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The National Research Institute Special Publication No. 56 The National Research Institute Special Publication No. 56 COMMUNITY TRANSFORMATION Unlocking the Development Potential of the People edited by Dr. Michael Unage Proceedings of the Community Transformation Conference held at the National Research Institute, 16-18 July 2009 NRI The National Research Institute ii First published, June 2010 © The National Research Institute This report contains select papers from the Community Transformation Conference that was held at the National Research Institute in June 2009. The National Research Institute (NRI) is an independent statutory authority established by an Act of Parliament in 1988 and confirmed by the IASER (Amendment) Act 1993. NRI’s main aims are to undertake research into the social, political, economic, educational, legal, environmental, and cultural issues and problems of Papua New Guinea and to formulate practical solutions to these problems. Research results are published in the following NRI publication series Monographs Post-Courier Index Discussion Papers Bibliographies Educational Reports Special Publications Occasional Papers Additional Publications Direct any queries regarding these publications to: The Publications Sales Coordinator National Research Institute P.O. Box 5854 BOROKO. NCD. 111 Papua New Guinea Tel: (675) 326 0300/326 0061 ext. 338 Fax: (675) 326 0213 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.nri.org.pg ISBN 9980 75 169 X National Library Service in Papua New Guinea ABCDE 20013210 Printed by NRI Printery The opinions expressed in this report are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the National Research Institute. iii CONTENTS Foreword ix About the Authors x Acknowledgements xiv Acronyms xvi INTRODUCTION – Michael Unage 1 Introduction 1 The Backdrop 1 The Contents 3 Limitations 9 Policy Considerations 9 References 12 PART A: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES Chapter 1: The Pamusa Community Development Association – James Ogia 13 Introduction 13 Background to the Pamusa Community Development Association 13 Establishing the Association 14 Major Objectives of the Association 15 Common Binding Factors 15 The Association’s Structure 16 Relationship with the Formal Government Authority and Structure 18 Convincing the Community 19 Achievements 19 Problems and Challenges 20 Lessons Learned 20 Conclusion 27 Chapter 2: Integral Community Health and Development – Bernard Gunn 23 Introduction 23 Background 23 Brief History 24 The Goals of the Integral Community Health and Development Program 25 The Strategies for the ICHD Program 26 Current Achievements 28 Linking with the District Development Plan and Service Delivery 29 Conclusion 29 Chapter 3: Salt Livestock Farmers’ Cooperative Society – Sil Poi 31 Introduction 31 Government Policies and Initiatives 32 Change Initiation: Salt Livestock Farmers’ Cooperative Society 32 Current Farming Activities 34 Farmers’ Management Training, Education, and Networking Support 35 The Fruits of Hard Labour 35 Strategic Business and Marketing Plan 36 Constraints 36 Budget and Future Plans 37 iv Recommendations 38 Conclusion 38 PART B: PESPECTIVE ON COMMUNITY GOVERNANCE Chapter 4: Experiences through the Community Development Scheme and the Democratic Governance Transition Phase Program – Naihuwo Ahai 41 Introduction 41 The Concept of Community in Papua New Guinea 42 Community Transformation 43 The Community Development Scheme 43 The Democratic Governance Transition Phase Program 52 The Concept of Democratic Governance 53 DGTP Program Strategies 54 Lessons Learned and Challenges in Community Transformation 55 References 57 Chapter 5: Local Government and Community Service System – Taskforce for Government and Administrative Reform 59 Introduction 59 The Proposal 60 The Local Government and Community Service 60 Current Financial Arrangements 61 Need to Improve Government Efficiency and Use of Funds 62 Direct Funding 62 Finding the Money 63 National Economic and Fiscal Commission’s Findings 64 Additional Support from Development Partners 64 Cash Flow of Direct Grants 64 Local Government: District Audits and Inspections 65 Where Services Are Directed 65 Human Capital 66 Capacity for a Local Government and Community Service 67 Training 68 Administration Training Institutions 69 Conclusion 70 Chapter 6: Are Modern Forms of Governance Compatible with Traditional Forms? – Alphonse Aime 73 Introduction 73 Traditional Leadership and Community Governance 73 The Arrival of Europeans 74 Consequences of the Hierarchical Structure of Leadership 76 The Coexistence of Modern and Traditional Systems of Governance 76 Traditional Leadership in Transition 77 What Literature Says about Leadership 78 The Concept of Community in the Melanesian Context 79 Community as a Fundamental, Social, Spiritual Value 80 The Functional Value of Community 80 Traditional Community Leadership Today 80 Conclusion 81 References 82 v PART C: COMMUNITY CONFLICT RESOLUTION Chapter 7: From Conflict Resolution to Community Transformation – Douglas W. Young 85 Introduction 85 Tribal Fighting 86 Conflict Resolution 87 Research into Conflict Resolution 88 Participatory Action Research 89 Gutpela Sindaun Komiti 89 Research Issues 90 Cross-Cultural Conflict Resolution 92 Conclusion 92 References 93 Chapter 8: The Peace Foundation Melanesia Story – James Laki 95 Introduction 95 Law and Order Background 95 Socioeconomic Issues 96 Land Issues 98 Ethnic Tensions 99 Cultural Affiliation 100 Economic Security and Urbanisation 100 Community Security and the ‘Big-Man’ Concept 101 Internal Stability 102 The Peace Foundation Melanesia Story 102 Brief History 102 PFM’s Objectives 102 What Does PFM Do? 103 Facilitation, Negotiation, and Mediation 104 PFM’s Experiences in Southern Highlands Province 105 PFM’s Impact 106 Future Plans 107 Conclusion 107 References 108 Chapter 9: Improving Human Security through Development: Implications for Policy and Practice – Michelle Kopi, Rachel Hinton, and Yanny Gunan 109 Introduction 109 Linking Human Security to Development 109 Human Security, Armed Violence, and Development in Papua New Guinea 110 The Program Context 111 Approach of the Oxfam Highlands Program 112 Developing Partnerships 112 Research and Advocacy 114 Learnings and Implications 116 Conclusion 117 References 118 vi Chapter 10: Strengthening Partnerships to Improve Law and Justice in Rural PNG: Learning from Local Strategies for Change – Oxfam International PNG, Community Development Agency, Community-Based Health Care, and Kup Women for Peace 121 Introduction 121 Civil Society, Conflict Reduction, and Peace Building 121 Community Development Agency 122 Community-Based Health Care 123 Kup Women for Peace 125 Strengthening Law and Justice Programming 127 Improving Law and Justice by Learning from Local Organisations 127 Conclusion 129 References 129 PART D: PROSPECTIVE FOR RURAL ECONOMY Chapter 11: Provision of Agriculture Services at the Subnational Level: Assessing the Impact on the Rural Economy – David Kui and Diego Miranda 131 Explaining Agricultural Stagnation 131 Assessing the Cost of Service Delivery in the Agricultural Sector 133 Agricultural Spending in the Provinces, 2005-2007 136 RIGFA as the Way Forward 143 References 145 Chapter 12: Promoting Rural-Based Fuelwood Production Systems – Ian Nuberg, Brian Gunn, and Israel Bewang 147 Introduction 147 Methods 149 Description and Quantification of the National Firewood Market 150 Establishment of A Range of Pilot Fuelwood Production Systems 151 Establishing a Community of Practice 152 Results 152 Description and Quantification of the National Firewood Market 152 Establishment of a Range of Pilot Fuelwood Production Systems 155 Establishment of a Community of Practice 155 Conclusion 155 References 156 PART E: WOMEN’S POTENTIAL FOR COMMUNITY CHANGE Chapter 13: Women as Volcanoes and Bulldozers in Development – Anastasia Sai 159 Introduction 159 Changing the Social Landscape 160 Behind the Scenes 163 Some Women’s Achievements 164 Women Today 167 Conclusion 167 References 168 Chapter 14: Gender and Leadership Role of Women: The Yangit Female Initiation Ceremony – Naomi Faik Simet 171 Introduction 171 Location 172 Background 172 vii The Socioeconomic Role of Women in Yangit Society 173 Women’s Leadership and Gender Role 174 Cultural Aspects of the Kraku-Bandi Ceremony and Development 175 Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women 175 The Kraku-Bandi Ceremony and Women’s Education 176 The Renaissance of Women’s Cultural Knowledge and Value Systems 176 Conclusion 177 References 177 Chapter 15: The Young Women’s Christian Association as a Partner in Development - Matilda Parau 179 Introduction 179 Brief History of the YWCA in PNG 179 Role of Informal Education in Development 179 Literacy and Health 180 Life-Skills and Other Training Programs 181 Information as the Key to Unlocking Norms Associated with Gender Issues 181 Media for Change 183 Conclusion 183 viii ix Foreword by the Minister for Community Development This publication intends to assist the process of community development by identifying issues that might need further policy research and program intervention. It contains selected papers from a three-day Community Transformation Conference which was held at the National Research Institute in June 2009 in which community development partners came together to share and learn from each other and to devise best practices for transforming local communities. I thank the National Research Institute for taking the initiative to contribute to community development policy research. It gives me great joy to see people coming together
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