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Administratrea Sistemelor De Operare Windows / Linux

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Administratrea Sistemelor De Operare Windows / Linux MINISTARUL EDUCAȚIEI, CULTURII ȘI CERCETĂRII AL REPUBLICII MOLDOVA IP CENTRUL DE EXCELENȚĂ ÎN INFORMATICĂ ȘI TEHNOLOGII INFORMAȚIONALE CATEDRA INFORMATICĂ APLICATĂ NOTE DE CURS ADMINISTRATREA SISTEMELOR DE OPERARE WINDOWS / LINUX PROFESOR ANDRIAN DASCAL CHIȘINĂU, 2017 C U P R I N S: CAPITOLUL I – Bazele Sistemelor de Operare Lecția 1: Introducere în SO. Funcțiile unui SO. Clasificarea tipurilor de SO………………………………1 Lecția 2: Caracteristicile tehnico-economice ale sistemelor de operare. Fișa de post a administratorului de SO. Echipamentele necesare pentru instalarea unui SO…………………………………………16 Lecția 3: BIOS-ul. Noţiuni generale. Lansarea programului de configurare a BIOS-ului, modificarea şi salvarea setărilor………………………………………………..………………………………..24 Lecția 4: Partiționarea HDD/SSD/SSHD. Proceduri de instalare a SO. Instalarea propriu zisă a SO…….30 CAPITOLUL II– Configurarea Sistemelor de Operare Lecția 5: Drivere. Căutarea și instalarea acestora. Configurarea SO conform nevoilor utilizatorului. Configurarea suprafeței de lucru. Programe de monitorizare a performanțelor unui PC…….….56 Lecția 6: Instrumentele oferite de panoul de control……………………………………………………....66 Lecția 7: Optimizarea și mentenanța SO……………………………………………………………….….70 Lecția 8: Configurarea modului de acces la rețea………………………………………………………….81 Lecția 9: Instalarea și configurarea echipamentelor periferice…………………………………………….93 Lecția 10: Conectori și cabluri destinate conectării echipamentelor periferice. Proceduri de conectare a echipamentelor periferice..............................................................................................................99 Lecția 11: Gestiunea programelor de tip antivirus…………………………………………………………107 CAPITOLUL III– Managementul aplicațiilor Lecția 12: Instalarea aplicaților frecvent utilizate. Pachete de programe frecvent utilizate……………….117 Lecția 13: Administrarea aplicaților frecvent utilizate. Pachete de programe frecvent utilizate…………..125 Lecția 14: Respectarea cadrului normativ-juridic referitor la protejarea proprietății intelectuale în domeniul informaticii……………………………………………………………………………………...129 Lecția 15: Recapitulare SO………………………………………………………………………………...139 Lucrări de laborator ………………………………………………………...…………....145 1. Introducere în Sistemele de Operare. Funcțiile unui SO. Clasificarea tipurilor de SO. Obiective: 1. Descrierea sistemelor de operare și impoetanța acestora; 2. Relatarea despre criteriile de clasificare a sistemelor de operare (SO); 3. Distingerea tipurilor de sisteme de operare: a) Pentru telefoane mobile: windows phone, iOS, android, symbian, etc. b) Pentru calculatoare: Windows OS, Mac OS, Unix/Linux OS. Un program constă dintr-o succesiune de instrucţiuni care converg către soluţia problemei ce se rezolvă. Orice sistem de calcul (computer system) pentru a realiza funcţiile sale de bază trebuie să execute următoarele operaţii: introducere date (citire) - I memorare date şi instructiuni (reprezentare) - M prelucrare date si instrucţiuni (procesare) - P ieşire date (scriere) - O Există două categorii de programe: programe de sistem, ce coordonează modul în care lucrează componentele sistemului şi oferă asistenţă la dezvoltarea programelor de aplicaţii; programe de aplicaţii, care sunt destinate să rezolve probleme specifice unei aplicaţii. 1.1 Destinaţia SO. Un sistem de operare, prescurtat SO (engleză Operating system, prescurtat OS), reprezintă un produs de tip software care este parte componentă a unui sistem, echipament sau aparat computerizat, și care se ocupă de gestionarea și coordonarea activităților acestuia. Sistemul computerizat poate fi un computer, o stație de lucru (workstation), un server, un PC, un notebook, un netbook, un smartphone, un aparat de navigație rutieră, un e-book reader sau unele aparate de uz casnic, precum și playerele multimedia. Sistemul de operare joacă și rolul de gazdă pentru aplicațiile care rulează pe echipamentul (hardwareul) respectiv. Definiție: Un sistem de operare constă dintr-un ansamblu de proceduri manuale şi module de programe de sistem, care administrează resursele sistemului de calcul, asigură utilizarea eficientă în comun a acestor resurse şi oferă utilizatorului o interfaţă cât mai comodă pentru utilizarea sistemului de calcul. Descrierea funcţiilor unui sistem de operare Pentru a îndeplini rolul de interfaţă între hardware şi utilizatori, un sistem de operare trebuie să fie capabil să îndeplinească următoarele funcţii: 1. Oferirea posibilităţii de pregătire şi lansare în execuţie a programelor de aplicaţie. 2. Alocarea resurselor necesare executării programelor, realizată prin identificarea programelor, a necesarului de memorie, a dispozitivelor periferice şi a cerinţelor privind protecţia datelor. 3. Facilităţi puse la dispoziţia utilizatorului pentru compresia datelor, sortarea, interclasarea, catalogarea şi întreţinerea bibliotecilor prin programele utilizator disponibile. 4. Planificarea execuţiei lucrărilor după anumite criterii (timp de execuţie, priorităţi etc.), pentru executarea eficientă a unităţii centrale de prelucrare. 1 5. Coordonarea execuţiei mai multor programe, prin urmărirea modului de execuţie a instrucţiunilor programului, depistarea şi tratarea erorilor, lansarea în execuţie a operaţiilor de intrare/ieşire. 6. Asistarea execuţiei programelor de către utilizator, prin comunicaţia sistem de calcul – utilizator, atât la nivel hardware, cât şi la nivel software. Funcţiile unui sistem de operare sunt: 1. Să asigure comunicarea între utilizator şi S.O.; 2. Să asigure controlul execuţiei programelor; 3. Să asigure alocarea eficientă a resurselor fizice ale sistemului; 4. Să faciliteze utilizatorilor dezvoltarea de noi aplicaţii; 5. Să faciliteze gestionarea eficientă a datelor; 6. Să asigure securitatea sistemului. Componentele sistemului de operare Majoritatea sistemelor de operare, pentru a raspunde rolului de interfata hardware – utilizatorii, sunt organizare pe doua niveluri: nivelul fizic, care este mai apropiat pe partea hardware a sistemului de calcul, interferand cu aceasta prin intermediul unui sistem de interuperi. nivelul logic, care este mai apropiat de utilizator, interferand cu acesta prin intermediul unor comenzi, limbaje de programare, utilitare, etc. Potrivit acestor doua niveluri, sistemele de operare cuprind in principal doua categorii de programe: programe de control și comandă, cu rolul de coordonare si control a tuturor functiilor sistemelor de operare, cum ar fi: procese de intrare-iesire, executia intreruperilor, comunicatia hardware-utilizator; programe de servicii (prelucrări), care sunt executate sub supravegherea programelor de comanda si control, fiind utilizate de programator pentru dezvoltarea programelor sale de aplicatie. Dezvoltari ale sistemelor de operare Primele sisteme de operare realizau prelucrarea pe loturi de programe. Comunicarea operațiilor ce urmau să se realizeze se facea prin intermediul unui limbaj de comanda care permitea interpretarea instrucțiunilor adresate sistemului, precum și tratarea situațiilor de eroare. Sistemele de acest tip funcționau în regim de mono-programare. CPU (unitatea centrala de prelucrare) poate executa numai o instrucțiune într-o anumită cuantă de timp și nu poate opera decît cu date ce se găsesc în memoria internă; dacă dispozitivele periferice de intrare sunt lente în furnizarea datelor sau programelor către memoria interna, CPU trebuie să aștepte transferul datelor/programelor în memoria internă de a incepe execuția programului. Daca sistemul de calcul dispune de un sistem de operare simplu, atunci prelucrarea mai multor programe se realizează serial, ceea ce conduce la o ineficientă utilizare a CPU. Componentele unui sistem de operare sunt: Nucleul (Kernel) – conţine programele necesare pentru gestionarea resurselor calculatorului şi pentru controlarea activităţii echipamentelor şi programelor; Nucleul unui sistem de operare este componenta fundamentală a acestui sistem. Nucleul controlează accesul la diferitele resurse ale calculatorului și permite celorlalte componente — hardware și software — să interopereze. Nucleul oferă mecanisme de abstractizare a resurselor hardware (materiale), în special în ceea ce privește memoria, microprocesoarelor, și transferurile de informație între programe și perifericele materiale. Nucleul autorizează de asemenea și alte abstracțiuni software și facilitează comunicațiile inter-proces. Nucleul unui sistem de operare 2 este el însuși un program, dar nu poate utiliza mecanismele de abstractizare pe care le oferă celorlalte programe utilizator. Diferite motive justifică această limitare. Printre alte cauze, gestiunea întreruperilor, a spațiului de adresă a memoriei virtuale. Rolul său central îi impune exigențe de performanță ridicate. Aceasta face din nucleu partea cea mai critică a unui sistem de operare și face ca și conceperea și implementarea sa să fie cât se poate de delicată. Interfaţa (Shell) – defineşte modul în care utilizatorul interacţionează cu S.O. Cuvîntul shell înseamnă în limba engleză scoică sau carapace. Asta este şi programul care se numeşte shell pentru sistemul de operare: un înveliş care îmbracă sistemul, primul lucru pe care îl vedem dintr-un sistem de operare, şi pe care trebuie să-l dăm la o parte pentru a zări măruntaiele moluştei. Observaţie: Un nucleu de sistem de operare este o bibliotecă de funcţii, care pune la dispoziţia utilizatorului o serie de operaţii, numite ''apeluri de sistem''. Shell-ul este un simplu program care foloseşte aceste operaţii pentru a oferi o primă interfaţă cu utilizatorul.
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