Social Science in Eastern Europe

NEWSLETTER June 2008

Special Issue Political Science Research and Teaching in the Russian Federation

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ISSN 1615-5459 Publisher GESIS Service Agency Eastern Europe Editors Becker, U.; Schleinstein, N.; Sucker, D.; Wenninger, A.; Wilde, A. Special issue editors: Kulik, A. (INION RAS); Schleinstein, N. Layout Mallock, W. Frequency Minimum 4 issues per year; presently free of charge Print and Distribution GESIS Service Agency Eastern Europe Schiffbauerdamm 19, 10117 Berlin, Germany Tel.: +49-30-233611-311, Fax: +49-30-233611-310 e-mail: [email protected] Printed in Germany This publication is financed by the German Social Science Infrastructure Services (GESIS) which is jointly funded by the Federal and State governments. GESIS is an institute of the Leibniz-Gemeinschaft.

The special issue has been prepared in cooperation with the Russian Political Science Association (RPSA) and the Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INION RAS).

2008 GESIS Service Agency Eastern Europe. All rights reserved. The reproduction of excerpts is permitted but subject to the condition that the source be mentioned and against specimen copy.

Editorial …………………………..………………………………………………………………………….. 3 Contributions Mikhail Ilyin; Olga Malinova: Political Science in : Institutionalization of the Discipline and Development of the Professional Community ……………………………………….. 4 Valery Kovalenko: in Political Science in Russia: Development and Prospects……... 12 Yacov Pleis: Improvement of the System for the Certification of Scholars in Political Science ……………………………………………………………………… …… ……… 17 Ivan Chikharev: National Collegium of Political Science Lecturers: new principles of integration of Russian political science community ………………………………..…… ………..… 20 State /Higher schools of education ………………………………… ……………… 23 Private ….…… ……………………………………………………………………………. 31 Russian Academy of Sciences……..………………………………………………………………… 31 Non-governmental research institutions..………………………………………………………..... 33 Governmental research institutions……………………………………………………..………. … 37 Scholarly associations/networks…………………………………………………………………… 36 Scholarly journals……………………………………………………………………………………… 37 Full text repositories……………………………………………………………………………… … . 45 Bibliographic database...…………………………………………………………………………… 46 Internetlinks...………………………………………………………………………………..………… 47

EDITORIAL

Dear readers, With the June issue of Newsletter in 2008, the GESIS Service Agency Eastern Europe in cooperation with the Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Russian Political Science Association continue the series of special regional editions. This time we place the main emphasis on political science research and teaching in the Russian Federation and intend to give an insight into and access to facts and background information to scholars, students and professionals as well as to science policy makers and funding organizations. The Newsletter has the following focal points: the first part encompasses four papers covering the emergence and institutionalisation of political science, development of the professional community, problems and challenges of teaching and research as well as issues on state and perspectives of scientific evaluation. The second part offers comprehensive information (including contact information and links to homepages) on universities, research institutions, academic networks and scholarly journals. References to the information supply infrastructure (virtual libraries, bibliographic databases) as well as political science oriented Internet sites are included in the third part. We hope that the special issue of Newsletter will be of interest to the scientific community and improve options for cooperation and communication between political scientists, universities and research organizations of Russia and Europe, as well as contribute to the establishment of a “single international scientific community” of political science scholars, and finally to the international integration of political science as an academic discipline. Dr. Anatoly Kulik1, Natalija Schleinstein2 Special issue editors

1 Dr. Anatoly Kulik is Senior Researcher at the Political Science Department, Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences (INION) of the Russian Academy of Sciences and lecturer at the State University - Higher School of Economics (SU-HSE) and the Russian State University for the Humanities; [email protected] 2 Natalija Schleinstein is Scientific Associate at the GESIS Service Agency Eastern Europe, Berlin; [email protected] NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 3 Special Issue CONTRIBUTION

Mikhail Ilyin3, Olga Malinova4 Political Science in Russia: Institutionalization of the Discipline and Development of the Professional Community5

In 2007, the political science in Russia could celebrate its coming of full age. In 1989, the decree of the State Committee on science and technique opened a way for its institutionalization as officially admitted discipline. In practical terms it meant that academic degrees in political science could be awarded, departments established, courses taught. In Russia, an individual comes of full age at eighteen. Can Russian political science claim the same? It would be premature to assume that political science in post-Soviet Russia started from scratch. Well back in the USSR political studies were carried out under the guise of some other disciplines - theory of state and , area studies, international relations, studies of labor movement, ‘critique of bourgeois theories’ etc. Soviet scholars were represented at IPSA since 1955 (since 1960 – by the Soviet Association of Political and State Studies). In 1979, 11th World Congress of IPSA took place in Moscow. Therefore, ‘de facto political science’ existed in the USSR as early as in 1960s6 before it became ‘de jure political science’ in 1989. With all the achievements of de facto political science, many important factors necessary for institutionalization of the discipline were lacking. Political science was not taught at universities so there were no specialists educated for this field. There was no developed system of tutorship of scientific personnel. There were no specialized magazines with the exception of Yearbook of the Soviet Association of Political and State Studies published since the middle of 1970s. Besides, ideological limitations left ‘de facto political science’ with little chances to develop wertfrei political studies. It could be done only on limited range of issues (mostly those that were chronologically or geographically distant). The decision of 1989 legalized already existing tradition of political studies. However, it had not reshaped it into a full-fledged academic discipline. Political scientists of Russia had to pass a difficult way to develop infrastructure for their discipline and consolidate their own academic community. One should note that conditions were not easy. On the one hand, Russian political scientists confronted a political challenge. The ongoing political transformations objectively demanded well-grounded prognoses and recommendations (though the actual demand for expert knowledge usually is considered insufficient). Therefore, political scientists had at the same time to educate themselves (they were recruited from the fields as different as maths or ), to teach their students, to do research and also to provide expert judgments – and to combine all of this was not an easy task. On the other hand, economic reforms of the 1990s significantly reduced economic basis for production and reproduction of scientific knowledge – and for the developing professional community that had almost no ‘stored resources’. During the period, a lot was done for establishment of political science as both a research field and an academic discipline. Many political science departments and research centers at universities and institutions in different regions have appeared. Several specialized magazines are published not only in Moscow and St. Petersburg, but also in some other regions. Four national congresses of political scientists have taken place (the Fifth one will be held in 2009). Dozens of conferences and seminars are organized every year. Amount of academic publications constantly grows etc. Data of the operation of Scientific Councils awarding academic degrees give some idea about the quantitative growth of the professional community of political scientists. Prof. Pleis calculated that in the period from 1990/1991 to 2005 411 doctoral and 2125 candidate theses were defended. Remarkably that if during the first ten years (1990-2000) 175 doctoral and 603 candidate dissertations were considered by Learned Councils, then during the next five years (2001-2005) there were respectively 236 and 1522 ones7. Therefore, we might speak about geometrical progression.

3 Prof. Dr. Mikhail Ilyin is Head of the Chair of Comparative Politics at the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO University), [email protected] 4 Prof.Dr. Olga Malinova is leading research fellow at the Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences of the Russi-an Academy of Sciences, first vice-president of the Russian Political Science Association, [email protected] 5 The paper was prepared for the IPSA conference “International Political Science: New Theoretical and Regional Perspectives”, Concordia University, Montreal (Quebec), Canada, April 30 – May 2, 2008. 6 Prior to that in the USSR from 1920s on there existed criptopolitologia (hidden political studies) – Ilyin M. Otechestvennaia politologia – osmyslenie traditsii. // «Politicheskaia nauka», 2001, № 1 (Ilyin M. National political science – rethinking tradition. // “Political Science”, 2001, № 1 – In Russian). 7 Pleis, Iakov A. Ot stanovlenija k ustoichivomu razvitiju. Nekotorye itoi razvitija politicheskoi nauki v Rossii za 15 let. Rostov-na-Donu: SKAGS, 2006, p. 5. The system of academic degrees in Russia has two levels; the defence of doctoral thesis (a higher degree) started in 1990, of candidate ones – in 1991. 4 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue Nevertheless, can quantity be transformed into quality? Could we argue that political science in Russia has been established? In this paper, we will try to answer this question basing on the results of collective research that was done by the Russian Political Science Association in 2005-2007 with support of the Russian State Foundation for Humanities. The participants of the collective project – the leading specialists in their fields – analyzed the experience of development of various research subfields and of formation of the elements of academic schools in some regions of Russia. It needs to be specified that the picture represented in the volume that resulted from this project8 is not quite comprehensive: from the one hand, the selection of the objects for analysis was unavoidably limited by temporal and financial terms, from the other, general conclusions are based on assessments of experts whose competence does not exclude certain measure of subjectivism. In the first part of this paper, we will try to access the dynamics of development of professional community, then we will analyze the experience of development of major research subfields. In conclusion, we will address some problems facing a further development of political science in Russia. Development of professional community of political scientists in Russia9 Science is by definition a collective enterprise. A growth of systematic knowledge about empirical world is a result of hard work of generations – not just brilliant efforts of talented individuals. It is an academic milieu that engenders common languages and standards of professional activity. They are partnerships of colleagues who critically access achievements and failures of their associates. They are academic communities who socialize new generations of scholars etc. One might argue that two decades since the formal recognition of political science in Russia are enough for the people engaged in this field to make up a distinctive academic community that shares common identity and standards of professional activity. To which extent could such a claim be justified? To answer this question one may resort to surveys and other studies of the Russian Political Science Association10 membership. The empirical investigations were conducted in 2005-2007. Not all individuals who might consider themselves political scientists are members of RPSA. Still the facts of belonging to this organization or participation in its activities could be an evidence of a more explicit professional self- identification. Therefore, our conclusions are more applicable to ‘organized’ and in fact, more active sectors of the academic community11. Our analysis is based on statistics of membership in RPSA12 and on a survey of participants and guests of the Forth All-Russia Congress of Political Scientists13. First of all, we were curious about the boundaries to and criteria of belonging to the community. The usual criteria of professional identification – education, academic degrees etc. – in our case can have limited and/or varying relevance. When political science gained official recognition in 1989, no political scientists were formally educated in the country. Mostly professional backgrounds of the elder generations of Russian political scientists were connected with some other disciplines. Notwithstanding of quick increase in number of academic degree holders in political science the share of those who have got their degrees in some other field is still high. Furthermore, it is not at all exceptional that quite a number of people turn to political studies from other fields of scientific knowledge. Finally, professional activity of self-proclaimed political scientists might be connected not only with research and/or teaching, but also with political analytics, political consulting and journalism. The self-identification and the identification by the other members of community do not always coincide.

8 See Malinova, Olga et al. (eds.) Politicheskaia nauka v Rossii: problemy, napravlenija, shkoly (1990-2000e gg.). Moscow: POSSPEN, 2008. It is not the first attempt of analysis of political science in Russia. See: Ilyin, Mikhail. ‘Desiat’ let akademicheskoi politologii – novye masshtaby nauchnogo znanija’, Polis, 1999, no. 6, p. 135-143; Pleis, Iakov. ‘Otechestvennaia politicheskaia nauka v dissertatcionnom zerkale’, Polis, 1998, no. 2, p.116-121; Pleis, Iakov. ‘Politicheskaia nauka v Rossii v 1998 godu: chto novogo?’, Polis, 1999, no.3, p. 175- 182; Pleis, Iakov. ‘Tvorcheskij potentcial rossijskogo politologicheskogo soobschestva (Osnovnye napravlenija issledovanij), Polis, 1999, no. 6, p. 144-163; Sheslopal, Elena. ‘Mirovaia politologija v rossijskom kontekste’, Politicheskaia nauka: novye napravlenija. Moscow: Veche, 1999, p. 9-19; Shestopal, Elena. ‘Transformatcija politologicheskogo soobscestva v postsovetskoi Rossii’, Vestnik Moskovskogo Universiteta. Ser. 18, 1999, no. 1, p. 23-39; Ilyin. Mikhail (ed.) Otechestvennaia politologija: Itogi XX veka. Moscow: INION RAN, 2001; Meleshkina, Elena (ed.) Razvitie politologii v rossijskih regionah. 1991-2000. Moscow: ROSSPEN, 2001; Malinova, Olga and Pleis Ia., Smirnov W. (eds.) Politicheskaia nauka v rossijskih regionah: Formirovanie i razvitie “tochek rosta”. Moscow: INION RAN, 2007 etc. 9 The research was conducted in team-work with Sergei Patrushev. 10 The Russian Political Science Association is a successor of the Soviet Association of Political Science (former Soviet Association for Political and State Studies). During the last years its membership has stabilized around 500-600 persons who represent more then 50 regions. In 2006 the Youth Branch of RPSA was reconstituted (it unites more than 200 young political scientists from 25 regions). PRSA is the initiator and organizer of national congresses of political scientists held every 3 years. 11 Though this ‘organized nucleus’ is relatively small if we consider the number of people getting academic degrees in political science with the number of members of RPSA and participants in its events. 12 It was registered in 2005. 13 Questionnaires were emailed to registered participants and guests. 121 respondents took part in the survey; 69 % of them are men, 31 % – women, the average age is 38,2 years. NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 5 Special Issue Our data prove that criteria of belonging to community are becoming more clear and acceptable. Nevertheless, they also confirm that the boundaries between political science and ‘related’ disciplines are still remaining vague. The majority of participants and guests of the Forth All-Russia Congress of Political Scientists (68 per cent) claimed to belong to political science community, but every fifth respondent (21 per sent) declared that at the same time he/she belongs to some other professional community and 11 per cent does not consider themselves to be political scientists at all (none of them is member of RPSA) (see table 1). Table 1 Belonging of participants and guests of the Forth All-Russia Congress of Political Scientists (2006) to the political science community and RPSA, % Membership in RPSA, N=118 % of all answers Do you consider yourself a member of the professional All answers Yes No political science community? Yes 68 68 32 Yes, though at the same time I belong to some other 21 60 40 professional community(ies) No 11 0 100 All answers 100 58 42

It would be reasonable to assume that the identification with the community correlates with the character of professional activity. Indeed, the majority of those who deems to belong to the community said that they are engaged in research activity (73%) and teaching of political science (74%). The similar proportion was demonstrated by respondents with ‘plural’ identities (the ratio of those who are engaged in teaching here is even higher – 81 %). However, those who do not identify themselves with the community have a significantly different structure of professional activity. Only 42 % of them teach political science. At the same time the share of those involved in political analysis and consulting is higher within this group (25 %) then among colleagues with a single (14) or ‘plural’ political science identity (4) (see table 2). Table 2 Professional activity and self-identification of participants and guests of the Forth All-Russia Congress of Political Scientists (2006) to the professional political science community, %

Do you consider yourself a member of the Research Political Political Teaching The other All answers professional community of political scientists? activity consulting analytics

Yes 73 74 15 14 3 67 Yes, though at the same time I belong to some 74 81 22 4 0 23 other professional community(ies) No 75 42 0 25 0 10 All answers 73 72 15 13 2 100

Therefore, we can conclude that the major factor of self-identification with professional community is engagement in research and teaching activity while activity connected with political consulting and political analytics are minor factors. The analysis of statistics of membership in RPSA demonstrates a certain dynamics of the structure of the ‘self-organized’ part of the professional community (see table 3).

6 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue Table 3 Dynamics of membership in RPSA, 2005-2007, number of persons and % Degrees and academic fields Number of persons % 2005 2006 2007 2005 2006 2007 Doctoral degrees in: Political Science 23 53 54 6,7 9,3 8,5 History 21 33 33 6,1 5,8 5,2 Philosophy 28 44 31 8,1 7,8 4,9 5 9 10 1,4 1,6 1,6 Law 3 5 5 0,9 0,9 0,8 1 0,0 0,2 0,0 Economics 1 0,0 0,0 0,2 Other 3 0,0 0,0 0,5 Candidate degrees in: Political science 48 79 97 13,9 13,9 15,3 History 48 83 92 13,9 14,6 14,5 Philosophy 37 67 53 10,7 11,8 8,4 Sociology 11 11 17 3,2 1,9 2,7 Law 1 4 3 0,3 0,7 0,5 Psychology 2 2 0,0 0,4 0,3 Economics 3 3 5 0,9 0,5 0,8 Pedagogy 2 0,0 0,0 0,3 Other 4 9 7 1,2 0,8 0,6 No degree 64 164 220 18,6 28,9 34,8 No information 49 14,2 0,0 0,0 Total 345 567 633 100,0 100,0 100,0

As we can see, the professional structure of the members of RPSA is relatively stable during the period. There is only one exception. The number of members with no academic degrees is increasing (we come back to this issue later). The main body of the organization is composed by the representatives of three academic disciplines – political science, history and philosophy (about 60% of members hold their academic degrees in these fields). It is remarkable that the holders of degree in political science in 2006-2007 began slightly dominate among doctors, whereas a parity of three groups remains more evident among candidates. The other remarkable thing is a low representation of holders of academic degrees in law: originally, political science in the USSR was institutionally based on the theory of state and law. The current database of RPSA proves that political science in Russia has diverged from its ‘mother discipline’. It should be recognized that the structure of RPSA from the point of academic backgrounds of its members is still multi-disciplinary. It is too early to predict which trend will dominate in coming years – further consolidation of disciplinary boundaries or multi-disciplinary interaction. Finally, there is a new trend – the sustainable growth of members of RPSA who have no academic degrees. To a great extent, it is a sign of ‘greening’ of RPSA. The involvement of relatively younger scholars is a very positive tendency. The crisis of 1990s caused by economic and social reforms negatively affected the age structure of academic communities: in particular, the number of young specialists who choose an academic carrier significantly decreased. Now we can note signs of revival of the interest in political science among younger people. This conclusion is partly confirmed by the active development of the Youth Branch of RPSA re-established in 2006 (now it unites more than 200 students and graduate students from 25 regions). The same trend is supported by the age structure of the participants of the Forth All-Russia Congress of Political Scientists (see picture 1). One may assume that no degrees members would run for degrees in the near future.

NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 7 Special Issue Picture 1 The age structure of the participants of the Forth congress of RPSA (2006), %

Thus, we can conclude that the qualitative consolidation of the professional community is followed by the stabilization of its formal boundaries (though its structure still remains multi-disciplinary). The other question is whether this process is supported by the development of professional capacities and specialization inside the community. The data of the survey of the participants and guests of the Forth All- Russia Congress of Political Scientists give some grounds for conclusion that this process is going on, though we are still on its early stages. The most remarkable finding is a great diversity of interests and fields of activity. When asked about the fields of research interests respondents named about two hundred (!) different positions that were very heterogeneous by their content and measure of generalization. The same was the situation with the identification of the fields that deserve greater attention of the Russian political scientists: our respondents indicated about 170 positions that were hardly reducible to each other. It looks as if a significant part of participants of the survey tried to specify some problems that they considered urgent, but were not quite clear about the identification of their research interests with some subdisciplinary fields where the coordination of efforts and cumulating of results becomes possible. In other words, the structure of political science in Russia remains quite vague and its subfields are ill-defined. The other remarkable fact is that the majority of respondents estimated the field of their research interests as “insufficiently developed ” or “underdeveloped” (56% and 7%), while the answer “rather developed”, was chosen only by 2%. And 33% of participants of the survey were relatively optimistic claiming that their fields are “enough developed”. To sum up, we can conclude that Russian political science more or less successfully establishes itself as a distinct academic discipline. The structure of the professional community of the political scientists remains multi-disciplinary. Its boundaries become more clear (though not strict) and are determined more by prevailing professional activity than by education and academic degrees. We also can mention some signs of the gradual crystallization of the research field for the discipline. Russian political scientists are more confident in identification of the problems that should be objects of their attention. But they are not always certain about the subdisciplinary attribution of these problems as well as not always sufficiently conscious about their theoretical and methodological approaches. In our opinion, there are good grounds to claim that the professional community of Russian political scientists has already passed the most decisive stage of its institutionalization, although a number of crucial problems is still to be solved. The development of major research subfields With all the importance of the process of formation of a professional community, the most crucial question is whether a community is able to produce new knowledge that satisfies both needs of political practice and conventional standards of the discipline. It is difficult to give a definite answer to this question since the development of various subfields is quite uneven. One may presume that the most decisive success should be expected (1) in the fields that are more intensively investigated, (2) in the spheres dealt with by ‘de facto political science’, (3) finally, some handicap could be expected in cases of the new research fields, where the Russian scholars started almost simultaneously with their colleagues from the other countries. Those hypotheses partly determined the choice of subfields that became objects of expert analysis within collective project done by RPSA in 2005-

8 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue 2007. Although our selection is not quite comprehensive14, the results of the project indicate the factors of relative success and failures in the development of different subdisciplinary fields in Russian political science. All subfields that became the objects of our analysis demonstrated more or less intensive development since 1990s. This development implied solution of many infrastructural problems, such as elaboration of conventional terminology and research standards, development of professional communications and – the last but not the least – coping with a large amount of literature produced by foreign colleagues. It was a serious trial. There can be different opinions on measure of success in passing this trial. Still, the fact is that in many subfields today we have well-established professional communities the most advanced representatives of which are quite competitive at the world ‘market’ of political expertise. According to assessments, studies on political elites, electoral studies and political psychology are quite advanced. Although our expert on comparative politics Leonid Smorgunov is rather critical about the condition of this discipline, he confirms that it has successfully passed the stage of institutionalization and there is a good basis for further development. One of the evidence of it is an ambitious project “The Political Atlas of the World”. At the same time many subdisciplinary fields in the Russian political science still have not got the condition of ‘a normal science’: there are no ‘common languages’ and sometimes – even no common interpretations of the boundaries of the research fields. Such are the cases of studies of politics and ethnicity, conflict studies, gender studies and studies of political culture. Though it should be mentioned that the absence of a ‘common language’ might be stipulated by the ‘firmness’ of the object as well as by methodological problems that are experienced by scholars not only in Russia. What factors are the most decisive for the development of research and institutionalization of the disciplinary subfields? It might be assumed that the demands of political practice – especially when it is converted into flew of resources – must be the most obvious impetus for research activity. In the other words, the most ‘urgent’ problems must be studied more intensively giving more significant results. But analysis of the experts involved in our project shows that the connection between the interest in a problem and the development of research is more complex. The high public interest in the objects of their study was indeed an important factor that stimulated attention of the scholars to certain problems. The wave of broad interest was an initial stimulus for the development of research and formation of professional networks in the subfields of electoral studies, studies of political elites and political regionalism. Such research networks were composed of the specialists from different disciplines (sometimes rather distant from political science). But the factor of the interest turned into both advantages and shortcomings. From the one hand, the newcomers from the ‘distant’ fields were relatively free from the legacy of official dogmatism, were more disposed to adoption of empirical methods and more inclined to integration into the new professional networks. Besides, the higher level of research interest resulted in higher publication activity. But from the other hand, the subdisciplinary fields that developed on the peak of public interest felt what V.Avdonin, A.Baranov and A.Dakhin called “higher level of pressure of non-scientific forms of knowledge”. This really was a serious challenge. The most reliable way to overcome it consisted in professionalization (assimilation of experience of the political science all over the world and methodological reflection) and development of networks of professional communications. Our analysis indicates that the former without the later is insufficient. It is obvious that former historians, philosophers, lawyers, philologists and even engineers could become political scientists only by means of intensive self-education – and the factor of availability of the literature (first of all – of the classical works) can not be overestimated. Probably in a time historians of our discipline will be able to ascertain a correlation between a number of translated works and the progress of this or that research field. But the adoption of knowledge extracted from the foreign literature was necessary but not sufficient: it was not automatically converted into capability to produce knowledge in a significantly new context of the post-Soviet political transformation. It was not accidental that in the end of the first decade of the development of political science in Russia Alexei Bogaturov complained that the Western charity programs educated ‘the generation of translators’ who can only ‘translate’ local realities to the language understandable to their sponsors and readers abroad15. Actually the problem of a gap between the ‘Western’ theories and the Russian reality is a permanent challenge to political science in our country. And there are different receipts of its solution. But in our opinion the search for the ‘golden mean’ between a pure empirical description and futile attempts to

14 Our analysis concerned comparative politics (L.Smorgunov), electoral studies (V.Gel’man), studies on political elites (O.Gaman- Golutvina), political parties and party systems (Ia.Pleis), studies on political regionalism (V.Avdonin, A.Baranov, A.Dakhin), studies on political conflicts (L.Nikovskaia), political psychology (E.Shestopal), studies on political culture (O.Malinova), studies on politics and ethnicity (Yu.Shabaev), studies on political ideologies (Ia.Pleis), gender studies (N.Kukarenko, O.Pospelova) and studies on law and politics (W.Smirnov). 15 Bogaturov, Alexei. 'Desiat' let paradigmy osvoenija'. Pro et contra. 2000, vol. 5, no. 1, p. 198. Further discussions are to be found in issues of 2000-2002. NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 9 Special Issue ‘translate’ existing theoretical schemes was the most successful in the fields where more or less integrated professional networks and/or centers emerged guided by competent leaders. The other important factor of success was integration into international research networks, establishment of contacts with international professional associations and universities in the other countries, participation in joint projects, publications in foreign magazines etc. Activity of this kind is not only an indicator of recognition of professional skills of the Russian scholars, but also an opportunity to ‘synchronize watches’, to bring our own research experience into correlation with efforts of political scientists in other countries. And what is particularly important are not the facts of ‘individual’ integration of the leaders (the examples of such integration might be found in the most of research fields), but appearance of the critical mass of scholars who are adapting to the international market of labor. This task must be a matter of special concern (in particular – for RPSA). An inclusion of courses covering particular subdisciplines of political science in university curriculums became another strong catalyst of the development. It stimulated a wider ‘adoption’ of basic literature by faculty; a work at text-books and readers was also very useful for the collective systematization of ‘stored’ knowledge. In a sense teaching became a major factor of ‘normalization’ of subdisciplines: it was conducive to dissemination of systematic knowledge and to shaping of conventions about the boundaries of the research field and appropriate standards of research procedures. This effect of ‘normalization’ through educational standards was mentioned by many experts of our project. At the same time N.Kukarenko and O.Pospelova who analyzed the experience of political gender studies in Russia reasonably argued that the absence of such course in university curriculum at political science departments is one of the obstacles to the development of this subfield. As for the factor of a ‘groundwork’ of the Soviet scholarship – it turned to be ambiguous. From the one hand, the groundwork of the ‘de-facto political science’ became an important resource for the development of some research fields (especially at the starting point). Thus, electoral studies emerged from three ‘pre-political- science’ sources – empirical sociology, constitutional law and political . The latter played a major role in the formation of political regional studies. Political psychology was developed based on psychology, sociology and political science and was able to produce a new knowledge at the meeting point of disciplines, using not only the experience of political psychologists from abroad, but also certain achievements of the ‘mother disciplines’ in the USSR. Similar is the situation with studies in politics and law that had an opportunity to rest upon the theory of state and law and other branches of Yurisprudence. There was also some groundwork in the field of comparative politics – in area studies, political sociology, comparative historical studies etc. But from the other hand, in some cases the store of knowledge accumulated in the frames of Soviet social studies became an impediment to the progress of research in political science. An example is the case of studies of politics and ethnicity: the ideological approaches to the study of ethnicity and nationalism in the USSR had shaped terminological conventions that hamper political studies of ethnicity in post-Soviet Russia and interfere with the development of more advanced research approaches. The difficulties caused by inertia of stereotypes educated by the Soviet social studies might be found also in the other subfields of political science. Finally, one of the most important factors of the development of research subfields are the forms of its institutionalization. Our analysis indicates that the most evident success became possible when the formal organization in the frames of departments, faculties and scientific councils (stimulated by standardization of curriculums and by the procedures of awarding of academic degrees) was supplemented by self- organization in research networks. In some cases (political regionalism, studies of politics and ethnicity, studies of political elites etc.) the networking was facilitated by the need of monitoring of political processes in the regions of Russia. Sometimes networks were established for purposes of particular research projects, sometimes they resulted from collective projects as an unintended by-product. But most often the development of professional networks of researchers laid on dispersed resources and took place in the forms of conferences and seminars, exchange of literature, critical assessment of the works of colleagues etc. The research committees of RPSA became important forms of self-organization of communities in subdisciplinary fields. Thus, we can record a certain irregularity in the development of different fields of research in the Russian political science. This irregularity is produced by combination of factors among which the most decisive are: development of formal academic institutions and informal professional networks, inclusion of particular subdisciplines to university curriculums and integration to the international research networks. As for the factors of public interest and of the ‘pre-political-science’ groundwork – both of them turned to be ambiguous: partly facilitating development of political science they at the same time create certain impediments that have been overcome more or less effectively. Conclusion: problems and perspectives of political science in Russia

10 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue It would be premature to overestimate positive prospects for the new academic discipline in Russia. The main difficulties that haunted its development during the first two decades are still there: deficiency of means for research and development of university centers, need for funds for empirical research, a shortage of academic literature, disproportion in allocation of resources between center and periphery, deteriorating status of political science in university curriculums (at non-political-scientist departments) etc. At the beginning of 1990s one of the major problems was the absence of professionals with special education. Later in 2000s with the first graduations at political-science departments the keenest problem turned out to be low inclusive capacities of the academic labor market. There are many problems concerning connections between political science and political practice. Although our research indicated that the level of expert activity of the Russian political scientists is relatively high, the results of their research cannot make their way to political practitioners. This list of problems of the political science in Russia could be extended. But the most important of them are linked to the trends of evolution of the very object of our study. The reforms of the Russian political system in 2000s dramatically changed the research agenda. Visible decline of electoral competition and reduction of the sphere of electoral politics questioned prospects for further studies of electoral processes. A high degree of convergence of regional political processes reduced the field of political regional studies. The non- transparent character of recruiting and rotation of political elites complicates research on dynamics of those processes etc. All those developments are really critical for the perspectives of political science. Samuel Huntington wisely claimed that ‘where democracy is strong, political science is strong; where democracy is weak, political science is weak’16. Of course, in societies with higher level of political competitiveness political scientists find more objects for study – and more material for theoretical generalization. But does it mean that the opposite is true as well? Is political science ‘strong’ in democratic regimes only? Some reasons for optimism might be found in Jorge Heine’s description of the case of Pinochet’s Chile. According to Heine, at the end of the military dictatorship in 1990s Chilean political science was even stronger than in 1970s and its representatives significantly contributed to designing and implementation of the constitutional reform17. Though this state of things became possible mostly due to exogenous factor: in 1970-1980s the Chilean political scientists were out of necessity forced to integrate into international networks (education and fellowships at North American and European universities, work at private research centers in Chile subsidized by grants from abroad etc.). This led to the emergence of a critical mass of scholars and the creation of a professional community. With the change of political context the latter not only expanded a ‘normal’ academic infrastructure but also could be effectively involved into political practice. This extreme case demonstrates that the change of parameters of a political system does not abolish the research field of political science. This example warns against premature pessimism. Russian political scientists still have objects for study and – let us hope – will be able to do their job. In a certain sense it might be possible even to take advantage out of necessity: circumstances push us to study the problems that formerly were on the periphery of research interests of political science. At least the fact of emergence of the main body of the professional community gives some hopes for the future of political science in Russia.

16 Huntington, Samuel. ‘One Soul at a Time: Political Science and Political Reform’. American Political Science Review. 1988, vol. 82, no. 3, p. 3-10. 17 Heine H. ‘Democracy, Dictatorship, and the Making of Modern Political Science; Huntington’s Thesis and Pinochet’s Chile’. American Political Science Review, 1993, vol. 87, no. 3, p. 273-278. NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 11 Special Issue CONTRIBUTION

Valery Kovalenko18 Education in Political Science in Russia: Development and Prospects Political science in Russia as an independent discipline has existed about twenty years. While it is not a significant amount of time, neither is it insignificant. In any case, the political science community has been established and conceptual approaches to the further development of political knowledge have been decided. There are over 50 degree-granting facilities (faculties and departments) and more than 200 chairs teaching political science subjects in specialized institutions of higher education at the moment. Political scientists are working on a wide range of issues in order to understand specific features of the political environment and the “political man”, their influence on the development of society and its individual components. These issues are also connected with the analysis of the main trends of the modern international political process and the prospects of global socio-political changes, with the elaboration of the conceptual-categorical apparatus and the methodological tools of political science; with the development of the technique of empirical political research, methods and means of political mobilisation. Certainly, all that influences the educational content in political science. One may remember how political science in Russia began to develop. Russia had an original tradition of political mind, which dates back to the 11th century („The Sermon on Law and Grace“ by Metropolitan Illarion). Such issues as Russia’s destiny, its place in history, principles of government, relations with West and East were matters of great concern to Russian thinkers and were entwined with their more general religious and historiosophical ideas; in many cases they occurred differently in the praxis of political activities. It should be noted, however, that all this searching only concerned political philosophy, so that with few exceptions, it was not necessary to mention professional work in the field of political science (in the modern dimension) - neither in the pre-revolutionary time nor in foreign countries with Russian population, nor in the Soviet time. It certainly does not mean that there were no interesting publications on politics within the framework of history, Yurisprudence or sociology, but in any case, political science was not taught in the institutions of higher education in the Soviet Union. When it came to develop as an independent university discipline, the assembly of political structures was carried out “just-in-time” and in extraordinarily difficult circumstances. In most forward-looking institutions of higher education such as the Moscow Lomonosov State University and the Saint Petersburg (the former Leningrad) State University, it happened on the initiative of the professional community, in other institutions it was a decision from “above” in the course of political changes. The turn of 1980/90s was marked not only by the breakaway from dead dogmas of official scholasticism, but also by a visible integration of non-scientific ideas and new clichés into developing political science (“commonplace turned upside down” by I. S. Turgenev). In political science education, it was a time of efflorescence of exotic suggestions: time to turn away from “boring” academic courses and to read political science as in "The Heart of a Dog” by M. Bulgakov or “The Possessed” by F. Dostoevsky. There were practically no professional political scientists in Russia. During this period, non-governmental educational structures began to develop. People, often remote from professional moderation and piety for theoretical knowledge bases, participated in this process. Even so, this is not the main point: it was vital to take into account all the problems of the development of political science, which became obvious at the end of the century. I am not going to speak about quite natural development difficulties (lack of prepared courses, textbooks, translated publications, etc.). It had to be overcome by making efforts to establish a new educational direction. All in all, the developing political science community has dealt successfully with this task on a very tight schedule. It should be noted that interesting works appeared not only in Moscow but also in a row of provincial institutions of higher education: first at the level of individual experts and later as quite structured schools. Grants certainly played an important role. They made it possible to interpret books on specialised translated subjects in quantity. An eminently more difficult problem was to detect the basis of political science, structures and parameters of political education, to reiterate, in conditions of a total absence of professional experience. Naturally, under these circumstances it was necessary to give special priority to those statements, which were worked out by international science. In the course of time, we, the designers of the new model of political

18 Prof. Dr. Valerij Kovalenko is Head of the Chair of World and Russian Politics, Faculty of Philosophy at the Moscow M. V. Lomonosov State University; [email protected]

12 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue science education, recognised more and more that firstly, the establishment of national political science schools was marked by a important variety; secondly, subject matters which were at the centre of professional discourse developed in a different way under the influence of established scientists. Most serious problems in this context were connected with the possibility of analysing political processes either in their institutional or socio-cultural dimension. This issue was not easy for us. On the one hand, (and this was important for the development of the conceptual basis of the transforming political system in Russia) there was an awareness of the significance of the institutional aspect, defined by the fact that the optimal development of democracy is directly connected with the choice of the right strategy of constitutional construction, with “rules of play” accepted by political subjects which form, in this way, the institutional context of their own activity. Clearly, core issues in this paradigm are to discover certain uniformity in the function of power and power relations, to recognise popular international standards in the field of politics and other areas of social life. At the same time, the problem of borders (or constraints) of the institutional model were worked out quite thoroughly within the international political community (this happened long before the heat and drama of Russian reforms broached the question about behavioural and psychological matrixes of Russians). I would like to refer to the example of evaluation of prospects of totalitarian regimes, which were traditionally interpreted as impenetrable monads - exclusively stable political formations that have no immanent sources of deterioration. Although there were silent objections to this position on the part of supporters of some political movements, they were, as a rule, accepted as neither as profound nor serious. Political praxis arbitrated this dispute in a different way. One may recollect the evolution of modernisation theory, which started with invariant works implemented as a rule in the course of industrialisation. Later, its most established representative gradually integrated socio-cultural aspects of modernisation processes into their analysis. Therefore, in working out the educational model, we presumed that we could not allow ourselves to be restricted exclusively to the power field of public relations. Without objective comprehension of societal bases of the political process, without political philosophy, ethnic political science, political psychology, etc. we could have ended up in the role of “permanently left behind” or remained in the position of an object and not a subject of political science activities, i.e. be on the loosing end in regard to the international situation. From the very beginning, we insisted on the inclusion of all these and some other disciplines into the system of education in political science. The main problem to our minds was the question of whether political science disciplines should correspond with the best international patterns. This was an important and difficult task so that the whole university community had to work on its solution consistently and intensively. However, the question arose: what do we actually mean by correspondence? I recall a joke from my student time in the 1960s: “What is the subject of Soviet sociology? – American sociology!” Needless to say, we have to work hard to thoroughly comprehend and adopt the experience amassed by our colleagues, all the more so because teaching of political science in Western institutions of higher education (as distinct from Russia) numbers many decades. The problem lies not only here. We cannot move ourselves to the periphery of scientific knowledge just referring to the unique singularity of Russia today. Our country complies with the same principles and of political process and organisation of political life as the other states do. However, Russia is very special and it would not be a minor but maybe even a great miscalculation not to take this peculiarity into account. In general, one may state that we have to refuse the logic of linear thinking and, on the contrary, comprehend deeply and extensionally the principles and tools of correlations of all that is dictated by invariable logic of historic imperatives and all that results from the basis of Russian political traditions. However, as shown by the subsequent praxis, the political science community of the country has not reached the level of optimal dimensions. The greater part of textbooks, monographic literature and dissertations is written today within the framework of socio-cultural paradigms. The problem is not even the breach of architectonics of political science knowledge and education, it lies in the approaches which should complement each other but are often structured in a confrontation giving apparent saliency to an ideological component and realise themselves in a manner principally alien to scientific literature (all the more study materials). Some authors intensively working in the field of socio-cultural politics have written scientific works (as well as textbooks) in the form of an essay ignoring the importance of consistent categorical apparatus, which is typical for this genre. Therefore, one may welcome steadier formation of schools and disciplines, which should further develop institutional aspects of political science. In this respect, another problem occurs which is quite acute for Russian political science today. It is about a correlation between theoretical and applied (instrumental) aspects of political science knowledge. We were all witnesses to the fact that the initial euphoria about the place of political science generally and in higher education was quickly replaced by the sense of doubt and disappointment. Certainly, much depended not on us but on the general situation in the country: switching of ideals from sanguine hopes for the NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 13 Special Issue efficiency of political tools to political apathy and escapism by significant population groups; growing popularity of such professions as law agents and businessmen in conditions of a developing market economy, etc. There were also problems whose solutions directly depended on our professional community. For example, it was important to give up the traditions of former education in social science. I do not mean the world view or ideological dimension of this question (this is also an important question, but of a different nature); I just state the fact that social scientists were educated with orientation to the needs of the educational system and corresponding scientific institutions during the Soviet era. The existing divergences confirmed the general rule. Meanwhile, time changed dramatically. The former system of graduates’ distribution broke down, higher education institutions were unable to employ so many young specialists and there was an acute problem of assimilation of a great amount of new theoretical material. At the same time, there was a great demand for those graduates who could work in the field of practical politics. Working on this article, I looked through catalogues of many foreign education centres again, in particular the catalogue of the University of Southern Maine. It says that conferment of a bachelor’s degree in political science does not presuppose the obtaining of a particular profession. However, theoretical and analytical training in this field opens prospects for various professions. First of all, it is necessary for those who are going to work in politics and administration. Continuing to study, one can work as an administrator in municipal offices, as a specialist in the budget sphere or hold an administrative position at the local level, the States, national and international organisations. Analytical and administrative skills obtained by political scientists can also be used in the field of business: about one third of all graduates who specialise in political science start working here. Many journalists and radio commentators have this core specialisation. Certainly, teaching in a college remains the traditional career of graduates. In this respect, the curriculum of the University of Southern Maine is of interest to us. Along with economics, history, sociology, computer science and a foreign language (courses in geography, anthropology, psychology, philosophy and communication are also considered as useful), students specialising in political science are also offered such disciplines as “Politics and government of Maine”, “American city”, “Public opinion and electorate behaviour”, “Politics and quality of the environment”, “Public administration”, “Budgets and politics”, “Race and negotiations”, “Administration law”, “Psychology and politics”, etc. Practical political science in Russia today is the question of the day. The time of experts is starting in politics: the dilettantism tolerated in the 1990s inspires neither respect, nor confidence, nor public support to the right degree. Today the country requires more than ever political scientists in a role of aides, consultants and experts. Therefore, we have not only to pass on the knowledge from the theoretical areas of political science to the students, but also to teach them modern political techniques: methods to work out scenarios of political development, methods of political analysis and forecasting, techniques of political mobilisation (in particular, techniques of the electoral campaign) and methods to calculate political risks, etc. As distinct from many other disciplines – philosophy, history, etc. – political science certainly requires a lot of powerful tools. In this regard, the profession of political scientist is akin to a legal profession. The author of this article remembers a phrase spoken by a senior official of the Ministry of Justice of the USSR: if we need experts in the field of theory of state and law or constitutional law, we direct our eyes towards the graduates of the Moscow University; if we need smart investigators for a public prosecution office or interrogating officers, we choose them from the graduates of the Saratov Law Institute. The recipients can certainly be changed, i.e. an investigator does not need to be thoroughly acquainted with the theoretical legacy of H. Grotius, S.Pufendorf or C. Beccaria, but requires qualified skills of examining; a legal author has entirely different priority tasks. However, the situation in the community of political scientists representing Russian institutions of higher education still causes feelings of intellectual and professional discomfort. On the one hand, (this is typical of a number of larger institutions of higher education) one may see the well-known attitude of snobbery: universities are something like cultural domains and the main attention here should be focused on the development (and therefore teaching) of exclusively theoretical aspects, the whole “engineering” part should be passed to the “lower” levels. There are also other widespread attitudes. The author of this article as a curator of the Political Science Department in the “Educational and Methodological Association for Classical University Education in Russia”, was responsible for the organising of many meetings not only in Moscow, but also in other Russian cities. The fact that some leaders of political science structures (most of them from provincial universities) insist on the “relief” from “unnecessary” theory (sometimes even called “theoretical carrion”) and its minimisation in the models of political science education, is a cause of great concern. In this connection, I may be permitted to refer to the opinion of many foreign colleagues representing developed political science schools. At time of creation of the Department of Political Science in the Moscow State University, our guest was R.Pipes. Answering the question of how he would organise the department, he said that he would employ 70% of all the staff in the chair of history of political science. I do not accept this percentage ratio but can share the piety of the American scientist for this science as a theoretical workshop of political thought. Our second guest was R.Dahl. When the author of this article shared with him his ideas about

14 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue the development of applied political science, he remarked: “Do not repeat our mistakes”. Once we had laid emphasis on the applied aspects, our graduates came to us three years later and asked us to provide additional theoretical training. In my view, it is essential to protest against the opinion that it is possible simply to replace theoretical political science through its applied aspects. This contradicts the whole logic of political knowledge. The theory of political thought has always consisted of two paths. The first one can be called the “path of Aristotle”; he connected the “political world” with its value dimensions. The second one is the “path of Machiavelli”, the world of political . A unilateral orientation towards axiological aspects of politics makes society weak in terms of . On the contrary, a stake in political technologies only – tempted by putative effectiveness of the next political results and advantages - would lead to confirmation of the standards of intellectual and political cynicism and in the end inevitably turn in unprofessional performance and professional crash. Therefore, we should not discuss the mechanical change of priorities but search for an optimum combination of theoretical and applied aspects of political science. From my point of view, creation of a really modern model of an expert in political science requires optimisation of institutional and socio-cultural paradigms in political science as well as theoretical and instrumental sides. However, there is another problem, which has become very obvious in both political science and political science education in Russia today. The initial period in the development of political science, I would like to repeat, was marked by the acquirement of a modern categorical apparatus, traditional and innovative theoretical constructions, cognition of a political world from a new ideological and methodological position. The research of such issues as the nature and type of political system, political institution, and political culture has regularly come to the fore. Most dissertations in Russia have been written on the problem of parliamentarianism, political elites, political parties, electoral behaviour of citizens, etc. In other words, questions of power and power relations are at the centre of our work. Consequently, we continue to reduce the nature of political changes and, moreover, the springs of social development to the features of the political sphere itself. Large reforms carried out in Russia many times show, however, that it is essential to comprehend this problem more extensionally. Those were for instance, comprehensive and complex transformations of Peter I that touched all sides of social life or a package of reforms in the 1860/70s that included agrarian, judicial, Zemskaya19, military and other reforms. The question about the transformation of the political system as such rose, however, only at the end of these reforms: the project of P.A.Valuev played, as is known, quite a minor role and a really promising project of the so-called constitution of M.T. Loris-Melikov occurred only in the 1880s. Now we can put aside the interesting and debatable question about the logic of correlation of political, social and other transformations. I would like to remark that it is impossible to imagine the political development in Russia (from the view of political content, political significance and political consequences) – and not only in the 19th century - without the agrarian and the other reforms. History teaches: a really significant reform, which possesses great political potential, should have a diversified character and foresee the change of all main areas of human life and society. Under these conditions, the role of state policy as a whole and its branches in particular is growing significantly. Certainly, dealing with current tasks of a so-called technological nature must be the job of the corresponding experts – financiers and managerial engineers - but the choice of priorities and defining of necessary stratagems is the business of state policy. Thus, the modernisation experience of different countries shows that the most important task of state policy is the defining of springs, the nerve of economic development. The phrases “America was made by cars” and “The component of the Japan miracle is the stake in electronics” have become trivial. Once, the core of industrial growth in Russia was its railways; the thesis of today is to transform Russia into a great energy power. The political meaning of this question, however, is not exhausted by corresponding geopolitical entourage (remember reactions to the “new publication of Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact”). Sometimes one hears that it is not necessary to take care of the food economy and the development of homemade high technologies in Russia. We forget the formula of modern business: “Leaders produce new technologies, outsiders produce products”. Economic development is unthinkable without aspects of economic competitiveness. Promotion of raw material industries only does not justify itself any more. The ideas of development cannot exclude a great post-industrial component. This task cannot be solved from a highly specialised position; it is a core task for state policy that integrates conceptual works of theoreticians and practicians. Consequently, political science as a natural foundation of state policy should reconsider its subject field; prove itself more actively in the areas touching both scientific knowledge and practical politics. These issues are becoming more and more of a priority in the academic professional community. It is not only about more attention towards them in the degree-granting political science structures, but especially in specialised institutions of higher education where the professional maturation of the chairs of political science obviously fell behind the classical universities. In the meantime, there are over 20 universities of

19 Zemstvo (provincial assembly) - in Russia up to 1917 a system of local self-management (Eds.) NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 15 Special Issue transportation, 8 universities that educate specialists for the consumer’s cooperative system, 8 academies for public administration and a network of financial and social institutes. One may state with satisfaction that the corresponding specialisation of education in political science has developed more and more intensively in the last 2-3 years. The main problem that the academic community is facing today, is the development of the State Educational Standard of the new generation in political science. The two previous standards have certainly played a positive role, and maybe even a decisive role in a qualified defining of the subject field of political science in the system of higher education, and in the consolidation of the political science community as a whole. One may recognise, however, that they were in many cases trial models, which could only be consistent with the first steps of academic political science. Today we are facing new tasks that require their own adjusted solutions. Securing of fundamental sciences in university education is an indispensable requirement. One may be aware of the fact that the definition of “political scientist” is notably blackened in our society. It is blackened by many “established” statements made in the name of the political science community on television or in printed media. Unfortunately, the capabilities of politics are often reduced to the capabilities of political technologies, practically, the ability to manipulate public opinion. There is even evidence of “good” and “bad” manipulation. One should not forget that the instrument of manipulation is immanently countered with the requirements of democratic development bringing to naught chances of an individual to participate in politics. The elite also have to think about the meaning of the formula: “A politician thinks in election categories, a civil servant – in categories of state interests”. The guarantee of successful development in every society within its stable framework lies in the field of democratic realisation of the system of national and state interests. Without understanding this task, any political scientist – expert, analyst or consultant – can very quickly demonstrate his or her professional inability. How can the tasks of securing a fundamental education be combined with attributes of specialisation and different opportunities of particular universities? It fell upon me to be a co-director of a panel on education in political science in a series of Russian political science conventions and the Russian meeting of holders of chairs of socio-economic disciplines and humanities (November 2003). First of all, on these forums, the leaders of regional structures insistently promoted the idea of introducing the State Standard with a modular system. This type of State Standard would allow educating political scientists (students in higher training) with academic and instrumental specialisation (on the required universal basis). The draft of the State Standard in political science endorsed by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation and due to be approved at the end of 2008 stipulates the implementation of the modular system in Russian universities. Thus, every university would have the right to choose a corresponding modular or use both of them. I would like to emphasise the main point, namely that the task is not to “separate” educational systems but to find an optimal solution for every concrete university teaching theoretical and applied aspects of political science. Generally speaking and summarising the critical remarks towards the still existing State Standard and the character of the fierce discussions on this issue in the political science community in Russia, one should note that the main criticism was directed against the inflexibility of the Standard. The problem is not easy to solve. The State Standard, in its strongest term, is necessary to maintain the universal subject field of political science. Maybe it is our misfortune, but we have not yet reached the level where every university can define the content of education. For the developing political science structures in the regional universities, the Sate Standard is the only bar that can dictate the necessary requirements. Bearing in mind the situation (mildly speaking, a quite disadvantaged one), in non- governmental educational institutions, adherence to the State Standard here is the real guarantee of avoiding profanation of the Diploma of Political Science. Quite another matter is the severity of the State Standard, for example, for the Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO-University), where it simply undermines the entirely proved system of specialist training. Similar difficulties are experienced at the Moscow State University, Saint Petersburg State University, Russian Academy of Public Administration and some other leading universities. The new generation of the State Education Standard in political science provides quite positive results. While formerly the universities were allowed to vary the curriculum by up to 5% of the prescribed hours for a particular discipline and the university component in the curriculum was insignificant, today the universities have the opportunity to expand this limit to 50% of the study time and depending on the selected modular, choose a different number of class hours for the specialisation disciplines. At the same time, economic and legal components of education in political science are becoming more significant. On the agenda are difficult problems of the integration of Russia into the Bologna Process. We are facing anything but simple work on the adaptation of the Russian system of higher education into European education standards. The main task here is not only the acquirement of international experience but also the maintenance and development of the best traditions of the Russian education system. The hopes for an optimal solution lie in the corporate community itself.

16 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue We have taken important steps towards the consolidation of efforts of the political scientists working at universities. The National Collegium of Lecturers in Political Science, which is a joint body of the Educational and Methodological Association for Classical University Education, the Russian Association of Political Science and the Scientific and Methodological Council under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation, was founded in Russia in 2005. The foundation of the Collegium is the result of civic initiatives; it can be considered with good reason as an institution of developing civil society in the country. The problems of modernisation of the system of higher education in Russia and of improvement of education in political science cannot be solved within the system of state bureaucracy only: we are obliged to solve them and have to do this carefully and accurately.

CONTRIBUTION

Yacov Pleis20 Improvement of the System for the Certification of Political Science Scholars At the end of the 19th and at the beginning of the 20th century while political science actively proved itself in the USA and in many European countries, only a few schools of thought - first of all those that were connected with the national statehood - started to develop in Russia. Then after October of 1917, the process of development of political science was interrupted for a long time. The first attempts to legalise it in the Soviet Union were made in the 1960s. As a result of the efforts made by a group of Soviet social scientists, the Soviet Political Science Association was established in December of 1960. An important event was the 11th World Congress of International Political Science Association (IPSA) held in 1979 in Moscow. During the preparation and sitting of the Congress, the Soviet participants demonstrated considerable professional competence and having met the leading scientists of the world face to face, received a great impetus for further research work. However, only in the period of perestroika in the second half of the 1980s, there was a practical need for political science that was able to suggest solutions to issues of today21. In the tide of common changes that began in the field of social sciences, the State Committee for Science and Technology in the USSR adopted the Resolution “On Nomenclature of Scholars’ Qualifications’ of 1988. It established the following political science qualifications: theory and history of political science; political institutions and processes; political culture and ideology; political problems of international systems and global development. Another two qualifications – socio-political processes; organisation and management and public opinion – were established in the section “Social sciences”22. The first specialised dissertation councils, which were accredited to examine dissertations in political science, were founded at the Institute of Social Sciences under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and at the Ural Department of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1990. Some of the specialised councils on historical studies, philosophical, legal and social sciences received the same right with the condition that they would employ qualified experts. The first expert council on political science was founded within the Supreme Certification Commission (VAK) in autumn of 1990. The first defence of candidate and doctoral dissertations took place a year and a half later after the publication of the Resolution. Shortly after this, chairs of political science with a new (compulsory) discipline “Political Science” were set up in higher educational institutions of Russia. New departments and sections of political science were opened in some research institutes. The first issue of the journal “Political Research” (POLIS) – a specialised magazine in political science - appeared in January of 1991. Within a short time, the first textbooks in this new discipline were published; scientific seminars and conferences were held. Consequently, political science in Russia has received legal status as an independent social science discipline with its own subject and research methodology, theoretical tools and conceptual apparatus, schools of thought and orientations. During its establishment, it was confronted with such problems as: Insufficiently developed network of education of professional political scientists;

20 Prof. Dr. Yacov Pleis is Head of the Chair “Socio-Political Sciences” at the Finance Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation, Vice-Chairman of the Expert Council of the Supreme Certification Commission (VAK) of the Russian Federation in Political Science; [email protected] 21 Politicheskaya nauka v Rossii. Vypusk 1. Sbornik obzorov. М. 1993. p. 6. 22 Byulleten’ VAK pri Sovete Ministrov SSSR. №3. 1989. p.18. NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 17 Special Issue Inadequate development of research and education of political scientists in the institutions of the Russian Academy of Science; Weak relations with foreign schools and centres of political science, particularly in the CIS-countries; Poor representation of women in the political science community and in political science in particular. All these problems were connected with both objective and subjective reasons. The fact that Russian political science is very young remains one of the main objective reasons. The attitude towards political science on the part of authorities at different levels is one of the most important subjective reasons. The research results of professional political scientists are not always required by authorities. Certainly, these and other problems could not and cannot be solved at once. Without the establishment of an infrastructure that is necessary for every scientific discipline – system of education of professional staff, postgraduate education, doctorate, dissertation councils, professional periodicals, etc. – it is impossible to establish scientific schools and centres that set scientific directions and promote development of theoretical and applied components of political science. Nevertheless, political science in Russia has developed quite steadily in the last few years. This estimation is proved in particular by the data concerning dynamics of dissertation defence: Table 1 Dynamics of dissertation defence in political science23

Years 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Total Number of doc-toral 40 36 39 32 49 40 45 41 322 dissertations Number of candi- 220 170 233 264 310 325 390 386 2298 date dissertations Totally 260 206 272 296 359 365 435 427 2620 This development is based on a gradual growth of the number of departments and faculties responsible for education of professional political scientists, the growth of the number of research students, doctoral students and degree-seeking students as well as on more intensive work of dissertation councils in the leading higher educational institutions and academic centres. Dissertation councils, which are qualified to be the main filters in securing a high quality of scientific works, are contributing significantly to the development of political science in Russia. The Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation approved the “Regulation on the Council for Defence of Doctoral and Candidate Dissertations” in January of 2007. The reorganisation of the network of dissertation councils started in autumn of this year in order to modernise the Russian certification system for scholars. This process is still continuing, therefore it is too soon to take stock of it. A positive outcome must result from the fact that dissertation councils (most of them doctoral) which employ new experts are expected to examine both the quality of scientific research and the dissertation defence itself more strictly and critically including the demand for quantity and quality of the publications on the dissertation theme24. This should lead to a higher quality of scientific works and elimination of such negative occurrences as writing of dissertations “on request” for good money. It should be noted that this problem is not that widespread in political science as, for example, in the field of economics. A more serious problem is the quality of dissertations, especially doctoral ones. Candidates for a scientific degree, their curators and consultants, chairs and finally dissertation councils, often forget the clause 8 of the “Regulation on the Conferment of Advanced Academic Degrees”. It says: “A thesis for a Doctor’s degree should be a well-qualified scientific work. The theoretical items based on the research done by the author must constitute new and remarkable achievements in science, or solve a significant scientific problem that is of great socio-cultural or economic importance…” A thesis for a degree of Candidate of Science should be a qualified scientific work that solves a problem that is of significant importance to the corresponding branch of knowledge.”25 (Author’s view is stated in italics)

23 The hierarchy of advanced degrees in Russia traditionally includes doctor's degrees of two levels: the Candidate of Sciences (Kandidat Nauk) and the Doctor of Sciences (Doktor Nauk) (Eds.) 24 The recommendation of the General Committee of the Higher Appraisal Commission adopted at the end of 2007 prescribes that a candidate for a doctoral degree has to publish at least seven scientific works on the dissertation theme by publishers from the list of the Commission. 25 See Sbornik normativnykh dokumentov po attestatsii nauchnykh i nauchno-pedagogicheskikh rabotnikov. Ministerstvo obrazovaniya RF. – М.: Izdatel’stvo IKAR, 2003. p.9. 18 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue Dissertation councils as well as the Expert Council and the presidium of the Supreme Certifying Commission must be subject to these standards during the estimation of dissertations. However, dissertation councils often ignore the prescribed standards and undercut the requirements. A dissertation must undergo at least a threefold (!!!) quality control on the part of the scientific curator or consultant, on the part of the chair and at the stage of an interim defence. There are often failures at all these stages. Around 30 out of 67 dissertation councils in political science existing at the end of 2005 were reorganised by the end of March. One hopes that they will work in a more responsible manner. During the optimisation process, first of all regional Dissertation councils for Candidate degrees were cut significantly. It is not likely that all 11 councils existing in Russian regions at the end of 2005 will be able to convert to doctoral ones. There are no objective preconditions for that yet. Closing of the Dissertation councils for Candidate degrees can have a negative influence on the development of the scientific infrastructure in the regions, which is confronting serious problems anyway. Certainly, it will be a serious endurance test for all that was accomplished in the field of development of the infrastructure of political science and the educational system of scholars in the last 20 years. Nevertheless, one can state confidently that: Political science in Russia is developing both quantitatively and qualitatively; This process is taking place everywhere: in Moscow and in the regions, although it is not equally intensive. Research centres, which develop concrete scientific directions connected with the specialisation of the regions, are being founded in many regions. Applied aspects of political science are receiving more and more recognition. The main part of dissertations is written within the specialisation “Political Institutions and Processes”. Activation of the work of regional departments of the Russian Association of Political Science (RAPS) as well as expending international cooperation contributes to a successful development of the science.

CONTRIBUTION

Ivan Chikharev26 National Collegium of Political Science Lecturers: new principles of integration of Russian political science community

Russian political science consists of various interdependent communities: those that specialise in political science education, production of scientific expert knowledge, mass (journalistic) information about politics and public administration. Lecturers in political science take a special place in this pluralistic structure and perform a fundamentally essential function. Teaching of political science in institutions of higher education defines the human resources of all branches of Russian political science and creates conditions for the future development of this area of knowledge and practical activity. The traditional Russian system of education is characterised by a high level of centralised control in the field of education and development of common education standards at state level. This existing praxis provides both advantages and disadvantages: on the one hand, it secures the unity of the education area, the control of education quality; on the other hand, it restricts the autonomy and initiative of the educational community and sometimes ignores special conditions of teaching political science at one university or another, or in one region or another. Contemporary history of the Russian education system is contradictory: it tried to put higher education under tight state control and experienced extreme forms of uncontrolled growth of independent structures and educational programs, which often led to the decline in quality and even profanation in education and in the field of political sciences in particular. A reasonable balance of these beginnings is the involvement of the education and research community into the development of state standards as well as cooperation between administrators and the professional community. An important step towards this balance was the foundation of the Educational and Methodological Association for Classical University Education in Russia (EMA). In accordance with the statute of the EMA, the Association is a state and public organisation in the system of higher and postgraduate classical university education in the Russian Federation. The main tasks of the Educational and Methodological Association are: participation in the development of drafts of state educational standards in classical university education and of exemplary curricula; coordination of the activities of the scientific-educational

26 Dr. Ivan Chikharev is assistant professor at the Moscow State University, Academic Secretary of the National Collegium of Political Science Lecturers; [email protected] NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 19 Special Issue community at classical universities, representatives of other institutions of higher education, establishments and organisations in order to secure quality and development of the content of the higher and postgraduate classical university education; elaboration of suggestions on the structure of higher and postgraduate professional education within the framework of its competence and on the content of main educational programs; examination of educational and methodological documentation of universities on the programs of higher professional education during their licensing, recommendation of the best study materials (correspondingly classified) for a general usage. The EMA was founded by the federal (central) management body of higher professional education – the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation on the ground of leading universities, first of all, the Moscow M.V. Lomonosov State University which provides highly qualified scientific-educational staff, a modern education basis and implements educational programs in most specialisations of higher and postgraduate university education. Members of the Educational and Methodological Association are representatives of classical state universities in Russia (rectors, deans, holders of chairs and other scientific- educational employees of Russian state universities) who work on a voluntary basis. By the decision of the members’ majority of the EMA Council, representatives of specialised and non-governmental universities in Russia interested in modernisation of the education of the graduates in university disciplines or specialisations can also become members of the Association. The EMA can invite representatives of foreign universities and foreign legal persons for cooperation. The established EMA structure consists of 19 educational and methodological councils (EMC) in groups akin to the specialisations and disciplines. These subdivisions are granted the rights of the EMC concerning improvement of methodological supply of scientific and educational process. The main educational and methodological organisation in Russia, whose members are also political scientists, has a definite specific character: it operates as the Educational and Methodological Council on Philosophy, Political Science and Religion Studies (EMC). The reason lies in the peculiar development of Russian political science. At the beginning of the 1990s chairs of political science mainly appeared at faculties of philosophy or history. The Faculty of Philosophy at the Moscow M.V. Lomonosov State University was no exception (alongside the department of philosophy, the department of political science and religion studies appeared). The structure of educational and methodological councils in classical university education was shaped according to the structure of the faculties. Therefore, the Faculty of Philosophy began to coordinate the educational and methodological work in three disciplines at the same time. This structure of the EMC is without doubt, an advantage to the Council: associate philosophers who are members of the EMC, and the chairman of the Council V.V. Mironov who is the Dean of the Faculty of Philosophy at the Moscow State University (MSU), have contributed to the high scientific and methodological level of educational and methodological materials and the evaluation of training aids. Certainly, experts in scientific methodology, logic, cognitive theory and intellectual history would strengthen structures of a similar kind. The EMC and the Faculty of Philosophy have played a determinant role in the development of standards in political science contributing to the sustainable development of political science as an educational and scientific discipline in Russia. At the same time, the development of political science in the last 15 years and the establishment of a great number of educational structures in political science, have provided conditions for new forms of integration of the political science community. There are new independent structures, which have actively joined the process of development of standards in the political science of a new generation. For example, there is a group, which was founded by the National Foundation on Staff Training, or a body established at the State University – the Higher School of Economics. A demand has emerged for the coordination of the projects of independent groups of political scientists, creation of a new forum to discuss educational problems of political science in circumstances where the educational system is undergoing reform. The development of the identity of lecturers in political science has gained particular importance with regard to far-reaching changes in the Russian system of education and complicated problems connected with the integration of the country into the Bologna process. The threat that departments of the Ministry of Education and Science would single-handedly decide on specific issues of teaching political science, forced the community to move to a new organisational level. The development of political science structures in Russian regions – Saint Petersburg, Kazan, the Volga region, in the South of Russia and others – made it necessary to involve regional political scientists more extensively into the process of defining the main directions of educational and methodological work at federal level. Potent chairs of political science appeared not only in classical universities, but also in specialised and non-governmental universities, therefore, it was necessary to involve different educational structures into the EMC activity.

20 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue An essential component of the educational and methodological framework was the establishment of relations between the scientific-educational community and potential employers. While working out the standards in political science the contact with governmental, public and commercial structures was urgent in order to safeguard competitiveness within political education. New principles of consolidation among political scientists were shaped in a special context of political development in Russia. Among lecturers, a responsible approach towards the understanding of national and state interests in the country took shape not only in such strategically important fields as education, but also in the area of conceptual ground in state policy. Under theses conditions, the EMC and the Department of Political Science of the Faculty of Philosophy at the MSU started working on the development of a new form of integration of the political science community. The important role in this process was played by the holder of the Chair of World and Russian Politics of the Faculty, Professor V.I. Kovalenko. Under his leadership and with the assistance of the Dean of the Faculty V.V. Mironov a project on establishment of the National Collegium of Political Science Lecturers started in 2005. This organisation had to comply with the following principles: To operate in the framework of the EMC, promote the charted aims and objectives of the EMC in the field of education in political science (this approach initially provided an important status for the Collegium to coordinate the initiatives of the community). To cooperate with all responsible structures of the scientific-educational community of political scientists (this principle should secure a leading and coordinating role for the Collegium). To closely cooperate with the regional centres for education in political science. To engage “non-specialised” institutions of higher education with a superior level of teaching in political science. To cooperate with state and corporate structures interested in the education of professional political scientists. To combine educational and methodological functions with scientific research; to promote introduction of innovative teaching methods. To promote Russia’s national and state interests. According to these principles, the Collegium was initially founded as an educational and methodological commission of the EMC. Afterwards, however, agreements between the National Collegium of Lecturers in Political Science and the Russian Association of Political Science (RAPS) as well as the Scientific- Methodological Council of Political Science (SMC) within the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (this body regulates teaching in political science in specialised higher educational institutions) were signed. On the basis of these agreements the Collegium became a common body for the EMA, the RAPS and the SMC. All state institutions of higher education independent of their departmental subordination which are nationally accredited and implement essential educational programs in political science disciplines and specialisations have become members of this organisation with full voting status. According to the decision of the Council, Russian institutions of higher education without national accreditation can also become members of the Collegium. Universities of other countries which implement programs in political science can become associated members with full voting status. The representation of regional political science structures is laid down in the organisational structure of the Collegium. According to its statutory documents, one of the co-chairmen of the organisation is a representative of the university which will be the host of the next Collegium meeting. Thus, the work of the Collegium is organised in accordance with the principle of a “nomad centre”: every strong regional structure has the opportunity to become central in the political science community at a given time. An important character of the Association is the essential role played in it not only by the classical universities but also by the specialised institutions of higher education. First of all, these are academies of public administration (Russian, Volga and North-Caucasian Academies of Public Administration) and such universities as the Moscow State University of Railway Communications, the Kazan State Energy University, the Finance Academy under the Government of the Russian Federation and others. The cooperation with governmental and corporate structures was implemented at the management level of the bodies of the Collegium and in its praxis. The President of the National Collegium of Lecturers in Political Science is also the Vice-Speaker of the State Duma O.N. Morozov. One of the latest events of the Collegium (in the City of Sergiev Posad) was carried out under the auspices of the President of the OAO “Russian Railways” V.I. Yakunin. During the session of the Collegium in Kazan, political scientists held a meeting with the Chairman of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan F. K. Mukhametshin. The board session of the

NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 21 Special Issue National Collegium of Lecturers in Political Science will be organised with support of the Mayor of the City, S.A. Bozhenov, in September 2008. The National Collegium of Lecturers in Political Science participates in the organisation of scientific events, which are held, as a rule, parallel to the meetings of its managing bodies. Such conferences as “Conflicts and Cooperation in the North Caucasus”, “Values of Civil Society in Modern Russia”, “Transport Communications in Russia’s Geopolitical Strategy”, etc. were organised with the active assistance of the Collegium. It pays special attention to the introduction of innovative methods in the teaching process. In this regard, one should mention the achievements of such universities as the Kazan State University (methods of acmeological trainings by Prof. T.T. Sidelnikova), the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (innovative structure of education in political science developed under the guidance of the university’s pro-rector Prof. N.S. Kirabaev). The main tasks of the Collegium are to elaborate suggestions concerning the structure and content of the main educational programs in the field of political science, to develop and evaluate the educational and methodological documentation. With this aim, the Collegium should focus on the problems of the development of the state educational standard of the third generation in political science. These problems were the centre of discussion during the board session of the National Collegium of Lecturers in Political Science in Saratov (June 2006), Goryachiy Klyuch (September 2006) and Kazan (June 2007). Special attention should be paid to the conference in Sergiev Pasad (March 2008) during which the problems of teaching political science at the specialised universities in Russia were discussed. Professors of the Moscow State University of Railway Communications A.A. Gorbunov and B.I. Kretov as well as representatives of other universities of transport communications, defined a series of questions which cause concern amongst political scientists because of the fact that political science in these universities is supposed to be excluded from the list of obligatory disciplines in the system of higher education. The most important recommendations of the extended board session of the National Collegium of Lecturers in Political Science on this problem, include “profiling” of political science education at the specialised universities according to the state policy in the field represented by the university (for example, transportation, energy, economic, social, ecological policy, etc.). The lecturers in political science at all universities of the country can provide civil and public education of students, thereby fulfilling an irreplaceable function. The development of the political science community should move towards establishment of steady forums of “specialised” political scientists who could consolidate and maintain their attitudes on this ground. Besides widening of the organisational structure, development prospects of the Collegium are seen in the implementation of joint educational projects, the development of the network and information system of the Collegium. It is necessary to accomplish the development of the state standard, to prepare model programs on the acquirement of professional skills which will be defined by the standard. The Collegium is willing to broaden international cooperation: the consolidated community of Russian political scientists can and must be an essential part of European and international networks of education in political sciences.

22 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue STATE UNIVERSITIES/SCHOOLS OF HIGHER EDUCATION27

Bashkir State University, Chair of Political Science Башкирский государственный университет, Кафедра политологии ul. Frunze 32, 450074 Ufa Internet: http://www.bashedu.ru/fakultets/filsoc_fac/kaf_politol.htm Management: Prof. Dr. Yuri Nikiforov

Buryat State University, Chair of Political Science and Sociology Бурятский государственный университет, Кафедра политологии и социологии ul. Smolina 24-a, 670000 Ulan-Ude E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.bsu.ru/?src=248 Management: Dr. Erdem Dagbaev

Altai State University, Faculty of Political Science Алтайский государственный университет, Факультет политических наук ul. Dimitrova 55, 060639 Internet: http://www.fpn.asu.ru/ Management: Prof.Dr. Elena Pritchina

Altai State University, Altai School of Political Studies Алтайский государственный университет, Алтайская школа политических исследований ul Dimitrova 55, 060639 Barnaul E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://ashpi.asu.ru/index.html Management: Prof.Dr. Yuri Chernyshov

Astrakhan' State University, Faculty of Social Innovation, Chair of Political Science Астраханский государственный университет, Факультет социальных инноваций, Кафедра политологии ul. Tatitscheva 20a, 414056 Astrakhan' Internet: http://www.aspu.ru/?id=780 Management: Prof. Dr. Pavel Karabutschenko

Chelyabinsk State University, Faculty of History, Chair of Ethnopolitology and Sociopolitical Processes Челябинский государственный университет, Исторический факультет, Кафедра этнополитологии и социально-политических процессов субъектов РФ prospekt Pobedy 162 B, 454084 Chelyabinsk E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.csu.ru/main.asp?method=GetPage&p=593&redir=400 Management: Prof. Dr. Andrey Pass

European University at St. Petersburg, Faculty of Political Science and Sociology Европейский университет в Санкт-Петербурге (ЕУСПб), Факультет политических наук и социологии Gagarinskaya ul. 3, 191187 St. Petersburg E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.eu.spb.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=66&Itemid=95 Management: Prof. Dr. Eduard Ponarin

27 The following directory lists state universities/schools of higher education which grant a bachelor’s, master’s, diploma and/or doctorate in Political Science. NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 23 Special Issue European University at St. Petersburg, Center for European Studies Европейский университет в Санкт-Петербурге (ЕУСПб), Центр европейских исследований Gagarinskaya ul., 3, 191187 St. Petersburg E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.eu.spb.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=90&Itemid=108 Management: Dr. Mariya Mozhenko

Far Eastern State Technical University (FESTU), Pacific Institute of Politics and Law, Chair of Political Processes Дальневосточный государственный технический университет (ДВПИ имени В. В. Куйбышева), Тихоокеанский институт политики и права, Кафедра политических процессов ul. Pushkinskaya 10, 690950 Vladivostok Internet: http://old.festu.ru/en/structure/institutes/politics/index.htm Management: Dr. Nataliya Menshenina

Far Eastern National University, Vladivostok Institute of International Relations in Asia-Pacific Region, Faculty of Political Science and Social Administration Дальневосточный государственный университет, Владивостокский институт международных отношений Азиатско-Тихоокеанского региона, Факультет политических наук и социального управления ul. Uborevicha 25, 690950 Vladivostok E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.dvgu.ru/struct/institute/vimo/ Management: Prof. A. Panchev

Immanuel Kant State University of Russia, Faculty of History, Chair of Political Science and Sociology Российский государственный университет им. И.Канта, Исторический факультет, Кафедра политологии и социологии ul. Chernyshevskogo 56A, 236000 Kaliningrad E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.kantiana.ru/history/ Management: Dr. Andrey Klemeshov

Irkutsk State University, Faculty of History, Chair of World History and International Relations Иркутский государственный университет, Исторический факультет, Кафедра мировой истории и международных отношений ul. Chkalova 2, 664003 Irkutsk E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.isu.ru/facs/history/kafedra/k_world.html Management: Prof.Dr. Gennadiy Novikov

Kazan State University, Faculty of International Relations and Political Science Казанский государственный университет, Факультет международных отношений и политологии ul. Kremlevskaya 18, 420008 Kazan E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.ksu.ru/f15/index.php Management: Prof.Dr. Yakov Grishin

Kemerovo State University, Faculty of Political Science and Sociology, Chair of Political Science Кемеровский государственный университет, Факультет политических наук и социологии, Кафедра политических наук ul. Krasnaya 6, 650043 Kemerovo E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://mmedia2.kemsu.ru/chairs/polit/polit.xsql Management: Prof. Dr. Viktor Zheltov

24 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue Kuban State University, Faculty of Management and Psychology, Chair of Political Science and Political Administration Кубанский государственный университет, Факультет управления и психологии, Кафедра политологии и политического управления Stavropolskaya ul. 149, 350040 Krasnodar E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://politics.kubsu.ru/ Management: Prof. Dr. Viktor Yourchenko

Moscow Pedagogical State University, Faculty of Sociology, Economics and Law, Chair of Political Science and Sociology Московский педагогический государственный университет, Факультет социологии, экономики и права, Кафедра политологии и социологии prospekt Vernadskogo 88, 117571 Moscow Internet: http://www.mpgu.edu/abitur/sociol.htm Management: Prof. Dr. T. Karadzhe

Moscow School of Social and Economic Sciences, Faculty of Political Science Московская высшая школа социальных и экономических наук, Факультет политологии prospekt Vernadskogo 82, korp. 2, 119571 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.msses.ru/english/faculty/politscience/index.html Management: Dr. Vladimir Malakhov

Moscow State University, Faculty of World Politics Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова, Факультет мировой политики Leninskie Gory, korp.2, 119992 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.fmp.msu.ru/ Management: Prof.Dr. Andrey Kokoshin

Moscow State University, Faculty of History, Chair of the History of Russian Social Movements and Political Parties Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова, Исторический факультет, Кафедра истории общественных движений и политических партий России Leninskie gory, 119992 GSP-2, Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.hist.msu.ru/English/departments/SMPP/index.html Management: Prof. Dr. Lira Leonova

Moscow State University, Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Political Science Московский государственный университет имени М. В. Ломоносова, Философский факультет, Отделение политологии Leninskie gory 1, build. 51, 119991 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.philos.msu.ru/ Management: Prof.Dr. Valery Rastorguev (Chair of Political Science Theories); Prof. Dr. Valery Kovalenko (Chair of World and Russian Politics); Dr. Evgeniy Moshchelkin (Chair of History of Socio-Political Concepts); Prof.Dr. Elena Shestopal (Chair of Political Psychology); Prof.Dr. Andrey Shutov (Chair of State Policy); Prof. Dr. Nikolay Petrakov (Chair of Economic Policy)

NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 25 Special Issue Moscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO-University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation Московский государственный институт международных отношений (МГИМО-Университет) МИД России pr. Vernadskogo 76, 117454 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.mgimo.ru/ Management: Prof. Dr. Anatoly Torkunov

Moscow State Linguistic University, Institute of International Relations and Socio-Political Sciences, Chair of Political Science Московский государственный лингвистический университет, Институт международных отношений и социально-политических наук, Кафедра политологии ul. Ostorzhenka 38, 119992 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.linguanet.ru/ru/pagin-kafedra-politologii Management: Dr. Aleksey Farin

Mordovian State University, Institute of History and Sociology, Chair of Regional Studies and Political Science Мордовский государственный университет им. Н.П. Огарева, Историко-социологический институт, Кафедра регионоведения и политологии ul. Proletarskaya 63, 430000 Saransk E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.mrsu.ru/structure/institute/sociological/index_3.php Management: Dr. Dmitriy Dolenko

Nizhny Novgorod State University, Faculty of International Relations Нижегородский государственный университет им. Н.И. Лобачевского, Факультет междуна-родных отношений ul. Ulyanova 2, 603005 Nizhny Novgorod E-mail: http://www.unn.ru/rus/fmo/email.html Internet: http://www.unn.ru/rus/fmo Management: Prof. Dr. Oleg Kolobov

Omsk State University, Faculty of History, Chair of Political Science Омский государственный университет, Исторический факультет, Кафедра политологии pr. Mira 55-a, 644077 Omsk Internet: http://www.omsu.ru/go/polhist/news_id=843 Management: Prof. Dr. Valery Dubitskij

Orlovsk State University, Faculty of Philosophy, Chair of Sociology and Political Science Орловский государственный университет, Философский факультет, Кафедра социологии и политологии ul. Komsomolskaya 92, 302026 Oryol Internet: http://www.univ-orel.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=27&Itemid=39 Management: Dr. Tamara Seryogina

Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, Faculty of Humanity and Social sciences, Chair of Political Science Российский университет дружбы народов, Факультет гуманитарных и социальных наук, Кафедра политологии ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 3, 117198 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.rudn.ru/en/?pagec=59 Management: Dr. Vladimir Platonov 26 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue

Perm State University, Faculty of History and Political Science, Chair of Political Science Пермский государственный университет, Историко-политологический факультет, Кафедра политических наук ul. Genkelya 8, 614990 Perm’ E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.polit.psu.ru/ Management: Prof.Dr. Ljubov’ Fadeeva

Petrozavodsk State University, Faculty of Political and Social Science Петрозаводский государственный университет, Факультет политических и социальных наук pr. A. Nevskogo 8, 185640 Petrozavodsk E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://petrsu.ru/Faculties/polit_e.html Management: Prof. Dr. Valentina Maksimova

Russian Academy of Public Administration, Chair of Political Science and Political Administration Российская академия государственной службы при Президенте РФ, Кафедра политологии и политического управления pr. Vernadskij 84, 119606 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.rags.ru/?q=node/174 Management: Prof.Dr. Oleg Shabrov

Russian State University for the Humanities, Faculty of History, Political Science and Law Российский государственный гуманитарный университет, Факультет истории, политологии и права ul. Nikol’skaya 7/9, 125993 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.fipp.ru/ Management: Prof. Dr. Aleksandr Logunov

Russian State Pedagogical University of Herzen, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chair of Political Science Российский государственный педагогический университет имени А.И.Герцена, Факультет cоциальных наук, Кафедра политологии nab. r. Mojki 48, korp. 20, 191186 St. Petersburg E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.herzenfsn.ru/structure/politologydep/teachers.shtml Management: Prof. Dr. Galina Gribanova

Russian State Social University, Faculty of Humanities, Chair of Political Science and Political Psychology Российский государственный социальный университет, Гуманитарный факультет, Кафедра политологии и политической психологии ul. V. Pika 4 korp. 3, 129256 Moscow Internet: http://www.rgsu.net/faculty/gumfak/polsocpsi Management: Prof. Dr. Galina Avzinova

Ryazan State University S. A. Esenin, Faculty of Legal and Political Science, Chair of Political Science Рязанский государственный университет имени С.А. Есенина, Факультет юриспруденции и политологии, Кафедра политологии ul. Seminarskaya 15, 390000 Ryazan Internet: http://www.rspu.ryazan.ru/index.php?section=162 Management: Prof. Dr. Gennadiy Kozlov

NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 27 Special Issue Saratov State University, Faculty of Law, Chair of Political Science Саратовский государственный университет, Юридический факультет, Кафедра политических наук Astrakhanskaya ul. 83, 410026 Saratov Internet: http://www.sgu.ru/faculties/Yurist/departments/politologi/ Management: Prof.Dr. Aleksandr Vilkov

Saratov State Academy of Law, Faculty of Political Science Саратовская государственная академия права, Факультет политологии ul. Volskaya 16, 410028 Saratov E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.sgap.ru/showl.phtml?faculties/020-priem Management: Prof.Dr. Aleksandr Bychekhvost

Saratov State Socio-Economic University, Faculty of Humanities, Chair of Philosophy and Political Science Саратовский государственный социально-экономический университет, Гуманитарный факультет, кафедра философии и политологии ul. Radishcheva 89, 410003 Saratov E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.seun.ru/faculty/GF/KFiP/KFiP.php Management: Prof. Dr. Aleksandr Nikolaev

St. Petersburg State University, Faculty of Philosophy and Political Science Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Факультет философии и политологии 5 Mendeleevskaya liniya, 199034 St. Petersburg E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://philosophy.pu.ru/ Management: Prof.Dr. Yuri Solonin

St. Petersburg State University, Faculty of International Relations Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет, Факультет международных отношений ul. Smolnogo 1/3, 193060 St. Petersburg Internet: http://www.dip.pu.ru/russian/about/index.htm Management: Prof.Dr. Konstantin Khudolei

St. Petersburg State University of Culture and Art, Chair of Philosophy and Political Science Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет культуры и искусств, Кафедра философии и политологии Dvorzovaya nab. 2, 191186 St. Petersburg E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.spbguki.ru/departments/3-3b Management: Prof. Dr. Irina Burdukova

State Technical University of Perm, Faculty of Humanities, Chair of Sociology and Political Science Пермский технический государственный университет, Гуманитарный факультет, Кафедра социологии и политологии ul. Bukireva 15, 614600 Perm E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.pstu.ac.ru/title1/faculties/gum/?cid=39 Management: Prof. Dr. Mark Sljusarjanskij

28 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue Southern Federal University, Faculty of Sociology and Political Science Южный федеральный университет, Факультет социологии и политологии pr. Nagibina 13, 344038 Rostov-upon-Don Internet: http://mmedia0.cc.rsu.ru/pls/rsuweb/rsu$elements$.info?p_es_id=90000000000000 Management: Prof. Dr. Vladimir Kurbatov

Southern Ural State University, Chair of Political Science Южно-Уральский государственный университет, Кафедра политологии pr. Lenina 76, 454080 Chelyabinsk E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.polit.susu.ac.ru Management: Prof. Dr. Vladimir Khvoshchev

Surgut State University, Faculty of History, Chair of Political Science Сургутский государственный университет, Исторический факультет, Кафедра политологии ul. Energetikov 14, 628400 Surgut E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.surgu.ru/index.php?view=menu&mid=50 Management: Prof. Dr. Mikhail Martynov

Tomsk State University, Faculty of Philosophy, Chair of Political Science Томский государственный университет, Философский факультет, Кафедра политологии pr. Lenina 36, 634050 Tomsk E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.politology.tsu.ru/about.html Management: Prof. Dr. Aleksey Tscherbinin

Tomsk State University, Faculty of History, Chair of World Politics Томский государственный университет, Исторический факультет, Кафедра мировой политики pr. Lenina 36, 634050 Tomsk Internet: http://www.international.tsu.ru/ Management: Dr. Aleksey Timoshenko

Tula State University, Faculty of Humanities, Chair of Sociology and Political Science Тульский государственный университет, Гуманитарный факультет, Кафедра социологии и политологии ul. Boldina 151, 300600 Tula E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://tsu.tula.ru/faculty/gumanit/sip/index.html Management: Prof. Dr. Irina Batanina

Tyumen’ State University, Institute of History and Political Science, Chair of Political Science Тюменский государственный университет, Институт истории и политических наук, Кафедра политологии ul. Semyakova 10, 625003 Tyumen’ E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.fiipn.utmn.ru/index.php?address=2141_1 Management: Prof.Dr. Vladimir Bogomyakov

Tver State University, Faculty of Management and Sociology, Chair of Political Science and Sociology Тверский государственный университет, Факультет управления и социологии, Кафедра политологии и социологии ul. Zhelyabova 33, 170100 Tver E-mail: [email protected]

NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 29 Special Issue Internet: http://university.tversu.ru/general/structure/faculty/fus/chair/5/ Management: Prof.Dr. Viktor Gavrikov

The State University Higher School of Economics, Faculty of Applied Political Science Государственный университет высшая школа экономики, Факультет прикладной политологии Kochnovskij proezd 3, 101990 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://new.hse.ru/C1/political-science/default.aspx Management: Prof. Dr. Mark Urnov

Udmurt State University, Faculty of History, Chair of Political Science and Political Administration Удмуртский государственный университет, Исторический факультет, Кафедра политологии и политического управления Universitetskaya ul. 1, corps II, 426034 Izhevsk E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.udmpolicy.narod.ru/ Management: Dr. Mikhail Malyshev

Ulyanovsk State University, Chair of Sociology and Political Science Ульяновский государственный университет, Кафедра социологии и политологии ul. Tolstogo 42, 432970 Ulyanovsk E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.ulsu.ru/departments/chairs/sociology/ Management: Prof. Dr. Nina Dergunova

Urals State University, Faculty of Sociology and Political Science Уральский государственный университет, Факультет социологии и политологии prospekt Lenina 51, Ekaterinburg E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://fps.usu.ru/view_text/id/20.htm Management: Dr. Boris Bagirov

Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service, Institute of International Relations and Social Technology, Chair of General History, Political Science and Sociology Владивостокский государственный университет экономики и сервиса, Институт международных отношений и социальных технологий, Кафедра всеобщей истории, политологии и социологии ul. Gogolya 41, 690600 Vladivostok E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.vvsu.ru/imo/vips/ Management: Prof.Dr. Lyudmila Medvedeva

Volgograd State University, Chair of Sociology and Political Science Волгоградский государственный университет, Кафедра социологии и политологии Universitetskiy pr. 100, 400062 Volgograd E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.volsu.ru/rus/structure/facult/philos/sap/index.html Management: Prof. Dr. Vladimir Kiryanov

Voronezh State University, Chair of Sociology and Political Studies Воронежский государственный университет, Кафедра социологии и политологии Moskovskiy pr. 88, 394006 Voronezh E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.vsu.ru/english/depts/faculties/hist/socio.html Management: Prof. Alexandra Glukhova

30 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue Yaroslavl State University, Faculty of Social and Political Sciences Ярославский государственный университет, Факультет социально-политических наук ul. Sovetskaya 10, 150000 Yaroslavl E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.uniyar.ac.ru/index.php?title=The_Faculty_of_Socio-Political_Sciences&uselang=en Management: Prof. Dr. Gadji Nazhmudinov

Zabaikalsky State Pedagogical University, Faculty of History, Chair of Political Science Забайкальский государственный гуманитарно-педагогический университет им. Н.Г. Черны-шевского, Исторический факультет, Кафедра политологии ul. Babushkina 129, 672045 Chita E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.zabspu.ru/univer/if/kaf3.php Management: Dr. Dmitriy Krylov

PRIVATE UNIVERSITY

International Independent University of Environmental and Political Sciences, Faculty of Political Science Международный независимый эколого-политологический университет (МНЭПУ), Факультет политологии ul. Krasnokasarmennaya 14, 127299 Moscow Internet: http://mnepu.ru/go.php?n=750 Management: Dr. Sergey Chernyakhovskiy

RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Institute of World Economy and International Relations Институт мировой экономики и международных отношений (ИМЭМО) ul.Profsoyuznaya 23, 117997 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.imemo.ru Management: Prof.Dr. Alexandr Dynkin

Institute of Social and Political Research Институт социально-политических исследований (ИСПИ) Leninskij prospekt 32a, 119991 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.ispr.ru/index.html Management: Prof. Dr. Gennadiy Ossipov

Institute of International Security Problems Институт проблем международной безопасности Mokhovaya ul. 11, 103873 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.ipmb.ru/ Management: Prof.Dr. Andrey Kokoshin

NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 31 Special Issue Institute of Europe Институт Европы Mokhovaya ul. 11-3, 125993 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.ieras.ru/ Management: Prof. Dr. Nikolay Shmelev

Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences (INION), Department of Political Science Институт научной информации по общественным наукам (ИНИОН), Отдел политологии Nakhimovskiy prospekt 51/21, 117997 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.inion.ru Management: Prof. Dr. Yuri Pivovarov, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Institute of Sociology, Centre of Political Science and Political Sociology Институт социологии, Центр политологии и политической социологии ul. Krzhizhanovskogo 34/35, k. 5, 117218 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.isras.ru/cpips Management: Prof. Dr. Juliy Oganesyan

Institute of Latin America, Centre of Political Studies Институт Латинской Америки, Центр политических исследований ul. Bol’shaya Ordynka 21, 115035 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.ilaran.ru/?n=145 Management: Dr. Marina Chumakova

Institute of Slavonic Studies, Department of Modern History and Sociopolitical Problems of Central and Southeastern European Countries Институт славяноведения, Отдел современной истории и социально-политических проблем стран Центральной и Юго-Восточной Европы Leninskiy prospekt 32-a, 119334 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.inslav.ru/o_sovr.html Management: Prof. Dr. Yuri Novopashin

Institute for the U.S. and Canadian Studies Институт США и Канады Khlebny per. 2/3, 123995 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.iskran.ru Management: Prof. Dr. Sergey Rogov, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences

Institute of Geography, Laboratory of Geopolitical Research Институт географии, Лаборатория геополитических исследований Staromonetny per. 29, 19017 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.igras.ru/index.php?r=18&id=33 Management: Dr. Vladimir Kolosov

32 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue Institute of Economics Институт экономики Nakhimovskiy prospekt 32, 117997 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://inecon.ru Management: Prof. Dr. Boris Shmelev (Centre of Political Studies); Dr. Yuri Pavlenko (Centre of Institutes of Civil Society); Dr. Lev Nikiforov (Centre of Modern Political Economy)

Institute for African Studies Институт Африки Spiridonovka 30/1, 123001 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.inafran.ru/ Management: Dr. Yuri Potemkin (Centre of Sociological and Political Studies), Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Dr. Anatoly Gromyko (Centre of Policy Assessment)

Institute of Far Eastern Studies, Centre of Modern History and Politics of China Институт Дальнего Востока, Центр современной истории и политики Китая Nakhimovskiy prospekt 32, 117997 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.ifes-ras.ru/ Management: Dr. D. Smirnov

Institute of Oriental Studies, Department of Complex Problems of International Relations Институт востоковедения, Отдел комплексных проблем международных отношений ul. Rozhdestvenka 12, 107031 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.ivran.ru/ Management: Dr. Anatoly Khasanov

NON-GOVERNMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS

Center for Applied Political Studies Центр прикладных политических исследований Bolshoj Zlatoustinskij per. 8/7, 101000 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.indem.ru/ic/ Management: Vladimir Nikolaevskij

Center for Strategic Research Центр стратегических разработок ul. Bolshaya Yakimanka 1, 119180 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.csr.ru/eng/ Management: Dr. Michael Dmitriev

Center for Policy Studies in Russia (PIR) Центр политических исследований России (ПИР) Trekhprudny per., 11/13, 117871 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://pircenter.org/index.php?id=1174 Management: Dr. Vladimir Orlov, Dr. Anton Khlopkov

NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 33 Special Issue Center for Political and International Studies (CPIS) Центр политических и международных исследований (ЦПМИ) Prospekt Mira 36, 129010 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.polit-info.ru/sov_36.htm Management: Prof. Dr. Alexander Nikitin

Center for Political Technologies (CPT) Центр политических технологий (ЦПТ) B.Zlatoustinskij per. 8/7, 101000 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.cpt.ru Management: Dr. Igor Bunin

Centre for International and Regional Policy (CIRP) Центр международной и региональной политики (CIRP) P.B 448, 191123 St. Petersburg E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.cirp.ru/ Management: Boris Kuznetsov

Center for Elites' Studies Центр элитологических исследований при Академии политической науки (ЭлИс-Центр) Komsomolskij prospekt 26a, 614000 Perm E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Internet: http://elis.pstu.ru/ Management: Dr. Viktor Mokhov

Efficient Policy Foundation Фонд эффективной политики B. Yakimanka 1, 109180 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.fep.ru Management: Gleb Pavlovskii

Institute of Strategic Studies and Analysis (ISSA) Институт стратегических оценок и анализа (ИСОА) ul.B. Kommunisticheskaya, 40/14, 109004 Moscow E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Internet: http://www.isoa.ru/eng/index.php Management: Vagif Guseynov

Institute of Law and Public Policy Институт права и публичной политики ul. Shschepkina 8, 129090 Moscow E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Internet: http://www.ilpp.ru/ Management: Olga Sidorovich

International Institute for Humanities and Political Studies Международный институт гуманитарно-политических исследований Gazetny pereulok 5, 125993 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.igpi.ru/ 34 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue Management: Dr. Vyacheslav Igrunov

Foundation „Russian Public and Political Center“ Фонд «Российский общественно-политический центр» Luchnikov per. 2, 101000 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.rppc.ru/ Management: Aleksandr Muzykantskiy

Moscow School of Political Studies Московская школа политических исследований Bolshoy Kozihinskiy per. 7/2, 121854 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://eng.msps.ru/index.html Management: Elena Nemirovskaya

Research Center of Political Processes Центр исследования политических процессов ul. Profsoyuznaya 65, 117997 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.ipu.ru/rcpp/ Management: Dr. Fuad Aleskerov

St.Petersburg Center for Humanities and Political Studies "Strategy" Санкт-Петербургский гуманитарно-политологический центр "Стратегия" ul. 7 Krasnoarmeyskaya, 25/14, 190005 St. Petersburg E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.strategy-spb.ru/ Management: Aleksander Sungurov

The Gorbachev Foundation (The International Foundation for Socio-Economic and Political Studies) Горбачев-Фонд 39 Leningradsky Prospekt, bdg. 14, 125167 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.gorby.ru/en/ Management: Mikhail Gorbachev, former President of the USSR

The "POLITY" Foundation Фонд “Политика” Bolshoy Zlatoustinskiy pereulok 8/7, 101000 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.polity.ru/engl/polity.htm Management: Dr. Vyacheslav Nikonov

NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 35 Special Issue GOVERNMENTAL RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS

Center for Comprehensive European and International Studies (CCEIC) Центр комплексных европейских и международных исследований (ЦКЕМИ) Pokrovsky boulevard 11, 109028 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://cceis.ru/eng/contacts/ Management: Prof.Dr. Sergey A. Karaganov

Fund „Center for Strategic Research (CSR)” Фонд «Центр стратегических разработок» ul. Bolshaya Yakimanka 1, 119180 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.csr.ru/contact/contact_13.stm Management: Dr. Michael Dmitriev

Institute for Contemporary International Studies (ICIS), Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the RF Институт актуальных международных проблем (ИАМП), Дипломатическая академия МИД РФ Bolshoy Kozlovski pereulok, 4, 107078 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.dipacademy.ru/iamp.shtml Management: Kenesh Kulmatov

Russia's Institute for Strategic Studies (RISS) Российский институт стратегических исследований ul.Flotskaya. 15, 125413 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.riss.ru/cgi-bin/riss.cgi?action=news&lang=ru Management: Dr.Yevgeniy Kozhokin

SCHOLARLY ASSOCIATIONS/NETWORKS

Academy of Political Science Академия политических наук (АПН) Nikitiskiy B., d. 8/3, 103873 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://vibori.info/apn/about.shtml Management: Prof. Dr. Aleksandr Chumikov

Association of European Studies Ассоциация европейских исследований (АЕВИС) Mokhovaya ul. 11-3 B, 103873 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.aes.org.ru/ Management: Prof. Dr. Yuri Borko

36 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue Eurasian Political Studies Network (EPSN) Евразийская сеть политологических исследований ul. 8 Marta 68, Ekaterinburg E-mail: [email protected]. Internet: http://eng.espi.ru/ Management: Dr. Vitaly Merkushev

National Collegium of Political Science Lecturers Национальная коллегия политологов-преподавателей E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://nkpp.philos.msu.ru/ Management: Prof. Dr. Valeri Kovalenko

Russian International Studies Association (RISA) Российская ассоциация международных исследований (РАМИ) prospekt Vernadskogo 76, 119454 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.risa.ru Management: Prof.Dr. Anatoly Torkunov

Russian Political Science Association (RPSA) Российская Ассоциация политических наук (РАПН) Nakhimovskij prospekt 51/21, 117997 Moscow E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.rapn.ru/ Management: Prof. Dr. Aleksandr Nikitin

SCHOLARLY JOURNALS

The following section offers an overview of the leading scientific journals and editions from the index of the Supreme Certification Commission of the Russian Federation in which the main scientific outcomes of thesis submitted for the academic degree of Doctor of Science in political science should be published28. Additionally, some other editions renowned in the academic community of political scientists are presented. The information on journals was mainly obtained via Internet as of 01.05.2008.

Comparative Constitutional Review Сравнительное конституционное обозрение Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: bi-monthly, since 1993; total run 1000; per issue 200 pp.; ISSN 1812-7126 Published by: Institute of Law and Public Policy E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.ilpp.ru/page_pid_278_lang_1.aspx Editor- in-chief: Olga Sidorovich Subject area: It is an academic political and legal journal that offers materials on fundamental issues of constitutional law; comparative constitutional and legal and political studies; standards and mechanisms of human rights protection; theoretical and historical aspects of state and law; constitutional and legal aspects of topical issues of administrative, civil, tax, criminal, procedural criminal and other branches of law. (Former name “Constitutional Law: East European Review”)

28 http://vak.ed.gov.ru/common/img/uploaded/VAK/files_help_desk/per3.doc NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 37 Special Issue Contemporary Europe Современная Европа Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: quarterly, since 2000; total run 1000; ISSN: 0201-7083 Published by: Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Europe E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.soveurope.ru/ Editor- in-chief: Viktor Mironenko Subject area: The journal provides research information on European integration, politics, economy, social problems, culture and religious life of European countries, development of civil society, Russia- EU relations.

Cosmopolis Космополис Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: quarterly, since 2002; total run 2000; per issue 200 pp.; ISSN: 1727-4079; E-ISSN: 1727- 4087 Published by: Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Internet: http://cosmopolis.mgimo.ru// Editor- in-chief: Denis Dragunskij Subject area: World politics and international relations. The journal provides full texts on its website.

Current Problems of Europe Актуальные проблемы Европы Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: quarterly, since 2000; total run 400; per issue 200 pp. ISSN: 0235-5620 Published by: Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Science (INION RAN) E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://elibrary.ru (full texts are accessible online at the National E-Library, registration required) Editor- in-chief: Tatyana Parkhalina Subject area: European integration, security, politics and economy of European countries

European Security: Events, Assessments, Forecasts Европейская безопасность: события, оценки, прогнозы Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: quarterly, since 1997 (former name “NATO: Facts and Comments”); total run 2500; per issue 200 pp. Published by: Centre for European Security E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.europeansecurity.ru/en_defaultn.asp Editor- in-chief: Tatyana Parkhalina Subject area: Problems of Euro-Atlantic security, international politics of Russia in the Euro-Atlantic region

Federalism Федерализм Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: quarterly, since 1996; total run 415; per issue 15 pp. Published by: Institute of Economics, Russian Academy of Sciences E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Internet: http://www.federalizm.ru/index.shtml Editor- in-chief: Sergey Valentej

38 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue Subject area: Key problems of development of federative relations in Russia. Constant sections-headings: regions and the center; theoretical issues; social and economic problems; legal issues; local self- management; budgetary federalism; federal districts; supranational problems; security ranges; past, present, future; history of thought; international experience; analytics.

Herald of the Kennan Institute in Russia Вестник института Кеннана в России Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: bi-annually, since 2002; total run 750; per issue 150 pp. Published by: Regional public organisation “Assistance to the Kennan Institute in cooperation with scholars in social sciences and humanities” E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] Internet: http://www.kennan.ru Editor- in-chief: Leokadiya Drobizheva Subject area: Political and sociocultural aspects of Russia’s transformation in the post-Soviet space; history and current development of Russia-USA relations.

Herald of the Moscow University, Series 12: Political Sciences Вестник Московского университета, серия 12: политические науки Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: bi-monthly, since 1946; total run 900; ISSN: 0868-4871 Published by: Publishing house of the Moscow State University E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.philos.msu.ru/vestnik/polit/index.htm Editor- in-chief: Vladimir Mironov Subject area: Issues on theory, methodology and history of political science; results of applied studies of national and international political scholars; methodical materials for teachers and students; bibliographic reviews; information on roundtables and conferences.

Herald of the Moscow University, Series 18: Sociology and Political Science Вестник Московского университета, серия 18: социология и политология Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: quarterly, since 1946; total run 950; ISSN: 0201-7385 Published by: Publishing house of the Moscow State University E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.socio.msu.ru/?s=vestnik&p=about Editor- in-chief: Vladimir Dobren’kov Subject area: Contributions on sociology and political science, results of researches and experiments in various spheres of social and political life of Russia and foreign countries, methodical materials, information on conferences, bibliographic reviews and overviews.

Herald of the Moscow University, Series 21: Administration (State and Society) Вестник Московского университета, серия 21: Управление (государство и общество) Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: quarterly, since 2004; total run 350 Published by: Publishing house of the Moscow State University E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.spa.msu.ru/publ_(vestnik).html Editor- in-chief: Aleksey Surin Subject area: The theory and methodology of administration, modern administrative technologies, state administration, administrative reform, state projects and programs, history of administration, training of administrative staff, administration in public organizations.

NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 39 Special Issue Herald of the Moscow School of Political Studies Вестник Московской школы политических исследований «Общая тетрадь» Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: quarterly, since 1995; total run 1000; ISBN: 978-5-93895 Published by: Moscow School of Political Studies E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.msps.ru Editor- in-chief: Yuri Senokosov Subject area: The journal is devoted to different aspects of political science discourse. Full texts editions are available on the website for free.

Herald of Perm State University, Series Political Science Вестник Пермского государственного университета, серия: политология Place of publication: Perm Publication dates: bi-annually, since 1994; total run 500 Published by: Perm State University, Chair of Political Science E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.polit.psu.ru/?m=16 Editor- in-chief: Ljubov’ Fadeeva Subject area: The journal publishes results of scientific researches in various subjects of political science: political regional studies, political philosophy, comparative political science, political analysis. Each issue is thematically oriented.

Herald of St. Petersburg University, Series 6: Philosophy, Political Science, Sociology, Psychology, Law, International Relations Вестник С. Петербургского университета, серия 6: философия, политология, социология, психология, право, международные отношения Place of publication: St. Petersburg Publication dates: quarterly, since 1956; total run 500; ISSN: 1560-1390 Published by: Publishing house of the St. Petersburg University E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://vesty.unipress.ru/s6.html Editor- in-chief: Yuri Perov Subject area: Outcomes of interdisciplinary research in philosophy, cultural studies, political science, legal studies, international relations.

Herald of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Series: International Relations Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов, серия: международные отношения Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: bi-monthly, since 1993; total run 500 Published by: Publishing house of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.rudn.ru/?pagec=601 Editor- in-chief: Vladimir Dzhangiryan Subject area: Outcomes of applied and theoretical research of Russian and foreign scholars.

40 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue Herald of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, Series: Political Science Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов, серия: политология Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: quarterly, since 1999; total run 500; ISSN: 0869-8732 Published by: Publishing house of the Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Internet: http://www.rudn.ru/?pagec=611 Editor- in-chief: Dmitriy Slizovskij Subject area: Political processes and institutions

Journal of Social Policy Studies Журнал исследований социальной политики Place of publication: Saratov Publication dates: quarterly, since 2003; total run 500; ISSN: 1727-0634 Published by: Center of Social Policy and Gender Studies E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.jsps.ru/ Editor- in-chief: Elena Iarskaia-Smirnova and Pavel Romanov Subject area: The journal provides a forum for scholarly discussion of different aspects of social policy in Russia and abroad. By placing at the center of its analysis the issues of contemporary social, economic, political and cultural transformations in post-socialist world as well as the reasons and consequences of such changes, the Journal seeks to integrate a wide range of disciplines.

Kommersant - Power Коммерсантъ . Власть Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: weekly, since 1990, total run 50.000 Published by: Publishing house “Kommersant” E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.kommersant.ru/k-vlast/about.asp Editor- in-chief: Maksim Koval’skiy Subject area: The journal is not a scientific edition, but it contains interesting information, analysis and estimation of political events.

National Interests: Priorities and Security Национальные интересы: приоритеты и безопасность Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: monthly, since 2005; total run 450, per issue 90 pp. Published by: Publishing house “Finansy I kredit” E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.fin-izdat.ru/journal/national/ Editor- in-chief: Vera Gorokhova Subject area: Current problems of national interests, issues of national security of Russia and regions in different spheres of economy, politics, science and technology.

Observer Обозреватель Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: monthly, since 1992; total run 1500-3000 Published by: Publishing firm “RAU-Universitet” E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.nasledie.ru/oboz/index.shtml Editor- in-chief: Vladimir Shtol’

NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 41 Special Issue Subject area: National and foreign policy of Russia, social and economic development, military and political problems.

Politex - Political Expertise Политэкс – политическая экспертиза Place of publication: St. Petersburg Publication dates: quarterly, since 2005, total run 1000; ISSN 1818-4499 Published by: Publishing house of the St.Petersburg State University E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.politex.info/ Editor- in-chief: Olga Popova Subject area: Political sciences, including: methodology of political expertise; methodology and practice of a political discourse; methodology and techniques of electoral and party studies; political ideologies and political parties; political processes and reforms in modern Russia; political transformations in the post- Communist countries; political regime and political institutes; political management; regional politics; modern state and rights of citizens; modern parliamentarism; philosophy and general concepts of politics; international political processes; processes of globalization in the modern world. Full texts are available online on the website.

Political Studies Политические исследования (ПОЛИС) Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: bi-monthly, since 1991; total run 2300; ISSN: 0321-2017 Published by: Non-profit partnership "Editorship of the Journal POLIS (Political Studies)" E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.politstudies.ru Editor- in-chief: Sergey Chugrov Subject area: A leading Russian political science journal. The table of contents and short summaries are provided in English. Full-texts of selected articles can be accessed through the Russian version of the website.

Political Class Политический класс Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: monthly, since 2005, total run 8500; per issue 130 pp.; ISSN: 1814-1943 Published by: Independent publishing group “NIG” E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.politklass.ru/ Editor- in-chief: Vitaliy Tret’yakov Subject area: The journal deals with domestic and foreign policy of Russia.

Political Science Политическая наука Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: quarterly, since 1997, per issue 200 pp.; ISSN: 1998-1775 Published by: Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences, Russian Academy of Sciences (INION RAN) and Russian Political Science Association E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.prof.msu.ru/publ/book5/c5_5_5.htm Editor- in-chief: Yuri Pivovarov Subject area: Each issue has own specific topic. Main subjects: Politics; Concepts of politics; Political science; History of a political thought; Current political situation; Internal policy of Russia; Internal policy of foreign countries; Foreign policy. International relations; National policy; Political parties; Public and political organizations and movements; Philosophical and cultural aspects of politics.

42 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue Politeia: Analysis. Current News. Forecast Полития: Анализ. Хроника. Прогноз (журнал политической философии и социологии политики) Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: quarterly, since 1996, per issue 180 pp. Published by: Foundation „Russian public and political center“ E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.politeia.ru/ab_j.php Editor- in-chief: Sergey Mikhailov Subject area: Outcomes of studies of Russian and foreign scholars in political science, political philosophy and political sociology. Main headings: Political processes in Russia and in the post-Soviet space, Comparative analysis of political cultures, Federalism and local self-management, Political aspects of economic and social development, Foreign policy foreshortenings, Applied sociology. Special thematic editions are published at regular intervals.

Pro et Contra Pro et Contra Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: bi-monthly, since 1996; total run 400; ISSN: 1560-8913 Published by: Publishing house of the Carnegie Moscow Center E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.carnegie.ru/ru/pubs/procontra Editor- in-chief: Maria Lipman Subject area: Each issue is devoted to a central theme, focusing, in turn, on either international or national issues of Russia and the CIS countries. The journal offers a diverse collection of articles and essays, which deliver sophisticated, in-depth, and incisive assessments of contemporary policy issues. Pro et Contra also features profiles of political leaders, journalistic essays, book reviews, and letters from readers. Each issue - in Russian including English-language summaries of every article - is posted in its entirety on the Moscow Carnegie Center’s web site.

Public Administration Государственная служба Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: bi-monthly, since 1998; total run 5000 Published by: Russian Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.rags.ru/?q=node/266 Editor- in-chief: Yuri Baranov Subject area: Theoretical and applied problems of public administration and public management, interaction of federal and regional institutions.

Russia in Global Affairs Россия в глобальной политике Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: since 2002, in English on a quarterly basis, ISSN: 1810-6474. In Russian bimonthly, ISSN: 1810-6439; total run 10.000; per issue 215 pp. Published by: Publishing house “Globus” E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.globalaffairs.ru/about/ Editor- in-chief: Fyodor Lukyanov Subject area: The journal offers expertise on the most pressing security, economic and social issues facing the nation and the world – from a global perspective. The journal also carries exclusive material from analytical centers and publishes selected articles from Russian periodicals that would not otherwise be available in the English language.

NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 43 Special Issue Russia and the Contemporary World Россия и современный мир Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: quarterly, since 1993; total run 700; per issue 250-300 pp.; ISSN: 1726-5223 Published by: Publishing house of the INION RAN E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.inion.ru/product/main_en.html Editor- in-chief: Yuri Igritskij Subject area: The journal's specific feature is its multidimensional interdisciplinary character aiming at making the reader well acquainted with research trends and problems in all fields of social and humanitarian sciences. The structure of each issue encompasses articles, scholarly reports, essays, roundtable discussions, interviews, reviews, comments, digests, references and bibliographic materials.

Russian Expert Review Российское экспертное обозрение Place of publication: St. Petersburg Publication dates: bi-monthly, since 2003 Published by: Center of Strategic Studies “North-West” E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.rusrev.org Editor- in-chief: Viktor Kheifets Subject area: Socioeconomic and political changes in Russia: structural reforms in the Russian economy and integration of the country into the world economy; development of Russian regions; administrative reform in Russia; involvement of Russia into the international political community and development of strategic partnership with the European Union and the USA. The electronic version is available on the website for free.

Security of Eurasia Безопасность Евразии Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: quarterly, since 2000; total run 300; per issue 540 pp. ISSN: 1607-7334 Published by: The Eurasia Heritage Foundation E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.fundeh.org/ Editor- in-chief: Gennadiy Sergeev Subject area: Methodological; theoretical and applied security problems of a personality, society and state; issues of geopolitics and international relations, of the modern world order, state and civil society interaction within the Eurasian and global security context.

Modelling in Sociopolitical Sphere Моделирование в социально-политической сфере Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: quarterly, since 2007, total run 1.000 Published by: Publishing house "Prospectus" E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.shabrov.info Editor- in-chief: Oleg Shabrov Subject area: Political management, mathematical methods of decision making analysis in business and politics

44 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue Social Sciences and the Present Общественные науки и современность Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: bi-monthly, since 1976, total run 2500; per issue 190 pp.; ISSN: 0869-0499 Published by: Publishing house “Nauka” E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://ons2000.chat.ru/ Editor- in-chief: Vladimir Sogrin Subject area: An interdisciplinary scientific publication of the Russian Academy of Sciences. It covers political science and sociology, philosophy and history, cultural science and psychology, economy and law. However, the preference is given to studies on a joint of various disciplines.

World Economy and International Relations Мировая экономика и международные отношения Place of publication: Moscow Publication dates: monthly, since 1957; total run 3000; ISSN: 0131-2227 Published by: Russian Academy of Science, Institute of World Economy and International Relations E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.imemo.ru/ru/period/meimo/ Editor- in-chief: Andrey Ryabov Subject area: The leading academic publication in Russia on international economic and socio-political problems. Scientific magazine covering formation and development of state systems in the countries of the East and the West. Works of Russian and foreign experts, statesmen, leaders of the United Nations and other international organizations are published.

FULL TEXT REPOSITORIES

Socionet – Professional Information Space for Social Scientists Link: http://www.socionet.ru Geographic coverage: Socionet provides a geographically dispersed database of scientific materials in the Social Sciences Subjects: Social Sciences Description: Socionet is the first Russian contribution to setting up an international network infrastructure of new generation that provides information support for research and education in the Social Sciences. Socionet has been developed independently in Russia within frameworks of the international projects RePEc (http://www.repec.org) and Open Archives Initiative (http://www.openarchives.org). Socionet provides some "added value" including a new platform for creating information resources and services addressed to professional communities. Socionet strives to accumulate practically all standardised descriptions of electronic publications and other Social Sciences resources in the common database, thus forming a common information space from numerous standardised materials. Development of the system has been funded by the Ford Foundation (http://www.fordfound.org). Socionet integrates information from many sites that belong to Russian and foreign scientific and educational institutions engaged in the international projects RePEc and the Open Archives Initiative. The database integrates descriptions of resources that are automatically added to the database after periodical accumulation of updates from sites of different organisations. The accumulation in most cases is carried out daily (in a general case this is regulated by the participants). Organisations make their decision whether they should join this professional information space and include their electronic series (archives of electronic publications, online catalogues of scientific materials, etc.) in the RePEc/Socionet database. The size, content and regime of replenishment of the series depend on the organisations. Language: Russian/English Access: All Socionet resources and services are free.

NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 45 Special Issue University Information System Russia Link: http://www.cir.ru Geographic coverage: National scope Subjects: Social sciences, humanities Description: The University Information System Russia (UIS Russia) is created and maintained as a base of electronic resources for curriculum and research projects in the field of social sciences and humanities. UIS Russia covers electronic versions of primary sources according to agreements with owners of resources - information partners - and includes the collections provided on a regular basis. Services are: • official data and documents since 1991; • resolutions and shorthands (daily records) of plenary meetings of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the RF; • statistics of Goscomstat (State Committee on Statistics) and election data of Centrizbircom (Central Elections Committee) since 1993; • mass media sources (newspapers and information agencies); • databases, reports and publications of leading research centers; • scientific publications ("Expert" journal) • reference information on the Russian Federation. Language: Russian. The search in English is provided. Access: The UIS RUSSIA is available on equal basis and for free to all RF and CIS countries - 200+ universities and academic institutions, local, regional, federal agencies access the system as collective users, 2000+ specialists work as individual users. The access is free but registration is needed due to several commercial collections being provided for by the holders only for research and education purposes. Foreign social sciences specialists may also register to access. The collections allowed by holders for free dissemination are available for public use without registration.

Scientific Electronic Library eLibrary.ru Link: http://www.elibrary.ru Geographic coverage: international and national scope Subjects: all academic disciplines Description: Scientific Electronic Library, Ltd. (SEL in short) is a Russian information company. The venture was founded in 1998 under initiative of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR). SEL provides a wide range of services to its clients: millions of citations/abstracts and fulltext publications, from sophisticated search facilities to personal profiles and reliable customer support services and even customer trainings. Thus thousands of foreign journals were downloaded into the online information retrieval system eLIBRARY.RU The main information projects of Scientific Electronic Library today are: 1) The fulltext collection “Russian Scientific Journals Online”. At the moment, this collection includes over 514 titles in fulltext format. Many of the journals (about 220) can be accessed free of charge for the end-users. 2) Russian Index of Science Citation, RISC. The project is developed under initiative of the Federal Agency on Science and Innovations (Rosnauka). Today the RISC database is being continually enlarged and renewed, every day newly published articles are added into the system. The total number of indexed journals in March 2008 exceeded 1300 titles. Political sciences are represented with a dozen of journals – 9 of them are free of charge and only 3 titles are chargeable. Language: Russian Access: partly free of charge, registration required

Virtual E-Library IQlib Link: http://www.iqlib.ru/support/about.visp Geographic coverage: international and national scope Subjects: all academic disciplines Description: The e-library offers full text publications of educational nature: textbooks, monographs, collections of scientific articles, information editions on history, economy, sociology, political science, etc. Language: Russian Access: free of charge, registration required.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE

INION - Institute of Scientific Information for Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences Link: http://www.inion.ru Geographic coverage: National and international scope Subjects: Social Sciences and Humanities 46 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue Description: The databases of the Institute of Scientific Information on Social Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences (INION) rank among the renowned bibliographic databases in the field of social sciences and humanities. The databases were launched in the 80es and now provide access to approximately 2,5 million bibliographical records. The INION databases contain annotated bibliographic descriptions of the Soviet, Russian and foreign literature in all branches of social science and humanities, acquired by the INION library - the largest European library for social sciences and humanities. Each record is registered in its original language, includes brief abstract in Russian and keywords in Russian and English languages. The INION databases contain not only descriptions of monographs but articles from journals and collections of papers (more than 20 thousand items), dissertation abstracts, conference proceedings and "grey" literature as well. The INION databases are available on CD-ROM with INION software and an interface in Russian and English. INION supplies users with electronic copies of articles from journals and monographs. Language: The search language is Russian and English. Access: The search is free of charge, the ordering requires payment.

INTERNETLINKS

The State Duma of the Russian Federation: http://www.duma.ru/ The site covers the history and structure of the Duma. There is also information on the work of the Duma, including its committees and factions. Proposed draft laws are listed by session date and by the individual committee concerned. The site is only available in Russian. The Council of the Federation, the upper chamber of the Russian parliament: http://www.council.gov.ru/ The structure of the chamber is given in detail, including a list of all members and committees. The work of the chamber is also given in detail with information on bills accepted and rejected and other measures taken. The information service of the Council gives texts of speeches and records of proceedings at committee discussions. The site is available in Russian and English. The Federal State Statistics Service (Russia): http://www.gks.ru/wps/portal/english/ This is a government department providing socio-economic statistics at local, regional, and national levels, including Moscow and St. Petersburg. Data given on the website is via 'handbooks' starting in 2000. As well as socio-economic data, the website also gives major macroeconomic and financial data of the Bank of Russia, major data of the Ministry of finance of the Russian Federation, and an advance release calendar. Also included is a history of Russia's state statistics 1802-1996, a search facility for the web pages, press releases, and links to national and international statistical organisations. Most of the pages on this website are also available in Russian. The constitution of the Russian Federation: http://www.constitution.ru/ This site contains the full-text of the constitution. In addition to the main text, there is an alphabetical index of key terms that leads the user to the relevant Articles of the constitution. The site also contains the full-text of the rulings of both the Constitutional and Supreme Courts which clarify and affect the implementation of the constitution. The site also provides links to other official bodies. Russian is the language primarily used, but the constitution itself is also provided in French, German and English. Official Russia: http://www.gov.ru/ It is the main server for access to the governmental and administrative bodies of the Russian Federation. It offers access to a wide range of official information and documents from the Russian Federation Government's network of web pages. There is limited information in English - most pages are available in Cyrillic or in transliterated form. The main links are to the executive powers (including the President's webpages), the representative and legislative powers (the Bicameral Parliament or Federal Assembly consisting of the Federation Council [upper house] and the State Duma [lower house], the judicial powers (consisting of the Constitutional Court, Supreme Court and Arbitration Court) and the Security Council. You can also connect to: some of the regional state bodies, the full-text of the Russian Federation's Constitution, information on the Labour Code and on the Russian Government's Internet Network (RGIN) Elections-2008: http://www.vibori.info/ The independent analytical portal provides information on all events related to elections in Russian Federation. Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation: http://www.cikrf.ru/eng/ The website offers information on elections 2007 and 2008. Included is information on participating parties, activities of the CEC, election legislation, etc. The site is available in Russian and English.

NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 47 Special Issue The information and political Internet channel: http://www.polit.ru/ It is an independent media resource providing information on politics. Russian Votes: http://www.russiavotes.org/ Website of the Russia Votes project that is being conducted jointly by the Centre for the Study of Public Policy at the University of Aberdeen and VCIOM the Russian Centre for Public Opinion and Market Research. The site provides information on Russian public opinion, parliamentary and Presidential elections from 1999 to the present day. It offers access to summaries of the polls, which include preferred candidates and general comments on the Russian economy and political system, and details of the methodology by which the polls are conducted. Topics covered include post-communist transitions, comment on recent elections in Russia and the rule of president Putin. Also available are background information on the operation of the Russian electoral system and electoral laws. Russia Today: http://www.russiatoday.ru/ Russia Today is an English language news channel about Russia which was established in was established in April 2005 by the autonomous non-profit organisation TV-Novosti. It provides continuously updated news about the politics, economics, domestic and foreign affairs of Russia from a Russian perspective. It website provides free access to headlines, discussion and some on-line documentaries. Other features of the site include news blogs from journalists. The main emphasis is upon current news. Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation: http://www.ed.gov.ru/ This is the official site of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation. The site features news, links to an organisational structure and regional structure, related legislation with links to decrees and resolutions. Also included are extensive links to covering a range of related topics, including the modernisation of education in Russia, Pre-school, Primary, Secondary, and Senior education, Remedial & Special Needs education, and Professional Education at foundation, intermediate and higher levels. All of these sections contain extensive links to documents on the tasks and problems concerned with each area of interest. In addition, there are details of the Ministry's work in the field of Science and Technology programmes, and international cooperation and projects. The site is available in Russian only. Russian Public Opinion Research Center: http://wciom.com/ In its current form, the Center was created in 1998 to undertake public opinion monitoring in the Russian Federation. It uses a number of established surveying tools to investigate trends in public opinion on a wide variety of issues, eg. rating of political parties, social problems, way of life. The website contains brief details of the methodology underpinning their different survey products and a summary of the contents of their principal journal publication "Monitoring obshchestvennogo mneniya: ekonomicheskie i sotsial'nye peremeny". The site is available in Russian or English. The Public Opinion Foundation: http://www.fom.ru/ The Public Opinion Foundation conducts and disseminates the results of Russian public opinion poll monitoring. The organisation uses a wide variety of established surveying tools to investigate the public’s attitude to current political, social and economic issues and events. This includes coverage of recent presidential and parliamentary elections. There is also a searchable archive of surveys dating back to 1996. While many of the surveys' results are available, there is a separate section for subscribers where additional material is held. The site is available in both Russian and English language variants, with the former being the more comprehensive. Topics covered include: surveys on Russia's image in the world; political trends and ratings on Russian political attitudes. Public Library Project: http://www.public.ru/englishversion/ The Public Library Project was launched in Russia in April 2000 to provide all Russian people with free access to information. This electronic library forms part of the project and includes archives of more than 900 Russian newspapers and magazines, dating back to 1990. The archive may be searched free of charge, displaying the beginning of each article. Subscription is required to access the full-text of each article. The introduction to the site and subscription details are given in English and Russian, but the main content and archived texts are in Russian only. The site provides a Russian keyboard emulator to allow Russian characters to be entered into the search engine. Main Macroeconomic Indicators of the CIS: http://www.cisstat.com/eng/macro0.htm This site, produced by the Commonwealth of Independent States, gives statistics of economic output, investments and exports, in easy to read tables. There is extra information given for each country too, eg. population, unemployment rate and national currency. To view this site effectively, it is recommended that users download Microsoft Pan-European Text Support software, available from the site.

48 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 Special issue

Contact If you wish to obtain further information on the contributions, journals, institutions, conference announcements, etc., included in this Newsletter, please, let us know. Material will be sent to you on request. Furthermore, we will appreciate your remarks and criticisms. Those who are interested in subscribing the Newsletter on a regular basis are kindly requested to send a note to [email protected] with “subscribe oenews” (no quotes) in the body of the message. You can also find all issues at the GESIS-Internet site: http://www.gesis.org/eastern_europe/ Further information on services of GESIS is to be found at: http://www.gesis.org/ Subscription is currently free of charge. GESIS Service Agency Eastern Europe Schiffbauerdamm 19, 10117 Berlin, Germany Tel.: + 49-30-233611 - 311 Fax: + 49-30-233611 - 310 e-mail: [email protected]

NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, June 2008 49 Special Issue

50 NEWSLETTER Social Science in Eastern Europe, Oktober 2008