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Book Reviews BOOK REVIEWS The European and the Indian: Essays in the Ethnohistory of Colonial North America. By James Axtell. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1981. Pp. xii, 402. $7.95 paper.) Through most of the past decade, James Axtell has tirelessly preached the gospel of ethnohistory. For those students of early Pennsylvania and colonial North America who remain unconverted, this collection of ten essays-many of them previously unpublished-should be required reading. The contest of European and Indian cultures is a central-perhaps the central-phenomenon of early American history. That contest, Axtell persua- sively argues, can only be understood through the "common-law marriage of history and anthropology" (p. vii) known as ethnohistory. The opening essay, a reprint of a 1979 article, presents one of the best explanations to date of this hybrid discipline. Two discussions of scalping provide examples of Axtell's ethnohistorical approach. "The Unkindest Cut, or Who Invented Scalping?: A Case Study," repackages the argument of two recent articles by Axtell and William Sturtevant, putting to rest the myth that because Euro-Americans paid Indians scalp bounties they must also have taught them how to scalp. The new essay "Scalping: The Ethnohistory of a Moral Question" explores the devastat- ing ethical implications for both cultures of those scalp bounties. A major theme of many of the essays is provocatively introduced in "The Invasion Within: The Contest of Cultures in Colonial North America," which analyzes European missionary efforts through an explication of a puzzling statement any researcher of the subject encounters repeatedly in the sources: that the first goal of missions must be "to 'reduce' the Indians from savagery to 'civility' " (pp. 45-46). Paradoxically, from the European perspective, one of the chief sins of male "savages" was that they behaved in ways only appropriate to gentlemen. To reduce Indians to civility meant to break them of such undeferen- tial habits and make them predictable, and hence controllable, European subjects-in short (though Axtell does not use these terms) to submit them to the discipline of a state-organized society. The implications of this insight go beyond the ethnohistory of colonial America and should be of interest to all students of the question of how states incorporate new subjects from nonstate cultures. The other side of the coin-Indian efforts to convert Europeans-is the focus of two previously published articles: "The Scholastic Philosophy of the Wilder- ness" and "The White Indians of Colonial America." The latter remains the standard account of its subject and should be of particular interest to readers of this journal for its discussion of eighteenth-century Pennsylvanians captured by Indians. "Last Rights: The Acculturation of Native Funerals in Colonial America" uses ethnohistorical and archaeological evidence to develop a point discussed more broadly in concluding parallel essays on "The English Colonial Impact on Indian Culture" and "The Indian Impact on English Colonial Culture": "the way people of one culture use or adapt another culture's artifacts (ideas, material objects, institutions, language) is more diagnostic ... than what they 326 BOOK REVIEWS 327 adopt" (pp. 245-246). The sobering realization emerges that when Indians and Europeans borrowed from each other, the result was often not more intercul- tural understanding but less. This anthology exhibits more internal logic and cohesion than most. Nevertheless, it shows faults common to the genre: various pieces written at different times for different purposes are sometimes redundant and occasionally contradictory. I must also mention that, in a new footnote to "The Scholastic Philosophy" (n. 66, p. 351), Axtell quotes statistics from a preliminary draft of my 1980 article with Alden Vaughan that were significantly revised for the published version he cites. On a more substantive level, some readers might object to Axtell's tendency to lump together evidence from a variety of English and French colonies, Indian cultures, and time periods, and to an occasional sweeping generalization. But those shortcomings stem from one of Axtell's great strengths: he fearlessly tackles the Big Questions and finds some intriguing answers. This gracefully written collection not only provides a compelling introduction to ethnohistory, it significantly expands our understanding of colonial America. Institute of Early American History and Culture DANIEL K. RICHTER The Papers of William Penn. Volume 2: 1680-1684. Edited by Mary Maples Dunn and Richard S. Dunn, with Scott M. Wilds, Richard A. Ryerson, and Jean R. Soderlund, associated editors, and Ned C. Landsman, special editor. (Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1982. Pp. xix, 710. $45.00.) Volume I of The Papers of William Penn spanned thirty-five years of the Quaker leader's life. Volume II covers but five years, yet the editors correctly note that it was the "most creative" and "most productive" period of his career. Nor in their enthusiasm for their subject do they neglect to show that as early as 1684 it was evident that his success was less than complete. Of the 584 Penn documents known to exist for the years 1680 to 1684, 217 are reproduced here, over half of which have not previously been published. Unfortunately, there is almost no personal information in the midst of this otherwise full account, for time has left us without family correspondence, a journal, or letterbooks. The emphasis in this volume is, therefore, heavily political and economic. The Dunns set a very high standard in Volume I for their general introductions to documents as well as in their annotations, and that standard is maintained. Each of the ten sections of Volume II is succinctly but clearly introduced to the reader, and any question that might be raised about the documents is answered in the notes, which also contain bibliographic refer- ences. We look first at the negotiations for the charter for Pennsylvania. The richness of the documents will allow students to make relatively independent judgments as to why Penn was awarded a proprietary colony under such generous terms, although the question of the source of his power remains moot. Some of Penn's political allies are revealed in the second section, "Planning for Pennsylvania," in letters he received from Robert Barclay and others. His own hand now becomes more apparent. 328 PENNSYLVANIA HISTORY The evolution of the Frame of Govenment can be observed in section three, where readers will probably want to test Gary Nash's assertion that Penn was pushed in a conservative direction by aristocrats represented by Thomas Rudyard. This section also contains Benjamin Furley's famous criticism of the Frame. The preparations for leaving for Pennsylvania are evidenced in financial transactions with the Free Society of Traders and Penn's steward, Philip Ford; real estate dealings involving the Indians and the colony of Maryland; and the proprietor's parting letter to his children. But we cannot follow Penn's relations with the Indians once he was in America, nor have we documentation for the creation and settlement of Chester, Bucks, and Philadelphia counties. We do, however, get a picture of his early handling of the Three Lower Counties and relations with neighboring colonies. To get the colony functioning Penn had to pay strict attention to laying out Philadelphia and organizing its county court system, to the Philadelphia Monthly Meeting as well as the Pennsylvana Assembly, to local regulations. Yet he was apparently enjoying his role as proprietor, settling in, writing that once his family arrived he was likely to be an "adopted American." The final sections of the Papers show us why this sentiment was not realized. First and foremost was his struggle with Lord Baltimore; the Quaker proprietor had to violate the Golden Rule if he was going to control the Three Lower Counties and the Susquchanna Valley. Indeed, it appeared that even Philadel- phia was threatened. The documents make clear why Penn felt he had to return to England. And there was conflict with neighboring New York as the proprietor attempted to expand his province's role in the fur trade, as well as friction with the colonists over a wide range of issues which was dispiriting to Penn after all his labors. The hasty and too often clumsy arrangements he made for the governing of Pennsylvania in his absence only added to his burdens. This is, of course, a story which has been told before. But never has it been so richly documented. Again we are in the debt of the Dunns and their associates at the Penn Papers for bringing us this historical treasure. San Francisco State University JOSEPH E. ILLICK John Dickinson: Conservative Revolutionary. By Milton E. Flower. (Char- lottesvile: University Press of Virginia, 1983. Pp. xii, 338. $27.50.) When John Dickinson, the "penman of the Revolution," died in 1808 Tench Coxe tried to gather materials for a biography which he felt would certainly "reflect credit ... and honor upon our country." Dickinson, however, has remained perhaps the most neglected major figure in early American history: until the publication of this study by Milton E. Flower, there has been no twentieth-century full-length treatment of Dickinson's life. This neglect is particularly remarkable because of the existence of voluminous Dickinson manuscripts and a lengthy bibliography of published writings. Sticking close to this material, Flower follows Dickinson through the major episodes of his public life. He describes fully Dickinson's role in the royal government dispute in Pennsylvania, his preparation of important and influen- tial resistance documents from the resolutions of the Stamp Act Congress to the BOOK REVIEWS 329 Declaration on the Cause and Necessities of Taking Up Arms, his drafting of the Articles of Confederation, his wartime military service and tenures as chief executive of Delaware and Pennsylvania, his involvement in the United States and Delaware constitutional conventions, and his service in various judicial and legislative offices in Pennsylvania and Delaware.
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