it inspects not exclusively Joan's doing combating with her mother over her body in the household field, yet also her relational connections in her social field and her original procedure. This proposal contends that Joan's improvement through self-part, institution of different parts, to at long last playing out a custom of death and re-birth signifies first the girl’s drawn-out advantageous relations with the moms, escapes into dreams, and afterwards her continuous acknowledgement of the mothers restrictions and the generalisations forced on her.

107

Moreover, the various voices of mothers and daughters in Atwood's corpus, particularly her concern about female craftsman, could be positioned in the context of English literature composed by women because the nineteenth century, which, according to Marianne Hirsch, is characterized individually as that of absent and hushed mothers in the nineteenth century, of the daughter ambivalent but passionate disconnections with the mother in the first area of the twentieth century, to, because the post-war era till right now, an ongoing seek out the pre-oedipal mother and gradual rise of mothers various voices. Hirsch’s linear representation of literature about daughters and maternal numbers from the nineteenth century to the 1970s will need to have its blindness and omission, not forgetting my try to place Atwood in this traditional context. However, a short study of how mother-daughter associations are treated in a few English novels from the nineteenth century to the 1970s will help to tease out a few of the issues regarding feminine identities both these feminine writers and Atwood are worried with.

Because of Joan’s problematic utilization of food to accomplish a paradoxical purpose to defy and also to put on her mother, Joan is definitely ensnared in a perpetuated symbiotic relationship. While Klein’s fantasy at first accentuates the child’s phantasy of the mother’s breasts splitting the breasts right into a great and a bad breasts the word, breasts, is used metaphorically, and fantasy may also be utilized to make reference to unconscious fantasy of everyday lifestyle. Hence, in Kleinian conditions, Joan is usually in a paranoid-schizoid placement with her desire to expel the threatening poor mother from her psyche and also to disentangle herself from the symbiotic bonding. In Joan's unconsciousness, she encounters fits of anxieties due to the projection of phantasy poor breasts onto the biological mother that threatens to lessen her body, and on the other hand, the feeling of nourishment and protection is usually procured by projecting the nice breast onto bingeing and her surrogate mother and aunt Lou.

The continuous seepage of cultural images in to the materiality of living may be centered on the problem of what Joan calls “female fears”. The actual fact that she was incredibly excess fat during childhood and adolescence resulted in a gap in her initiation into womanhood:

108

I'd never developed the usual female fears: fear of intruders, fear of the dark, fear of gasping noises over the phone, fear of bus stops and slowing cars, fear of anyone or anything outside whatever magic circle defines safety. I wasn't whistled at or pinched on elevators; I was never followed down lonely streets. ... It would have been like molesting a giant basketball, and secretly, though I treasured images of myself exuding melting femininity and soft surrender, I knew I would be able to squash any potential molester against a wall merely by breathing out. (Barzilai 251)

Joan, the daughter in Lady Oracle, rebels against her mother but then sways between your two positions of a housewife and an artist. In a Lady Oracle, (1976), her third novel, Atwood provides us an extremely self-determined and active mother, and a girl whose life and composing are haunted by the mother. Moreover, it really is through rewriting Outfit Gothic conventions and informing her existence story that Joan benefits new consciousness about her mother and her own identification. The Lady Oracle is actually Joan the artist’s reconstruction of her own lifestyle story. It really is through Joan's eye that the reader encounters the shallow, middle-course environment of her childhood years.

However, everything about Lady Oracle, is periodic, a special event of the counterfeit; its strategies predicated on mirrors and reflections. Each of Joan's functions is described by others, and each is present by method of parody of even more normal roles. In part second as child she tries to be the image her mother wants her to end up being. Hence, Atwood provides stressed the standard of freedom-that capability of the given individual to impose her own design on contingent universe, linking absurd fragments by method of will. Basically, it really is a rationalist's look at of the universe and specific. Yet, Joan is given an opportunity to express herself in times fraught with deception.

It is amazing to note how Joan's existence is preoccupied with mirrors and reflections. She remembers many occasions, as just a little lady in her mother’s house, seeing her mother near the triple mirror creating. Her mother's dissatisfaction of her reflected picture in the mirror illustrates the illusion of the pictures. These early childhood remembrances are instrumental in the sluggish progress and advancement

109 of her like for fantasy. We observe Joan’s obsession with fantasy/illusion in adult existence too-her very own preoccupation with mirrors and reflections, like her mother.

This obsession with mirrors continues throughout her life. For example, later in a resort in Italy, she discover herself in the full-length mirror and incredibly is content with her new identification, as we read right here. When my locks were neatly rolled, 1 stood before the full-size mirror on the trunk of the bedroom door and examined myself, much as an agent might examine a swamp with a vision to future development.

Atwood makes a solid tone of voice about marginality, underground presence, and alternative types of lifestyle in a counterfeit culture. The multiple voices of mothers and daughters in Atwood's corpus, specifically her concern about feminine artists, can be positioned in the context of English literature compiled by women because the nineteenth century, which, relating to Marianne Hirsch, is definitely characterized respectively as that of absent and silenced mother in the nineteenth century, of the daughters' ambivalent but passionate dis/connections with the mother in the first portion of the twentieth century, to, because the post-war period till now, a continuing seek out the pre-oedipal mother and gradual emergence of mothers diverse voices.

Object relations theory is particularly applicable to investigate the mother- daughter cachexia in Lady Oracle since it emphasizes that the subject's interaction with his/her mother in childhood, or having less it, has profound impact that may last in to the person's adulthood. Particularly, Melanie Klein’s theory of infantile projection and introjection, for me personally, can help describe Joan's prolonged procedure for dealing with and attachment to her mother. If Joan rejects the mother's try to trim her by bingeing, interestingly, through eating and also through her infantile gaze, Joan identifies with the mother, both her bad and the good sides.

Joan’s mother stands in implicit opposition to these multiple and physically excessive feminine personas and Joan represents her mother’s very existence as you of self-restraint in the expectation of an eventual incentive: “She used to say that nobody appreciated her, and this was not paranoia. Nobody did appreciate her, even

110 though she'd done the right thing, she had devoted her life to us, she had made her family her career as she had been told to do, and look at us”(Hite 160).

Besides splitting herself into the good and bad breasts and task her mother while the bad 1, Joan experiences a different type of self-splitting along the way of her socialization. On the main one hands, to survive in the societal field, she consciously divides herself right into a kind auntie body in college and a monster underneath. However, the surrogate mother Joan turns to, Aunt Lou, affords her with illusive eludes into fantasies; that's, passionate ideologies and the stereotype of woman artists in Hollywood films. Besides her ideological legacy, Aunt Lou literally gives Joan with an expedient to discard her mother, using the physical trimming as a term to getting the aunt's inheritance. The biological mother-daughter symbiotic romantic relationship is hence severed ostensibly, with the girl Joan's absquatulating to a self-constructed globe of patriarchal fantasies and maternal shadows. The cessation of Woman Oracle continues to be equivocal and resists closure. It isn't pellucid whether Joan will need even more responsibility in the target authenticity or escape once again into another fantasy. Nevertheless, if indicting opens a potential space for Joan therefore she can first task and abnegate stereotypes, Atwood supplemental opens a potential space for all of us visitors. If Joan's wavering between fantasy and authenticity can be an illimitable routine, the potential space Atwood opens with the terminus of Woman Oracle perpetuates to invite the visitors participation and also to examine the stereotypes women encounter today. In Mattapoisett, females no more bear children; reproduction occurs artificially through a brooding machine, and every child has designated three co-mothers, who could be female or male, as the thought of gender will not matter at all later on.

How john’s life conforms to or appears to be the Gothic, relate right to the conventions of the Gothic as reported by critics Joanna Russ and eve Kosofky Sedgwick.Russ somewhat flippantly organizations the Gothic thus:

To a large, lonely, brooding House (always named) comes a Heroine who is young, orphaned ,unloved, and lonely .she is shy and inexperienced. She is attractive, sometimes even beautiful, but she doesn’t know it. sometimes she has spent ten years nursing a dying mother; sometimes she has (or has had) a wicked stepmother ,a bad

111

aunt, a demanding and selfish mother (usually deceased by the time the story opens)or an ineffectual ,absent, or (usually)long _dead father, whom she loves .(Morpherson38)

The Blind Assassin:

It was published in 2000 and same year it won the Man Booker Prize, Orange Prize for fiction and nominated for Governor General Award. In 2001, it won Hammett Prize and international Dublin Literary Award in 2002. Time magazine mentioned it name the best novel of 2000 as well as included it is name in the list of 100 greatest English-language novels since 1923.

The Blind Assassin is actually a saga of repression of girl-child because of sociable conditioning which is actually a politics of gender. Women are anticipated to create identical conventional feminine characteristics in females by which males retain their domineering position. The characteristics of subjugation, self-abnegation and silence are created in a woman to satiate the wishes of guys. This technique of conditioning erases all of the traces of individuality and to expression in women. Therefore, the discrimination between male and female is an age aged phenomenon. It seems hard to dissolve or even to bridge this gap since it has seeped into the foundation of the culture. If the rearing procedure for girls is changed, after that an immense change could be perceived in the subordinate placement of ladies in the society. The necessity is to provide support and encouragement to ladies to ensure that they become assured and independent. A culture which gives equivalent space to women and men is the imagine the feminists which can be hard to attain as it requires a massive transformation in the attitude of the culture towards feminine and femininity.

A girl-child gets familiar with the feminine characteristics in her infancy. Sociable conditioning generates the characteristics of femininity which lacerates and hinders her healthful development. The society needs females of unquestioning obedience to males which evolves gross inequalities between genders in the culture.

Canadian social construct appears to be quiet comparable to Indian culture in the context of girl-kid upbringing. Atwood exposes the Canadian culture, over First World War, which discriminated between your sexes. It expected women to become

112 submissive creatures fulfilling the wishes of the chauvinistic culture. Atwood reveals, through Iris and Laura Chase, a conservative method of developing girl children. In the embedded narratives,

The social building assigns the gender functions to females since their birth. In The Blind Assassin we discover the bond of like and affection lacking between Iris and her mother. The Iris, as a child, craved on her behalf mother’s attention and like. Her mother’s lengthy absence due to her charity function for the Armenians improved her craving for mothers like. Iris constantly overburdened by her expectant mother a good child and sister. She actually is not absolve to express her anger and resentment for anything which isn't well-liked by her. This goodness is certainly imposed on her behalf by her mother. She is always likely to complete her responsibilities as a girl and as an elder sister. Her mother will not value her feeling and will not provide space expressing her real emotions, also before her mother. Therefore her mother does more attempts to greatly help the Armenians but she forgets about the like and care needed by her daughters. Because of lack of mother’s assistance Iris faces many unpleasant and intolerable circumstances in her lifestyle as she evolves no knowledge of human relationships.

Girl-child rearing steadily and obliterates the true identification and rusts the inherent characteristics in a woman. She becomes reliant on men both actually and psychologically. Simone de Beauvoir in the second sex reveals the characteristics of women which will make her a perfect woman - devoted, silent, spiritual and deferential to men.

Atwood offers realistically portrayed the father-daughter relationship in The Blind Assassin. The position of the father in a conventional family is normally head of the family. He turns into the guardian of the family members whose sole goal is to provide the essential necessities of existence to the family. Although, fathers are more worried about the continuing future of their sons whereas the daughters are remaining to be taken care of by mothers.

Hence, in the majority of the instances, the daughters assimilate themselves with their mothers. Daughters know every part of their mother’s lifestyle whereas father’s life continues to be an untouched chapter. The daughters find their fathers through the eye of their mothers.

113

Atwood also discloses the trauma connected with puberty. As a woman grows up, she actually is made to experience different and mindful about her femininity. This treatment can be a section of the collective male response towards anything feminine. The physical advancement becomes a horrifying knowledge for her.

Cat’s Eye:

Cat’s Attention relates the tale of a woman who is looking back days of adolescence, her romantic relationship with her mother left her sense vulnerable and unprepared for a fact. Although, these books differ strikingly from the three later on novels I have chosen to investigate, they help give a history for understanding Atwood’s general watch of motherhood and the conflicts that occur in the dystopian functions. Additional feminist critics have attempted to explain Atwood’s inspiration for writing a few of these works.

Cat’s Eye is uncommon for the reason that it builds upon the most complete and perceptive exploration of youthful girlhood. There is usually fiction which explores the stage of youthful boyhood, but actually writers who are women, have not dealt with this stage of a woman’s advancement before. Atwood says that the inclination is to believe that the only associations of importance to women are their dealings with males as parents, boy close friends, husbands or infants. The writer has used a bold part of composing about how the tiny girl who got operate over by her girlfriends could react to the other females when she was raised.

Elaine Risley’s childhood starts in a literary house, filled up with all those vanished items from Atwood’s personal childhood - the marbles, the Eaton’s catalogues, the view bird viewing you, the smells, sounds, shades, the textures. For Atwood, fiction - composing is a special event of a physical World she understood. . According to Osborne:

“Elaine's memories are restricted to her personal past, and her encounters with the figures of her past are presented in a realistic manner. While Elaine may think she sees the characters from her past as she walks around Toronto, her interactions with these figures are always explained as occurring in her mind’’(Osborne 100).

It’s partly an effort to stop or recreate period. The theme of mental trip across time is made right at the start of the novel in Elaine’s mention of time. She says: “You

114 don’t appear back a long period but down through it, like water” (Atwood 3). The lengthy sequences of her existence from early childhood through artwork school, a disastrous romance and her failed 1st marriage - the recollections of her life right down to the present instant culminate in the exhibition of her paintings. Having resided in the wilderness while her dad did field study on bugs, Elaine is a lot more innocent than her youthful age group warrants when her family members moved to the town, and she actually is unprepared for the women’ games, having up to now played just with her brother. She feels convenient with males, whom she considers her key allies. However, cultural convention needs her to speak and become the other young ladies. The uncertainty with which she efforts this behavior makes her the thing of ridicule among her woman close friends - Cordelia, Grace and Carol.

But Elaine understands that is only a short-term escape. That night time, she dreams of her particular marble, the main one she phone calls Cat’s Eye as a cosmic or planet dropping from the sky into her sleeping body, and producing her chillya dream which implies that unconsciously she actually is maturing, acquiring fresh strength. In the institution years that adhere to her childhood, the torment raises; therefore, she holds to the marble as if it had been a magic third attention with an ‘impartial gaze’ which allows her to retreat back to her eye. The marble allows her to hold to the primary of herself and also to cast a chilly eye on her behalf tormentors. Hite mentioned:

At the same time, however, Cat's Eye itself is built up of these autobiographical interpretations, inasmuch as the stories that motivated each painting are the key components of the narrative comprising the novel as a whole. In this respect, autobiographical information is crucial to understand the paintings wholly-and it is completely unavailable to the viewers who are posited as inside the novel. The fact that Elaine can no longer tell her paintings "what to mean" insures that they will never communicate as fully to these internal viewers as they do to the reader of the novel. Looked at this way, the creator's intention is the secret truth of the work of art. It is absolutely privileged and by the same token absolutely private, hidden within the artifact but discernible only when the creator chooses to reveal it through an explication that stands alongside the artifact; an explication

115

which, unlike the work of art itself, carries the unambiguous guarantee, this is the truth; this is what really happened. (Hite 153)

Cordelias Childhood:

In her small group of grade school friends, Cordelia may be the leader. But her I want to argue that is partly because of her understanding of the world of young women. Even though she being the youngest of three sisters, Cordelia provides intriguing tales to tell her close friends about her elder sisters, Perditand Miranda. In an earlier chapter known as the bullying, a merchant account is provided of the grotesqueries of the feminine body that is thought to be totally compelling by the band of close friends. Furthermore, Cordelia can be well acquainted with how exactly to behave when together with ladies. She knows the guidelines to play by, probably all as well, having developed with two elder sisters. These social abilities of hers, allow her to become the first choice of the band of friends, along with the instigator of the bullying of Elaine. But Elaine is quite venerable to the bullying primarily due to her nomadic childhood lifestyle. Because of the continuous traveling, Elaine is by no means in a position to make any close friends. She therefore takes on with her brother. This makes Elaine adept at males’ means of playing. Yet, in addition, it leaves her in need of the public skills required to relate with other girls. Of these early years, Elaine dreams about girlfriends. In Cordelia’s case the aggression will come in the form of bullying. Furthermore, being the main topic of ongoing maltreatment in her house, Cordelia is definitely in dire want of an wall plug of her inner emotions of inferiority and low personal worth. As a result, Elaine becomes an ideal victim. cordellia said:

A wave of blood goes up to my head, my stomach shrinks together, as if something dangerous has just missed hitting me. It's as if I've been caught stealing, or telling a lie; or as if I've heard other people talking about me, saying bad things about me, behind my back. There's the same flush of shame, or guilt and terror, and of cold disgust with myself. But I don't know where these feelings have come from, what I have done. (Jones 32)

As was set up above, Cordelia’s attachment pattern has a significant part in explaining why she becomes a perpetrator and a bully. Due to her hostile home circumstance, Cordelia needs other ways to handle her scenario. As was demonstrated

116 in a prior chapter, she frequently resorts to inflicting self-damage on herself. Another method of coping with her challenging and horrifying emotions of stress which Cordelia employs is to be within the utilization of ego-defenses In Psychology- Technology of Brain and Behavior (2001). Cordelia will probably utilize the ego- protection called projection. Her very own inner emotions of low self-well worth are projected onto Elaine through the bullying. Elaine, then internalizes these emotions and makes them her personal. She is more likely to internalize them since she currently senses that she actually is inferior to the various other three girls, because of her want of interpersonal skills. This happens at an unconscious degree of your brain. Also, Cordelia makes usage of the ego-protection called displacement to find an outlet on her behalf emotions of inadequacy in Elaine when her very own father is the genuine object of anger. Therefore, it's been concluded that the reason why as to the reasons Cordelia bullies Elaine will be the former’s disorganized attachment design that has been solidified during her upbringing, supplied by abusive and neglecting parents. Furthermore, because of Cordelia being truly a maltreated child she actually is more susceptible to exhibit intense behavior, in this instance by bullying Elaine. Because of this, Elaine getting the scapegoat solves Cordelia’s internal trauma at least in the peer group establishing. In Children’s Peer Relations, From Advancement to Intervention (2004), Coie discusses the impact to be rejected by peers. In Cordelia’s case this entails her learning to be a bully. Cordelia nevertheless, isn't rejected by her peers, but by her whole family, such as her two sisters, who somewhat can be thought to be her peers.

I declare that in a great number of situations bullying is a means of dealing with one’s personal shortcomings. The maltreatment of a peer could also function as a store for psychological strain because of a difficult house environment. In Cat's Eyes (1988), Elaine Risley, an effective 50-year-older artist, tells her existence tale in parallel to the styles of her paintings to exorcize days gone by that haunts her, simply as Joan attempts to ward off days gone by through writing. Days gone by Elaine must exorcize, nevertheless, can be her childhood tormentor, Cordelia, while Joan must consider and beyond her mothers in her fantasy and writings.

117

Surfacing:

It is second novel of Atwood, published in 1972. Surfacing is considered one of best novel of the Atwood. It confirmed Atwood status as one of the best novelist in Canada. It the story of young Canadian divorcee woman returning to her childhood woods home in search of her disappeared father.

Moreover, in the surfacing the anonymous narrator is childless mother and an illustrator by profession. If the aborted fetus obsesses her, it really is, like her parents, a shadow from days gone by that she must come to conditions with-not through her artwork but through "surfacing' from days gone by and another approach to life.

The protagonist ensuing delicacy of heart and nature was again elevated when she needed to discharge a frog into the lake. This scene stirs the recollections of her sibling who packaged frogs which she releases also. Such occurrence reflectively provides us with some insight into her exercises as youngsters, when she drew rabbits with hued houses, and her brother brought war and death. Atwood said in surfacing:

I tried to think about my mother but she was blanked out; the only thing that remained was a story she once told about how, when she was little, she and her sister had made wings for themselves out of an old umbrella; they'd jumped off the barn roof, attempting to fly, and she broke both her ankles. She would laugh about it but the story seemed to me then chilly and sad, the failure unbearable. (Atwood 31)

Colonial power structures possess gone deep in to the collective unconsciousness of Canadian also have become metaphor for feminine and character exploitation for ladies writers for the reason that country. Thus giving rise to Eco- feminism. Surfacing is among the best novels of Atwood which tasks the tale of an invisibly noticeable personality without name in type of narrator of the tale. The name of the novel is quite significant since it reveals the initiatives of an specific‘s self- exploration which undergoes many phases of physical problems and mental traumas. All of the efforts of a person in the novel for personal exploration clearly appear on the top in midst of the type from deep conflict between personal and society and provides a fresh power of rethinking and insight to the nameless heroine of the novel for additional process of lifestyle. Furthermore, it represents the feminine awareness

118 and shows a female‘s struggle to free of charge herself. Her association with the people and Character raises her awareness of victimization of girl. When her feminist awareness gets to its climax, the protagonist makes prepared the bottom for revolt against exploitation oppression and her pregnant mother is evidently quite calm in the existence of an all-powerful man amount, both God and Devil, great and evil. Thus, the picture significantly derives from an interval in the narrator’s make use of before she is undergone her damaging transformation to the religious beliefs of feminine glamour. The narrator exchanges the fake icons linked to the magic gilt small for the truer icon of the goldfish fetus and childbirth, and by doing this moves to rapprochement with her mother’s ideals, acceptance of her desirability as a wholesome double. Berryman said:”From the side, he's like the buffalo on the U.S. nickel, shaggy and blunt-snouted, with small clenched eyes and the defiant but insane look of a species once dominant, now threatened with the extinction”.( Berryman 53)

As a background to the type of inquiry involved, it must keep in the Mindy Lucan’s notion of relation between your imaginary order, dating from the child’s earliest connection with oneness with the mother, when everything is here now and today, and the symbolic order, from the law of the father and the discovery of language as something which invades the subjectively and imaginatively constituted globe of the child.

The predicament of the delicate protagonist as an illustration of children’s books, Ovebee Folk Tales cannot offer expression to the pictures in her paintings appropriateness to her sensibility. She actually is free of charge either to be the tales of her choice designed for children or even to exclude. It really is her art instructor, who dedicates the conditions to her in the decision of stories, colors and pictures of her paintings. She is approved the myths and background of culture. Her business is only to adhere to her choices and go set for compromises at every stage. She recalls her very own childhood video games she played the times prohibited attending Sunday College like other children of her age group. It reveals the continuous struggle for gender acknowledgement is apparent throughout background. Christ mention: “The protagonist is seeing that a foetus is a living thing, but not a developing child, but an animal, admirable protection like the heron” (Christ 322).

119

Madd Addam Trilogy:

The Madd Addam Trilogy by Margaret Atwood is normally one such function of speculative fiction. The world produced (and destroyed) in the written text is a great discursive space where to consider, in a fresh way, issues which have become polarized to the idea of impasse in both general public and personal debate in the USA. Although occur a speculative potential, the trilogy displays our current society’s progressively troubled relationship with pets. Populated as it has been strange lab- developed creatures, the trilogy can show up on the surface mainly because a caution against the risks of runaway biotechnology, but nearer reading places runaway capitalism and corporate greed in Atwood’s crosshairs rather. Her trilogy _Oryx and crake, the entire year of the flood, and maddaddam _constitutes a dystopian edition of the future which includes deferent child, pet ,bird . There are examples of significance; blue birds designing wallpaper bring a different symbolic excess weight than something even more totemic like the novelty helmet, covered up with patriotism and war and background, or something more industrial, just like the contented Holstein on a carton of milk. These icons possess true implications for the real animals in it. As the best American totem, the novelty helmet has improved protection under law; just possessing eagle feathers can lead to fines and jail period.

For children, animal symbolism is specifically pronounced. Certainly, representations of animals are a number of the first issues most American infants see upon getting into the world, although it might be weeks before they arranged their eyes on actual pets other than domestic pets. The saturation of pet symbols goes much beyond the occasional teddy bear or ugly duckling tale. Mooallem realizes how few actual animals are component of his daughter’s existence, and wonders how most of the real pet counterparts to the symbols his girl knows will end up being extinct by enough time she matures. As my notes reveal, these symbols accompany us in to the areas of adulthood, such as for example grocery stores.

Atwood’s childhood was divided between your forest in the warmer parts of the twelve months, and several towns in the colder parts. She was consequently in a position to develop the rudiments of the dual personality so essential for a poet. In the bush there have been no theatres, films, parades, or very practical radios; there have been also not really many other folks around with the effect that she had plenty of

120 period for meditation. Relating to her she became a reading addict, and offers remained so since. Although we find learned poetry through the seats of our pants, when you are bounced along to nursery rhymes as children. Poetry is actually oral, and is usually proximate to track; rhythm precedes meaning.

In her amassment Power Politics, Atwood demonstrates the reality where the melodious "you" and "I" play war diversions and clench hands overwhelm over dialect. "You" is Atwood's dream and everyman, a government official and a military officer, who is in charge of inducing history. The pervasive mode is that of pulverisation, and the two grown-ups and children play a circle amusement, an absolute after effect of which would be a quintessential extirpation of the courageous woman's small-scale and cosmoses except if this endless loop is broken.

A sad child:

A sad child the poem revolves around a story of a child. Who is guiltless? Childhood recollections have a significant effect on a mature personality. These recollections can affect the present as well as the future of a person. A sad child precisely clarifies how these recollections can change a life.

Children can sound terms out and understand new types, too. And similar to the reserve, the show is filled with alliteration. Atwood’s wish is that the present gets young visitors motivated about reading and composing. She advises that parents viewing the display with their children will get them to create their own stories using the letter presented in each show. I believe they can answer what hands they are dealt, in any manner. But anybody who is ever endured babies understands that they emerge in a different way.

The influence on our individuality starts at a very much earlier age with the initial person we meet, our mother researchers videotaped one band of families’ interactions while reading and using their young children-babies, toddlers and pre scholar’s .When parents read and play and chat and teach their children, enhance their behavior. People frequently believe that if a child includes a behavior problem, you need to look for a way to self-discipline that problem.

Parental and family affection and love assist in shaping to the child, teaches affection, love, happiness, development, individual values, culture and education. Any

121 argument between parents of the child and any separation from affection of both mother and dad to the child is certainly invaluable and it hampers eventually the nice environment for the child’s happiness, where the child is meant to grow carefully, parental like and affection. Child simply because an important part of human culture is the most effective natural resource. Today’s child is tomorrow’s wish and today’s child advancement is tomorrow’s national advancement. Minds of children are like wet cement and what we inculcate generally in the atmosphere of family members are permanent writings within their thoughts throughout their lives. Family members are superb as far as child advancement is concerned.

Child development is an activity every child undergoes. This process entails learning and mastering abilities like sitting, strolling and speaking. Children develop capabilities in the next five major regions of advancement. Motherhood is an essential part, not merely of child but also of females. It isn't only according to your myths but also from most recent trends of scientific advancements, research approving our Indian-mythology that learning starts to a child from her development as individual in the mother’s womb.

It really is only by the effectiveness of a mother’s will a child would appear well in lifestyle, not forgetting, but for mother and dad no one can be viewed as to form and develop well born to possess place in the earth. Hence, you need to respect and like one’s mother and after her dad who ought to be given the satisfaction place. Mothers will be the 1st to explain the children the immense worth of human existence. The mother’s function among paternal and family members role is vital that you the development of the child in the womb and also after birth, a child requires primarily the maternal affection and warm treatment. Nothing will come near to the love a mother feels on her behalf children. Not merely do mothers support their children, however they also often contain the whole family set up together. Mother’s job isn't often a facile one.

Furthermore, mothers are symbol of victims for the children and family members. Describing a mother's effort with sympathy, like and affection is practically impossible. Mother’s love is normally uncountable and meaningful. Her virtuous kindness is barely repaid by any useful things nowadays, unless a child cares for every day a mother’s time by showering equivalent affection to her and almost every

122 other person in family. What the mother can provide to her child and the degree to which she can provide, very much depends upon that which she can buy from her romantic relationship with her hubby. If she receives support, pleasure and peace from that romantic relationship that's what she will spread. If she just finds false anticipations and frustrations - then that's what she will spread. The child endeavors to keep up some proximity to the attachment physique, making use of them as a protected base to find their surroundings. Separation out of this person causes sorrow in the child and pleasure once re-united.

Research demonstrated that maternal deprivation could lead to depression, intellectual retardation, emotionally disturbed behavior and troubles in forming and keeping relationships. Unfortunately, however, not absolutely all mothers are attentive to their child’s requirements. When this happens, the infant can look for another person to fulfill its needs and like could be composed with see your face instead of the mother. Of program, not absolutely all children have a person who may take on the motherly part and several children do actually become focused on their mother even though she ignores them.

Children who've not had a secure attachment relationship have a tendency to have problems with depression, show anti-sociable deportment and tend to be even more emotionally and behaviorally troubled. Without the related support such as for example, encouragement and subsequent human relationships which are healthful and loving, this frequently will lead to quandaries with adult interactions. A child of any age group, sex, competition, and socioeconomic history can fall victim to child misuse and neglect. There are numerous aspects that may donate to the incident of kid abuse and neglect.

Parents may be much more likely to neglect their children if they abuse medicines or alcoholic beverages. Some parents might not have the ability to cope with the strain caused by the changes and could experience arduousness in looking after their children. The main types of child misuse are physical abuse, psychological abuse, sexual child misuse, and neglect. Neglect may be the failure to supply for the child’s fundamental needs. Neglect could be physical, educational, or psychological. Physical neglect range from not providing adequate food or clothing, suitable medical

123 care, guidance. Educational neglect includes failing to supply appropriate schooling or unique educational needs, allowing intense truancies.

Children of victims of family members violence also suffer when the abused parent, who's generally their main caretaker, cannot devote appropriate focus on the children’s needs due to the abused parent’s depression, low self-esteem, and low energy, not forgetting the obvious physical accidental injuries from domestic violence that may render victims bedridden or hospitalized. A child positioned in custody of a perpetrator of home violence continues to be at risk. A lot more than 50 percent of perpetrators who batter their partner may also batter their children and the pattern of partner abuse usually precedes the abuse of the child. The harm perpetrated by the batterer not merely upon the partner, but also upon the children.

An attempt can be designed to present that parents play a significant function in shaping up great behavioral patterns of their children. Further, how maternal work moves child advancement and earlier researches on the functions of mother, dad and siblings in child development are addressed. Whenever a female decides to keep her job to mother her child, she opts never to leave the transmitting of notions and beliefs, the perspectives on life’s more elemental and critical questions, to other people, but instead elects to consider the best responsibility herself. Increasingly more children are becoming reared by someone apart from their parents and beyond the house, deprived of the only environment where they can anticipate obtaining the personal care, love, and energetic devotion they require.

124

References:

Atwood, Margaret. The Handmaid’s Tale. New York: Fawcett Crest, 1985. Print.

---. Oryx and Crake. New York: Anchor Books, 2003. Print.

---. Cat’s Eye. New York: Anchor Books, 1998. Print.

---. Surfacing. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1972. Print.

Armbruster, Jane. “Memory and politics A Reflection on The Handmaid’s Tale. ”Social Justice 17.3(1990):146-152.JSTOR.Web.11 Sept 2018. Print.

Barzilai, Shuli, “The Bluebeard Syndrome in Atwood's Lady Oracle: Fear and Femininity”.

Marvels & Tales19:2 (2005): 249-273 . JSTOR. Web. 15 Sept 2018. Print.

Bergmann, Harriet F. “Teaching Them to Read’: A Fishing Expedition in the Handmaid’s Tale”. College English 51.8(1989):847_858.JSTOR.Web.06 Oct 2018. Print.

Berryman, Charles. “Atwood’s Narrative Quest”. The Journal of Narrative Technique 17.1 (1987):51_56 JSTOR.Web.06 Oct 2018. Print.

Christ, Carol P. “Margaret Atwood: The surfacing of women’s Spiritual Quest and Vision”. Sings 2.2 (1976):316-330 JSTOR.Web.06 Oct 2018. Print.

DiMarco, Danette. “Going Wendigo: The Emergence of the Iconic Monster in Margaret Atwood's ‘Oryx and Crake’ and Antonia Bird's ‘Ravenous’”. College Literature38:4 (2011): 134-155. JSTOR. Web, 11Sept 2018. Print.

Dodson, Danita J. “We lived in the Blank White Spaces: Rewriting the Paradigm of Denial in Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale.’’ Utopia Studies 8.2(1997):66- 86.JSTOR.Web.17 Sept 2018. Print.

Grace, Dominick M. “Th. Handmaid’s Tale: ‘Historical Notes’ and Documentary Subversion.’’ science fiction studie 25.3(1998):481-494.JSTOR.Web.06 Oct2018. Print.

125

Hansot, Elisabeth. “Selves, Survival, and Resistance in the Handmaid's Tale’’ Utopian Studies 5.2(1994):56-69. JSTOR. Web. 11 Sept 2018. Print.

Hite, Molly. “Optics and Autobiography in Margaret Atwood's Cat's Ey”. Twentieth Century Literature41: 2 (1995):135-159. JSTOR. Web. 11Sept.2018. Print.

Howell, Coral Ann. The Cambridge Companion to Margaret Atwood. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Print.

Jones, Bethan . “Traces of Shame: Margaret Atwood's Portrayal of Childhood Bullying Ana Its Consequences in Cat's Eye”. Critical Survey 20.1 (2008):29-42. JSTOR. Web.11Sept 2018. Print.

Ketterer, David . “Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale: A Contextual Dystopia (La Servante Ecarlate de Margaret Atwood: Une Dystopie Contextuelle”. Science Fiction Studies16. 2 (1989):209-217. JSTOR. Web. 11 Sept.2018. Print.

Laflen, Angela. “There's a Shock in This Seeing: The Problem of the Image in The Handmaid's Tale and Oryx and Crake” Amerikastudien / American Studies 54.1(2009):99-10.JSTOR,Web.11 Sept 2018. Print.

Macpherson, Heidi Slette Dahi. The Cambridge introduction to Margaret Atwood. London: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print.

Miner, Madonne. “Trust Me: Reading the Romance Plot in Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale” Twentieth Century Literature 37.2(1991):148- 168.JSTOR,Web.31Jul 2012. Print.

Morrison, Sarah R. “Mothering Desire: The Romance Plot in Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale and Susan Fromberg Schaeffer's The Madness of a Seduced Woman.” Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 19.2(2002):315- 336.JSTOR.Web.06 Oct2018. Print.

Osborne, Carol . “Constructing the Self through Memory: Cat's Eye as a Novel of Female Development”. A Journal of Women Studies14:3 (1994):95-112. JSTOR .Web. 11 Sept.2018. Print.

126

Shapira, Yael. “Hairball Speaks: Margaret Atwood and the Narrative Legacy of the Female Grotesque” Narrative18. 1 (2010):51-72.JSTOR.Web.06 October 2018. Print.

Sponenberg, Ashlie. “Utopian Studies.” Utopian Studies 11.2(2000):249_251.JSTOR.Web.17 Sept 2018. Print.

127

CONCLUSION

The life and habit of the children can be seen in the children’s literature. The brain of the child can be trained in the early stage of their life. Sociologist acknowledged that family taught the first lesson of the life. The family is the first institution where human being learned the first and foremost lesson of life. Therefore, children require continuous guidance, teaching and adequate from their family. The education of the children is one of the essential instruments which can help in the cognitive development of the children. The personality of the children can be trained by inculcating the fundamental human values. The children’s theatre is also one of the ways to teach the best experience of life to the children. Children’s theatre is based on the basic nature of the children. It is also interesting place for the parents. The advantage of the Children’s theatre is that it made the balance between the interest of children and parents. The interest of the children is fundamentally different from the adult. They cannot be compelled to do anything which they do not like. Although, the interest of the children at the same age group or school may be different.

The social and ethical factors are playing a critical role in influencing the interest of the children. The social challenges are the experience that can influence the personality and behaviour of the individual. Moreover, the family of high reputation and social status may stop sending their children to the school, it may reflect in their personality. Children who are often travelling abroad along with their parents may be exposed to new ways of thinking and ideas. There are also some communities who are living the multicultural ways of life and belong to the different race, religion. They often carried their cultural values, belief, faith and mythology. In some family religion is a matter of very serious, sensitive and children have to grow with the strict and rigid religious surrounding. The religious and parents view seem to influence the life of the children.

Children’s literature may help to change the behavior and habits of the children in a better way. The children’s literature is one of the more practical and reliable means to teach the children. Since the time immemorial, mothers have been telling the exciting tales to their children at the sleeping time. They also decorate their houses by using exciting pictures on the walls of the house and keeping stories books and toys at the home. Moreover, such kinds of activities are certainly generating the

128 interest of the children towards the learning and encourage them to build positive habits in life. Therefore, they realize that books, toys, alphabets and numbers are playable things and these things are also faster, in developing their interest in learning.

The books are a good source of learning it develop the interest of the children and makes them more exciting and happy while they read it. The books are written in such a way that it provides more exciting and encourage ways of learning. The didactic and moralistic books also helped to develop an interest in children regarding the learning new and fascinating facts. The books also develop the desire of learning and exploring new facts and circumstances. It drives the people to learn about the realistic and metaphysical world.

It is a common perception in every society that children are their future. Hence, they should be nurtured with proper care and training. Reading aloud to children is one of the best ways to encourage children to read on their own and help them find out how important the skill of reading can be to their enjoyment of a story. The teaching of reading includes making aware children to the subtleties of an artist's use of colour, line, form and space as well as to a writer's use of words. Folktales are the main part of any culture and should be an essential part of every child's life. Visual literacy is the ability to construct meaning from visual images. Children encounter visual images in their daily lives and must continually use and understand these images as well as explore and think critically about the importance of what they are seeing.

The picture books are containing beautiful stories and exciting art. The two work in concert to produce meaning through the transaction with the reader. In the picture books, readers can study the artistic use of colour, space, shape. In picture books, the properties of light and dark within the illustrations contained on each page or the whole book. Thus, the readers look at the individual components of the art with a view to getting knowledge. The colour in this book is also one of the most essential emotionally suggestive artistic works. The magnificent colours such as red and yellow can increase excitement. Whereas, the cool tones of blue and green may represent as a symbol of peace and tranquility. Thus, the selection of the colours generally depends upon the theme of the book. The authors also may select to epitomize their books in

129 black and white to show the period, story content or tone. Some also use a variety of media or visual elements to develop textual imagery. The trainees give picture book to the children under the condition to make predictions about its contents and inviting them to disclose the ideas about the subject. On the other hand, the visual attention has particular significance to the conscious experience, and many scientists have associated with some accepted forms of the consciousness. The consciousness theory is the subjective acquaintance of numerous things likes, visual objects, events, thoughts, and emotions. It is also an area of interest of many philosopher and psychologists. The focus on visual attention has increased since it has been studied comprehensively in cognitive psychology and has a lucid connotation for conscious experience. This area is most interesting. Thus much of the discussion is revolving around it. While at one point it would have been thought preposterous to study consciousness observationally, late progressions in cognitive neuroscience and its visualization strategies have made it conceivable to test brain instruments that are specifically related to conscious awareness. Thus, whenever we study about children’s literature, it becomes significant to comprehend the explanation, genres, characteristics, development, and scope in Children's Literature in particular.

In most of the families boys are treated blessing one and permitted to play outside of the home but girls are restricted within the four walls of the home and allow to play on the verandas of the house. It is traditional through among the masses that all the restriction keeps then safe and secure. The supreme purpose of the girl to get married and look after of the children. However, modern education succeeded to change some thought, but, the ground reality still remain same. Most of the girls still living under the harsh circumstance without any claims or complaint. Despite, the strict condition of life, girls show the colossal creativities and play in their restricted space with the things easily available at their home, likes furniture, mothers saris, toys and cooking utensils. Although, in the major time girls often help their mothers in the household works. Unfortunately, it is reality of both the urban and rural families regarding the status of the girl child at home. the finest observation of the this reality is reflected in the Margaret Atwood in a simple story titled For the Birds, suitable for four to six year old children. This book exposed the attractive and colourful illustration presenting more niceties than the words define to give a certain picture to the child. The perceptions made by these female critics about the culture and their

130 sensibilities towards individuals are woven into fiction. As well as female writers of children's literature comprehend the child’s psyche, their sensibilities and their life weave fantasy stories for children.

In the early days, women authors were very few and those who existed they strictly followed the norms laid by the men. They had little freedom to follow their own thought. Now a days, liberal society allow women to follow their own thought and opinions. However, liberalism in the women’s rights should be understood in the right terms. Moreover, all the literature written by the feminist writer may not be feminist in nature. The women writers for the children have also written fiction that is simply enthralling doing away with gender issues. Apart from writing for children working for their cause has been a women writer’s concern.

The name of the Margaret Atwood comes first in this context. She is not only a children’s writer but a pioneer in the field of the literature. She is a poet, literary critic, essayist, inventor, teacher and environmentalist. She also has started a movement for better books for children and encourages new talent in this field.

Margaret Atwood has written about the original local milieu have proved beyond doubt of her ability in presenting their concerns in the field of children's writings. She discovers feminist worries, genders po1itics, understanding of the child’s psyche, description of society. The children environments and many such exciting features which expose a wide range of her distress, interests and reactions. The genres used by Atwood are varied, ranging from imaginary, folktale, folklore, fables, myth, novel, autobiography and others with topics ranging from domestic, community and children themselves in their natural environments. The reading habit is considered as one of the most remarkable and essential activities for educating of children. Therefore, many prominent writers have been working in this field for its improvement. Thus a large numbers of novelists express a need to amuse and to educate the children morally, intellectually and socially as a reason for their writing. Therefore, the works of the Margaret Atwood are always concern the social problem of the people. She has been dedicating her life for the social courses. Furthermore, Atwood works on children’s literature are bringing consciousness among the children.

This study tries to explore works of Margaret Atwood for children in order to explore their worries in the field of children’s works. The main aspect of the research

131 work is to observe how the works of Margaret Atwood are helpful to contribute in shaping the minds of child readers, to explore feminist concerns and gender politics. The concerned writer’s understanding of the child’s psyche is also studied. This aspect is very important as it affects in molding the child characters in their fictional works. The research work also studies the depiction of society and child’s surroundings by the writer, and to study whether the works meet the requirements of children’s literature. Many such interesting aspects which reveal the wide range of their concerns, interests and responses are studied. There is a lot of scope of the critical study of this topic and study of women author is one of them. Since women are considered as natural storytellers, it is exciting to reading their works.

Children’s literature did not exist as a separate field of study in India for long. Though written for grownups, it has become popular with children. The term children's literature is a western concept. For the postcolonial period in the early 90’s, children were uncovered to western fiction. It has seen some qualitative works by well-known female novelists too for children.

Margaret Atwood is an author of superior fiction which is in style and structure more simple and exciting. She investigates into the inner self of her characters, especially her child heroes and discovers their emotions, self-conscious manners, their search for identity and their existence in the society. She usually searches the inner depths of the mind of her child characters. Her heroes are not assertive characters. They are also submissive and pessimistic.

The nature, object and scope of this thesis has been discussed. This thesis is based on the woman writing for children, and it is essential to know more about the contribution of women writers in this field.

The observations made in the study of Margaret Atwood for children have brought about many aspects of their literature to the core. Atwood through their literature has expressed and communicated their thoughts, feelings, and attitudes towards children's literature. These thoughts and feelings are recognized as being true to life. Poems like Anna's Pet, Up in the Tree, For the Birds, are concerned with thoughts and outlooks which we documented as belonging to real life. Although they are fiction, they look very much unique. It can be said true work of the arts in the literary sense.

132

The Realism is found in the literature of Atwood. It is also portrayed in Atwood’s Bashful Bob and Doleful Dorinda, Princess Prunella and the Purple Peanut, For the Birds and Rude Ramsay and the Roaring Radishes. The writers have depicted life as it real1y exists in a matter-of-fact way. They have written about unworried parents, poverty, child labor, orphaned children, terrorism, and death, which are very serious topics and are usual1y considered as taboo in children's literature. But, for the children present generation, these matters are not unfamiliar as they come across these issues in all news channels on television day in and day out. But the concerned authors are morally conscious and feel it as essential to express ethical messages through their novels. Social subjects are also seen in the works of Atwood. The findings display that the writers have psychological, political and economic suggestions in their literature. The experiences of good characters showed in the works of the poet can be used to explain children to become tolerant, comprehensive and wise. The children can also learn what not to do with seeing the common faults and weaknesses of mankind revealed in this creative literature.

The fast-growing changes in science and technology has brought multiple options in children to play and entertaining activities. The good quality of the literature raises the level of child reader into a world of fancy. However, video game transcends the children into action. Therefore, children starting to feel that they are accomplishing it. Moreover, children are taking a reading as a passive activity without enthusiasm but nowadays the perception about the reading is changing, and it is considering as a didactic activity to develop language as well as improve the personality. Thus, school texts are thinking sufficient to gain knowledge in the subject.

Only parents who were familiarized to books very early in their life and who follow the book reading as a hobby are considering instructing reading habit in their children Even these parents are finding it difficult to hold the child's attention in books as there are many diversions. This has a chain reaction. The production companies are at a loss. They discourage authors by paying them very little. Writers are also worried to pursue an active career in writing for children. Though book production is a booming industry in developed countries, India has to go a long way to achieve good consequences. However, writers who take up writing for children as a

133 social cause are still doing their best to promote this cause. The government organizations are also doing their best.

Criticisms have their role to play in promoting children's writing. They bring consciousness to the grownups who are deciding the factors in presenting reading habits in children. Hence it is significant to bring out good criticism, in the field. This critical appreciation of women authors' works in English is a humble work which can be considered as a small contribution towards this area.

The present day has seen a growth in the number of creators of children's literature. Women involve a prominent place in them. To start a critical study on children’s writing, it is necessary to recognize the theory of children's works. Even though it is an endeavoring task as it involves varied age groups with various degrees of understanding. It is certainly an endeavoring task to define children's writings. Many people worried in this field of education have tried to describe through different opinions. Margaret Atwood also describes different and unique phenomena about child’s literature to focus on the consciousness of the child in respect to the nature, creature and other surrounding objects.

To conclude Atwood’s talent as a potential, creator, her innovative composing style revealed her as one of the genuine authors of the modern period. The study evaluates her unique place among the modern creators. These literary works help us towards a better understanding of ourselves and our fellow human beings. In this way, the poet of children's literature is doing their bit to promote it. We can see examples of mother child relationship in major novel of Margaret Atwood. : Handmaid’s Tale, Cat’s Eye, The blind Assassin, Oryx and Crake, Surfacing, The Year of the Flood.

There must be some mechanism to enlighten the parents and teachers in order to correct their misconception, that if they punish the children they would behave well. Although, they often think that this method in the ruining interest of the children. Moreover, child love to play, they like to imagine, they are enthusiastic and full of learning tendency. These colourful thoughts of children can be given wings through children's literature so that children will go on a journey to imaginary lands on some journey.

134

The mother and daughter relationship is normally a regular topic on which most of autobiographies are written by the female authors. Mother has been playing a critical role in the modern women’s literature. The contribution of the motherhood in society is universally accepted. In the world of literature the mother daughter relationship is regarded to the development of the female aesthetics which appreciates a uniquely female literary consciousness. However, female aesthetic talks about their culture has been neglected for the centuries. Now, the circumstances have changed and it is right time to revive it. It also relates to women’s language and literary forms that are born out of the female psychology.

Sometimes, the breaking union between mother and child is essential for the growth of the children personality. Although, mother always wish to self-fulfillment just through her child. The successful mother knows that litmus test of the child maturity and growth depend upon the child capacity to severe the cord of attachment with the mother and stand on his/her own. After passing this stage of separation the female child again comes close to the mother and then, comes back to her mother and in this association lies her identity.

The mother and daughter often have strong bond of the love and affection, it help in the development of the daughter personality. Although, the relationship between them are very complex it cannot be define in words. In such situation, the support of the father provides more emotional as well as assurance of safety and security. Furthermore, daughters know feeling of their mothers. But it does not hamper the natural bonding between them. Therefore, their bonding reached towards its natural end. Daughters always think themselves that they are reflection of mothers. The confidence derived from such a relationship, help the daughters to survive with dignity and modesty in the male dominating society. Hence, their bonding of love, act as a bulwark against all the hardships, which they have been facing in the patriarchy. The perfect understanding is possible between parents and children only when there is bonding of love and affection existence. Where, all the differences and conflicts can be resolved by mutual help and cooperation.

The Committee on the Rights of the child has played an important role in bringing to the attention of States the necessity of adopting a rights based approach in law reform processes, underscoring however, that while consolidated statutes provide

135 an opportunity for achieving this, they do not constitute an end in themselves. Law reform efforts of this kind can be effective only with the complementary efforts of policy development, institutional reforms and appropriate budgetary allocations. In some instances, however the same conditions notwithstanding, the underlying basis for the Committee’s recommendations have differed across the States. This has led to a situation in which wide variations in consolidated models and efforts exist among States. Hence statutes may either fall under the frameworks of general, protection and more impressive categories, depending upon the intent of a particular country’s legislature at the time of passing the law.

The review of existing laws has revealed that enacting states parties normally conform to the Committee of the Rights the Child and other international instruments in many areas. Among the ones that can elaborates the principles of the CRC (about non-discrimination, the best interests of the child, and the right of the child to survival and development and participation).

The study finds that most States have provided for various measures of protection in the areas of identity, the right to know and be cared for by parents, the right to live in a family environment, rights in connection with the juvenile justice administration, abuse, violence, exploitation and children under emergency situations. Within the range of provisions presented, shortcomings can be found in some statutes such as those that relate to the definition of the child, age of criminal responsibility, corporal punishment and gender discrimination in parental responsibilities over the children. First and foremost is the high profile that is being given to the traditionally excluded area of Child Protection. Again opportunities are now presented to review outdated and scattered legislation, to cost the implementation of child-related services with a view to attracting funding within the framework of current trends in donor harmonization and aid effectiveness and to hold governments accountable on the basis of its legal commitments to children.

The Ministry of the Interior, Ministry of Education and Science, Ministry of Welfare, the Ministry of Justice, the Minister for Special Assignments – State Administration and Local Government Reform Matters and local government must conform statistical surveys in relation to safeguarding the rights of the children in the state and family. With regards to whom parental authority has ended or suspended and

136 children have been expelled from their residences. The adaptation of the child and placing them in extra familial care. The application of compulsory measures of an instructional or medical nature to children. Moreover, children being held liable for criminal charges and also being exploited in the society. Therefore, the Central Statistics Bureau in every year compiles the information alluded to and submit it to the National Center for the Protection of the Rights of the Child.

In the early age of the childhood, the proper care and cherishing done by the parents. The child need support from the family or someone else. They cannot grow and develop as young human being unless supported by the family. Hence, proper care and adequate socialization opportunity is the foremost rights of the child to become a civilized human being. The appropriate care and custody of the parents affords the best possible inputs for the maximum development of its potential as a enlighten person. The children are also vulnerable to the environmental degradation. Therefore, the requirement of their survival, health, safety must be arranged in the proper manner. The children cognitive and emotional advancement must be reinforced with empowering environment of love, friendship, and warmth.

Although, family provides the bonding of love, affection and sense of safety and security. The family affords the widest possible and most exhaustive assurance to its members for their psychological, physical and mental development. Even though some practical and auxiliary changes occur in families, it keeps on giving enthusiastic, money related and material help to its individuals, which are fundamental to the development and advancement.

Furthermore, the right of the self defence also available to the children against any violence, sexual abuse, trafficking and exploitation happen with them. The children are more susceptible to the exploitation and abuse due to the lack of understanding and tender age. Therefore, they are victim of exploitation and abuses by the family, teachers and the surrounding.

It is precedential practice among the society that they are treating child as their property. However, child is comprehended with certain rights and obligations in the contemporary society. Generally, the person is not fully recognized as a legal person before law until they attain a certain age. Moreover, the criteria of the full age depend upon the system to system. Much national legislation accepted the restricted legal

137 capacity of children with regards to different activities. But, every legal system has adopted the laws on the legal status of the children.

The most crucial and sensitive part of the every human life is childhood. In this stage of life every person grows, physically and intellectually in accordance with the circumstances of the life. Their habit, trait and behaviour also developed in this period. Who are around the half of total population are depending upon their family or under whose custody they are living. The children typically experience different problems under the different circumstances. Therefore, they require privilege by law from all types of the physical or mental savagery, damage or misuse, disregard or careless treatment, abuse, including sexual maltreatment. Such safeguard likewise covers the relationship of a child with his or her folks, lawful guardian or whatever another individual who has the care of the child. On the other hand, the parents can teach their children the result would be positive and empowering child at leap and bound. Although, in such circumstances, children generally associated and act under parental mentality. Which are transmitted through their demonstration of mutual confidentiality in regard to the children’s attitudes and their general learning capacity which drive them towards prevailing over the learning, training as an intricate procedure. Subsequently, parents ought to get associated with supporting their children in getting their work done, as along these lines they offer their parental help as one of the key systems driving towards a great education of their children at school.

The mother has been playing very important role in the development of the children personality. The emotional attachment of being a mother is more powerful than being a father of the given child of spouse. The biological as well as physiological relationship of the mother to the child represents the first reasonable criteria for the physical and intellectual growth of the child. She is the one who conceived it for nine month and gave birth to it. She takes care of his/her from being child to reaching the age of maturity. Therefore, mother’s roles are pivotal in the nurturing of the children. The mother defending children even in the worse form of condition. Each child grown up and go to the school with the help of the mother and it’s also sign to reach an appropriate psychological and social growth of the child.

Mother’s love and care for the child, is fully and well completed, and as such is frequently known by other members of the very family. This type of adoration and

138 affection can be seen as a main condition for a proper growth of the children in a given household. The children experience the physical as well as the emotional effects of the mom, and as such they are taken as a model which impacts their further growth during their emotional stage of growth of their moral values as a whole.

Furthermore, the importance if the children’s literature cannot be ignored or neglected, it is carrying the faith, that it is an effective link between literature and society. The socio-cultural value is inculcating in the children’s literature in order to help the cognitive development of the children. Thus, children’s literature is the assimilation of the diverse values, teaching and ideological framework to the children. Which, eventually develop as a way of life. The children are using a considerable level of fiction to a textbook, from poem to adventure, from picture to visual books as part and parcel of their daily life.

139

BIBLOGRAPHY

Primary Sources:

Up in the Tree (1978), Groundwood Books, 2006. Print.

Anna's Pet (1980) (with Joyce C. Barkhouse), James Lorimer& Co; Reprint edition, 2011. Print.

For the Birds (1990) (with Shelly Tanaka), Firefly Books Ltd, 1991. Print.

Princess Prunella and the Purple Peanut (1995), Workman Pub Co, 1995. Print.

Rude Ramsay and the Roaring Radishes,Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, 2005. Print.

Bashful Bob and Doleful Dorinda, Key Porter Books ,2004. Print.

Wandering Wenda and Widow Wallop’s Wunder ground Washery, Bloomsbury Publishing PLC, 2007. Print.

Secondary Sources:

Atwood, Margaret. The Handmaid’s Tale. New York: Fawcett Crest, 1985. Print.

---. Oryx and Crake. New York: Anchor Books, 2003. Print.

---. The Year of the Flood. New York : Nan A. Talese / Doubleday, 2009. Print.

---. The Blind Assassin. Anchor Book : New York, 2000. Print.

---. Surfacing. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1972. Print.

---. Cat’s Eye. New York: Anchor Books, 1998. Print.

---. Lady Oracle. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1976. Print.

---. “Power Politics.” Toronto : Anansi, 1971. Print.

—. MaddAddam. New York: Nan A Talese, 2013. Print.

---. “Significant Moments in the Life of My Mother.” Snapshots: 20th Century Mother Daughter Fiction. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates and Janet Berliner. Boston: David R.

Godine, 2000. Print.

140

Atwood, Margaret. “On Being a 'Woman Writer': Paradoxes and Dilemmas.” Second Words, Toronto: Anansi, 1982. Print.

Atwood, Margaret (Ed.,2000). Reingard M. NischikWorks and Impact. Camden House, 1999 .Print.

Atwood, Margaret & Barkhouse, Joyce Anna's Pet. Illustrated by Ann Blades. James Lorimer & Company Ltd. Publishers, Toronto.1998. Print.

Atwood, Margaret Alias Grace Toronto. Mc Clelland & Stewart.1996. print

Atwood, Margaret. The Edible Woman, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Limited, 1986.print.

Atwood, Margaret. Strange Things. The Malevolent North in Canadian Literature. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. Print.

Atwood, Margaret. Alias Grace. 1996. London: Bloomsbury, 1996. Print.

Atwood, Margaret. The Animals in that Country. Oxford University Press, 1969.print.

Atwood, Margaret. Bodily Harm. 1981.Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1999. Print.

Atwood,Margaret “Significant Moments in the Life of My Mother.” Snapshots: 20th Century Mother Daughter Fiction. Ed. Joyce Carol Oates and Janet Berliner. Boston: David R. Godine, 2000. Print.

Ayer, A. J. Probability and Evidence, MacMillan, London, 1973.print.

Armstrong, D. M., and Malcolm, Norman. Consciousness and Causality, Basil Blackwell, Oxford, 1984 .print.

Berger, John. About Looking. 1980. New York: Vintage, 1992. Print.

Baars, B.J.. A Cognitive Theory of Consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.print.

Bordo, Susan. Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture and the Body. London: University of California Press, Ltd. 2003.print.

Bouson, J.B. Brutal Choreographies: Oppositional Strategies and Narrative Design in the Novels of Margaret Atwood. Amherst: U of Massachutes P, 1993.Prin

.Bouson, J. Brooks. “The Misogyny of Patriarchal Culture in The Handmaid’s Tale.” Brutal Choreographies: Oppositional Strategies and Narrative Design in the

141

Novels of Margaret Atwood. Ed. J. Brooks Bouson. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1993. Print.

Brahma, Digaraj. Children's Literature and Education In India. De1hi: Deep and Deep Publications, 1989.print.

Brans, J. “Using What You’re Given. Margaret Atwood”. Conversations. Ed. E.G. Ingersoll. London: Virago, 1992. Print.

Broadbent, D. A. Perception and Communication. Pergamon Press. London, 1958

Bishoyi, K.N. Plight of Child Labour. Discovery Publishing house:New Delhi.2003. print.

Butler Judith. Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity. New York a nd London: Routledge, 1990.print.

Chalmers, D. J. The Conscious Mind. In Search of a Fundamental Theory. New York : Oxford University Press. 1996

Chodorow, Nancy. The Reproduction of Mothering: Psychoanalysis and the Sociology of Gender. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978. Print.

Chodorow, Nancy and Susan Contratto. “The Fantasy of the Perfect Mother.” Feminism and Psychoanalytic Theory. New Haven: Yale UP, 1989. 79-98. Google Books. Web. 5 March 2011.print

Cixous, Hélène. "Sorties: Out and Out—Attacks/Ways Out/Forays." The Feminist Reader, Ed. Catherine Belsey and Jane Moore. 2nd ed. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997. Print.

Cooke, Nathalie. Margaret Atwood: A Critical Companion. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2004.print.

Dodson, Dodson, Danita J. "An interview with Margaret Atwood." Critique 38.2 (1997): 96. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. Web. 7 February 2011.print

Damasio, A. The Feeling of What Happens. Body and Emotions in the Making of Consciousness. Harcourt Brace & Co. New York, 1999.print.

Dentith, Simon. Parody. London: Routledge, 2000. Print.

142

Derrida, Jacques. Of Grammatology. Trans. Gayatri Spivak. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 1976. Print.

Dhawan, R.K. Canadian Literature Today. New Delhi: Prestige, 1995. Print.

Dobrin, Sidney I., and Kenneth B. Kidd. Wild Things: Children's Culture and Ecocriticism. Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2004. Print.

Du Plessis, Rachel Blau. Writing Beyond the Ending: Narrative Strategies of Twentieth- Century Women Writers. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1985.print.

Edelman, G. M. The Remembered Present: a Biological Theory of Consciousness. New York : Basic Books. 1989.print.

Freeman, W. J. How Brains make up their Minds. London: Weidenfeld, Nicolson. 1999.print.

Gadgil, Amarendra L. Trends in Juvenile Literature In India. Ed. D.P. Pattanayak. Mysore: Central Institute of lndian Languages, 1975.print.

Geldard, Kathryn & David Geldard. Counseling Adolescents: The Proactive Approach. New Delhi. SAGE Publications, 2004.print.

Gennaro, R. J. Consciousness and Self-Consciousness, Philadelphia/ Amsterdam: John Benjamin Publishing Co, 1996.print.

Gerenby, M.O. Children's Literature. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2008. Print.

Goetsch, P. “Margaret Atwood: A Canadian Nationalist.” Margaret Atwood: Works and Impact. Ed. R.M. Nischik: New York: Camden House, 2000. Print.

Gray, Elizabeth Dodson. Green Paradise Lost. Wellesley: Roundtable P, 1981. Print.

Gupta, Rama. Margaret Atwood: A Psychoanalytical Study. New Delhi: Sterling, 2006. Print.

Gurwitsch, A. Marginal Consciousness, Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1985.print.

Hannay, Alastair. Human Consciousness, London, Routledge. 1990.print.

143

Hazard Paul. Books, Children, and Men. Trans. Marguerite Mitchell. Boston: Horn B ook, 1944.print.

Holender, D. “Semantic activation without consciousness in dichotic listening, parafoveal vision and visual masking. A survey and appraisal”. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 9, 1986.print.

Howells, Coral Ann. “Margaret Atwood’s dystopian visions: The Handmaid’s Tale and Oryx and Crake.” The Cambridge Companion to Margaret Atwood. Ed. Coral Ann Howells. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2006. Print.

Howell, Coral Ann. The Cambridge Companion to Margaret Atwood. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Print.

Howells, Coral Ann. Margaret Atwood. 2nd Ed. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.print.

Hunt, P. Children’s literature. Oxford: Blackwell, 2001.print.

Hunt, Peter. Children's Literature: An Illustrated History. New York: Oxford University Press.1995.print.

Husserl, Edmund. Cartesian Meditations, trans. Dorion Cairns, Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1969.print.

James W., 1890. The Principles of Psychology (2 vols.), London: Mc Millan (second edition, 1918).print.

James, W. The Principles of Psychology. Holt. New York. (Reprint, 1983, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA), 1990.print.

Jamuna, K.A. Children's Literature In Indian Languages. New Delhi: Publications Division, Government of India, 1982.print.

Jenks, Chris. Childhood. London: Routledge, 1996.print.

Jenks, Chris, Allison James and Alan Prout. Theorizing Childhood. Oxford: Blackwells, 1997.print.

Johnson-Laird. P. N. “A computational analysis of consciousness”. In Marcel A. J. and Bisiach E. (eds.): Consciousness in Contemporary Science. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 1988.print.

144

Johnson-Laird. P. N. Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference and Consciousness. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge, 1983

Kahneman, D. and Chajczyk, D. “Test of the automaticity of reading: Diluition of Stroop effects by colour irrelevant stimuli”. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 9, 1983.print.

Kincaid James. Child-Loving: The Erotic Child and Victorian Culture. New York and London: Routledge, 1992.print.

Kolodny, Annette. “Margaret Atwood and the Politics of Narrative.” Studies on Canadian Literature. Ed. Arnold E. Davison. New York: Modern Language Association of America, 1990.print.

Kriegel, Uriah. “Consciousness and Self-Consciousness.” The Monist 87.2 (2004): 182-205. JSTOR. Web. 21 May 2015.print.

Kulshrestha, Indira. Children's Literature in English. Delhi: Pradeep Arts Press, 1989.

La Berge, D. Attentional Processing. The Brain’s Art of Mindfulness. Harvard University Press. Cambridge, MA, 1995.print.

Lacan Jacques. Écrits: A Selection. Trans. Alan Sheridan. New York and London: No rton, 1977.print..

Lackner, J. and Garrett, M. F. “Resolving ambiguity: Effect of biasing context in the unattended ear”. Cognition, 1, 1973.print

Lahikainen, Johanna. “You Look Delicious”. Food, Eating and Hungerin Margaret Atwood’s Novels. A dissertation. Dept. of Humanities. University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla University Printing house, Jyvaskyla, 2007.pint.

Lavie, N. “Perceptual load as a necessary condition for selective attention”. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 21, 1995.print.

Lewis, C. S. On Stories: And Other Essays on Literature. USA: Harvest Book, 1982.Print.

Libet, B. “Unconscious Cerebral Initiative and the Role of Conscious Will in Voluntary Action”. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8, 1985.print.

145

Logan, G. D. “Linguistic and conceptual control of visual spatial attention”. Cognitive Psychology, 28, 1995.print.

Lycan, G. W,. "Consciousness as Internal Monitoring," Philosophical Perspectives 9, 1990.print.

Mack, A. and Rock, I. Inattentional Blindness. Bradford Book. MIT Press. Cambridge, MA, 1988.print.

Macpherson ,Heidi Slette Dahi . The Cambridge introduction to Margaret Atwood. London: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print.

Marcel, A.J. “Conscious and preconscious recognition of polysemous words: Locating the selective effects of prior verbal context”. In Nickerson R. S. (ed.): Attention and Performance VII. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Hillside, NJ, 1980.print.

Marchetti, G. “Observation levels and units of time: A critical analysis of the main assumption of the theory of the artificial”. AI & Society, 14, 2000.print.

Marchetti, G. The Mechanics of the Mind. Espansione. Roma, 1983.print.

Martin, Emily. The woman in the body: a cultural analysis of reproduction. Boston: Beacon Press, 1987.print.

May, P. Jin. Children's Literature and Critical Theory. New York: Oxford U P, 1995.print.

Miller, Jean Baker. Towards A New Psychology of Women. Boston: Beacon, 1976. Print.

Mitchell, D. Children’s literature: An invitation to the world. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2003.print.

Mitchell, Diana, Pamela Waterbury and Rose Casement. Children's Literature: An Invitation to the World. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2003. Print.

Mulvey, Laura. "Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. "Feminisms: An Anthology of Literary Theory and Criticism, Ed. Robyn R. Warhol and Diane Price Herndl. Rev. Ed. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997. Print.

Nair, Ramachandran N., and Snehaprabha M., eds. Canadian Studies: New Perspectives. New Delhi: Creative Books, 1998. Print.

146

New, W.H. A History of Canadian Literature. 2nd ed. 2003. Google Book Search. Web. 6 March 2011. Print.

Nicholson, Colin. “Living on the Edges: Constructions of Post-Colonial Subjectivity in Atwood’s early Poetry.” Margaret Atwood: Writing and Subjectivity. Ed. C. Nicholson. New York: St. Martin’s, 1994. Print.

Nicholson, Mervyn. “Food and Power Homer, Caroll, Atwood and Others”. Mosaic 20.3, 1987: 37-35. Print.

Nodelman Perry. "The Other: Orientalism, Colonialism, and Children's Literature". Children's Literature Association Quarterly 17,no. 1 (Spring 1992).print.

Oppenheim, Joanne. Have you seen trees? New York: Scholastic Inc., 1995.pint.

Orbach, Susie. Fat is a Feminist Issue and its Sequel. London: Arrow Books. 1998. Print.

Quine, W. V. O. From a Logical Point of View. Cambridge : Harvard University Press, 1953.print.

Rao, Eleonora. Strategies for Identity: The Fiction of Margaret Atwood. NY: Pater Lang, 1993.

Reynolds, Margaret, and Noakes Jonathan. Margaret Atwood. The Essential Guide to Contemporary Literature.. London: Vintage. 2002.print.

Rich, Adrienne. Of Woman Born: Motherhood as Experience and Institution. NY: Norton, 1976. Print.

Richards, Linda. “Margaret Atwood.” January Magazine. November 2000. Web. 7 February 2011.print.

Rigney, Barbara Hill. “Alias Atwood: Narrative Games and Gender Politics.” Margaret Atwood: Works and Impact. Ed. R.M. Nischik. New York: Camden House, 2000. Print.

Rich, Adrienne. "When We Dead Awaken: Writing as Re-Vision." College English 34.1 (October 1972)

Ruddick, Sara. Maternal Thinking. Boston: Beacon Press, 1989. Print.

Rule, Jane. “A Tribute to Literary Mothers.” Herizons. 19.4 (Spring 2006) . Print.

147

Rose Jacqueline. The Case of Peter Pan; or, The Impossibility of Children's Fiction. London: Macmillan, 1984.print.

Rosenthal, D. M. "Two Concepts of Consciousness," in Philosophical Studies 94, 1986.print.

Russell, D. L. (2009). Literature for children: a short introduction (6th edition). Boston: Pearson.print.

Sharma, I.S. Children's Literature: Preparation and Evaluation. New Delhi: National Council of Educational Research and Training, 1982.print.

Siewert, C. The Significance of Consciousness, Princeton, N J: Princeton University Press, 1988.print.

Smith, Dora V. “Children’s Literature Today.” Elementary English 47.6 (1970) JSTOR. Web. 21 May 2015. Print.

Smith, G. Place-based education: Learning to be where we are. Phi Delta Kappan, 83(8) 584- 594. 2002 .Print.

Smith, G., & Sobel, D Place- and Community-based Education in Schools. New York City, NY: Routledge. 2010. Print.

Sprigge, T. L. S. The Vindication of Absolute Idealism, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1983.print.

Staeles, Hilde. Margaret Atwood’s Novels: A Study of Narrative Discourse. Tubingen, Basel: Francke. 1995. Print.

Stein, K.F. Margaret Atwood Revisited. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1999. Print.

Sullivan, Rosemary. The Red Shoes: Margaret Atwood Starting Out. Toronto. Harper Collins 1998.print.

Tandon, Neeru and Anshul Chandra. Margaret Atwood: A Jewel in Canadian Writing, New Delhi: Atlantic, 2009. Print.

Tolan, Fiona. Margaret Atwood: Feminism and Fiction. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2007.print.

148

Van Spanckeren, Kathryn. ‘Magic in the Novels of Margaret Atwood”. Margaret Atwood: Reflection and Reality. Eds. Mendez-Egle B. and Haule J.M. Edinburg, Texas: Pan American U, 1987. Print.

Van Spanckeren, Kathryn, and Jan Garden Castro. Margaret Atwood Vision and Forms. 1988. Google Book Search. Web. 20 March 2012. Print.

Vevaina, Coomi S. Remembering Selves: Alienation and Survival in the Novels of Margaret Atwood and Margaret Laurance. Creative New Literature Series – 11. New Delhi: Creative Publishers, 1996. Print.

Vevaina, Coomi S, and Coral Ann Howells, eds. Foreword. Margaret Atwood: The Shape-Shifter. Creative New Literature Series 23. New Delhi: Creative Books, 1998. Print.

Waugh, P. Feminine Fiction: Revisiting the postmodern. London: Routledge. 1989.print.

Walker, Nancy A. Feminist Alternatives: Irony and Fantasy in the contemporary Novel by Women, Jackson : UP of Mississippi, 1990.print.

Wellek, Rene and Austin Warren. Theory of Literature, New York: Harcourt, 1949.print.

Woodcock, George. Margaret Atwood as Novelist, the Canadian novel in the Twentieth Century, Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Ltd., 1975.print.

Woodcock, George. The World of Canadian Writing: Critiques and Recollections. Seattle: University of Washington press, 1980.print.

Woolf, Virginia. "Professions for Women. "A Room of One's Own/ Three Guineas. Ed. Michèle Barrett.London:Penguin,1993, repr. 2000.print.

149

Journals:

Armbruster, Jane. “Memory and politics A Reflection on The Handmaid’s Tale. ”Social Justice 17.3(1990):146-152.JSTOR.Web.11 Sept 2018. Print.

Barzilai, Shuli, “The Bluebeard Syndrome in Atwood's Lady Oracle: Fear and Femininity”.

Marvels & Tales19:2 (2005): 249-273. JSTOR. Web. 15 Sept 2018. Print.

Bergmann, Harriet F. “Teaching Them to Read’: A Fishing Expedition in the Handmaid’s Tale”. College English 51.8(1989):847_858.JSTOR.Web.06 Oct 2018. Print.

Berryman, Charles. “Atwood’s Narrative Quest”. The Journal of Narrative Technique 17.1 (1987):51_56 JSTOR.Web.06 Oct 2018. Print.

Blaise, Clark. “Tale of Two Colonies”, Canadian Literature, 95, Winter 1982.print.

Carruthers, Peter. 'Consciousness and Concepts', The Aristotelian Society: Supplementary Volume LXVI, 1992.print.

Christ, Carol P. “Margaret Atwood: The surfacing of women’s Spiritual Quest and Vision”. Sings 2.2 (1976):316-330 JSTOR.Web.06 Oct 2018. Print.

Dodson, Danita J. “We lived in the Blank White Spaces: Rewriting the Paradigm of Denial in Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale.’’ Utopia Studies 8.2(1997):66- 86.JSTOR.Web.17 Sept 2018. Print.

Eriksen, C. W. and St. James, J. D. “Visual attention within and around the field of focal attention: A zoom lens model”. Perception and Psychophysics, 40, 1986.print.

Fagot, C. and Pashler, H. “Making Two Responses to a Single Object: Implications for the Central Attentional Bottleneck”. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 18, 1992.print.

Goldblat, Patricia F. Reconstructing Margaret Atwood’s Protagonists. “World Literature Today”, Volume: 73.Issue: 2.print.

150

Goldblatt, Patricia F. “Reconstructing Margaret Atwood’s Protagonists.” World Literature Today 73.2 (1999): 275-282. JSTOR. Web. 21 May 2015.print.

Grace, Dominick M. “The Handmaid’s Tale: ‘Historical Notes’ and Documentary Subversion.’’ science fiction studie 25.3(1998):481-494.JSTOR.Web.06 Oct2018. Print.

Greenaway, Betty. "Ecology and the Child." Children’s literature Quarterly 19.41 Apr. (1995): 44-52. Print.

Gruenewald, D. (2003). Foundations of Place: A Multidisciplinary Framework for Place-Conscious Education. American Educational Research Journal, 40(3), 619–654. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/3699447

Hansot, Elisabeth. “Selves, Survival, and Resistance in the Handmaid's Tale’’ Utopian Studies 5.2(1994):56-69. JSTOR. Web. 11 Sept 2018. Print.

Harker, W.John .’’ Canadian Literature in Canadian Schools: From the Old to the New Internationalism”. Canadian Journal of Education / Revue canadienne de l'éducation 12:3 (Summer, 1987):417-427.JSTOR.Web. 11Sept.2018. Print.

Hartman, M., Knopman, D. S. and Nissen, M. J. “Implicit learning of new verbal associations”. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 15, 1987. Print.

Hite, Molly. “Optics and Autobiography in Margaret Atwood's Cat's Ey”. Twentieth Century Literature41: 2 (1995):135-159. JSTOR. Web. 11Sept.2018. Print.

Howell, Coral Ann. The Cambridge Companion to Margaret Atwood. London: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Print.

Huck, Charlotte S.C. “Children’s Literature—Defined” .Elementary English 41.5(1964);467-470.JSTOR.Web.30 Jul.2018. Print.

Hughes, Felicity A. “Children’s Literature: Theory and Practice” .ELH 45.3(1978):542-561.JSTOR.Web.30 Jul.2018. Print.

Jones, Bethan . “Traces of Shame: Margaret Atwood's Portrayal of Childhood Bullying Ana Its Consequences in Cat's Eye”. Critical Survey 20.1 (2008):29-42. JSTOR. Web.11Sept 2018. Print.

151

Keller, Fred S. “Animals and children”. The society for Research in Child Development/ Wiley 21.1(1950):7-12.JSTOR.Web.30 Jul.2018. Print.

Laflen, Angela . “There's a Shock in This Seeing: The Problem of the Image in The Handmaid's Tale and Oryx and Crake” Amerikastudien / American Studies 54.1(2009):99-10.JSTOR,Web.11 Sept 2018. Print

Lecker, Robert. “Janus through the looking Glass, Atwood’s First Three Novels”, The Art of Margaret Atwood: Essays in Criticism. eds. Arnold E. Davidson and Cathy N. Davidson.Toronto: Anansi, 1981. Print.

Leddy, Thomas. “Aesthetics and Children's Picture-Books.” Journal of Aesthetic Education 36. 4( 2002): 43–54. JSTOR.Web. 06 October 2018.Print.

Macpherson ,Heidi Slette Dahi . The Cambridge introduction to Margaret Atwood. London: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Print.

MacKay, D. G. “Aspects of the theory of comprehension, memory and attention”. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 25, 1973.print.

Marcel, A.J. “Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition”. Cognitive Psychology, 15, 1983.print.

McLeod, P. D. “A dual task response modality effect: Support for multi-processor models of attention”. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 29, 1977.print.

Miner, Madonne. “Trust Me: Reading the Romance Plot in Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale” Twentieth Century Literature 37.2(1991):148-168.JSTOR, Web.31Jul 2012. Print.

152

Nel, Philip. “The Fall and Rise of Children's Literature” . American Art 22: 1 ( 2008):23-27. JSTOR.Web. 11 Sept.2018.Print.

Osborne, Carol . “Constructing the Self through Memory: Cat's Eye as a Novel of Female Development”. A Journal of Women Studies14:3 (1994):95-112. JSTOR .Web. 11 Sept.2018. Print.

Shapira, Yael . “Hairball Speaks: Margaret Atwood and the Narrative Legacy of the Female Grotesque” Narrative18. 1 (2010):51-72.JSTOR.Web.06 October 2018. Print.

Sponenberg, Ashlie. “Utopian Studies.” Utopian Studies 11.2 (2000): 249– 251. JSTOR.Web. 07 October 2018.Print.

Sprigge, T. L. S. 'Final Causes', The Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume XLV, 1971.print.

White, Roberta. “Margaret Atwood: Reflection in a Convex Mirror,” Canadian Women: Writing Fiction, ed. Mickey Pearlman, Jackson: UP of Mississippi 1993. Print.

Wilson, Sharon R. “Turning Life into Popular Art: Bodily Harm’s Life – Tourist,” Studies in Canadian Literature II, 1985. Print.

Wimsatt, Margaret. “Surfacing”, Commonwealth, 7 Sept. 1973. Print.

Woodcock, George. “Margaret Atwood: Poet as Novelist,” The World of Canadian Writing: Critiques and Reflections. Vancouver: Douglas and Intyre : Seattel : University of Washington Press, 1980.print.

153

Web Sources: https://www.theconsciouskid.org/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness theshiftnetwork.com/ConsciousChildren consciouslyparenting.com/article-what-is-conscious-parenting/ www.webauthors/atwood 1261-av-html www.hallworldliterature.com/world literature/648.shtml.

154