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(Coleoptera: Insecta) En Colombia, Distribución Y Taxonomía Marco Laython

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(Coleoptera: Insecta) En Colombia, Distribución Y Taxonomía Marco Laython Los Coleópteros Acuáticos (Coleoptera: Insecta) en Colombia, Distribución y Taxonomía Marco Laython Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Biología Bogotá D.C. 2017 Los Coleópteros Acuáticos (Coleoptera: Insecta) en Colombia, Distribución y Taxonomía Trabajo presentado como parte de los requisitos para obtener el título de Magister en Ciencias Biológicas Marco Laython Bajo la dirección del Dr. Rodulfo Ospina Universidad Nacional de Colombia Facultad de Ciencias Departamento de Biología Bogotá D.C. 2017 Contenido Capítulo 1. Introducción ..……………………………………………………………. 1 1.1 Resumen ..……………………………………………………………. 1 1.2 Introducción ..……………………………………………………………. 2 1.3 Objetivos ..……………………………………………………………. 5 1.4 Metodología ..……………………………………………………………. 5 1.5 Estructura del documento ..……………………………………………………………. 8 Capítulo 2. Generalidades ..…………………………………………………………. 10 2.1 Macroinvertebrados e Insectos Acuáticos ..……………………………………………………….… 10 2.2 Coleoptera Linnaeus, 1758 ……………………………………………………………. 16 2.3 Coleópteros acuáticos ……………………………………………………………. 25 Capítulo 3. Adephaga ……………………………………………………………. 36 3.1 Gyrinidae Latreille, 1810 ……………………………………………………………. 37 3.2 Haliplidae Aubé, 1836 ……………………………………………………………. 41 3.3 Noteridae Thomson, 1860 ……………………………………………………………. 43 3.4 Dytiscidae Leach, 1815 ……………………………………………………………. 49 3.5 Carabidae Latreille, 1802 ……………………………………………………………. 65 Mapas de distribución Adephaga ……………………………………………………………. 75 Capítulo 4. Myxophaga ……………………………………………………………. 82 4.1 Lepiceridae Hinton, 1936 (1882) ……………………………………………………………. 83 4.2 Hydroscaphidae LeConte, 1874 ……………………………………………………………. 85 4.3 Sphaeriusidae Erichson, 1845 ……………………………………………………………. 87 Mapas de distribución Myxophaga ……………………………………………………………. 91 Capítulo 5. Polyphaga ..……………………………………………………………. 93 5.1 Hydrophilidae Latreille, 1802 ..……………………………………………………………. 98 5.2 Epimetopidae Zaitzev, 1908 ……………………………………………………………. 113 5.3 Georissidae Laporte, 1819 ……………………………………………………………. 114 5.4 Hydrochidae Thomson, 1859 ……………………………………………………………. 116 5.5 Hydraenidae Mulsant, 1844 ……………………………………………………………. 118 5.6 Ptiliidae Erichson, 1845 ……………………………………………………………. 121 5.7 Staphylinidae Latreille, 1802 ……………………………………………………………. 123 5.8 Scarabaeidae Latreille, 1802 ……………………………………………………………. 138 5.9 Scirtidae Fleming, 1821 ……………………………………………………………. 139 5.10 Cneoglossidae Champion, 1897 ……………………………………………………………. 143 5.11 Dryopidae Billberg, 1820 (1817) ……………………………………………………………. 144 5.12 Elmidae Curtis, 1830 ……………………………………………………………. 148 5.13 Heteroceridae Macleay, 1825 ……………………………………………………………. 156 5.14 Limnichidae Erichson, 1846 ……………………………………………………………. 158 5.15 Lutrochidae Kasap and Crowson, 1975 ……………………………………………………………. 163 5.16 Psephenidae Lacordaire, 1854 ……………………………………………………………. 164 5.17 Ptilodactylidae Laporte, 1836 ……………………………………………………………. 171 5.18 Cantharidae Imhoff, 1856 (1815) ……………………………………………………………. 174 5.19 Lampyridae Rafinesque, 1815 ……………………………………………………………. 176 5.20 Anthicidae Latreille, 1819 ……………………………………………………………. 178 5.21 Chrysomelidae Latreille, 1802 ……………………………………………………………. 180 5.22 Curculionidae Latreille, 1802 ……………………………………………………………. 183 Mapas de distribución Polyphaga ……………………………………………………………. 216 Capítulo 6. Discusión, Conclusiones, ……………………………………………………………. 231 Recomendaciones 6.1 Discusión ……………………………………………………………. 231 6.2 Conclusiones ……………………………………………………………. 241 6.3 Recomendaciones ……………………………………………………………. 242 Agradecimientos ……………………………………………………………. 243 Anexos Anexo I. Ubicación geográfica de las estaciones referenciadas en las colecciones visitadas Anexo II. Distribución de los coleópteros acuáticos hallados en este estudio, más los referidos en otros autores y los géneros probables, por cada departamento de Colombia. Anexo III. Estaciones de colecta de cada género hallado en el estudio. Anexo IV. Fotografías de algunos coleópteros acuáticos. Capítulo 1 COLEÓPTEROS ACUÁTICOS (COLEOPTERA: INSECTA) EN COLOMBIA, DISTRIBUCIÓN Y TAXONOMÍA 1.1 Resumen Se analizaron especímenes de coleópteros acuáticos en busca de documentar las familias y géneros presentes en Colombia así como la distribución de los mismos. Se revisó el material de Coleoptera presente en las colecciones LIAUN, MUSENUV y SINCHI, que provinieron de 426 estaciones de muestreo de diferentes sistemas fluviales, lénticos y humedales, desde el nivel del mar hasta 3.900 m.s.n.m. El trabajo se centró en los imagos; en total se observaron más de 7.200 especímenes en estado adulto y más de 3.300 larvas. Se reportan 28 familias, de las cuales 26 están en las colecciones visitadas, 2 más reportadas en literatura. Es posible encontrar otras 3 familias. En cuanto a los géneros se hallaron 131 de ellos, pero se sabe de la distribución en Colombia de otros 23, para un total de 154 géneros. Además se espera encontrar al menos 41 géneros más. Se realizaron claves taxonómicas para los adultos tanto en familias como en géneros. La familia Dytiscidae fue la que mayor número de géneros presentó (26), seguida por Elmidae (23) e Hydrophilidae (18). Las familias Staphylinidae y Curculionidae son igualmente representativas por el número de géneros en condiciones periacuáticas. Los géneros Tropisternus, Suphisellus, Laccophilus, Anchytarsus, Hydrocanthus y Heterelmis fueron los mayormente distribuidos geográficamente. Se reporta por primera vez en Colombia la presencia de los géneros Hydrodytes, Hemibidessus, Vatellus, Scaphydra, Sphaerius, Quadriops, Thinobius, Psephenopalpus, Neochetina, Onychylis, Stenopelmus y Sitophilus. Palabras Claves Coleoptera, Colombia, coleópteros acuáticos, distribución, taxonomía, Gyrinidae, Dytiscidae, Noteridae, Staphylinidae, Hydrophilidae, Elmidae, Psephenidae, Ptilodactylidae, Scirtidae, Curculionidae. ______ 1 1.2 Introducción Los coleópteros son insectos ampliamente distribuidos en todo tipo de ambiente continental, que se caracterizan por ser muy diversificados. En los ambientes acuáticos pueden representar el número más alto de especies (White & Roughley, 2008), estatus que comparte con los Diptera (Hershey & Lamberti, 2001; Crowson, 1981). Los coleópteros acuáticos son importantes biológica y ecológicamente por los diferentes procesos en donde se hacen partícipes. Por su diversidad se les ha utilizado en modelos para cuantificar el estado de la conservación de ecosistemas acuáticos (Eyre & Rushton, 1989). Actualmente se considera que la información generada por los coleópteros a nivel de especie (en adultos) y de género (en larvas) es altamente representativo para el establecimiento de sistemas de evaluación ecológica de diferentes cuerpos de agua (Hering et al., 2003). Muchas veces dicha evaluación ecológica se centra en el cambio en las condiciones fisicoquímicas del agua (p.ej. Rizo-Patrón et al., 2013), pero se sabe que la relación de algunos grupos de coleópteros con dichas variables ambientales son difíciles de discernir, especialmente cuando no existe una amplia variabilidad en los valores de la muestra (Gioria, 2014). Algunos de los cambios en diversidad y abundancia de coleópteros acuáticos se relacionan más con el tipo y estado de la vegetación en la cuenca (Eyre et al., 2003; Eyre, Foster & Luff, 2005), la calidad y disponibilidad de hábitats así como la permanencia y tamaño del cuerpo de agua (Gioria, 2014). Se ha encontrado que en el país los coleópteros acuáticos son altamente representativos con respecto a otros grupos de macroinvertebrados, debido a que presentan el mayor número de familias taxonómicas y alta riqueza de morfotipos (p. ej. Montaño, Meza & Dias, 2012). Sin embargo la diversidad de coleópteros en colección generalmente es subvalorada, debido a la presencia de otros grupos donde la taxonomía está más avanzada (p.ej.: Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Hemiptera). La investigación ecológica, taxonómica y geográfica de los coleópteros aún sigue incompleta y se desconocen muchas de las características de estos organismos en aguas colombianas. Por tal razón se genera este trabajo que resume aspectos de la distribución y taxonomía de los coleópteros acuáticos en el país, que involucra estudios a la fecha realizados para la región, una revisión de material biológico en colecciones y un panorama de la distribución de los diferentes géneros. La pregunta que impulsó esta investigación fue ¿Qué géneros y familias de coleópteros acuáticos se distribuyen en el territorio colombiano? ______ 2 Justificación Sin lugar a dudas podemos hablar de la existencia de varios libros y artículos científicos que nos informan de los coleópteros. No obstante las especies en nuestro país siguen sin conocerse en un amplio porcentaje, y las especies acuáticas y periacuáticas aún en mayor proporción. El tema incluso involucra el hecho que no se sabe con precisión cuáles son los géneros y familias de coleópteros acuáticos en el país. Este trabajo desea ser una ayuda para el esclarecimiento aproximado de cuáles son dichos géneros y dónde se ubican en la geografía colombiana. Es importante aumentar los esfuerzos en la comprensión de las comunidades biológicas de nuestro territorio y las interrelaciones biológicas con el espacio y otras comunidades. En un país aquejado por la expansión de la frontera ganadera, por el crecimiento desbordado y no planeado del sector agrícola y forestal, es vital tener herramientas que nos permitan la elaboración de planes de conservación. Indagar y aumentar el conocimiento sobre la diversidad acuática del país permite tener herramientas que faciliten la elaboración y monitoreo de los planes y medidas de conservación. La caracterización de los coleópteros
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