DOCSLIB.ORG

'Mechanisms and Demographic Consequences of Dispersal In

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
'Mechanisms and Demographic Consequences of Dispersal In Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2019 Mechanisms and demographic consequences of dispersal in the cooperatively breeding meerkat Maag, Nino Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-169620 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Maag, Nino. Mechanisms and demographic consequences of dispersal in the cooperatively breeding meerkat. 2019, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. MECHANISMS AND DEMOGRAPHIC CONSEQUENCES OF DISPERSAL IN THE COOPERATIVELY BREEDING MEERKAT Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr. sc. nat.) vorgelegt der MatheMatisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich von Nino Maag aus Zürich ZH Promotionskommission Prof. Dr. Arpat Ozgul (Vorsitz) Dr. Gabriele Cozzi Prof. Dr. Marta Manser Prof. Dr. Tim Clutton-Brock Prof. Dr. Luca Börger Dr. Andrew Bateman Zürich, 2019 TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 3 CHAPTER ONE General introduction .................................................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER TWO Density-dependent dispersal strategies in a cooperative breeder ............................................ 23 CHAPTER THREE Cost of dispersal in a social mammal – body mass loss and increased stress ......................... 65 CHAPTER FOUR Group size and male presence affect deposition of scent marks in dispersing female meerkats ............................................................................................... 101 CHAPTER FIVE Increased reproduction and decreased survival in dispersing helpers during new group formation .................................................................................................. 125 CHAPTER SIX Prolonged gestation as response to social suppression and hostile environment: an adaptive strategy in dispersing meerkats .......................................................................... 165 CHAPTER SEVEN General discussion ................................................................................................................. 191 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................ 205 CURRICULUM VITAE ..................................................................................................... 209 1 2 SUMMARY SUMMARY Dispersal is a key ecological process that influences the dynamics of spatially and socially structured populations through the maintenance of gene flow and recolonization of extinct habitat patches. Despite our appreciation of the importance of the process, we lack a firm empirical understanding of how dispersal is affected by social and environmental factors, and how it affects the overall dynamics of socially structured populations. Such lack of a thorough understanding of dispersal is due mostly to the difficulty of pursuing wide-ranging individuals of wild populations. In my thesis, I collected detailed life-history and movement data from dispersing female meerkats to gain a mechanistic understanding of dispersal in a cooperatively breeding species: that is, to assess the influence of individual, social, and environmental factors on each stage of dispersal and on the formation and demography of new groups. In Chapter Two, I describe how individual, social, and environmental factors influence the transitioning between each stage of dispersal, dispersal distance, and dispersal time. I show a nonlinear relationship between population density and dispersal – i.e., daily emigration and settlement probabilities. Both are highest at low and high population densities, and lowest at medium densities. In addition, dispersal time increases with population density. I propose that limited benefits of cooperation at low population densities and increased kin competition at high densities are the causes for the observed nonlinear density effect. In Chapter Three, I assess changes in body mass and stress hormone levels of dispersers in response to unfamiliar habitat and changing social environment. While previous studies have generally focused on the early stages of dispersal or on pre-dispersal exploratory movements, I describe the changes of body condition throughout the entire dispersal process and show that dispersers lose body mass and have increased stress hormone levels. My study provides empirical support for the theoretical predictions suggesting that changing physical and social environment during dispersal affect individuals’ condition. 3 SUMMARY In Chapter Four, which is a supervised work, my students and I examine variation in defecation and urination probabilities during the consecutive stages of dispersal and discuss the secondary role of faeces and urine as scent marks for mate finding and territory establishment. Our analysis suggests that females use faeces as long-lasting signals to secure an exclusive territory during the settlement stage and urine as short-term within-coalition signals to advertise reproductive status to males, independent of dispersal stage. In Chapter Five, I investigate the demography of newly settled disperser groups. I show that reproductive skew in new disperser groups is lower than in established resident groups, where reproduction is almost entirely monopolized by dominant females. My results suggest that dispersing subordinates have higher reproductive output than philopatric subordinates to compensate for the high costs associated with dispersal. By increasing their reproductive output, dispersers may be able to promote fast group augmentation and increase recolonization success. In Chapter Six, I present a unique case of delayed post-implantation embryonic development in pregnant dispersing meerkats. Delayed embryonic development is very rare and has only been observed in a few bat species. It decouples implantation from parturition and gives an animal flexibility to time birth and lactation to favourable conditions. In dispersing meerkats, being able to delay parturition until a new territory is found can increase the survival of the first litter and the augmentation of the new group. In conclusion, my study shows that different individual, social, and environmental factors affect dispersal decision and dispersers’ body condition during consecutive stages of dispersal. This underlines the importance of studying drivers specific to each stage of dispersal and answers the call for empirical studies to test theoretical predictions. I further show that dispersers increase their potential to recolonise empty habitat patches through increased reproductive rates. As such, my thesis is a first step towards a comprehensive understanding of dispersal and new group formation in spatially and socially structured populations. My 4 SUMMARY findings, together with existing knowledge on resident-group processes, builds the foundation to assess the population-level consequences of dispersal. In the face of rapid environmental changes, including habitat loss and fragmentation, a better understanding of the dispersal process will improve our understanding of the dynamics and persistence of spatially and socially structured populations. 5 6 CHAPTER ONE General Introduction 7 8 General Introduction GENERAL INTRODUCTION Dispersal and population dynamics Dispersal is a complex process that can strongly affect population dynamics at the local and broad spatial scales and plays a key role in linking spatially and socially structured populations (Bowler and Benton 2005, Clobert et al. 2009). It maintains gene flow among and genetic variability within existing populations (Lowe and Allendorf 2010), can prevent local populations from extinction, and recolonization of empty habitats can compensate for the extinction of local populations (Hanski 1999). Dispersal is typically divided into three subsequent stages – emigration from the natal group, transience through unfamiliar landscape, and immigration or settlement in a new territory – and each stage depends on different individual, social and environmental factors (Bowler and Benton 2005, Clobert et al. 2012). For instance, the decision of an individual to continue its dispersal endeavour versus returning to its natal group may depend upon changing social circumstances, such as the composition of its dispersing coalition, the social landscape represented by the distribution of conspecifics, and the successful encounter of potential mates with whom to establish a new group (Mares et al. 2014, Cozzi et al. 2018). Despite the ecological and evolutionary importance of dispersal, our models of socially and spatially structured populations often fail to incorporate its true complexity, and thus fail to accurately describe the dynamics of the overall system (Morales et al. 2010, Travis et al. 2012). Dispersal can be regarded as the physical movement of individuals on a fitness landscape, and the high costs associated with each stage of dispersal are likely to induce strong selective pressures on dispersers’ survival and reproduction (Bonte et al. 2012). Dispersing individuals are expected to adopt different dispersal strategies in response to changing physiological, social and environmental perturbations (e.g., kin competition, food availability), and these strategies ultimately determine their fitness (Nathan
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Meerkats (Suricata Suricatta), a New Definitive Host of the Canid Nematode Angiostrongylus Vasorum
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2017 Meerkats ( Suricata suricatta ), a new definitive host of the canid nematode Angiostrongylus vasorum Gillis-Germitsch, Nina ; Manser, Marta B ; Hilbe, Monika ; Schnyder, Manuela DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2017.10.002 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-141634 Journal Article Published Version The following work is licensed under a Creative Commons: Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) License. Originally published at: Gillis-Germitsch, Nina; Manser, Marta B; Hilbe, Monika; Schnyder, Manuela (2017). Meerkats ( Suricata suricatta ), a new definitive host of the canid nematode Angiostrongylus vasorum. International Journal for Parasitology: Parasites and Wildlife, 6(3):349-353. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2017.10.002 IJP: Parasites and Wildlife 6 (2017) 349–353 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect IJP: Parasites and Wildlife journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijppaw Meerkats (Suricata suricatta), a new definitive host of the canid nematode MARK Angiostrongylus vasorum ∗ Nina Gillis-Germitscha, Marta B. Manserb, Monika Hilbec, Manuela Schnydera, a Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland b Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland c Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse-Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Angiostronglyus vasorum is a cardiopulmonary nematode infecting mainly canids such as dogs (Canis familiaris) Angiostrongylus vasorum and foxes (Vulpes vulpes).
    [Show full text]
  • Helogale Parvula)
    Vocal Recruitment in Dwarf Mongooses (Helogale parvula) Janneke Rubow Thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Faculty of Science at Stellenbosch University Supervisor: Prof. Michael I. Cherry Co-supervisor: Dr. Lynda L. Sharpe March 2017 Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za DECLARATION By submitting this thesis electronically, I declare that the entirety of the work contained therein is my own, original work, that I am the sole author thereof (save to the extent explicitly otherwise stated), that reproduction and publication thereof by Stellenbosch University will not infringe any third party rights and that I have not previously in its entirety or in part submitted it for obtaining any qualification. Janneke Rubow, March 2017 Copyright © 2017 Stellenbosch University All rights reserved Stellenbosch University https://scholar.sun.ac.za Abstract Vocal communication is important in social vertebrates, particularly those for whom dense vegetation obscures visual signals. Vocal signals often convey secondary information to facilitate rapid and appropriate responses. This function is vital in long-distance communication. The long-distance recruitment vocalisations of dwarf mongooses (Helogale parvula) provide an ideal opportunity to study informative cues in acoustic communication. This study examined the information conveyed by two recruitment calls given in snake encounter and isolation contexts, and whether dwarf mongooses are able to respond differently on the basis of these cues. Vocalisations were collected opportunistically from four wild groups of dwarf mongooses. The acoustic parameters of recruitment calls were then analysed for distinction between contexts within recruitment calls in general, distinction within isolation calls between groups, sexes and individuals, and the individuality of recruitment calls in comparison to dwarf mongoose contact calls.
    [Show full text]
  • Social Mongoose Vocal Communication: Insights Into the Emergence of Linguistic Combinatoriality
    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2017 Social Mongoose Vocal Communication: Insights into the Emergence of Linguistic Combinatoriality Collier, Katie Abstract: Duality of patterning, language’s ability to combine sounds on two levels, phonology and syntax, is considered one of human language’s defining features, yet relatively little is known about its origins. One way to investigate this is to take a comparative approach, contrasting combinatoriality in animal vocal communication systems with phonology and syntax in human language. In my the- sis, I took a comparative approach to the evolution of combinatoriality, carrying out both theoretical and empirical research. In the theoretical domain, I identified some prevalent misunderstandings in re- search on the emergence of combinatoriality that have propagated across disciplines. To address these misconceptions, I re-analysed existing examples of animal call combinations implementing insights from linguistics. Specifically, I showed that syntax-like combinations are more widespread in animal commu- nication than phonology-like sequences, which, combined with the absence of phonology in some human languages, suggested that syntax may have evolved before phonology. Building on this theoretical work, I empirically explored call combinations in two species of social mongooses. I first investigated social call combinations in meerkats (Suricata suricatta), demonstrating that call combinations represented a non-negligible component of the meerkat vocal communication system and could be used flexibly across various social contexts. Furthermore, I discussed a variety of mechanisms by which these combinations could be produced. Second, I considered call combinations in predation contexts.
    [Show full text]
  • Sun Bear Zoo Experiences
    SUN BEAR ZOO EXPERIENCES 3000 Turtle Time Party You and a guest are invited to Woodland Park Zoo’s Western Pond Turtle Recovery Project to learn how these amazing little guys are hatched at the zoo to get a head start for eventual release into the wild. Once the turtles are ready to hatch, you may be invited back to watch and experience their introduction to their new life at the zoo as field biologists weigh, measure and tag them. Restrictions: Arrangements will have to be based on the breeding cycles of the turtles and program release dates. EXPIRATION DATE: 7/31/2012 DONOR: Woodland Park Zoo Tropical Rain Forest Crew VALUE: $450 3001 Precious Penguins for Five Five lucky people will get the chance to know our penguins up close and personal. You and your friends will talk with a keeper about our penguins and participate in watching them feast on their favorite treats. You don’t want to miss your chance on getting to know these well-dressed birds! Restrictions: Please make mutually agreeable arrangements at least eight weeks in advance. Experience will not be redeemable during breeding season or while the birds are in molt. EXPIRATION DATE: 7/31/2012 DONOR: Woodland Park Zoo Penguin Crew VALUE: $450 3002 Evening Zoo Adventure for Two After the zoo has closed its doors for the night, you and a friend are invited to spend a very special evening of nighttime exploration at Woodland Park Zoo. Your guide will take you through the zoo for a special after hours look at the animals.
    [Show full text]
  • Pest Risk Assessment
    PEST RISK ASSESSMENT Meerkat Suricata suricatta (Photo: Fir0002. Image from Wikimedia Commons under a GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2) March 2011 Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Resource Management and Conservation Division Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment 2011 Information in this publication may be reproduced provided that any extracts are acknowledged. This publication should be cited as: DPIPWE (2011) Pest Risk Assessment: Meerkat (Suricata suricatta). Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. Hobart, Tasmania. About this Pest Risk Assessment This pest risk assessment is developed in accordance with the Policy and Procedures for the Import, Movement and Keeping of Vertebrate Wildlife in Tasmania (DPIPWE 2011). The policy and procedures set out conditions and restrictions for the importation of controlled animals pursuant to s32 of the Nature Conservation Act 2002. This pest risk assessment is prepared by DPIPWE for the use within the Department. For more information about this Pest Risk Assessment, please contact: Wildlife Management Branch Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Address: GPO Box 44, Hobart, TAS. 7001, Australia. Phone: 1300 386 550 Email: [email protected] Visit: www.dpipwe.tas.gov.au Disclaimer The information provided in this Pest Risk Assessment is provided in good faith. The Crown, its officers, employees and agents do not accept liability however arising, including liability for negligence, for any loss resulting from the use of or reliance upon the information in this Pest Risk Assessment and/or reliance on its availability at any time. Pest Risk Assessment: Meerkat Suricata suricatta 2/22 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Science Learning at the Zoo: Evaluating Children's
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Warwick Research Archives Portal Repository Original citation: Wagoner, Brady and Jensen, Eric. (2010) Science learning at the zoo : evaluating children's developing understanding of animals and their habitats. Psychology & Society, 3 (1). pp. 65- 76. Permanent WRAP URL: http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/46484 Copyright and reuse: The Warwick Research Archive Portal (WRAP) makes this work by researchers of the University of Warwick available open access under the following conditions. Copyright © and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable the material made available in WRAP has been checked for eligibility before being made available. Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. A note on versions: The version presented in WRAP is the published version or, version of record, and may be cited as it appears here. For more information, please contact the WRAP Team at: [email protected] warwick.ac.uk/lib-publications 1 Science Learning at the Zoo: Evaluating Children’s Developing Understanding of Animals and their Habitats BRADY WAGONER Aalborg University ERIC JENSEN University of Warwick Abstract Zoos attract hundreds of millions of visitors every year worldwide – many of them children.
    [Show full text]
  • Taronga Zoo Sydney
    1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 A Getting Around Ferry 12 minutes to City The best way to see the Zoo is to follow the green rings on this map. Explore the different trails to discover all that the Zoo has to experience. B Wombat A Kangaroos th Main Path Trails Burrow Echidna o l W h Quokka a Sky Safari rf R Emu o Powered by Red Energy a d Trips are one-way only Shows, Talks ć Encounters Chickens Farm C Playground Farm Yard Goats DOWNLOAD THE Kids Trail Gibbons Alpacas FREE Taronga App Red A must-have for any Zoo visit! Concert Pandas D Lawns Rabbits Otters Binturong Guinea Pigs Take advantage of the Fishing Pygmy interactive map, daily updates Backyard Seals Cat Hippo Pygmy to Bush Hippo Harbour View and up to date animal info. Seal Walk Lawns Wetland Penguins Aviary Bongo taronga.org.au/app E Leaf Pelican Tasmanian Seals Monkey Devils Elephants Mid Shop Komodo Dragon Asian Elephant Keeper Talk Red Kangaroo Palm Keeper Talk Seals for the Wild Aviary 11.00am 12K 1.45pm 13E F Powered by Red Energy Aviary Andean Rainforest Condor Elephant Trail Tower Camels Seals for the Wild Seals for the Wild Moore Park Tortoise Powered by Red Energy Powered by Red Energy Aviary Saltwater 11.00am 9F 2.00pm 9F Rock Crocodile G Wildlife Retreat Wallaby Taronga Food at Taronga Market Sun Bear Gorillas Koala Encounter Farm Feed 11.15am – 12.45pm 10K 2.00pm 3C Birds Tamarins Free Flight Purchase your tickets at Birds SC Johnson Top Plaza Shop (Map 7L) Family Room Tiger Trek Gorilla Keeper Talk H Blue Mountains Meerkats 2.30pm 10G Bushwalk Fennec
    [Show full text]
  • Flying Squirrel Dog Cheetah Chameleon
    Chameleon Cheetah • A chameleon has big eyes, mostly covered by • Cheetahs are famously fast, reaching speeds of scaly lids. They stick out from the sides of the 60 miles per hour in just three seconds! That’s head and move up, down, forward, backward, about as fast as a car goes on the highway. and all around. The craziest part is that each eye • Cheetahs use certain trees to communicate with can move separately. That way, the chameleon each other. They mark them with their scent to can look for prey in one direction while watching leave messages for other cheetahs, telling them out for danger in another direction at the same messages like “No tresspassing” or “I was here.” time! • Cheetahs are the only big cats that have solid • Chameleons change colors to show their spots. Even its skin is spotted! changing moods. It can change color when it wants to attract a mate, when it wants to be left alone, when it wants to show off, when it’s hot or cold, or when it’s excited or afraid. • There are more than 200 different kinds of chameleons (kuh-MEE-lee-unz), and nearly all of them live in Africa. ©2019 NIPPON COLUMBIA CO., LTD. Licensed to and published by Aksys Games. ©2019 NIPPON COLUMBIA CO., LTD. Licensed to and published by Aksys Games. Dog Flying Squirrel • A dog’s nose print is unique, like a human • Flying squirrels are able to glide nearly 300 feet, fingerprint—no two are alike! and can grow to be bigger than a house cat! • The fastest breed of dog is the greyhound, which • Although they’re known as “flying squirrels”, can reach speeds of up to 45 miles per hour.
    [Show full text]
  • Meerkat Range of Switch Mechanisms
    MESWC Meerkat Range of Switch Mechanisms MESWCFAN For use in conjunction with SNOW LEOPARD, CLOUDED LEOPARD, LEOPARD and CHEETAH MESWCHEAT • MESWC (was LESWM) - approved to AS/NZS60669-1 MESWCLIGHT • MESW32C (was LESW32M) and MESW32COVEN (was LESWOV32M) approved to AS/NZS3133 • Designed to clip into Snow Leopard, Clouded Leopard, Leopard and Cheetah switch plates, MESW32C also fits all Trader Ranges and many others MESW32COVEN • Uses brass tunnel terminal that have the screws backed out for easier installation of cabling. Switches are single pole two way with looping terminal and suit 4 x 1.5mm2 cables with MESW32CHOB 4.1mm bore MESWCI • Slotted head terminal screws, and backed out for easy installation MESWCDP • Cat’s Eye dolly styling • Covers, plates and dollies are made from UV stabilised polycarbonate to avoid MESWC (Cat’s Eye) switch mechanism are discolouring to yellow used in conjunction with Snow Leopard, Clouded Leopard, Leopard and Cheetah • Please check availability switch plates Note: MESW switch mechanism are used in conjunction with Flat Cat, Puma and Cougar switch plates MESWC MESWCFAN MESWCHEAT MESWCLIGHT MESW32C MESW32COVEN MESW32CHOB Cleaning Guide: Spraying cleaning products on to electrical products is not recommended. It is important to ensure that switches are MESWCI MESWCDP turned off before cleaning. Do not use any cleaning sprays - only wipe down with damp cloth or rub with Catalogue Number Description dry cloth. (Do not use an abrasive cloth as MESWC Switch Mechanism 16AX/20A 250V~ Cat’s Eye it may scratch the plastic). Do not use harsh chemical cleaners as MESWCFAN Switch Mechanism 16AX/20A 250V~ Cat’s Eye (Labelled Fan) these can break down the plastic and MESWCHEAT Switch Mechanism 16AX/20A 250V~ Cat’s Eye (Labelled Heat) cause it to crack.
    [Show full text]
  • Observations of Wild Cougar (Puma Concolor) Kittens with Live Prey
    2012 NOTES 333 Observations of Wild Cougar ( Puma concolor ) Kittens with Live Prey: Implications for Learning and Survival L. M ARK ELBROCH 1 and HOWARD QUIGLEY Panthera, 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor, New York, New York 10018 USA 1Corresponding author (email: [email protected]) Elbroch, L. Mark, and Howard Quigley. 2012. Observations of wild Cougar ( Puma concolor ) kittens with live prey: impli - cations for learning and survival. Canadian Field-Naturalist 126(4): 333–335. The Cougar ( Puma concolor ) is a cryptic species in which social learning or opportunity learning has yet to be documented in the wild. “Opportunity teaching” is teaching in which an animal creates opportunities for conspecifics to observe or participate in operant learning. We present video data on an observation of Cougar kittens exhibiting social learning and inefficiency and inexperience in attempting to kill a live Mule Deer ( Odocoileus hemionus ) fawn. Our observations provide evidence for the importance of maternal care and they help explain why Cougar kittens less than a year of age have low survival rates. Key Words: Cougar, Puma concolor , Mule Deer, Odocoileus hemionus, hunting, opportunity teaching, predation, social learn - ing, Wyoming. Cougars ( Puma concolor ) are a cryptic, solitary 1994). The time needed for young felids to learn suc - spe cies difficult to observe, and one in which social cessful predation behaviors from their mothers is long - learning, including opportunity learning, has yet to be est in the largest felids, which hunt large prey (Kitch - documented in the wild. “Opportunity teaching” is a ener 1999). type of teaching observed in carnivores, during which Cougar kittens typically disperse between 12 and 24 an individual creates opportunities for conspecifics to months of age (Logan and Sweanor 2010), by which observe or participate in operant learning (Caro and time they must be proficient hunters.
    [Show full text]
  • Tiger Zoo Experiences
    TIGER ZOO EXPERIENCES 3000 Otter Feeding for Two (BTS) Planning, preparing and feeding playful otters can be a tough, but rewarding job. You’ll see why our keepers enjoy caring for these energetic animals as you and a friend go behind the scenes to get up close and personal with our otter duo. Then watch as they snack on their favorite treats as you delight in their excitement! Restrictions: Please make mutually agreeable arrangements at least eight weeks in advance. EXPIRATION DATE: 7/13/2013 THANK YOU WOODLAND PARK ZOO NORTHERN TRAIL CREW VALUE: $500 3001 Snow Leopard Enrichment for Four You and three guests are invited to visit Woodland Park Zoo’s Australasia exhibit for a truly unique enrichment encounter with our snow leopards, including the recently born snow leopard cubs. Alongside a knowledgeable keeper, your group will venture into the snow leopard’s exhibit (without them in it of course!) and hide an array of tasty enrichments. Then head back out for your front row seat as you watch the curious cubs hunt their treats out. Restrictions: Please make mutually agreeable arrangements at least eight weeks in advance. Schedule your tour as early as possible to ensure seeing the cubs before they are full grown. EXPIRATION DATE: 7/13/2013 THANK YOU WOODLAND PARK ZOO NORTHERN TRAIL CREW VALUE: $750 3002 Hungry Hippo Feeding for Four Even the hippos deserve some special, albeit extremely large, treats! Your group of four will head to the zoo in autumn to assist the keepers as they feed whole pumpkins to our hungry, hungry hippos.
    [Show full text]
  • 2014 AAZV Proceedings.Pdf
    PROCEEDINGS AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ZOO VETERINARIANS Orlando, Florida October 18 - 24, 2014 CONTINUINGCONTINUING EDUCATION EDUCATION Continuing education sponsored by the American College of Zoological Medicine. Continuing education sponsored by the American College of Zoological Medicine. Thanks to the Wildlife Conservation Society for their fi nancial support of the American College of Zoological Medicine to register as a certifi ed CE provider for the state of New York. Attendees licensed in New York will receive CE credits for the AAZV 46th Annual Conference in Orlando. DISCLAIMERDISCLAIMER TheThe information information appearing appearing in in this this publication publication comes comes exclusively exclusively fromfrom thethe authorsauthors andand contributorscontributors identified in each manuscript. The techniques and procedures presented reflect the individual knowledge, identified in each manuscript. The techniques and procedures presented reflect the individual experience, and personal views of the authors and contributors. The information presented does not knowledge, experience, and personal views of the authors and contributors. The information presented incorporate all known techniques and procedures and is not exclusive. Other procedures, techniques, and does not incorporate all known techniques and procedures and is not exclusive. Other procedures, technology might also be available. Any questions or requests for additional information concerning any oftechniques, the manuscripts and technology should be addressedmight also directly be available. to the Anyauthors. questions or requests for additional information concerning any of the manuscripts should be addressed directly to the authors. The sponsoring associations of this conference and resulting publication have not undertaken direct researchThe sponsoring or formal associations review to verify of this the conference information and contained resulting in thispublication publication.
    [Show full text]