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The Art of the Low Countries

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' ;. ERKfllY LIBRARY UNIVERSITY Of CALIFORNIA .^' // THE ART OF THE LOW COUNTRIES THE ART OF THE LOW COUNTRIES STUDIES BY W. R. [VALENTINER TRANSLATED BY MRS. SCHUYLER VAN RENSSELAER WITH 84 ILLUSTRATIONS ALEXANDER MORING LIMITED, THE DE LA MORE PRESS, 32 GEORGE STREET HANOVER SQUARE, LONDON, W. i 1920 : PUBLISHERS' NOTE der niederlandischen HIS is a translation of Aus BrunoCassirer) with twoadditional T^ i^«;?j/ (Berlin, Raphel Camp- ardcles, viz. :—the one on Govert and in America," huysen,' which was first published in "Art American Collections, and the list of the Rembrandts in which dates from 1914- Samson" The Article on Rembrandt's "Blinding of the one on appeared in The Burlington Magazine: Flandres Quentin Metsys in Les Anciens Arts de the Jahrbuch "Rembrandt at the Latin School" in "Rem- der Bniglich preussischen Kunstsammlungen: part of the article brandt's Representations of Susanna," Zeitschift on Van Dyck, and the one on Rubens in the fur bildende Kunst. used in The expression "Low Countries" has been Dutch art, which order to include Flemish as well as niederlandischen Kunst. are both covered by the term the Inwriting thenames of Dutchmen and Flemings in American names prefix van is spelt with a small 1;, but customary in of Dutch origin a capital Vis used, as is America. 632 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE Publishers' Note ^] ^^^^ List of Illustrations Linear Composition in Dutch Art ... 3 The Church Architecture of the Netherlands in the Middle Ages H The Haarlem School of Painting in the Fifteenth Century *^-'- 88 The Satirical Work of Quentin Metsys . The Brothers Covert and Raphel Camphuysen 95 Dutch Ceramic Tiles 117 Rembrandt at the Latin School . .130 Rembrandt's BUnding of Samson . .151 164 Rembrandt's Representations of Susanna . 174 Works by Rubens in American Collections . Works by van Dyck in American Collections . 199 BibUographical Notes 223 Appendices: Painters of the I. List of Works by Haarlem Fifteenth Century 229 in American Col- II. List of Works by Rubens lections 235 in American III. List of Works by van Dyck Collections 238 American IV. List of Works by Rembrandt in Collections 242 [ix] LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS LINEAR COMPOSITION IN DUTCH ART FACTNG PAOB DiKK Bouts, The Feast of the Passover . 3 Kaiser Friedrich Museum, Berlin. Lucas van Leyden, Ecce Homo 4 Engraving. Rembrandt, Ecce Homo .... 6 Etching. Ter Borch, The Fortune Teller . 8 Albertina, Vienna. Jongkind, River View 10 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. THE CHURCH ARCHITECTURE OF THE NETHERLANDS P. Saenredam, Church of St. Mary, Utrecht 12 Amsterdam. P. Saenredam, Church of St. Mary Utrecht 14 • Amsterdam. Church of St. Servatius, Maastricht . 18 Church of St. Pancras, Leyden ... 20 [ xiii ] LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE G. Berkneyde, Church of St. Bavon, Haarlem 22 London. P. Saenredam, Church of St. Bavon, Haar- lem 26 Collection of Mr. J. G. Johnson, Philadelphia. Choir, Church of St. Bavon, Haarlem. 26 the haarlem school of painting in the fifteenth century Dirk Bouts, Madonna and Child . 38 National Gallery, London. Dirk Bouts, The Gathering of the Manna 40 Pinakothek, Munich. Dirk Bouts, St. Christopher .... 42 Pinakothek, Munich. Dirk Bouts, Portrait of a Man ... 44 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. OuwATER, The Raising of Lazarus . 46 Kaiser Friedrich Museum, Berlin. Follower of Dirk Bouts, Madonna and Child 48 Collection of Mr. Stephenson Clarke, Hayward Heath, England. Follower of Dirk Bouts, The Raising of Lazarus 50 Mexico. Follower of Dirk Bouts, The Sibyl and the Emperor Augustus 52 Staedel Institute, Frankfort. Follower of Dirk Bouts, The Marriage of Joseph and Mary 54 Collection of Mr. J. G. Johnson, Philadelphia. [xiv] LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE In the Manner of Geertgen, Portrait of the Burgomaster of Schiedam .... 58 Collection of Mr. J. G. Johnson, Philadelphia. Geertgen, Pieta 60 Hof Museum, Vienna. Geertgen, The Adoration of the Magi . 62 Rudolfinum, Prague. Geertgen, St. John the Baptist ... 64 Blaiser Friedrich Museum, Berlin. In the IVIanner of Geertgen, St. Martin 68 Collection of Mr. J. G. Johnson, Philadelphia. Master of the ^Iartyrdom of St. Lucy, The Crucifixion 72 Rijks Museum, Amsterdam. Master of The ^Iartyrdom of St. Lucy, The IVIartyrdom of St. Lucy .... 74 Rijks Museum, Amsterdam. Gerard David, The Virgin and St. John . 76 Museum, Antwerp. Jan Mostaert, The Sibyl and the Emperor Augustus 84 Musexmi, Antwerp. Jacob Cornelisz, The Crucifixion . 86 Collection of Mr. J. G. Johnson, Philadelphia. THE satirical WORK OF QUENTIN METSYS Quentin Metsys, Old ^Ian Dancing . 88 Uffizi, Florence. Quentin Metsys, Three ]VIen Carousing . 90 UflSzi, Florence. [xv] LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE QuENTiN Metsys, Seduction . 91 Collection of the Countess Pourtales, Paris. QuENTiN Metsys, St. Jerome .... 92 Collection of Mr. J. G. Johnson, Philadelphia. the brothers govert and raphel camphuysen Govert Camphuysen, Portrait Group . 100 Museum, Stockholm. Govert Camphuysen, Hen Alarmed by a Cat 104 Collection of Mr. J. G. Johnson, Philadelphia. Govert Camphuysen, The Halt at the Tavern 106 Collection of Mr. J. G. Johnson, Philadelphia. Govert Camphuysen, The Farm Near the Village 108 Collection of Mr. J. G. Johnson, Philadelphia. Raphel Dirksz Camphuysen, Cattle . .112 Collection of Mr. John D. Mcllhenny, Philadelphia. IIaphel Dirksz Camphuysen, Cattle Near a Castle 114 Collection of Mr, J. G. Johnson, Philadelphia. DUTCH ceramic TILES PiETER DE Hooch, Interior (showing tiles) . 118 Rijks Museum, Amsterdam. Tiles 122 About 1580-1630. Italian Influence. Tiles 124 About 1580-1630. Italian Influence. Tiles 124 About 1650. Chinese Influence. [xvi] LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE Blue and White Tiles 12G About 1630-1670. Blue and White Tiles 128 About 1630-1670. Polychrome Tiles 1^8 A. About 1725. B. About 1750. rembrandt in the latin school . 136 Rembrandt, Diana and Callisto . In the possession of the author. New York. Rembrandt, The Rape of Europa . .138 Collection of Herr Kappel, Berlin. Rembrandt, The Rape of Proserpine . 140 Kaiser Friedrich Museum, Berlin Rembrandt, A Scholar 148 Print Room, Dresden. Rembrandt's blinding of samson 156 Rembrandt, The Blinding of Samson . Staedel Institute. Frankfort. Rembrandt, The Blinding of Samson (detail) 160 Staedel Institute, Frankfort. Rembrandt, Christ Bearing the Cross . 162 Print Room, Berlin. Rembrandt's representations of susanna . 164 P. Lastman, Susanna and the Elders Kaiser Friedrich Museum, Berlin. Rembrandt (after lastman), Susanna and the Elders 1"^ Print Room, BerUn. [xvii] LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE Rembrandt, Susanna and the Elders . .166 Print Room, Berlin. Rembrandt, Susanna and the Elders . 166 Print Room, Amsterdam. Rembrandt, Susanna .168 Mauritshuis, The Hague. Rembrandt, Susanna and the Elders . 170 Kaiser Friedrich Musemn, Berlin. Rembrandt, Susanna and the Elders . 172 Print Room, Berlin. works by rubens in american collections Rubens, Romulus and Remus .... 176 Collection of Mr. J. G. Johnson, Philadelphia. Rubens, Portrait of a Man and His Wife 178 Collection of Mrs. R. D. Evans, Boston. Rubens, Wolf and Fox Hunt . .180 Metropohtan Museum of Art, New York. Rubens, A Feast of the Gods . .184 Collection of Mrs. Untermyer, Yonkers, New York. Rubens, The Entrance of Henri IV into Paris 188 Collection of Mrs. J. W. Simpson, New York. Rubens, Portrait of Heliodoro de Barrera 190 Collection of Mr. F. T. Fleitmann, New York. Rubens, The Fall of Icarus . .192 Collection of Mr. J. G. Johnson, Philadelphia. Rubens, The Rape of the Sabines . .194 Collection of Mr. P. A. B. Widener, Philadelphia. [ xviii ] LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE Rubens, The Reconciliation of the Romans AND Sabines 196 Collection of Mr. J. G. Johnson, Philadelphia. Rubens, Landscape 198 Collection of Mr. J. G. Johnson, Philadelphia. Rubens, Cows 198 Collection of Mr. J. G. Johnson, Philadelphia. works by van dyck in american collections Van Dyck, An Apostle 199 In Private Ownership, New York. Van Dyck, Study Head 200 Collection of Mr. J. G. Johnson, Philadelphia. Van Dyck, The Repentant Magdalene 201 Collection of Mr. J. G. Johnson, Philadelphia. Van Dyck, Portrait of Frans Snyders 202 Collection of Mr. H. C. Frick, New York. Van Dyck, Portrait of the Marchesa Durazzo 204 Metropohtan Museum of Art, New York. Van Dyck, Portrait of Lucas van Uffelen 206 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Van Dyck, Portrait of the Marchesa Brig- nole-Sala 208 Collection of Mr. P. A. B. VVidener, Philadelphia. Van Dyck, Portrait of the Marchesa Cat- TANEO 210 Collection of Mr. P. A. B. Widener, Philadelphia. Van Dyck, Portrait of a Genoese Lady . 212 Collection of Mr. C. P. Taft, Cincinnati. [xix] LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FACING PAGE Van Dyck, Portrait of Viscount Grandison 214 Collection of Mr. H. P. Whitney, New York. Van Dyck—Portrait of the Duke of Rich- mond and Lennox 216 Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. [xx] THE ART OF THE LOW COUNTRIES I LINEAR COMPOSITION IN DUTCH ART COMING for the first time from Germany or Belgium into the Netherlands, we are surprised by the grave and simple character of the landscape, especially in the regions where art assumed its finest forms, the two provinces of South and North Holland. Instead of a hilly country clothed with vegetation of various kinds and cut up into fields of different colours, we find wide monotonous levels of meadowland intersected only by narrow ditches or broader canals running off toward the horizon. The roads, bordered by rows of slender trees, mostly elms and ashes, run parallel with these intersecting lines or, along the coast, are flanked on the seaward side by sand-dunes scantily overgrown. From the slightest elevation, even from the highroad, we see a symmetrical network of lines which, bounded in the most impressive way by the level unbroken sweep of the horizon, gives the landscape a serious character instinct with the quality which in the language of art we call style. Only the sand-dunes disturb the uniformity, swelling and sinking as though the sea were repeating its rhyth- [3] THE ART OF THE LOW COUNTRIES mic motion for a last time on the land and thus effecting a transition to the reposefulness of the interior country.
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  • An Expanded View of the Forms and Functions of 15Th-Century Netherlandish Devotional Art

    An Expanded View of the Forms and Functions of 15Th-Century Netherlandish Devotional Art

    SEEKING THE PERSONAL: AN EXPANDED VIEW OF THE FORMS AND FUNCTIONS OF 15TH-CENTURY NETHERLANDISH DEVOTIONAL ART By BRENNA FRANCES BRALEY A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2005 Copyright 2005 by Brenna Frances Braley ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank the members of my committee, John L. Ward and Robin Poynor, for all of their help and encouragement while working on this project. I also thank Julie Kauffman, Johanna Kauffman, Bonnie Hampton, and Jody Berman (for their technological assistance), Joshua Braley, Linda Braley, and Rance Braley (for their help as proofreaders), and all the rest of my friends and family (for their unending patience and moral support). iii TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................v ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................1 2 HISTORICAL AND THEOLOGICAL CONTEXT....................................................5 3 THE PHYSICAL AND THE SPIRITUAL ................................................................26 4 RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE AND