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2018 The U.S. versus Pakistani Media Portrayal of Women's Political Representation in Pakistan Mariapia Rueda
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THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION
THE U.S. VERSUS PAKISTANI MEDIA PORTRAYAL OF WOMEN’S POLITICAL
REPRESENTATION IN PAKISTAN
By
MARIAPIA RUEDA
A Thesis submitted to the Department of Communication in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with Honors in the Major
Degree Awarded: Spring 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………....4 II. LITERATURE REVIEW…………………………………………………………….5 Media Portrayal…………………………………………………………………….5 The Development of Women’s Political Representation…………………...8 Research Questions……………………………………………………………..12 III. METHODOLOGY………………………………………………………………….13 Media Selection…………………………………………………………………..13 Data Collection……………………………………………………………………15 Coding Categories……………………………………………………………….15 Coding Procedures……………………………………………………………....18 IV. RESULTS…………………………………………………………………………..24 Successful Integration…………………………………………………………..25 Respected Contributors………………………………………………………...31 Similar Representation………………………………………………………….37 Tone………………………………………………………………………………...43 V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS……………………………………………49 Successful Integration…………………………………………………………..49 Respected Contributors………………………………………………………...50 Parallel Representation…………………………………………………………51 Tone………………………………………………………………………………...53 Limitations and Future Studies………………………………………………..54 Conclusions……………………………………………………………………….55 VI. APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………...56 Appendix A………………………………………………………………………..56 Appendix B………………………………………………………………………..60 Appendix C………………………………………………………………………..61 VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………………………………………..65 Secondary Sources………………………………………………………………66 Primary Sources………………………………………………………………….67
3 Chapter I: Introduction
Though there has been global progress, women still have much more political representation left to gain – in the “developing world” and the developed world, alike.
First world countries typically believe they have done more to increase the opportunities available for women to obtain political office when compared to third or second world countries. However, entities like the UN Gender Inequality Index demonstrate that some third world countries, like Pakistan, have achieved more female representation in
Parliament than first world countries, like the United States in Congress (Human
Development Reports). This study compares how the United States’ media versus the
Pakistani media present women’s political representation in Pakistan through content analysis of the respective countries’ prominent newspapers. Through the search of key words I compare print media coverage, and utilize a set of questions to analyze the nature of women’s political representation in Pakistan as captured in the media portrayal.
The questions I seek to answer through my research are: how does the U.S. media portray the political representation of women in Pakistan? How does the
Pakistani media portray the political representation of women in Pakistan? How does the Pakistani media portrayal differ from the U.S. media portrayal? While many studies address women’s political participation (Skalli 2011, Greco Larson 2001, Newly and
Turcotte 2015, Khan 1992) this will be one of the few to examine how through use of its first world standards, developed world media may play a role in subjugating “developing world” progress in women’s political representation. The chapters of this thesis proceed with a literature review, methodology, findings, and discussions & conclusion.
4 Chapter II: Literature Review
This literature review begins by providing a global media context on the portrayal of women’s political representation; this is conducted through the examination of a selection of sources on the topic. Under the media portrayal section I discuss different forms of media portrayal of women’s political representation by country. I also briefly examine aspects of political and social ideological differences between the U.S. and
Pakistan, and how these have affected the U.S. outlook on Pakistani society and vice versa. This is followed by a more specific discussion of the development of women’s political representation.
Media Portrayal
A key researcher on the depiction of American women politicians in the media,
Kim Fridkin Kahn, has extensively researched news media coverage of women candidates relative to men and the consequences of the coverage. Through her research “depiction” can be defined as the description, or representation, by the news media of an idea, or subject in this case. Her 1992 content analysis of newspaper coverage on U.S. Senate campaigns found that male candidates were presented as more viable than female candidates, ultimately negatively assessing women candidates and negatively impacting their chances of success (Kahn 1992). Media coverage, print or online news reporting from reputable sources, on women politicians provides a reflection of societal progress; thus, if women are still negatively covered this reflects that the development toward women’s political representation has still not been 100% successful.
5 Moreover, the relationship of the women’s movement with the news media has rarely been subjected to systematic analysis (Zoonen 1992). According to Zoonen, the women’s movement has always had a tense relationship with the news media. Media coverage in support of women’s progression in society is crucial for public support (in other words, the relationship between women’s political development and the respective media “portrayal”, or how the media would relay a concept or event’s message, should be positive in order to create more positive public sentiment). Her case study on the media coverage of the women’s movement in the 1960s and 70s in the Netherlands demonstrated that gender and politics discourse was an aspect in constructing a public identity within the movement. Her findings were that among the central elements of the women’s movement, the media determined that emancipation is a legitimate issue, feminism is not, there exists a gap between the concerns of ordinary women and the movement’s activists, and the movement is hostile toward men (Zoonen 1992). With this sort of coverage, the media does more than reflect the societal realities of political advancement and representation of women; it contributes itself as an obstacle to the women’s movement. This provides a distinct, but similar, contribution to my thesis: through its negative rhetoric about the women’s movement, does the media demonstrate there is much progress left for society to achieve and accept the idea of proportional women’s political representation? The study relays that the results are valid for other times and cultures as the issues never gained the status of legitimate politics
(Zoonen 1992).
In regard to women’s political representation and other developments in developing countries, Western media have been criticized for presenting a distorted
6 picture. Though independent from their governments, they tend to report foreign news from their country’s foreign policy perspective (Poornanda 1998). While sensational news such as poverty and hunger are common topics about which Western newspapers report, progressive political developments, like further women’s representation in politics, are not. However, when Pakistan elected Benazir Bhutto as prime minister – the first woman leader of an Islamic state – the news story was widely publicized in
Asian political newspapers (Poornanda 1998). As Poornanda claims in her study, the
Western media report on how retrograde and slow the progress for developing countries has been, as opposed to the significant achievements in women’s political representation. Hence, exploring the prevalence of the latter topic in U.S. and Pakistani newspapers within the past decade proves relevant for my study. Has the U.S. media been more critical than appreciative in its recognition of Pakistan’s integration of women into politics?
In “’Good’ and ‘Bad’ Muslim Citizens, Feminists, Terrorists, and U.S.
Orientalisms” Sunaina Maira (2009) raises the idea that since the War on Terror after
2001, the United States’ goal became waging a war on states needing to “catch up with
Western modernity”. In this war, the United States has considered religion, nationalism, and gender in its discourse of women’s rights in particular. There is an underlying belief that those in Eastern societies need to be “liberated”, following the idea of neoliberal capitalism. This rhetoric of humanitarianism has been utilized to justify the United
States’ interventionism in Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan – ultimately justifying U.S. imperialism (Maira 2009).
Similarly, Myra Macdonald in “Muslim Women and the Veil,” takes on the manner
7 in which the Western media represents Muslim women, particularly those veiled. The media portrays them to be rarely allowed to speak. She discusses the importance of
Western efforts giving Western Muslims audible voices while silencing women in Iran,
Saudi Arabia, or Pakistan. She argues that in the mainstream media, reconstructing differences exists because giving the voiceless a voice is typically done for dramatic effect. Campaigning methods are used to demonstrate the unfortunate aspects of South
Asian women’s lives, but do not highlight the reality of women’s resistance and progression (Macdonald 2006). Thus, these actions by the U.S. media further the discourse that the progression of women’s political representation in Pakistan does not measure up to the progression of the United States. Rather than highlighting the ways
Pakistan’s political representation of women, though under different cultural circumstances, is still progressing.
The Development of Women’s Political Representation
Women’s political representation – the presence of women’s voices, opinions, and perspectives in public policy making processes – has lagged behind men’s in virtually every country. Because the media is a reflection of society, it portrays the current disproportionate presence of women in politics. However, because some countries developed and modernized before others the progression toward proportional representation of women in politics would differ by region. In “Constructing Arab Female
Leadership Lessons from the Moroccan Media”, Loubna H. Skalli discusses how
Moroccan media constructs Middle Eastern women as superficial political actors, shaping society’s perception of women leaders to be not as influential as men’s.
8 Moreover, though there are institutional mechanisms to create the opportunities for women to become political leaders, this does not equate to the recognition of gender equality (Skalli 2011).
Though it is rare to find media coverage on specific developments of women’s political representation, it is possible to qualify the progress toward women’s representation in politics through accounts in which the treatment of women in politics is descriptive (Greco Larson 2001). Acknowledging a Western media portrayal of Western women’s political representation, the authors of “A Case of More Is Less: The Role of
Gender in the U.S. Presidential Debates” address that in a space in which women are underrepresented women politicians are also given less media coverage. If they are given coverage most of it concerns their physical traits rather than campaign issues
(Newly and Turcotte 2015). Although an indirect media portrayal of women’s political representation, because women are not given equal media attention as men western media has demonstrated that western women’s political representation has still not been successfully obtained; rather, it has remained a superficial representation.
Since the 9/11 attacks, the U.S. has funneled over $15 billion in military and economic aid into Pakistan because of its importance as an ally for the U.S. war effort in
Afghanistan (Yusuf 2010). But Pakistan’s wider population continues to have a negative perception of the U.S., permeating all strata of society. There is a widespread antipathy toward U.S. policy in the region even for the younger generations (Yusuf 2010). Though this article addresses the implications of this perception toward the U.S. with regard to formal foreign policy, this can be translated into the sphere of social issues. The U.S. already has the reputation of imposing its own policy in the region. Therefore, Pakistan
9 will neither be receptive to “Western” ideals of normativity when it comes to women’s rights, and in this case more specifically, the representation of women political leaders in Pakistani politics. The article’s purpose is to explain that in order to change the anti-
American outlook, the U.S. must fundamentally change its policy of interventionism.
This can very well be applied to the issue of the Western policy of democratization and advancement of gender equality and equal gender representation in the same Western way and pace; instead, practicing respect of the differences rather than intervention because of the differences.
Shaheed discusses the idea of gendered politics and religion in Pakistan – specific to this country and region, rather than to the U.S. and the West. Contrary to popular belief, Shaheed negates the misconception that the reasons behind disproportionate numbers of women involved in politics is solely due to religion (Shaeed
2010). The years under the rule of former President Zia did more than just immerse religion into politics – they had an agenda of social change. He altered social norms through a misconstrued indoctrination of religion, which are still evident today. Society began to put more pressure and penalize women more than men for dress code violations, for example (Shaeed 2010). Though this has eased, there are societal transformations still embedded in Pakistani society. Today, women as a collective do not have the leverage needed to make the transformation. Not all think alike, and some women choose to follow traditionally religious views. Women are in the same socio- political space as men but must ascribe to different gendered expectations, created by the greater state and society (Shaeed 2010). This reflects that there are different expectations and a slower progression, as well as degree of measure, when compared
10 to the United States and other western countries.
Moreover, the author of Towards the 21st Century Pakistan: Women, Education and Social Change (1997) and director of the Pakistan Futuristics Foundation and
Institute, Zohra Azam relays “a Pakistani Perspective” on Islamic women. According to her account, not only are women viewed as having family roles and responsibilities of nurturing, caring, and sharing, but because of this they are protected and respected – they are valued as having the equal right to work. They are active in education, medicine, and government with 50% of seats reserved for women in elective political forums (Azam 1997). She argues in favor of Islam as a peace paradigm, adopting a progressive reform stressing moderation and balance. She also makes the claim that this unity between progress and moderation from Islam ensures peace and stability for the Muslim and Third Worlds in their relations with the rest of the world. Just as
Westerners have claimed that Pakistan needs to achieve progress for the women of its country, this Pakistani author claims that, “Muslim women emerge as a role model for their Western sisters, who may have strayed to the extreme… at the cost of social and family responsibilities,” (Azam 1997), demonstrating the necessity to acknowledge difference in perspective and in measurement of progress.
11 Research Questions
The primary focus of this thesis is to study print media from both the United
States and Pakistan in order to evaluate how the U.S. and Pakistani media reflect the political representation of women in Pakistan. From the literature review and prior studies, I have identified the following research questions:
RQ1: How does U.S. media portray the political representation of women in Pakistan?
RQ2: How does the Pakistani media portray the political representation of women in
Pakistan?
RQ3: How does the Pakistani media portrayal differ from the U.S. media portrayal?
12 CHAPTER III: Methodology
This chapter examines the proposed methodology applied in the analysis of U.S. and Pakistani print media coverage of women’s political representation in Pakistan.
Media selection, data collection, coding categories, and coding procedures for this qualitative analysis are explained in this chapter. This section outlines the methods in collecting the newspapers and selecting the articles examined in this study. It also explains the criteria in determining what the print media articles communicate about
Pakistan’s progress of women’s political representation.
Media Selection
As done in other studies directing a content analysis around the U.S. media and
Pakistan, this study employs a qualitative content analysis research method (Yousaf
2015, Ali 2008, Poornanda 1998). Three different American print media sources were chosen for examination, which can be recognized as three of the most credible and traditionally representative of the political spectrum: The Washington Post, representing a more progressive perspective; The New York Times, a more centrist perspective; and
The Wall Street Journal, a more conservative perspective. Three renowned Pakistani newspapers were also chosen: The Dawn, reaching more of an elite audience; The
News, a more accessible paper; and Pakistan Today, a newer print media source.
Considering these sources are respectable, English-language newspapers, they would be the Pakistani equivalent of the three stated American print media sources; the difference is those who do speak English in Pakistan, and thus are able to read these papers, are typically a more elite audience who has access to education, so the papers
13 are expected to reflect a more progressive point of view. Additionally, Pakistan Today is a new paper whose parent company was not created until 2008, and was not fully established until 2010, so news stories from 2007 are not available.
In order to retrieve the news stories, I visited each individual print media source’s website. From each of the six sources the aim was to review 10 articles from each published in 2007, and 10 articles from each of the six sources published in 2017. I chose to compare a group of articles from 11 years ago to another group from 1 year ago in order to provide two snapshots of coverage. Additionally, the study aimed to expand the pool of results, considering some results from American print media discuss either Pakistani politics and/or female politicians from a different country, for example, meaning the article itself did not adhere to my specific topic of research. Moreover, 10 years ago the war on terror had begun 6 years before that, and 2007 was the year
Pakistan’s first female prime minister, Benazir Bhutto, was assassinated, providing more international coverage.
Though American media coverage on this topic itself is scarce, the articles collected were news articles as opposed to opinion editorials, columns, analyses by journalists, letters to the editor, special reports, or supplemental materials. Through the search, I found The Washington Post had 5 articles from 2007 and The New York
Times had 4 articles from 2007, while the Wall Street Journal did not provide any relevant articles on the topic. Additionally, Pakistan Today only produced 10 articles from 2017, so the total number of articles came out to 59.
14 Table 1. Number of articles analyzed and coded
The The The Wall The The Pakistan Total Washington New Street Dawn News Today Post York Journal Times 2007 5 4 0 10 10 0 29
2017 0 0 0 10 10 10 20
Total 5 4 0 20 20 10 59
Data Collection
When key phrases like “Pakistan” and “women in politics” were searched on the
American print media source websites, a very small number of results involved female
Pakistani political leaders. Rather, they involved politics around women’s issues, like violence against women; news stories on women in other countries; “women’s work”; etc. When it comes to the Pakistani newspapers, while some of this remains true, there were also related though not directly relevant articles, such as those on women voters.
However, overall they provided a better variety of media coverage on Pakistani women who are political representatives. Thus, the key words used include variations of the word combinations of “Pakistan”, “women in politics”, and either “2007” or “2017”, and I chose the top relevant stories.
Coding Categories
The content of the print media sources’ news articles was examined in order to decipher the messages relayed about Pakistan’s development of women’s political representation, as well as to distinguish between the author’s tone and the nature of the
15 actual story/topic of discussion. To facilitate coding, the categories for analysis (created through inspiration from the literature review) were numbered:
1. The first coding question is the following: Is Pakistan portrayed as having
successfully integrated women into politics? The coding choices were yes and no
with quotes provided. The question relates to that of successful integration –
contingent on the degree of success, and of integration depending on who one
asks. As Skalli (2011) writes, historically women leaders have not been equated
the same respect as male leaders have been, and the media portrayal of women
further depicts this (see chapter 2). “Media portrayal” was previously defined in
chapter 2 as, “how the media would relay a concept or event’s message”, and
“successful” can be defined as “in a way that accomplishes a desired goal or
result”, while “integration” can be defined as “bringing groups of people with
particular characteristics or needs into participation of a social group or
institution”. Thus, the presence of successful integration can be determined after
considering the attainment of the desired result of bringing together, meaning
Skalli’s account reflects a result short of success and integration when compared
to men’s.
Regarding the vocabulary in the question, the criteria must be defined in
order to accurately code. If Pakistan desired to integrate women political leaders
mostly into local positions, or desired 50% of politicians to be women while the
remaining 50% of politicians to be men, then integration would be successful in
Pakistan. However, because through time the United States has made more
16 progress than Pakistan, United States’ media is likely holding the degree of
integration to higher standards and vice versa, as discussed through Azam
(1997) in chapter 2. Thus, I answered the coding question according to the
nature, as opposed to the author’s tone in the news story, about Pakistan’s level
of success in integration.
2. Next, does the article portray women as respected contributors in Pakistani
politics? As Newly and Turcotte (2015) state in their study (see chapter 2), the
political issues and policies that women politicians address, such as expanding
education and improving health care, etc. are not as relevant to the media and
audiences as trivial aspects of the women leaders’ appearance. This question
provides an emphasis on value; it requires the definition of the term “respected”;
respect can be defined as “admiration of (someone or something), as a result of
their abilities, qualities, and/or achievements.” Another key term in the question is
“contributor”, which can be defined as, “a person who contributes something in
particular”. But what extent of contribution is acceptable, and according to whose
standards? This term is also broad and subjective. The level of political
contribution by women examined in this thesis is in regard to women political
representatives. Through either approval or disapproval of their position, as per
the nature of the article rather than the opinion of the respective author, since
most news story tones should be neutral, the answer to the coding question is
determined. Again, the coding options were either yes or no.
3. My last coding question is: does the article portray Pakistan’s progress of
women’s political representation as similar to the progress of Western countries?
17 For this category, “representation” can be defined as, “speaking or acting on
behalf of someone or some group, or the state of being represented.” As defined
in chapter 2 (Skalli 2011), women’s political representation, more specifically can
be defined as the presence of women’s voices, opinions, and perspectives in
public policy making processes. In this case, the extent of representation can be
utilized to classify how women’s political representation in Pakistan is portrayed
by U.S. and Pakistani media; Sunaina (2009) and Macdonald (2006) claim that
westerners perceive South Asian countries as retrograde when it comes to
women’s voices. Once more, possible coding answers were either yes or no.
4. There is an evaluative (assessing) tone of the news content, which can be
identified as negative, positive, or neutral (Yousaf 2015, Ali 2008). News stories
were coded as negative, or undesirable or unfavorable, if/when the article
suggests Pakistan’s development of women’s political representation is
retrograde, minimal, ineffective, poor, or not prosperous. News stories were
coded as positive, or affirmative, if/when the article suggests Pakistan’s
development of women’s political representation is progressive, significant,
effective, improving, etc. A news story was coded as neutral, or impartial, if the
primary aspects are poised between that of positive and negative.
Coding Procedures
Additionally, I chose four other university student coders each to examine 3 distinct groups of articles in order to determine inter-coder reliability. I trained the coders by giving them the coding book I created (see Appendix A). They each individually
18 coded a sample article. We reconvened to discuss individual responses to the sample; then the coders individually completed their assigned set of articles for which they provided their responses on a coding sheet (see Appendix B). We coded 13 articles, including the sample, out of the total 59. Thus, approximately a little over 20% of the coding answers to the articles were verified.
The results of the sample article were:
Table 2.
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Author Yes Yes Yes Negative
Coder 1 Yes No Yes Negative
Coder 2 Yes Yes No Negative
Coder 3 Yes Yes Yes Neutral
Coder 4 Yes Yes Yes Neutral
Between the point of reference, myself, and each of the coders there was a 75% agreement on the article.
What followed was each coders’ responses for their unique set of articles.
Coder 1:
Table 3.
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Article 1 No No Yes Positive
19 Article 2 No No No Negative
Article 3 Yes Yes Yes Positive
Versus the Author’s:
Table 4.
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q3
Article 1 No No Yes Neutral
Article 2 No No No Negative
Article 3 No Yes Yes Positive
There was 75%, 100%, and 75% agreement between the coder and myself for each article respectively.
Coder 2:
Table 5.
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Article 1 No Yes No Negative
Article 2 No No Yes Positive
Article 3 Yes Yes No Positive
Versus the author’s:
Table 6.
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
20 Article 1 No No No Negative
Article 2 No No Yes Negative
Article 3 Yes Yes Yes Positive
There was 75% agreement between the coder and myself for each article.
Coder 3:
Table 7.
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Article 1 Yes Yes Yes Positive
Article 2 Yes Yes Yes Positive
Article 3 Yes Yes Yes Positive
Versus the author’s:
Table 8.
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Article 1 Yes No Yes Positive
Article 2 Yes Yes Yes Negative
Article 3 Yes No Yes Positive
There was 75% agreement between the coder and myself for each article.
Coder 4:
21 Table 9.
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Article 1 No No No Negative
Article 2 No No No Negative
Article 3 No Yes Yes Positive
Versus the author’s:
Table 10.
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4
Article 1 No No No Negative
Article 2 No Yes No Negative
Article 3 No No Yes Positive
There was 100%, 75% and 75% agreement between the coder and myself for each article respectively.
The inclusion of the additional coders and their responses demonstrated inter-coder agreement of at least 75% for those chosen articles in study.
Further analysis may determine more relevant categories. Once coding was complete, the results were examined in order to answer the research questions; the results were relayed through four sheets on Excel – one for each respective coding criteria – with a chart that includes the respective sources and qualitative examples as quotes. Next was
22 an open-ended analysis with the discussion of quotes from the articles and conclusions.
Again, the research questions are the following:
RQ1: How does U.S. media portray the political representation of women in Pakistan?
RQ2: How does the Pakistani media portray the political representation of women in
Pakistan?
RQ3: How does the Pakistani media portrayal differ from the U.S. media portrayal?
23 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS
This study focused on three research questions. 1) How does U.S. media portray the political representation of women in Pakistan? 2) How does the Pakistani media portray the political representation of women in Pakistan? And 3) How does the
Pakistani media portrayal differ from the U.S. media portrayal? I will answer each question and explain my results below.
RQ1: How does U.S. media portray the political representation of women in
Pakistan?
In total, I examined 9 American newspaper articles; 5 American newspaper articles from the Washington Post and 4 articles from the New York Times. Of this small selection of articles I found that positive news coverage of Pakistan’s progress toward women’s political representation was almost evenly split with negative coverage, though slightly more positive than negative.
RQ2: How does the Pakistani media portray the political representation of women in Pakistan?
I examined 50 total Pakistani newspaper articles; 20 articles from The Dawn, 20 articles from The News, and 10 articles from Pakistan Today. The Pakistani news articles provided slightly more critical than positive coverage.
RQ3: How does the Pakistani media portrayal differ from the U.S. media portrayal?
24 The Pakistani newspapers were mostly on par with the U.S. media coverage, proportionally, considering the low number of U.S. coverage on the topic.
The coding categories used in determining the answers to these research questions were the following: successful integration of women into Pakistani politics, women politicians in Pakistan as respected contributors, parallel representation between Pakistan’s progress toward women’s representation in politics and the U.S.’s and/or the West’s progress, and tone of the news article(s).
Successful Integration
Summary
Of the U.S. articles – of the few search results on the topic – a little over half (6 out of 9) portrayed Pakistan as successfully integrating women into politics; 3 out of 5 were from the Washington Post, and 3 out of 4 were from the New York Times. Not too significant as there was not a large sample, there were only three more articles coded
YES than NO for successful integration.
Out of the bigger selection of Pakistani newspaper articles, 32 out of 50 total portrayed successful integration; 9 out of 20 from The Dawn, 15 out of 20 from The
News, and 8 out of 10 from Pakistan Today. 6 of those coded YES from The Dawn were from 2007, meaning only 3 were from 2017; 8 from The News were from 2007, and 7 were from 2017.
American Newspapers
Is Pakistan portrayed as having successfully integrated women into politics?
25 Of the U.S. articles I found that 6/9 spoke of successful integration of women into
Pakistani politics – 3 from the Washington Post and 3 from the New York Times.
The Washington Post
The first Washington Post news article, Galbraith (2007) was coded YES, having portrayed successful integration of women into politics; the justification for this coding answer is evident in the example quote, “her last campaign to restore democracy to her country.” This demonstrates Benazir Bhutto, a woman and subject of the article, was portrayed as playing an active, political role in Pakistan. Constable and Wax (2007) was coded YES because Benazir Bhutto, again the subject of the article, is portrayed as,
“reach[ing] out to competing political parties,” indicative that she was the head of her party, and integrated enough into politics to be competitive with other parties. Witte and
Constable (2007) was coded YES; it included the discussion of “Bhutto’s aides,” which well-integrated politicians have.
Ahmad (2007) was coded NO, as not having portrayed successful integration of women into politics, with commentary like, “Benazir Bhutto is no savior,” targeting her political position, or lack thereof. Witte (2007) was coded NO; it discusses a bombing aimed at Benazir Bhutto: “Her return to Pakistan, after eight years of exile, unquestionably places her in the cross hairs of Islamic extremists, and she believes that rogue elements of the government security services are also plotting against her.” This demonstrates the only party truly supporting her is the People’s Party of Pakistan while, among other reasons, accepting a woman political leader has still not been a success in
Pakistan.
The New York Times
26 From the New York Times the first article, Burns (2007), was coded as YES because it is discussed that Benazir Bhutto was successfully elected to the highest public office twice; “[Benazir Bhutto] was twice elected prime minister.” Gall (2007) was also coded YES; “she would return from self-imposed exile on Oct. 18 to run in parliamentary elections,” relaying the information that Bhutto would run in parliamentary elections, as a man could, and thus portraying success in the integration of women into the election portion of politics. Reuters (2007) was also coded YES; “…the Punjab social welfare minister, Zilla Huma Usman…” is the subject of discussion, and she holds an official political position, demonstrating the successful integration of women into a political position.
Seelye (2007) was coded as NO because it demonstrates Pakistan’s struggle to accept a woman head of their country by considering her husband to hold the true position of leader; “'According to newspapers in Pakistan,' Ms. Bhutto said, 'Mr. Asif
Zardari is de facto prime minister of the country.'"
Pakistani Newspapers
As for the Pakistani newspapers, 32/50 total portrayed successful integration; 9 from The Dawn, 15 from The News, and 8 from Pakistan Today. 6 of those from The
Dawn were from 2007 and 3 were from 2017, 8 of those from The News were from
2007 and 7 were from 2017. For The Dawn I will give detailed results for 5 articles from
2007 and 5 from 2017. For The News I will give results for 7 articles from 2007 and 3 from 2017 (because only 3 were coded NO in 2017), and from Pakistan Today I will also choose 5 (from 2017).
The Dawn
27 The first 2007 article from The Dawn, Gori (2007), was coded as YES, having portrayed successful integration of women into politics; the example quote, "Shazia
Marri of PPP… she" relays the account that this woman was an active political party member. In Cheema (2007) the example quote, "There are 340 NA seats in total, of which 10 are minority seats, whereas 60 are reserved for women,” portrays Pakistan’s action to ensure successful integration of women in politics. HYDERABAD (2007) is also coded as YES because it has the same effect: "it had ensured 33 per cent representation to women in parliament." KARACHI (2007) is also YES because the quote, "Shazia Marri moved her privilege motion which was referred to the privilege committee," demonstrates women politicians exercising their political responsibilities within parliament. Bureau Report (2007) was coded YES included the phrase,
"women... have been given representation in parliament and the local government,” which encompasses the idea of women’s successful integration into politics.
The first 2017 The Dawn article, Kundi (September 2017), was coded NO because the article’s news content discusses, "ways to increase the participation and representation of women in politics,” meaning this has not yet been achieved. Shah
(2017) was coded NO; this results from the content that can be summarized through,
"The reserved seats for women in Parliament and provincial assemblies and nominations of political parties have become a joke,” depicting the unsuccessful integration of women in Parliament as it the quota for women is said to be perceived as a joke. Kundi (October 2017) was coded NO; the article is about a call to discuss more involvement of women in decision-making, also meaning they have not yet been successfully integrated into politics: "a charter of demands by women from rural areas
28 calling for... women`s participation in decision making at all levels…” Yusuf (September
2017) was coded NO because the article relays content like, "Only five out of the total
44 candidates in the by-election were women,” portraying a lack of proportional gender representation in politics. Yusuf (November 2017) was coded NO was because the news article discusses that women in politics are not truly successfully integrated, but instead wealthy women are elected in order to protect their class interests;
"Unfortunately in Pakistan, women in politics are defined by their familial, ethnic or linguistic identity rather than their gender — they win seats to serve elite interests…"
The News
The first 2007 news article, “PPP submits privilege motion against CM,” (2007) was coded YES because as demonstrated by the example quote, "submitted by
Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) women legislators,” women are active participants in their political party. “Briefs…..” (2007) was coded YES because the article portrayed specific attention to women political members: "conducted a seminar titled 'The All Parties’
Women’s Conference.'” “Benazir’s book reveals Osama’s son attacked her” (2007) was coded YES because the content includes commentary supporting an excerpt from
Benazir Bhutto’s book: "But I knew that those who believed in democracy and my leadership were awaiting me in the streets of Karachi. " “Conditions should not be laid down for polls” (2007) was coded YES because women politicians and their work are the focus of the article: "at a roundtable discussion with women politicians.” “Spot light”
(2007) was coded YES; "Women in government professions" are portrayed as being prominent.
29 “Lal Masjid: a history” (2007) was coded NO; it discusses a leader who did not advocate for women to be integrated into politics, but rather, "he laid the foundation of the Jamia Hafsa seminary for women." “Women improve politics: Ann Stone” (2007) was coded no on this question for several reasons; "87 percent Bulgarians believed that there should be more women involved in politics to reduce corruption," demonstrates that 1. There are not enough women in politics 2. This is according to a Western rather than Pakistani desire. Turk (2017) was coded NO because it relayed information like,
"female representation is lesser than usual, particularly in politics,” and thus portrayed low female political representation, or in other words unsuccessful integration of women into politics. Bukhari (2017) was coded NO for the same reason: "lack of female representation in assemblies." Our Correspondent (2017) was coded NO was due to the fact that Pakistan is portrayed as scoring low in women’s representation in politics;
"Rwanda is among the countries on the top of the list… due to the high representation of women in parliament and other decision-making bodies. Pakistan... finishes near the bottom."
Pakistan Today
The first Pakistan Today article, “Breaking Stereotypes: Benazir Bhutto Elected
First Woman PM in Muslim World 29 Years Ago,” (2017) coded as YES was coded as such because Bhutto is described as following political leadership steps: "were well known for their roles as chief adviser and expert of medicine, history, and rhetoric.
Benazir Bhutto seemed to be following in their footsteps." “Apologise or face Jirga, PTI
Women Wing warns Gulalai” (2017) was coded YES because the "Pakistan Tehreek-e-
Insaf (PTI) women wing" is discussed and portrayed as effective in the integration of
30 women into politics. The next article coded YES, Abrar (2017) discusses the membership of women lawmakers in the Pakistan People’s Party: "women lawmakers of his own Pakistan People’s Party (PPP).”
“Targeting Gulalai Is Regrettable: Ex-Info Minister” (2017) was coded NO because it portrayed the idea of women joining politics as ridiculous: "no women can dare to think of coming into politics." “Women Lawmakers Outperform Their Male
Counterparts in KP Assembly” (2017) was coded NO because it relays the message that women are not proportionally represented in politics when compared to men: “less in number, women legislators…"
Respected Contributors
Summary
From U.S. media, 7 out of 9 spoke of women politicians as respected contributors by Pakistani society – 4 out of 5 from the Washington Post and 3 out of 4 from the New York Times – a little over half.
Twenty-five out of 50 Pakistani articles portrayed women politicians as respected contributors; The Dawn produced 9 out of 20 articles, The News 10 out of 20, and
Pakistan Today 6 out of 10. Only half of the Pakistani articles portray Pakistani politicians and Pakistani society as respecting women political contributors.
Additionally, 7 out of the 9 The Dawn articles that were coded YES were from
2007, and the remaining 2 were from 2017. The News had 6 coded YES from 2007 and
4 from 2017.
American Newspapers
31 Does the article portray women as respected contributors in Pakistani politics?
From U.S. media, 7/9 spoke of women politicians in Pakistan as respected contributors
– 4 from the Washington Post and 3 from the New York Times.
The Washington Post
Galbraith (2007) again received the coding answer of YES because Benazir
Bhutto is portrayed as a revered politician across Pakistan; “Bhutto was the only
Pakistani politician with substantial support in both Punjab... and her native Sindh…"
Witte (2007) received the answer YES this time as Bhutto as a politician was positively described; "...Bhutto could still bring crowds into the streets like no other Pakistani politician." Constable and Wax (2007) was coded YES because a woman politician is quoted as, “I'm calling for General Musharraf to step down..." portraying her authority to do so. Constable and Witte (2007) also was coded YES because of the way Benazir
Bhutto’s decision were respected in her political position; "Bhutto, speaking to reporters and party members…” The Ahmad (2007) article was coded NO was because the article’s content disrespects Benazir Bhutto’s political character throughout, labeling her,
"The queen of hypocrisy”.
The New York Times
The first New York Times article, Burns (2007) received a YES; the quote, "Ms.
Bhutto staged a series of mass meetings across Pakistan,” portrays the political leverage and thus high esteem Benazir Bhutto held in order to conduct mass political movements. Gall (2007) also received a YES because Benazir Bhutto’s popularity and political record are described; "could make her prime minister for a third time by the year’s end." Reuters (2007) received a YES because respect is a precursor in choosing
32 someone, in this case a woman, to speak on behalf of the political department or ministry for which she works; "...as she was about to deliver a speech…"
The Seelye (2007) article was coded NO for this answer was because the article does not equate Benazir Bhutto’s status as a leader to that of her husband’s, as seen in the answer to successful integration, as well as notes it is not a common, and therefore not a respected concept for women to be political leaders: "...women who were breaking with tradition and taking leading roles in public life…"
Pakistani Newspapers
There were 25/50 Pakistani articles that portrayed women politicians as respected contributors; The Dawn produced 9 articles, The News 10, and Pakistan
Today 6. 7 of The Dawn articles that were coded YES were from 2007, and the remaining 2 from 2017. The News had 6 coded YES from 2007 and 4 from 2017. As with the previous coding question, I will discuss 5 articles from 2007 and 5 from 2017 for
The Dawn, 5 from 2007 and 5 from 2017 for The News, and 5 from Pakistan Today.
The Dawn
Cheema (2007) was coded YES because women’s performance, or in other words contribution, is highlighted; "Although women comprise only 22pc of the legislature, their performance has been graded as impressive..." The “HYDERABAD”
(2007) article was coded YES because the news content portrayed women’s participation in politics as valuable; "he said, women's empowerment was essential and every government must ensure women’s equal participation in politics." The “Enhanced role of women in politics: areas identified” article was coded YES because more value is added to political parties when women’s representation is advanced: "…support political
33 parties through enhanced women’s representation." The “KARACHI” (2007) article was coded YES because it emphasizes the ideology held by Bhutto, and thus separating extremists who are opposed to women’s participation from the rest of Pakistani society; "Ms Bhutto said those who attacked women were dishonourable thugs who violated both Islamic and cultural injunctions against violence on women..." “Attack on
MNA condemned” (2007) was coded YES because it portrays women’s political representation as an essential tool in the progression of a society, and thus demonstrates respect for women as contributors; "[women’s political participation] goes a long way in contributing to development of a society."
The Kundi (September 2017) article was coded NO because the content of the news article centered around the lower level of respect women politicians receive in comparison to men; "She criticised the present government for not treating women parliamentarians on reserved seats the same as other members." Kazim (2017) was coded NO because the news content relayed the information that the woman politician of discussion was asked about superficial topics rather than her political position or broader policies; "when, as she entered the assembly, she was asked where she had bought her clothes and had her hair done." Shah (2017) was also coded NO; the quote,
"…ugly scenario of how politicians, political workers and even the public view women in politics,” portrays women in politics as perceived negatively overall. Kundi (October
2017) was also coded NO; though the example quote might seem positive, the initial idea is that the woman contributor was not expected, or respected enough, to work outside the home, and thus had to work against the preconceived idea of woman’s role:
"working outside the home… I broke stereotypes." Yusuf (2017) was coded NO
34 because this article did not portray women in politics as independent and respected contributors, but rather described them as puppets of their male relatives; "female representatives are proxies for their fathers, brothers, or party leaders."
The News
“Briefs…..” (2007) was coded YES because the news story was about women political members having a relevant role within their parties: "attended by members of political parties and their women’s wings who spoke about their role." “Women improve politics: Ann Stone” (2007) was coded YES as it relayed a news story in which the subjects discussed the necessity for women to participate in politics, demonstrating that women in politics are respected contributors; "it is very essential for women to actively participate in politics." “Conditions should not be laid down for poll” (2007) portrayed the idea that women politicians’ ideas are welcomed, and thus respected: "…invited opinions and suggestions from female representatives of all political parties." The “spot light” (2007) article portrays the idea that, “the proportion of the female workforce has been increasing …" and thus women are becoming more respected contributors in their respective sectors. “Women Protection Bill biggest achievement” (2007) was coded
YES because it portrays the subject of the article, a women politician, as an accomplished and renowned politician by her fellow assembly members: "…approval of
Women Protection Bill in the National Assembly was her biggest achievement… at a farewell lunch hosted in her honour."
The first five 2017 The News articles were all coded NO for this question.
“Pakistan a leader in empowering women” (2017) was coded NO because Pakistan is portrayed as not having women in leadership roles, and thus not holding them as highly
35 respected contributors when compared to their male counterparts; “In Pakistan, there are impressive numbers of female students in every scientific and economics field but it is rare to find women in academic leadership roles.” Turk (2017) was coded NO because Pakistan is portrayed as falling short of promotion of women leadership, or in other words not respecting them enough to do so; "Government and other institutions have also failed to promote women leadership." “Politicians demand probe into Gulalai’s allegations against Imran” (2017) separates what women can do versus what men can do, demonstrating differing levels of respect for them as political contributors; "No woman especially in Pakhtun society can put her dignity and respect at stake." “Asifa
Bhutto reprimands Kursheed Shah for his sexist remarks” (2017) also portrays unequal treatment of women and men, reflecting a level of disrespect for women: "…inquired why he was only silencing women while men parliamentarians were also talking." “PML
– N women councilors accuse own district govt of discrimination” (2017) was coded NO because once more the news content portrays women as facing distinct treatment as opposed to that of men, in this case in regard to distribution of funds for political projects, proving disrespect toward women and respect toward men: "...discriminating against them [women] in distribution of development funds."
Pakistan Today
“Breaking stereotypes: Benazir Bhutto elected first woman PM in Muslim world
29 years ago” (2017) was coded YES because it discusses a woman elected to a political position, reflecting the level of respect and trust toward her as a contributor:
"…elected to a position of leadership in the Muslim world." “Apologise or face Jirga, PTI women wing warns Gulalai” (2017) was coded YES because it portrays women as
36 truthful, and hence respected; "a woman never levels allegations against herself."
“Khursheed Shah responds to Aseefa Bhutto’s Twitter outburst” (2017) was coded YES because it highlights the idea that women are needed in order to progress society, and therefore reflects the societal respect toward them; "Half of the country’s population consists of women and we cannot progress without empowering and providing them equal opportunities for success.” “Targeting Gulalai is regrettable: ex-info minister”
(2017) was coded NO and portrays the concept that politicians comment specifically on women and their character as well as their private lives, demonstrating that women are not as respected as men are in the political world; "political parties must observe utmost restraint in regard to commenting on the character and other aspects of the lives of women in politics”. Abrar (2017) was coded NO, like the remaining two, and portrays politicians as making disrespectful comments toward female politicians on the basis of their sex; "sexist remarks against fellow (female) lawmakers."
Similar Representation
Summary
Six out of 9 American news articles portrayed Pakistan’s political representation of women as similar with that of the United States and/or the West – 3 from the
Washington Post and 3 from the New York Times.
Of the Pakistani news articles 30 out of 50 were coded YES; The Dawn had 11 out of 20 articles, The News had 12/20, and Pakistan Today had 4 out of 10. The YES and NO coding answers were almost equal.
37 In regard to the breakdown by year, The Dawn produced 8 of 11 articles coded
YES in 2007 and the remaining 3 in 2017. The News produced 5 in 2007 and 7 in 2017.
American Newspapers
Six out of 9 presented Pakistani progress as similar with progress from the
United States and/or the West – 3 from the Washington Post and 3 from the New York
Times.
The Washington Post
Galbraith (2007) was coded as YES as an answer to this question because the article holistically equated the Pakistani government’s progress for women’s political representation to the progress of the U.S.; “government spending on social needs, including girls’ education.” Constable and Wax (2007) was also coded YES because there is no commentary on U.S. superiority to Pakistan when it comes to women’s political representation; the U.S. in this case is mentioned because of its support of the
Bhutto administration. Constable and Witte (2007) also received as YES because of the same reason in the previous article; there is no mention of Western superiority because the West in only mentioned to demonstrate its support for Bhutto; "A Western diplomat said the West is encouraging Bhutto to work carefully in a volatile situation."
Ahmad (2007) was coded NO for this question because the news content portrays Benazir Bhutto, the progressive party leader of Pakistan, not to truly be progressive; "[Bhutto] managed to hypnotize Western liberals with her claim to represent progressive elements…" Witte (2007) was also coded NO because in this article a Western diplomat discusses Western superiority in sociopolitical progress when
38 commenting on the bombing against Benazir Bhutto in Pakistan; “’At the moment, you're not looking at mass rallies,' a Western diplomat in Karachi said.”
The New York Times
Gall (2007), like the Washington Post articles, only mentions the U.S. in support of the Bhutto administration rather than mention of superiority in social progress;
"…[the] Bush administration, in hopes of... Ms. Bhutto to return and serve as prime minister." Reuters (2007) was also coded YES for this question because there is no mention of the West, and thus no comparison. Seelye (2007) was coded YES because in the article Hillary Clinton recalls that Benazir Bhutto was literate of both their respective Western and Eastern political situations, and thus Clinton equates the countries’ women’s political progress in this respect; "’She deftly managed to refer both to the challenges I had encountered during my White House tenure and to her own situation."
Burns (2007) was coded as NO because the mention of Benazir Bhutto being
"the first woman to be democratically elected to lead a modern Muslim country,” explicitly mentions that this is unique to the Muslim world as opposed to the West, skewing the reality considering the United States, for example, had still not elected a woman president.
Pakistani Newspapers
For the category of similar representation with the West there was a total of
30/50 articles coded YES; The Dawn had 11 articles – 8 from 2007 and the remaining 3 from 2017 – The News 12 – 5 from 2007 and 7 from 2017 – and 4 from Pakistan Today.
I will discuss 5 articles from 2007 and 5 from 2017 for The Dawn, 7 from 2007 and 3
39 from 2017 for The News (because only 3 in 2017 were coded NO), and 5 from Pakistan
Today.
The Dawn
The first two 2007 articles that were coded YES did not include a comparison of
Pakistan’s progress of women’s representation in politics; (Ghori 2007) and “KARACHI”
(March 2007). The next article coded YES, “Enhanced role of women in politics” (2007) was coded this way because it portrays the National Democratic Institute (associated with the West) as supporting Pakistan’s progress toward women’s political representation: “National Democratic Institute would continue to provide support to women." “KARACHI” (February 2007) was coded YES as it equated the values of Islam, synonymous with Pakistan, with those democratic values of the West; "The Islamic injunctions as well as the Constitution of the country guarantee equal rights and opportunities to all citizens irrespective of class, creed and gender." “KARACHI”
(September 2007), though negative for both western and eastern progress, portrayed the two as parallel; "even in the established democracies of the West, the percentage of women in power corridors appeared less than that of men."
Kundi (September 2017) was coded NO and portrays Pakistan as subpar when compared to Western countries as well as all but one other country when it comes to progression toward gender equality; "the gender gap in political participation remains a tenacious global challenge which is particularly acute in Pakistan. He said the country was ranked 143rd out of 144 countries in the Global Gender Gap Index." Shah (2017) portrays the negative perspective Pakistani society in particular holds about women’s political involvement; "It mirrored the society’s psyche about women in active politics."
40 Yusuf (September 2017) portrays the West as prioritizing women’s political representation as opposed to the East: "…mobilise female voters in the West." Yusuf
(November 2017) portrays the world ranking Pakistan as retrograde when compared to the rest in regard to the progression toward gender equality; "Pakistan's latest embarrassment comes in the form of the second-worst rating in the world for gender parity." Chaudhry (2017), like one of the previous articles, portrays specifically Pakistani politics and society as poorly treating women politicians; "parliament's treatment of women reflects on Pakistani society as a whole."
The News
Four of the five articles coded YES did not include any comparison or subjugation to the progress of western nations; Chaudhry (2007), “Briefs…..” (2007),
“Conditions should not be laid down for polls” (2007), "Distribution of vacancies for CSS exams revised" (2007). The other article coded YES, "Women Protection Bill biggest achievement" (2007) does not belittle Pakistan and its work in comparison to other
Western nations and theirs; "...she felt proud to represent Pakistani women at the international forum of Women Networking Group… formed by United States Secretary of States…"
"Lal Masjid: a history" (2007) was coded NO as it discusses a man who verbally was opposed to a Muslim women’s practice for reasons of gender equality, and thus reflected his belief of superior Western progress; "He used to wear Western dress and was against the concept of women wearing a veil." "Benazir's book reveals Osama's son attacked her" (2007) was coded NO because it portrayed the idea that western and
Pakistani societies are not parallel in their ideas or forms of progress; "they aim to
41 provoke a clash of civilisations between the West and an interpretation of Islam that rejects pluralism and modernity." The first 2017 The News article that was coded NO,
Turk (2017), portrays Pakistan in an anti-democratic manner in which no western nation would be portrayed: "In a country where people are deprived of their basic rights." "Asifa
Bhutto reprimands Khursheed Shah for his sexist remarks" (2017) was coded NO was due to the specific portrayal of Pakistan’s political sector along with the rest of its society as disrespectful of women in politics; "the remarks made in the parliament, being the face of our society, by our parliamentarians reflect on the society…" "Women ministry to groom 12,00 male nazim, naib nazim next month" was coded NO because it discusses western institutions as finding it necessary to help Pakistan’s national development of women’s representation in politics; "...funded by UN Development Programme with a total expenditure of $4.5 million. National Project Manager...”
Pakistan Today
"Breaking stereotypes: Benazir Bhutto elected first woman PM in Muslim world
29 years ago" (2017) was coded YES because Benazir Bhutto is not only compared to the success of women in the east but also in the west; she is renowned worldwide: "the first woman to head the government of a Muslim-majority state and she went on to become one of the most prominent female leaders of the world as well." Abrar (2017) was coded YES, like the remaining 2, was because there was no comparison to western society. "Targeting Gulalai is regrettable: ex-info minister" (2017) was coded
NO because the news content portrays Pakistan as demonstrating a poor representation of women when compared to the “outside world”; "we are sending wrong signals to the outside world, negating our claims for women empowerment and gender
42 equality." "Apologise or face Jirga, PTI women wing warns Gulalai" (2017) was coded
NO because the news content relays that western societies are distinct from Pakistani society; "He should remember that he is not living in a western society." "Khursheed
Shah responds to Aseefa Bhutto's Twitter outburst" (2017) was coded NO as it portrays
Pakistan’s parliament and society as disrespectful toward women, and thus toward the progress of their proportional political representation, as well as how it depicts Pakistan for other countries; "if our parliament continues to make derogatory remarks against women. It reflects on us."
Tone
Summary
Four out of 9 American news articles had a positive tone about Pakistan’s political representation of women – 2 from the Washington Post and 2 from the New
York Times. 1 article from the New York Times had a neutral tone out of the 9 articles, totaling 5 out of 9 positive or neutral tones altogether. The tone of articles were almost evenly split between good and bad news content on Pakistan’s representation of women in politics.
For the category of tone, there were 16 out of 50 total neutral tones and 19 out of
50 total positive tones, or 35 out of 50 altogether. There were 10 neutral and 5 positive tones, 15 out of 20, from The Dawn; 4 neutral and 11 positive tones, 15 out of 20 from
The News; 2 neutral and 3 positive tones from Pakistan Today, 5 out of 10.
By year The Dawn had 6 NEUTRAL articles from 2007, 3 POSITIVE, and 1
NEGATIVE; from 2017, it had 4 NEUTRAL, 2 POSITIVE, and 4 NEGATIVE. The News
43 in 2007 had 2 NEUTRAL, 7 POSITIVE, and 2 NEGATIVE; in 2017, 2 NEUTRAL, 5
POSITIVE, and 3 NEGATIVE.
American Newspapers
Four out of 9 had a positive tone – 2 from the Washington Post and 2 from the
New York Times – while 1/9 from the New York Times had a neutral tone for a total of
6/9.
The Washington Post
Constable and Wax (2007) was coded POSITIVE because the news content portrayed Bhutto, a woman politician, and her decisions as steps in the right direction for women’s political representation; "Analysts and politicians said Bhutto's moves could be a significant step…" Constable and Witte (2007) was also coded POSITIVE because the tone was positive in regard to progress due to a woman represented in politics;
"Bhutto called the army "rudderless" and "leaderless" and said there was "no way to save Pakistan" except by restoring democracy."
Galbraith (2007) was coded NEGATIVE in regard to the women’s political representation in Pakistan. The example quote, "with Bhutto's death, no obvious hope on the horizon,” describes that though Bhutto was a positive political figure in Pakistan’s history, without her there is not hope for the country socio-politically, e.g. progress toward women’s political representation. Ahmad (2007) was coded NEGATIVE because the news content portrays the women that are in in political power (Bhutto in this case) negatively, thus not demonstrating progress for women’s political representation: "A false prophet of democracy, she threatens to bring back the rule of the gangster rather than the rule of law." Witte (2007) was also coded NEGATIVE because it has to do with
44 an attack on Benazir Bhutto, the first female prime minister: "And then the bombs struck."
The New York Times
Gall (2007) was coded POSITIVE because Benazir Bhutto is portrayed as a strong female leader who is capable and able to accomplish political tasks in her position; "Ms. Bhutto has said that she opposes his re-election in uniform… she will take the gloves off, one of her supporters said." Seelye (2007) was also coded POSITIVE because the tone of the article in regard to women’s political progress and status in
Pakistan is overall positive; "Mrs. Clinton apparently found in her [Bhutto] a kindred spirit." Burns (2007) was coded as NEUTRAL because there were both cases against
Mrs. Bhutto, and they were cleared; "the cases against Ms. Bhutto were ultimately quashed...cleared the way for Ms. Bhutto to return to Pakistan in the fall to participate in elections…"
Reuters (2007) was coded as NEGATIVE because the news content portrays a strong opposition to women in politics; "A man described as a fanatic opposed to women in politics shot and killed the Punjab social welfare minister, Zilla Huma
Usman…"
Pakistani Newspapers
For the category of tone, there were 16/50 total neutral tones and 19/50 total positive tones, or 35/50 together; 10 neutral and 5 positive tones from The Dawn, 2 neutral and 3 positive tones from Pakistan Today, and 4 neutral and 11 positive tones from The News. By year, The Dawn had 6 NEUTRAL articles from 2007, 3 POSITIVE, and 1 NEGATIVE; from 2017, it had 4 NEUTRAL, 2 POSITIVE, and 4 NEGATIVE. The
45 News in 2007 had 2 NEUTRAL, 7 POSITIVE, and 2 NEGATIVE; in 2017, 2 NEUTRAL,
5 POSITIVE, and 3 NEGATIVE. I will discuss 3 articles respectively from 2007 and 3 from 2017 for The Dawn, 3 from 2007 and 3 from 2017 for The News, and 3 from
Pakistan Today.
The Dawn
Ghori (2007) was coded NEUTRAL for tone for the reason that there were both inappropriate remarks toward women politicians but also support for a motion against those remarks. "a privilege motion, submitted by Shazia Marri of PPP against the reported remarks by Chief Minister Dr Arbab Ghulam Rahim..." Cheema (2007) was coded POSITIVE because the article portrays progress toward women’s representation and its approval; "Pakistan has come a long way when it comes to women's representation in the legislature." “KARACHI” (2007) was coded NEGATIVE because the news content portrays policies created with the purpose of not increasing women’s political representation: "…seemed to be aimed at keeping a majority of women away from the forum."
Kundi (2017) was coded NEUTRAL because the article contains the news content of people advocating for the importance of women’s political representation;
"She stressed on the need for working harder within political parties in order to ensure an effective role for women parliamentarians." Kazim (2017) was coded POSITIVE because the news content was about progress toward women’s political representation:
"Panel discussions on women in politics and the media were held." Shah (2017) was coded NEGATIVE because the topic of discussion is the difficulty for the progression of
46 women’s political representation; "Whatever the reality, the Ayesha Gulalai episode has made politics already tough for genuine political women workers even tougher."
The News
“Lal Masjid: a history” (2007) was coded NEUTRAL because the news article both portrays a portion of Pakistani society that does not advocate for women’s representation in societal sectors and a portion that does; "his wife was an educated woman who used to drive a car. Moreover, he refused to be called Maulana and developed serious differences with his father and brother over this issue." “PPP submits privilege motion against CM” (2007) was coded POSITIVE because the topic of discussion is reprimanding someone who make disrespectful comments toward women in politics; "This was done in retaliation for making bigoted remarks against women in politics." One of the two articles coded NEGATIVE was “Conditions should not be laid down for polls” (2007); it was coded NEGATIVE because one part of the political realm supports the progress for women in politics while the other does not, leading to no consensus and little progress: "…lack of political consensus among the parties and the disillusionment in the entire election process."
Bukhari (2017) was coded NEUTRAL because it portrays a glimpse of hope since people are supposedly not born with hate and misogyny, but also sets the stage for deception as people are being taught the hate and misogyny; "people in KPK aren’t born with hate, misogyny and violence but they are misconstrued and misguided…"
“Pakistan a leader in empowering women” (2017) was coded POSITIVE because the news content portrays the possibility and plan to advance Pakistani society’s level of women’s political representation; "Pakistan was among the countries being funded for
47 gender equality initiatives and policy-making." Turk (2017) was coded as NEGATIVE because the news content portrays the unlikelihood of progressing enough toward proportional representation of women in politics: "talking about giving minorities
(women) their due share in the parliament seems like a distant dream!"
Pakistan Today
One of the articles coded as NEUTRAL, “Pakistan cannot progress without empowering woman” (2017) contained a statement that perfectly describes the tone of the news content: "We should change the culture and thinking and include females in the development of this country." The person speaking believes the culture should and can change in order to achieve women’s political representation and contribution, but that culture has not yet changed. One of the three articles coded as POSITIVE, Ahmed
(2017), was coded as POSITIVE because the news content portrays Pakistan’s progress toward women’s political representation as successful thus far, creating good future prospects; "one can hope that women’s participation in the political system will continue as well in the future." “Targeting Gulalai is regrettable: ex-info minister” (2017) was coded as NEGATIVE because the disapproval and disrespect of women in politics is portrayed as embedded within Pakistani culture, and thus as overwhelmingly stagnating the country’s progress; "This dirty culture needs to be buried forever in the national interest.”
48 CHAPTER V: Discussions and Conclusions
The inspiration for this article came from an observation on the UN Gender
Inequality Index. The 2016 index demonstrates that Pakistan has greater female representation in Parliament than the United States does in Congress (Human
Development Reports). I began to explore possibilities presented by various sources in my literature review: 1. The United States and the Western media publish sensational news, and thus portray Pakistan’s progress toward women’s political representation as slow, retrograde, and inferior to that of the U.S. (Poornanda 1998, Sunaina 2009,
Macdonald 2006). 2. The United States, like the rest of the developing and developed world, has not yet achieved proportional women’s representation in politics (Skalli 2011,
Greco Larson 2001, Newly and Turcotte 2015). However, my conclusions were that even though the U.S. does not provide much coverage on this topic, that coverage is parallel with the Pakistani media coverage of Pakistan’s political representation of women – equally critical and equally supportive. In this section, I will analyze the results for the successful integration of women into Pakistani politics, women politicians in
Pakistan as respected contributors, parallel representation between Pakistan’s progress toward women’s representation in politics and the U.S.’s and/or the West’s progress, and the tone of the news articles.
Successful Integration
The results for the category of successful integration reveal the majority perspective that Pakistan has been successful in the integration of women into politics, diverging from the studies of Poornanda (1998), Sunaina (2009), and Macdonald
(2006), though not too significantly as there was not a large sample, and only one more
49 article was coded YES than NO.
Supporting studies, like that of Skalli (2011) in that though there are institutional mechanisms to create the opportunities for women to become political leaders, this does not equate completely successful integration of women in politics. An explanation why there was not a greater, overwhelming majority portraying successful integration from its own country may be that because the newspapers are elite papers – written by
English-speakers for English-speakers – they are more critical of Pakistan in its shortcomings for the integration of women, though also supportive of significant progress.
A potential explanation for both more positive coverage from The News and more positive coverage in 2007 may be that since The Dawn is an even more elite paper, it would express more progressive beliefs. It would thus be more critical of Pakistan’s shortcomings, increasing as the years pass because of further awareness of the lack of women’s representation, and thus further deception.
Respected Contributors
Once more, only a little over half of the articles portray Pakistan as making progress toward women’s representation through its respect of women political members and what they contribute, diverging from the Poornanda (1998), Sunaina
(2009), Macdonald (2006), and the Skalli (2011), Greco Larson (2001), Newly and
Turcotte (2015) studies.
Similarly, only half of the Pakistani articles portray Pakistani politicians and
Pakistani society as respecting women political contributors. This is in line with the conclusions of Skalli (2011) – the media portrayal of women representatives as
50 superficial political actors – and the conclusions of Greco Larson and Newly and
Turcotte (2015) that the media portrayal of women political representatives too often reports on physical traits and appearances rather than policy or individual women’s merit. In addition to these progressive newspapers being more critical of its country’s progress or lack thereof toward women’s political representation is possibly that
Pakistani newspapers have more access to and provide more insight on interactions inside parliamentary assembly meetings. This is likely as it is evident the American newspapers barely provide any content on the topic of women’s political representation.
The results from the Pakistani newspapers by year mirror those of successful integration in that there was more positive coverage in 2007. This could reflect the idea that as the women quota in parliament increased, instead of reverting back on progress of women’s political representation, the news and its audience has become more aware and critical of the inclusion and treatment of women politicians, as there are more opportunities to fall short.
Similar Representation
The results for this category somewhat deviate from Poornanda (1998)’s claim that while sensational news such as poverty and hunger are the topics on which
Western newspapers report, progressive political developments are barely covered. The data found reflects reports measured on par with the progressive development of women’s political representation, but it is true there is little content on the topic of women’s political representation in Pakistan at all. Sunaina (2009)’s claimed that the
U.S. and the West hold an inherent belief that Eastern societies and women in those societies in particular need to be liberated, and Macdonald (2006) claimed that the
51 mainstream media demonstrates the unfortunate aspects of South Asian women’s lives, but do not highlight the reality of women’s resistance and progression. By comparison the limited results on this study’s topic of women’s political representation reflect that the United States media mostly did not reflect these attitudes, but the limited scope of the articles in itself portrays the lack of emphasis from the West on the sociopolitical progress of the East.
Again, only a little over half of the articles reflected similar progress when compared to the United States and/or the western world, slightly diverging from the
Poornanda (1998), Sunaina (2009), and Macdonald (2006) studies on portrayal.
However, the YES and NO coding answers were almost equal, and thus still prove those studies relevant. A reason for almost as many NO’s is that many of the articles reported either on western development programs aiding Pakistan in its development of women in politics or on gender equality world rankings created by western nations that rank Pakistan as the second to last country. This portrays the West as superior in development and results in coding NO for this question. Though the articles do not necessarily state, like western newspapers might, that western progress has been significantly better than that of eastern societies, the news content highlighted above portrays the West perceiving itself as superior than Pakistan when it comes to this sociopolitical progress of women’s political representation.
The Dawn produced more positive coverage in 2007 than 2017. This again reflects the idea that after more than 10 years of the women’s quota in parliament, there have been further opportunities for Pakistani society to fail in further advancing women’s
52 political representation, and that progressive Pakistani news sources are thus more likely to report on the shortcomings and criticize those shortcomings.
Tone
The tone of articles were almost evenly split between good and bad news content on Pakistan’s representation of women in politics. What this can relay, with the limited selection of articles, is that the Poornanda (1998), Sunaina (2009), and
Macdonald (2006) studies on limited news coverage from the West on positive developments in Pakistan is still true.
With no overwhelming majority of positive news content coverage, besides that of The News, Skalli (2011)’s research is again supported: institutional mechanisms to ensure inclusion do not equate gender equality, or enough progress in women’s representation, in this case in politics.
The data from the Pakistani newspaper articles reflect more negative news content coverage a decade later, again resonating the previous possible explanation of further integration of women in politics leading to further opportunities to disrespect women politicians, and thus fail, as well as further media attention and criticism in response. Also noteworthy once more is that The Dawn appears to be more critical than
The News and even Pakistan Today, proportional to its 2017 results. As mentioned in the methodology, The Dawn is an even less accessible newspaper than the other two
English newspapers examined; its progressiveness is a possible explanation for its further critical lens.
53 Limitations and Future Studies
There were a number of limitations in this study. Perhaps the biggest limitation was only utilizing English-language Pakistani newspapers; as mentioned before, these papers are written by and for a more elite, progressive audience. Using non-English language Pakistani newspapers would be effective in reflecting news content on women’s political representation written for everyday Pakistani citizens, not just the educated, which likely would have produced very different results that likely would not show the American and Pakistani newspapers as parallel. Another limitation was the low number of American newspaper article search results – 5 out of the desired 20 from the Washington Post, 4 out of the desired 20 from the New York Times, and none from the Wall Street Journal. Though a proportional comparison was still possible as well as coming to the conclusion that the limited number of articles reflects the low level of U.S. media attention toward Pakistan’s sociopolitical progress of women’s political representation, a larger range of articles for analysis would have allowed for a more accurate, comparative study. The same can be said for only having 10 articles from
Pakistan Today for 2017 and none for 2007; picking another Pakistani print source that was created before 2007 would have been more effective.
Another limitation was coding entire articles instead of individual sentences. This would have allowed for more accurate coding responses, as some articles were ambiguous. Lastly, human error is still possible, so increasing the number of articles for other coders to review would help to reduce the possibility of human error. Future studies could be quantitative rather than qualitative, which might entail searching for how many times a certain word(s) appeared in an article(s). If still qualitative, I would
54 like to include interviews or surveys from both American and Pakistani citizens, highlighting perceptions of how the American media portrays women’s political representation in the U.S. and how it portrays Pakistan’s, as well as how Pakistan portrays Pakistan’s and how Pakistan portrays the U.S.’s.
Conclusion
In terms of the U.S. portrayal of women’s political representation in Pakistan, I found that the Poornanda (1998), Sunaina (2009), and Macdonald (2006) claims of negative U.S. media attention toward Pakistan were true; however, though almost equally split for each coding category, the Pakistani media portrayal was slightly more critical than the U.S. media. It should be noted the limited number of U.S. articles on the topic itself, or in other words on Pakistan’s progress toward women’s political representation, supports the above studies’ claims. It should also be dually noted that the Pakistani newspapers chosen reflect progressive, western thought.
Additionally, I found the Skalli (2011), Greco Larson (2001), and Newly and
Turcotte (2015) claims that Eastern media portrays women representatives as superficial political actors/institutional mechanisms to include women do not solidify equal representation, and that U.S. media too often reports on women’s physical traits and appearances were also true; the Pakistani news articles mentioned Pakistan’s shortcomings, but also those of the U.S. in most cases. Overall, I found these studies relevant, though they probably would have proved further true with Pakistani newspapers not considered elite and/or progressive.
55 VI. APPENDICES
Appendix A.
CODING BOOK
Content Analysis of Women’s Political Representation
Introduction
Inspired by the 2016 United Nations Human Development Reports’ Gender Inequality
Index; Pakistan was reported to have 20% of seats in Parliament held by women, whereas the United States has 19.5% of seats in Congress held by women. If
“developed” versus “developing” countries are supposed to be more advanced when it comes to these social developments, why does Pakistan rank higher than the United
States in this category? The purpose of this study is to investigate how the U.S. media portrays women’s political representation in Pakistan, how Pakistani media portrays women’s political representation in Pakistan, and if/how this differs. The findings will be used to answer the above questions, and then discuss the implications.
1. Is Pakistan portrayed as having successfully integrated women into politics? This
fist coding question relates to that of successful integration – contingent on the
degree of success, and of integration (depending on who one asks). Successful
can be defined as, “in a way that accomplishes a desired goal or result”, while
integration can be defined as “bringing groups of people with particular
characteristics or needs into participation of a social group or institution”. Thus,
the degree of successful integration can be measured after considering the
attainment of the desired result of “bringing together”.
56 The question should be answered according to the nature of the news
story, rather than according to the tone of the author, about Pakistan’s level of
success in integration. Successful integration may be evident through phrases
such as the following: “invited opinions and suggestions from female
representatives,” “The ministries of women…were directed to club the two bills,”
“vowed that his Party will increase women quota in government.”
2. Does the article portray women as respected contributors in Pakistani politics?
This coding question emphasizes value. The question requires that the term
“respected” be defined; respect can be defined as, “admiration of (someone or
something), as a result of their abilities, qualities, and/or achievements.” Another
key term in the question is contributor, which can be defined as, “a person who
contributes something in particular”.
The answer to the coding question should be determined through either
approval or disapproval of the women politicians’ positions and contributions.
Examples of referring to women as respected contributors may include phrases
like, “should be a permanent feature … to enable women for contributing their
services,” “the role of women will be made more effective…where they are
treated as equal partners in progress,” “women legislators performed better by
contributing more.”
3. The third coding question is: does the article portray Pakistan’s progress of
women’s political representation as parallel to the progress of Western
57 countries? For this category, representation can be defined as, “speaking or
acting on behalf of someone or some group, or the state of being represented.”
And as defined in the study’s literature review, women’s political representation,
more specifically, can be defined as the presence of women’s voices, opinions,
and perspectives in public policy making processes.
Deciphering the portrayal as parallel to Western progress may be
determined in a phrase like: “Pakistan has been a leader in empowering women
in the field of politics.” The opposite, portraying Pakistan and its progress as
inferior in comparison to western countries could be evident in a phrase like,
“Pakistan is not specifically known for treating its women well.” Additionally, if the
mention of/comparison to the West is absent, the progress is likely portrayed as
parallel.
4. The last question is an evaluative question of the news content’s tone, which can
be identified as negative, positive, or neutral. A negative tone can be classified
as one that is undesirable or unfavorable, if/when the article suggests Pakistan’s
development of women’s political representation is retrograde, minimal,
ineffective, poor, or not prosperous. Positive, or affirmative, is if/when the article
suggests Pakistan’s development of women’s political representation is
progressive, significant, effective, improving, etc. A news story will be coded as
neutral, or impartial, if the primary aspects are poised between that of positive
and negative.
58 The criteria to select an example for each question is that it should support one’s answer choice. It should be specific to the defined key terms; e.g. successful integration, respected contributors, parallel representation, and either a negative, positive, or neutral indicator of tone.
59 Appendix B.
CODING SHEET Content Analysis of Women’s Political Representation Selection Criteria: Articles appearing on The Washington Post, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, The News, The Dawn, and Pakistan Today Articles from the years 2007 and 2017 will be selected. An article must be relevant to women’s political representation in Pakistan in order to meet the inclusion criterion for coding. 1. Article Number/ URL: ------2. Newspaper: 3. Article Date:
1. Is Pakistan portrayed as having successfully integrated women into politics? (Yes, No) Example:
2. Does the article portray women as respected contributors in Pakistani politics? (Yes, No) Example:
3. Does the article portray Pakistan’s progress of women’s political representation as similar to the progress of Western countries? (Yes, No) Example:
4. Was the tone of the news content positive, negative, or neutral? Example:
60 APPENDIX C. DATA
SUCCESSFUL INTEGRATION Article Source Number Article Title Answer (Y/N) Quote The Washington Post 1 "My Friend Died. Now Her Country May Not Make It." Y "her last campaign to restore democracy to her country." 2007 The Washington Post 2 "A False Choice for Pakistan" N "Benazir Bhutto is no savior." 2007 "Her return to Pakistan, after eight years of exile, unquestionably places her in the cross hairs of Islamic The Washington Post 3 "Bombing Shakes Pakistan's Political Culture" N extremists, and she believes that rogue elements of the government security services are also plotting 2007 against her." The Washington Post 4 "Bhutto Calls On Musharraf to Resign" Y "Bhutto reached out to competing political parties..." 2007 The Washington Post 5 "Musharraf Promises Elections by Feb. 15" Y "Bhutto's aides" 2007 6 NYT 2007 B B W W P P “ D D Y "was twice elected prime minister" 7 NYT 2007 "Bhutto Announces Date of Return to Pakistan" Y "she would return from self-imposed exile on Oct. 18 to run in parliamentary elections" 8 NYT 2007 "Pakistan: Gunman Kills Provincial Minister" Y P Z H U
9 NYT 2007 "Mrs. Clinton and Ms. Bhutto" N “'According to newspapers in Pakistan,' Ms. Bhutto said, 'Mr. Asif Zardari is de facto prime minister of the country.'" 10 The Dawn 2007 "KARACHI: Requistion session prorogued after four-hour deliberation" Y "Shazia Marri of PPP… she" 11 The Dawn 2007 "Just how functional is our National Assembly?" Y "There are 340 NA seats in total, of which 10 are minority seats, whereas 60 are reserved for women." 12 The Dawn 2007 "HYDERABAD: Ex-minister deplores lack of access to information: 'Missing' persons" Y "it had ensured 33 per cent representation to women in parliament." 13 The Dawn 2007 "KARACHI: Opposition rally in front of speaker's chamber: Mock session held after one-hour sit-in" Y "Shazia Marri moved her privilege motion which was referred to the privilege committee."
14 The Dawn 2007 "Enhanced role of women in politics: areas identified" N "the need for greater involvement of women in decision-making bodies and discussed possible reforms." 15 The Dawn 2007 "KARACHI: Govt focusing on women empowerment, says Sehba: More projects in offing" N "the government was on the right course to achieve the goal of women empowerment." 16 The Dawn 2007 "KARACHI: Moot demands 33pc seats for women in parliament" N "Women politicians… demanded that womenfolk be given 33 per cent representation in the parliament…" "women politicians who already faced tremendous socio-cultural constraints for working in male 17 The Dawn 2007 "Attack on MNA condemned" N dominated area of politics." 18 The Dawn 2007 "HYDERABAD: Empowerment of women lies in education: experts" Y "women... have been given representation in parliament and the local government" 19 The Dawn 2007 "Zakat on real estate likely" Y "approval to reservation of 10 percent quota for employment of women in government services," 20 The News 2007 "PPP submits privilege motion against CM" Y "submitted by Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) women legislators" 21 The News 2007 *"Lal Masjid: a history" N "he laid the foundation of the Jamia Hafsa seminary for women" 22 The News 2007 "Briefs....." Y "conducted a seminar titled 'The All Parties’ Women’s Conference'” "But I knew that those who believed in democracy and my leadership were awaiting me in the streets of 23 The News 2007 *"Benazir's book reveals Osama's son attacked her" Y Karachi. "
24 The News 2007 "Women improve politics: Ann Stone" N "87 percent Bulgarians believed that there should be more women involved in politics to reduce corruption" 25 The News 2007 "Conditions should not be laid down for polls" Y "at a roundtable discussion with women politicians" 26 The News 2007 *"spot light" Y "Women in government professions" 27 The News 2007 "NA body adopts bill on violence against women, children" Y "She called for establishing new women markets in each district" 28 The News 2007 "Women Protection Bill biggest achievement" Y "Sumaira Malik, former minister for women development" "While remaining 18 seats will be assigned to female candidates against 10 per cent reserved quota 29 The News 2007 "Distribution of vacancies for CSS exams revised" Y for women," 30 The Dawn 2017 "Ways to increase women's participation in politics discussed" N "ways to increase the participation and representation of women in politics." 31 The Dawn 2017 "Panelists discuss women in politics, media" Y "Ms Malik, the secretary of the women`s parliamentary caucus" "The reserved seats for women in Parliament and provincial assemblies and nominations of political 32 The Dawn 2017 "Of dirty politics and women" N parties have become a joke. " "a charter of demands by women from rural areas calling for... women`s participation in decision making 33 The Dawn 2017 "Call to involve women in decision-making" N at all levels" 34 The Dawn 2017 "Poll challenge" N "Only five out of the total 44 candidates in the by-election were women." "Unfortunately in Pakistan, women in politics are defined by their familial, ethnic or linguistic identity rather than their 35 The Dawn 2017 "Mind the gap" N "even though we have several women ministers in the Punjab we get no funding and no office for the 36 The Dawn 2017 "You have to fight for your rights every step of the way" N women caucus,” 37 The Dawn 2017 "Opposition leader's sexist remark mars National Asembly session" Y "women lawmakers" 38 The Dawn 2017 "PTI criticises PM's remarks about women" Y "women participants in the opposition party`s rally" 39 The Dawn 2017 "Whither feminism?" N "I do not hear much about the women’s caucus that was so active once upon a time." "Pakistan has been a leader in empowering women in the field of politics by elevating women to national 40 The News 2017 "Pakistan a leader in empowering women, says Australian high commissioner" Y leadership positions" 41 The News 2017 "When will I be chosen?" N "female representation is lesser than usual, particularly in politics" 42 The News 2017 "Politicians demand probe into Gulalai's allegations against Imran" Y "against her party" 43 The News 2017 "Asifa Bhutto reprimands Khursheed Shah for his sexist remarks" Y "female parliamentarians, including Nafisa Shah, also a member of the Pakistan People's party…" 44 The News 2017 "PML - N women councillors accuse own district govt of discrimination" Y "Women councillors of the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz" 45 The News 2017 "Inside Karachi Women's Peace Table 2017" N "lack of female representation in assemblies" 46 The News 2017 "Dangerous downslide" N "Rwanda is among the countries on the top of the list… due to the high representation of women in parliament and other decision-making bodies. Pakistan... finishes near the bottom." "thousands of women councillors who received training under the ministry's project 'Women's Political 47 The News 2017 "Women ministry to groom 12,00 male nazim, naib nazim next month" Y School'" 48 The News 2017 "Sindh govt likely to appoint chief of women's commission after Eid" Y "The 21 members of the commission are to include female representatives" 49 The News 2017 "Bilawal applauds Sindh for increasing women quota in government jobs" Y "Bilawal Bhutto Zardari has appreciated Sindh government for increasing women quota" "were well known for their roles as chief adviser and expert of medicine, history, and rhetoric. Benazir 50 Pakistan Today 2017 "Breaking stereotypes: Benazir Bhutto elected first woman PM in Muslim world 29 years ago" Y Bhutto seemed to be following in their footsteps." 51 Pakistan Today 2017 "Targeting Gulalai is regrettable: ex-info minister" N "no women can dare to think of coming into politics" 52 Pakistan Today 2017 "Apologise or face Jirga, PTI women wing warns Gulalai" Y "Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) women wing" 53 Pakistan Today 2017 "Shah has to face fellows for unacceptable remark" Y "women lawmakers of his own Pakistan People’s Party (PPP) " 54 Pakistan Today 2017 "Khursheed Shah responds to Aseefa Bhutto's Twitter outburst" Y "women parliamentarians" 55 Pakistan Today 2017 "Pakistan cannot progress without empowering woman, says Shahbaz" Y "Punjab Commission of the status of women chairperson Fauzia Waqar," "There were 142,144 women voters out of 321,786 total voters and their representation was 44 per cent 56 Pakistan Today 2017 "Female voters laud women candidates in NA-120 by-poll" Y in the constituency." 57 Pakistan Today 2017 "Women lawmakers outperform their male counterparts in KP Assembly" N " less in number, women legislators" 58 Pakistan Today 2017 "Misogyny and women politicians in Pakistan" Y "Women politicians" "Male politicians' remarks against women in assebmlies reflect society's ethical, moral decay: Imran 59 Pakistan Today 2017 Y "women members in assemblies" Khan tweets"
61 RESPECTED CONTRIBUTORS Article Source Number Article Title Answer (Y/N) Quote The Washington Post 1 "My Friend Died. Now Her Country May Not Make It." Y 2007 "Bhutto was the only Pakistani politician with substantial support in both Punjab... and her native Sindh…" The Washington Post 2 "A False Choice for Pakistan" N "The queen of hypocrisy" 2007 The Washington Post 3 "Bombing Shakes Pakistan's Political Culture" Y "...Bhutto could still bring crowds into the streets like no other Pakistani politician." 2007 The Washington Post 4 "Bhutto Calls On Musharraf to Resign" Y "I'm calling for General Musharraf to step down..." 2007 The Washington Post 5 "Musharraf Promises Elections by Feb. 15" Y "Bhutto, speaking to reporters and party members" 2007 6 NYT 2007 B B W W P P “ D D Y "Ms. Bhutto staged a series of mass meetings across Pakistan." 7 NYT 2007 "Bhutto Announces Date of Return to Pakistan" Y "could make her prime minister for a third time by the year’s end." 8 NYT 2007 "Pakistan: Gunman Kills Provincial Minister" Y 9 NYT 2007 "Mrs. Clinton and Ms. Bhutto" N "...women who were breaking with tradition and taking leading roles in public life…" 10 The Dawn 2007 "KARACHI: Requistion session prorogued after four-hour deliberation" N "against the reported remarks by Chief Minister Dr Arbab Ghulam Rahim against women in politics." 11 The Dawn 2007 "Just how functional is our National Assembly?" Y "Although women comprise only 22pc of the legislature, their performance has been graded as impressive..."
12 The Dawn 2007 "HYDERABAD: Ex-minister deplores lack of access to information: 'Missing' persons" Y "he said, women's empowerment was essential and every government must ensure women’s equal participation in politics." 13 The Dawn 2007 "KARACHI: Opposition rally in front of speaker's chamber: Mock session held after one-hour sit-in" N "the chief minister’s remarks against women in politics" 14 The Dawn 2007 "Enhanced role of women in politics: areas identified" Y "support political parties through enhanced women’s representation." 15 The Dawn 2007 "KARACHI: Govt focusing on women empowerment, says Sehba: More projects in offing" Y "the present government's focus was to ensure political, social and economic uplift of women." 16 The Dawn 2007 "KARACHI: Moot demands 33pc seats for women in parliament" N "there was a very low literacy rate in Pakistani women" "Ms Bhutto said those who attacked women were dishonourable thugs who violated both Islamic and cultural 17 The Dawn 2007 "Attack on MNA condemned" Y injunctions against violence on women..." 18 The Dawn 2007 "HYDERABAD: Empowerment of women lies in education: experts" Y "goes a long way in contributing to development of a society" 19 The Dawn 2007 "Zakat on real estate likely" Y "employment of women in government services," 20 The News 2007 "PPP submits privilege motion against CM" N "...making bigoted remarks against women in politics..." 21 The News 2007 "Lal Masjid: a history" N "Maulana Abdullah bitterly criticised the role of women in politics and termed it un-Islamic." 22 The News 2007 "Briefs....." Y "attended by members of political parties and their women’s wings who spoke about their role" 23 The News 2007 "Benazir's book reveals Osama's son attacked her" N "A display of emotion by a woman in politics or government can be misconstrued as a manifestation of weakness," 24 The News 2007 *"Women improve politics: Ann Stone" Y "it is very essential for women to actively participate in politics." 25 The News 2007 "Conditions should not be laid down for polls" Y "invited opinions and suggestions from female representatives of all political parties" 26 The News 2007 "spot light" Y "As the proportion of the female workforce has been increasing …" "Ministry of Women Development Secretary Mahmood Salim Mahmood apprised the committee of the budget 27 The News 2007 "NA body adopts bill on violence against women, children" N proposals… He invited…" 28 The News 2007 "Women Protection Bill biggest achievement" Y "approval of Women Protection Bill in the National Assembly was her biggest achievement… at a farewell lunch hosted in her honour " "it was announced that allocation against the quota for female candidates will be made from the leftover vacancies... 29 The News 2007 "Distribution of vacancies for CSS exams revised" Y but now the decision has been revised." "She criticised the present government for not treating women parliamentarians on reserved seats the same as 30 The Dawn 2017 "Ways to increase women's participation in politics discussed" N other members." 31 The Dawn 2017 "Panelists discuss women in politics, media" N "when, as she entered the assembly, she was asked where she had bought her clothes and had her hair done." 32 The Dawn 2017 "Of dirty politics and women" N "ugly scenario of how politicians, political workers and even the public view women in politics." 33 The Dawn 2017 "Call to involve women in decision-making" N I 34 The Dawn 2017 "Poll challenge" N "female representatives are proxies for their fathers, brothers, or party leaders" 35 The Dawn 2017 "Mind the gap" N "Political parties tinker with women’s rights legislation as a way to save face when representing Pakistan at international fora." 36 The Dawn 2017 "You have to fight for your rights every step of the way" N "Here even Benazir Bhutto was criticised by her own uncle for wearing lipstick." 37 The Dawn 2017 "Opposition leader's sexist remark mars National Asembly session" N "A sexist remark" 38 The Dawn 2017 "PTI criticises PM's remarks about women" Y "terming the remarks reportedly made by the prime minister as `below the level of morality`." 39 The Dawn 2017 "Whither feminism?" Y "The idea is to encourage women to be involved in the peace process in regions in the grip of conflict." 40 The News 2017 "Pakistan a leader in empowering women, says Australian high commissioner" N “In Pakistan, there are impressive numbers of female students in every scientific and economics field but it is rare to find women in academic leadership roles,” 41 The News 2017 "When will I be chosen?" N "Government and other institutions have also failed to promote women leadership." 42 The News 2017 "Politicians demand probe into Gulalai's allegations against Imran" N "No woman especially in Pakhtun society can put her dignity and respect at stake " 43 The News 2017 "Asifa Bhutto reprimands Khursheed Shah for his sexist remarks" N "inquired why he was only silencing women while men parliamentarians were also talking." 44 The News 2017 "PML - N women councillors accuse own district govt of discrimination" N "...discriminating against them in distribution of development funds." 45 The News 2017 "Inside Karachi Women's Peace Table 2017" Y "Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) women leaders " "while we like to believe steady progress is being made in granting women a greater role in society, the figures from 46 The News 2017 "Dangerous downslide" N the WEF study show this is clearly not the case…" 47 The News 2017 "Women ministry to groom 12,00 male nazim, naib nazim next month" Y "in tandem with female representatives" 48 The News 2017 "Sindh govt likely to appoint chief of women's commission after Eid" Y "A special committee consisting of minister women development, convener and a member of the Women’s Parliamentary Caucus…" 49 The News 2017 "Bilawal applauds Sindh for increasing women quota in government jobs" Y "...has set precedence in the Party’s quest for empowerment of women and give them more and more opportunities for them to play their due role in nation building." 50 Pakistan Today 2017 "Breaking stereotypes: Benazir Bhutto elected first woman PM in Muslim world 29 years ago" Y "elected to a position of leadership in the Muslim world" "political parties must observe utmost restraint in regards to commenting on the character and other aspects of the 51 Pakistan Today 2017 "Targeting Gulalai is regrettable: ex-info minister" N lives of women in politics”. 52 Pakistan Today 2017 "Apologise or face Jirga, PTI women wing warns Gulalai" Y "a woman never levels allegations against herself." 53 Pakistan Today 2017 "Shah has to face fellows for unacceptable remark" N "sexist remarks against fellow (female) lawmakers." 54 Pakistan Today 2017 "Khursheed Shah responds to Aseefa Bhutto's Twitter outburst" N " insensitive remarks against women in politics " 55 Pakistan Today 2017 "Pakistan cannot progress without empowering woman, says Shahbaz" Y "Half of the country’s population consists of women and we cannot progress without empowering and providing them equal opportunities for success," 56 Pakistan Today 2017 "Female voters laud women candidates in NA-120 by-poll" Y "the two leading contestants… were also females." 57 Pakistan Today 2017 "Women lawmakers outperform their male counterparts in KP Assembly" Y "A ceremony was arranged… to pay tribute to women legislators for their remarkable contribution in enriching the agenda of the house." 58 Pakistan Today 2017 "Misogyny and women politicians in Pakistan" N "another distateful remark on the women in PTI." "Male politicians' remarks against women in assebmlies reflect society's ethical, moral decay: Imran Khan 59 Pakistan Today 2017 Y " Islam rejects such remarks" tweets"
62 PARALLEL REPRESENTATION Article Source Number Article Title Answer (Y/N) Quote
1 The Washington Post 2007 "My Friend Died. Now Her Country May Not Make It." Y "...government spending on social needs, including girls' education."
2 The Washington Post 2007 "A False Choice for Pakistan" N "managed to hypnotize Western liberals with her claim to represent progressive elements"
3 The Washington Post 2007 "Bombing Shakes Pakistan's Political Culture" N A W K
4 The Washington Post 2007 "Bhutto Calls On Musharraf to Resign" Y "...the Bush administration also had supported Bhutto's exploration..."
5 The Washington Post 2007 "Musharraf Promises Elections by Feb. 15" Y "A Western diplomat said the West is encouraging Bhutto to work carefully in a volatile situation"
6 NYT 2007 B B W W P P “ D D N "the first woman to be democratically elected to lead a modern Muslim country." 7 NYT 2007 "Bhutto Announces Date of Return to Pakistan" Y "Bush administration, in hopes of... Ms. Bhutto to return and serve as prime minister." 8 NYT 2007 "Pakistan: Gunman Kills Provincial Minister" Y N/A “ I W H 9 NYT 2007 "Mrs. Clinton and Ms. Bhutto" Y her own situation." 10 The Dawn 2007 "KARACHI: Requistion session prorogued after four-hour deliberation" Y N/A "the World Economic Forum reported that Pakistan was only one place above war-torn Yemen, with regards to 11 The Dawn 2007 "Just how functional is our National Assembly?" N gender equality."
12 The Dawn 2007 "HYDERABAD: Ex-minister deplores lack of access to information: 'Missing' persons" N "...bias against women... not only in Pakistan but also in other parts of South Asia... certain circles… cry saying it was being done under... foreign powers to bring women out of their homes."
13 The Dawn 2007 "KARACHI: Opposition rally in front of speaker's chamber: Mock session held after one-hour sit-in" Y N/A
14 The Dawn 2007 "Enhanced role of women in politics: areas identified" Y "National Democratic Institute would continue to provide support to women" "The Islamic injunctions as well as the Constitution of the country guarantee equal rights and opportunities to all 15 The Dawn 2007 "KARACHI: Govt focusing on women empowerment, says Sehba: More projects in offing" Y citizens irrespective of class, creed and gender," "even in the established democracies of the West, the percentage of women in power corridors appeared 16 The Dawn 2007 "KARACHI: Moot demands 33pc seats for women in parliament" Y less than that of men" 17 The Dawn 2007 "Attack on MNA condemned" Y "neither Islam nor the Indus Valley civilization accepted." 18 The Dawn 2007 "HYDERABAD: Empowerment of women lies in education: experts" Y "Islam had given due rights to women" 19 The Dawn 2007 "Zakat on real estate likely" Y N/A 20 The News 2007 "PPP submits privilege motion against CM" Y N/A 21 The News 2007 "Lal Masjid: a history" N "He used to wear Western dress and was against the concept of women wearing a veil." 22 The News 2007 "Briefs....." Y N/A "they aim to provoke a clash of civilisations between the West and an interpretation of Islam that rejects 23 The News 2007 "Benazir's book reveals Osama's son attacked her" N pluralism and modernity." "Ms Ann E.W. Stone... from USA has said... a democratic government may be possible with women 24 The News 2007 "Women improve politics: Ann Stone" N involvement in politics." 25 The News 2007 "Conditions should not be laid down for polls" Y N/A 26 The News 2007 "spot light" N "several multinationals have set up a day care" "It also recommended establishing more women centres, along with shelter homes, especially in rural and 27 The News 2007 *"NA body adopts bill on violence against women, children" N backward areas." 28 The News 2007 "Women Protection Bill biggest achievement" Y "...she felt proud to represent Pakistani women at the international forum of Women Networking Group… formed by United States Secretary of State…" 29 The News 2007 "Distribution of vacancies for CSS exams revised" Y N/A "the gender gap in political participation remains a tenacious global challenge which is particularly acute in 30 The Dawn 2017 "Ways to increase women's participation in politics discussed" N Pakistan. He said the country was ranked 143rd out of 144 countries in the Global Gender Gap Index." 31 The Dawn 2017 "Panelists discuss women in politics, media" Y "to mark International Women`s Day." 32 The Dawn 2017 "Of dirty politics and women" N "It mirrored the society’s psyche about women in active politics." 33 The Dawn 2017 "Call to involve women in decision-making" Y N/A 34 The Dawn 2017 "Poll challenge" N "mobilise female voters in the West" (about west Pakistan) 35 The Dawn 2017 "Mind the gap" N "Pakistan's latest embarrassment comes in the form of the second-worst rating in the world for gender parity" 36 The Dawn 2017 "You have to fight for your rights every step of the way" Y N/A 37 The Dawn 2017 "Opposition leader's sexist remark mars National Asembly session" N "parliament's treatment of women reflects on Pakistani society as a whole." "Cracks in the cabinet had begun to appear, he said, adding that the prime minister`s accountability was 38 The Dawn 2017 "PTI criticises PM's remarks about women" N inevitable for the integrity and credibility of the country." 39 The Dawn 2017 "Whither feminism?" N "Many others have also worked to help women free themselves from male oppression in Pakistan." "Adamson compared women in politics in Pakistan with her home country and praised the former for 40 The News 2017 "Pakistan a leader in empowering women, says Australian high commissioner" Y offering women more space to succeed in public office." 41 The News 2017 "When will I be chosen?" N "In a country where people are deprived of their basic rights" 42 The News 2017 "Politicians demand probe into Gulalai's allegations against Imran" Y N/A "the remarks made in the parliament, being the face of our society, by our parliamentarians reflect on the 43 The News 2017 "Asifa Bhutto reprimands Khursheed Shah for his sexist remarks" N society…" 44 The News 2017 "PML - N women councillors accuse own district govt of discrimination" Y N/A 45 The News 2017 "Inside Karachi Women's Peace Table 2017" Y "Seminar beautifully conveyed social issues in Pakistan" "The Trump administration consists of only 27 percent of women; this in a country that prides itself on its 46 The News 2017 "Dangerous downslide" Y levels of development and ability to set examples for others. In the terms of gender equality in politics, this is quite obviously not the case." "...funded by UN Development Programme with a total expenditure of $4.5 million. National Project 47 The News 2017 "Women ministry to groom 12,00 male nazim, naib nazim next month" N Manager..." 48 The News 2017 "Sindh govt likely to appoint chief of women's commission after Eid" Y N/A 49 The News 2017 "Bilawal applauds Sindh for increasing women quota in government jobs" Y "improvement of different segments of our society…" "the first woman to head the government of a Muslim-majority state and she went on to become one of 50 Pakistan Today 2017 "Breaking stereotypes: Benazir Bhutto elected first woman PM in Muslim world 29 years ago" Y the most prominent female leaders of the world as well." "we are sending wrong signals to the outside world, negating our claims for women empowerment and 51 Pakistan Today 2017 "Targeting Gulalai is regrettable: ex-info minister" N gender equality." 52 Pakistan Today 2017 "Apologise or face Jirga, PTI women wing warns Gulalai" N "He should remember that he is not living in a western society," 53 Pakistan Today 2017 "Shah has to face fellows for unacceptable remark" Y N/A 54 Pakistan Today 2017 "Khursheed Shah responds to Aseefa Bhutto's Twitter outburst" N "if our parliament continues to make derogatory remarks against women. It reflects on us," 55 Pakistan Today 2017 "Pakistan cannot progress without empowering woman, says Shahbaz" Y N/A 56 Pakistan Today 2017 "Female voters laud women candidates in NA-120 by-poll" N N/A 57 Pakistan Today 2017 "Women lawmakers outperform their male counterparts in KP Assembly" Y N/A "While women all over the world are trying to tackle it in one way or another, here in Pakistan, it is being 58 Pakistan Today 2017 "Misogyny and women politicians in Pakistan" N institutionalised in an ugly manner for everyone to witness." "Male politicians' remarks against women in assebmlies reflect society's ethical, moral decay: Imran 59 Pakistan Today 2017 N "reflected ethical and moral decay of the society in Pakistan." Khan tweets"
63 TONE Article Answer (Neg, Pos, Source Article Title Quote Number Neu) The Washington Post 1 "My Friend Died. Now Her Country May Not Make It." Neg "with Bhutto's death, no obvious hope on the horizon." 2007 The Washington Post 2 "A False Choice for Pakistan" Neg "A false prophet of democracy, she threatens to bring back the rule of the gangster rather than the rule of law." 2007 The Washington Post 3 "Bombing Shakes Pakistan's Political Culture" Neg "And then the bombs struck." 2007 The Washington Post 4 "Bhutto Calls On Musharraf to Resign" Pos "Analysts and politicians said Bhutto's moves could be a significant step" 2007 The Washington Post "Bhutto called the army "rudderless" and "leaderless" and said there was "no way to save Pakistan" 5 "Musharraf Promises Elections by Feb. 15" Pos 2007 except by restoring democracy." "the cases against Ms. Bhutto were ultimately quashed...cleared the way for Ms. Bhutto to return to 6 NYT 2007 "Benazir Bhutto, 54, Who Weathered Pakistan’s Political Storm for 3 Decades, Dies" Neu Pakistan in the fall to participate in elections…" 7 NYT 2007 "Bhutto Announces Date of Return to Pakistan" Pos "Ms. Bhutto has said that she opposes his re-election in uniform… she will take the gloves off, one of her supporters said." "A man described as a fanatic opposed to women in politics shot and killed the Punjab social welfare 8 NYT 2007 "Pakistan: Gunman Kills Provincial Minister" Neg minister, Zilla Huma Usman…" 9 NYT 2007 "Mrs. Clinton and Ms. Bhutto" Pos "Mrs. Clinton apparently found in her a kindred spirit." "a privilege motion, submitted by Shazia Marri of PPP against the reported remarks by Chief Minister Dr 10 The Dawn 2007 "KARACHI: Requistion session prorogued after four-hour deliberation" Neu Arbab Ghulam Rahim..." 11 The Dawn 2007 "Just how functional is our National Assembly?" Pos "Pakistan has come a long way when it comes to women's representation in the legislature." "She said that President Musharraf had spoken against old and outdated customs concerning women. 12 The Dawn 2007 "HYDERABAD: Ex-minister deplores lack of access to information: 'Missing' persons" Pos She expressed the hope that in future legislation... would be introduced." 13 The Dawn 2007 "KARACHI: Opposition rally in front of speaker's chamber: Mock session held after one-hour sit-in" Neu "Addressing the protesters"
14 The Dawn 2007 "Enhanced role of women in politics: areas identified" Neu "identified areas of reform to enhance women’s representation and participation within their own parties." 15 The Dawn 2007 "KARACHI: Govt focusing on women empowerment, says Sehba: More projects in offing" Neu "She stressed the need for a two-pronged approach to intensify efforts towards gender equality." 16 The Dawn 2007 "KARACHI: Moot demands 33pc seats for women in parliament" Neg "seemed to be aimed at keeping a majority of women away from the forum" "We denounce the use of women against women by retrogressive political forces to promote their anti- 17 The Dawn 2007 "Attack on MNA condemned" Neu women, anti- rights and anti-democracy agenda," 18 The Dawn 2007 "HYDERABAD: Empowerment of women lies in education: experts" Pos "Zia Awan said that educationists and youth could play role in the betterment of womenfolk." "The meeting was also expected to give approval to reservation of 10 percent quota for employment of 19 The Dawn 2007 "Zakat on real estate likely" Neu women in government…" 20 The News 2007 "PPP submits privilege motion against CM" Pos "This was done in retaliation for making bigoted remarks against women in politics." " his wife was an educated woman who used to drive a car. Moreover, he refused to be called Maulana 21 The News 2007 "Lal Masjid: a history" Neu and developed serious differences with his father and brother over this issue." 22 The News 2007 "Briefs....." Pos "spoke about their role with regard to the upcoming general elections." 23 The News 2007 "Benazir's book reveals Osama's son attacked her" Neg "We were unarmed and we wondered whether assassins might have a backup plan to kill us" 24 The News 2007 "Women improve politics: Ann Stone" Neu "may be possible with women involvement in politics." 25 The News 2007 "Conditions should not be laid down for polls" Neg "lack of political consensus among the parties and the disillusionment in the entire election process" Realising that providing on-site childcare would have benefit them in the long run.... This results in less 26 The News 2007 "spot light" Pos absentees and better productivity." 27 The News 2007 "NA body adopts bill on violence against women, children" Pos "Mehnaz assured the ministry of the committee's full support… She…" "there was always room for improvement... “We were able to change the political fabric of the country by 28 The News 2007 "Women Protection Bill biggest achievement" Pos reserving seats for women in... assemblies,” "Women candidates allocation is: Punjab, 10 seats; Sindh (Rural) 3; Sindh (Urban) 1; NWFP 2; 29 The News 2007 "Distribution of vacancies for CSS exams revised" Pos Balochistan 1 and NA & FATA 1." "She stressed on the need for working harder within political parties in order to ensure an effective role for 30 The Dawn 2017 "Ways to increase women's participation in politics discussed" Neu women parliamentarians." 31 The Dawn 2017 "Panelists discuss women in politics, media" Pos "Panel discussions on women in politics and the media were held" "Whatever the reality, the Ayesha Gulalai episode has made politics already tough for genuine political 32 The Dawn 2017 "Of dirty politics and women" Neg women workers even tougher." 33 The Dawn 2017 "Call to involve women in decision-making" Neu "She suggested the constitution of a team to monitor the implementation of these laws." 34 The Dawn 2017 "Poll challenge" Neg " political parties will ignore women at their peril." 35 The Dawn 2017 "Mind the gap" Neg "ANOTHER index, another appalling ranking." "But as the tree of democracy grows so do our hopes. Still, even though we have several women 36 The Dawn 2017 "You have to fight for your rights every step of the way" Neu ministers in the Punjab we get no funding and no office for the women caucus," 37 The Dawn 2017 "Opposition leader's sexist remark mars National Asembly session" Neg "Insensitive remarks against women in politics have recurred in Parliament." 38 The Dawn 2017 "PTI criticises PM's remarks about women" Pos "criticised Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif for his remarks against women participants" "there is a need to realise the significance of increasing women’s participation in all public activities which 39 The Dawn 2017 "Whither feminism?" Neu have a bearing on their rights." 40 The News 2017 "Pakistan a leader in empowering women, says Australian high commissioner" Pos "Pakistan was among the countries being funded for gender equality initiatives and policy-making." 41 The News 2017 "When will I be chosen?" Neg "talking about giving minorities (women) their due share in the parliament seems like a distant dream!"
42 The News 2017 "Politicians demand probe into Gulalai's allegations against Imran" Neu "He said Imran Khan should immediately clear his position before public by sharing conversation…"
43 The News 2017 "Asifa Bhutto reprimands Khursheed Shah for his sexist remarks" Pos "Speaker NA warned Khursheed Shah that he would lose his image 'by speaking this way about women'"
44 The News 2017 "PML - N women councillors accuse own district govt of discrimination" Neg …"envisioned proactive role of women in politics... and reserved seats for them but this right and distinction is being denied by the district government,' she said." 45 The News 2017 "Inside Karachi Women's Peace Table 2017" Neu "people in KPK aren’t born with hate, misogyny and violence but they are misconstrued and misguided…" "The downslide seen over the last decade means it will take well over a century to reach anything 46 The News 2017 "Dangerous downslide" Neg resembling equality. In nations ranked low down in the order it could take much longer." "It should be a permanent feature of the ministry to enable women for contributing their services in national 47 The News 2017 "Women ministry to groom 12,00 male nazim, naib nazim next month" Pos development and to make WPS a best instrumental to achieve this objective'." 48 The News 2017 "Sindh govt likely to appoint chief of women's commission after Eid" Pos "The commission aims at promoting social, economic, political and legal rights of women" "...media should highlight the steps being taken by Sindh government for the improvement of different 49 The News 2017 "Bilawal applauds Sindh for increasing women quota in government jobs" Pos segments of our society…" 50 Pakistan Today 2017 "Breaking stereotypes: Benazir Bhutto elected first woman PM in Muslim world 29 years ago" Pos "An inspiration which continues to this today." 51 Pakistan Today 2017 "Targeting Gulalai is regrettable: ex-info minister" Neg "This dirty culture needs to be buried forever in the national interest." 52 Pakistan Today 2017 "Apologise or face Jirga, PTI women wing warns Gulalai" Neu "...explain before nation about the facts against the allegations," 53 Pakistan Today 2017 "Shah has to face fellows for unacceptable remark" Neg "Insensitive remarks against women in politics have reoccurred in the parliament," 54 Pakistan Today 2017 "Khursheed Shah responds to Aseefa Bhutto's Twitter outburst" Neg "if our parliament continues to make derogatory remarks against women. It reflects on us," 55 Pakistan Today 2017 "Pakistan cannot progress without empowering woman, says Shahbaz" Neu "We should change the culture and thinking and include females in the development of this country." 56 Pakistan Today 2017 "Female voters laud women candidates in NA-120 by-poll" Pos 57 Pakistan Today 2017 "Women lawmakers outperform their male counterparts in KP Assembly" Pos "The assembly… encouraging their [women's] participation in the political process." "nobody pays a heed to these remarks and that they can get away with abusing women so easily is the 58 Pakistan Today 2017 "Misogyny and women politicians in Pakistan" Neg basic source of this ongoing dilemma." "Male politicians' remarks against women in assebmlies reflect society's ethical, moral decay: Imran 59 Pakistan Today 2017 Neg "reflected ethical and moral decay of the society in Pakistan." Khan tweets"
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