The Analysis of the Characters in Dennis Lehane’S Shutter Island

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THE ANALYSIS OF THE CHARACTERS IN DENNIS LEHANE’S SHUTTER ISLAND

A THESIS Submitted to the Faculty of Cultural Sciences of Hasanuddin University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain Bachelor Degree in English Department

BY Andi Abualief Amrullah F21112904

English Department Faculty of Cultural Science Hasanuddin University Makassar 2017

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iv v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillah, all praises be to Allah SWT, The Beneficent, The Most Merciful, and The Lord of the entire world who always gives the best for His creatures. The Lord who gives brain and feeling to learn everything in this world. The Guide for His help in Completing this research. This thesis is intended to fulfill the requirement to achieve Sarjana Degree in the Faculty of Cultural Sciences at Hasanuddin University in Makassar. Shalawat and Salam may always be given to our Prophet Muhammad SAW, the best leader ever existed in the world who had guides us from the darkness into the brightness. This research could not be accomplished without the support of some people that surround the writer with their love, motivations and advices. On this opportunity, the writer likes to express his profound gratitude, more than he can express to:  His beloved parents A. Mustawa and A. Megawaty Latief, BA for their love, prayer, help, motivations and advices in whole of his life. They are the shines of the writer’s life.  Drs. Raden SM. Assagaf, M. Ed and Drs. Agustinus Ruruk L, M.A as the first and the second consultant for their guidance, knowledge, experiences and advices in correcting his thesis. He also wants to say thanks to Dra. Harlinah Sahib M. Hum as his academic advisor.  The Dean of Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Hasanuddin University Prof. Prof. Dr. Akin Duli, M.A., The Head of English Departement Dra. Nasmilah., M. Hum., Ph. D, The Secretary of English Department Abbas S.S., M. Hum and all lectures in English department for their immense knowledge. And also to all the staff of English Department, Pak Udin and Kak Agus for their help during his academic years in campus.  The writer’s best friends for their best companion, love, motivation and advices. Big thanks also to Jumardi Ladirman and Nila Novita who always help me in correcting my thesis.  His friends the member of Scarecrow 2012, English Department, and his friends in Perisai KMFIB-UH.

Makassar, October 11th 2017

The Writer

ABSTRAK ANDI ABUALIEF AMRULLAH (F21112904). The Analysis of The Characters in Denis Lehane’s Novel Shutter Island (Dibimbing Oleh Raden SM. Assagaf dan Agustinus Ruruk Lilak)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan tentang karakter beberapa tokoh didalam Shutter Island. Shutter Island merupakan salah satu karya Dennis Lehane yang mendapatkan penghargaan sebagai New York Time Best Seller dan diadaptasi sebagai film dengan nama yang sama pada tahun 2010. Hal tersebut membuat pengarangnya mendapatkan reputasi Internasional. Penulisan ini juga bertujuan menjelaskan bagaimana konflik internal pada karakter utama mempengaruhi tindakannya didalam cerita. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan strukturalisme. Suatu metode penelitian yang menekankan pada unsur intrinsik pada karya sastra seperti karakter, plot, setting dan tema. Data utama dieproleh dari novel Shutter Island dengn membaca setiap bagian dari novel dan mengambil data yang berhubungan dengan topik yang akan dibahas yaitu analisis karakter. Sedangkan data lainnya diperoleh dari beberapa buku dan beberapa artikel dari internet dan sumber lain seputar analisis karakter. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bagaimana konflik internal pada karakter utama mempengaruhi tindakannya didalam cerita. Konflik internal pada karakter utama muncul karena kesalahannya di masa lampau yang tidak mampu menyelamatkan keluarganya dan sebagai mekanisme pertahanan untuk menghindarkannya dari rasa bersalah, konflik tersebut merubah hidupnya. Karakter utama mulai membangun karakter baru dan cerita baru untuk dia mainkan sendiri demi melupakan masa lalunya. Akan tetapi hal tersebut malah merubahnya menjadi berbahaya bagi setiap orang yang berada disekitarnya. Ada beberapa karakter yang menolongnya untuk kembali mengingat identitas aslinya akan tetapi traumanya membuatnya mengalami kemunduran ketika dia mulai mengingat masa lalunya yang kelam yang telah gagal menyelamatkan keluarganya.

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ABSTRACT ANDI ABUALIEF AMRULLAH (F21112904). The Analysis of The Characters in Denis Lehane’s Novel Shutter Island (Supervised by Raden SM. Assagaf and Agustinus Ruruk Lilak)

This research aims to explain the characterization of Shutter Island. Shutter Island is one of Dennis Lehane’s works which get reward New York Time Best Seller and adaptation to be a movie with the same name in 2010. It makes the author get international award. This research also explains on how the main character’s internal conflict influence his performance in the story.

This study uses a structuralism approach. It is a method that focuses on intrinsic elements of a novel like character, plot, setting and theme. The main data are obtained from Shutter Island novel by reading every part of the novel and taking data that correspond to the discussed topic about character. Whereas, the other data are obtained from several sources of books and articles from internet and other sources that also take character analysis as the topic. This study shows how internal conflict of the main character may affect his action within a story. Internal conflict on the main character emerges as a result of his inability to save his family from a tragic death and as a defense mechanism to prevent him from feeling such pain of guilty. Consequently, this conflict changes his whole life. The main character starts to build a new character and a new story for him to play as his effort to forget his pasts. However, it just changes him into a dangerous person to his surrounding and people around him. There are some characters who help him to resurrect his true identity and past but his trauma prevents it. Instead, he keeps showing a regression every time he starts to remember his past that full of misery since he fails to save his family.

Table of Content Tittle ...... Agreement Page ...... i Acknowledgement ...... ii Abstrak ...... iii Abstract ...... iv Table of Content ...... v Chapter I : Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Background ...... 1 1.2 Identification of Problems ...... 3 1.3 Scope of Problems...... 4 1.4 Research Questions ...... 4 1.5 Objective of Study...... 4 1.6 Significance of Research ...... 4 1.7 Sequence of Chapter ...... 5 Chapter II : Literary Reviews ...... 6 2.1 Preview Study ...... 6 2.2 Theoretical Background ...... 7 2.3 Novel ...... 7 2.4 Structural Approach ...... 8 2.5 Intrinsic Elements...... 9 2.5.1 Character ...... 9 2.5.2 Plot ...... 11 2.5.3 Setting ...... 13 2.5.4 Theme ...... 14 Chapter III : Methodology ...... 15 3.1 Method of Collecting Data ...... 15 3.2 Method of Analyzing Data ...... 15 3.3 Research Procedure ...... 16 Chapter IV : Analysis ...... 17 4.1 Structure of Novel “Shutter Island” ...... 17 1. Characters ...... 17 2. Plot ...... 34

v 3. Setting ...... 37 4. Theme ...... 37 4.2 Analysis of The Main Character’s Internal Conflict that influences His/her Performance ...... 39 Chapter V : Conclusion and Suggestion ...... 62 5.1 Conclusion ...... 62 5.2 Suggestion ...... 63 Bibliography ...... 65 Appendix ...... 66

vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of Research

Literature is an expression of imaginative and artistic fact of human life

(Esten, 1978:9). According to the definition, it can be identified that the literature comes from experience of real life and can also be defined as an interesting thing in the world. When science focuses to give knowledge as well as with art which focuses to esthetic value, literature covers all of the science and art character.

Literature is divided into 2 forms, prose and poetry. Those are basically different as can be understood that prose is one of literature genres which is not bound with rhyme, or certain rules (ex; novels, short story, plays) as poetry is.

Novel is a work of fiction prose written in a narrative and usually written in story form. The most famous type of literary works can be enjoyed by various circle starting from teenager to adult‟s novel. That is why the writer chose novel to be analyzed. In another side, novel has a very clear structure and elements like character, plot, setting, and theme. The language style of novel can be understood easily and also there are many genres of novel such as romance, suspense, thriller, psychological thriller, mystery, and fantasy or can be mix of some genre. There are many elements of novel that ccould be analyzed such as character, plot, setting, and theme.

The writer chose the novel Shutter Island as the object of research. This novel was published in 2003 by Dennis Lehane. He was an American author who was born in the Dorchester neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. According to his website Www.dennislehane.com, he had produced 18 novels, some of his masterpieces became best seller and then adapted into films. Gone, Baby, Gone,

1 was adapted as a 2007 film. Lehane had taken on different topics in other novels.

Those adapted as films of the same name included Mystic River (2001), with a

2003 film by the same name, directed by Clint Eastwood, which won several awards. Shutter Island was adapted as a 2010 film directed by Martin Scorsese. As some previous novels, Shutter Island is very interesting novel involving its plot, setting, theme and characterization. The genre of this novel is psychological thriller but the author preferred to combine it with mystery genre.

The novel Shutter Island was chosen as research because it is an interesting novel. This story takes a detective genre like Sherlock Holmes, but the difference in the story is the setting of the story and the condition of the main character. The setting existing in the story takes place in a very isolated island used as a hospital for the people who have mental disorder. The people‟s life is isolated because they are very dangerous patient and have very chronic mental disorder. The main character in the novel is Edward Daniels (Teddy) who is sent with one friend to investigate a case of disappearing of one dangerous patient,

Rachel Solando. Edward Daniels in the story does not have child because his wife died in fire, that is caused by a psychopath Andrew Leddies.

The character of Edward Daniels in the beginning story is showed as a very clever detective but another side he has big trouble of migraine. Long time ago he was a former of veteran. In the half of the investigation to find Rachel

Solando, Edward Daniels finds a file about an experiment of psychotropic to control and to manipulate the mind. One by one incongruity appears in the story and makes Edward Daniels thinks if the staff in the hospital hides something. In the climax of the story he continues the investigation to lighthouse in shutter

Island and find the director/manager of Shutter Island Dr. Cawley wait him. Dr.

Cawley gives explanation to Edward Daniels (Teddy) if he is Andrew Leddies, the most dangerous patient in shutter island. He was diagnostic as depressive mania because he killed his wife who was killing his child. Dr. Cawley makes a story to tear down his idea that full of conspiracy. Andrew Laddies always migraine because the effect of the drug withdrawal, and if the setting failed Andrew

Leddies will get lobotomy.

In the other reason, the writer chose the novel to show if the literature is not just the fiction but it has scientific value of psychology like math and historical value. What the writer means about scientific value psychology in the novel is the phenomenon existing in the story, like mental disorders of Edward

Daniel the major character and the other patient with different mental disorder that are examined in the mini thesis. Historical value means the phenomenon in the story like the medical treatment Lobotomy. Long time ago the medical treatment

Lobotomy is a treatment for a patient with chronic mental disorder that called

Schizophrenia. With this action, more society will be known if the fiction has scientific and historical value. In the other side, a fiction would be a fun review and article to increase knowledge for medical student and another society. On the other hand, the writer also analyzes the other characters to show their function.

1.2 Identification of Problems After reading this story, the writer found some problems that can be analyzed. The writer will focus on the following possible problems:

1. The failure of Teddy in saving his family.

2. The dark memories of Teddy make him refuse himself and make

new personality.

3. The mental disorder of Teddy made his personality to be the most

dangerous patient.

4. The recurrence of Teddy‟s mental disorder.

5. The attitude of minor character to save Teddy end with failure

1.3 Scope of Problems Based on tittle of this thesis, the object of study is the novel by Dennis

Lehane, entitled “Shutter Island”. In order to keep this research guided and does not come out from the topic, the writer only limits the problem in analysis the major characters in the novel.

1.4 Research Questions Based on the Scope of Problem above, the writer formulates some problem as follows: 1. How does the internal conflict influence the major character? 2. How does the author characterize his novel? 1.5 Objective of Study Based on the explanation above, here are the objective of analysis:

1. To analyze how the main character internal conflict influence his

performance.

2. To investigate how the author characterize his novel.

1.6 Significance of research The significances of this research for me are:

1. The writer hopes that the result of research in this thesis can be as

reference for any students in analyzing novels.

2. This thesis can be something useful for other research especially

those who are interested in novel analysis about psychology and

thought.

3. An evidence if the literature can be an interesting asset to remember

about history and psychologies studies.

1.7 Sequences of Presentation Chapter one is introduction covering the background of study, identification of the problem, scope of the problem, objective of the study and the sequences of presentation. This chapter is an overview of the study.

Review of related literature is in chapter two in which literary references that support the analysis of the research. This chapter is a general theory which shows the direction of the research.

Chapter three includes methodology that consist of the method of collecting and analyzing data.

The fourth chapter is the main part of this thesis. The writer presents the

findings and the result of the analysis.

In the fifth chapter contains the conclusions and suggestions. In this chapter, the writer concludes the analysis and gives some suggestions.

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

This chapter consists of Previous Study to support the analysis and some theoretical background. This chapter is a general theory which shows the direction of the research.

2.1 Preview Study

Some researchers have done studies which are almost same as this writing but with different objects. Some of them are quoted as follows:

First, Muhammad Safril Natsir (2005) in his thesis “The Study of the

Characters August Stringberg‟s “The Father”. In his thesis, the writer gave explanation about six main characters in drama. He explained the role of each main figure in the story and identified how the main characters involved the plot.

Anggi Purnamasari (2010) in her thesis “The Study of the Main

Characters Edgar Allan Poe‟s Short Stories: “The Black Cat” Tell Tale Heart”.

Her thesis examined about the mental disease presented by the narrators and the similarities and differences of both stories and applied psychoanalysis approach to analyzed the narrator. In the thesis, the writer focused to the mental illness

Schizophrenia.

Hendriyanto Bongon (2011) in his thesis “Abnormal Behavior on the

Main Character Vladimir Nobokov‟s Lolita”. The writer focused to analyze the deviation of the main character with using psychological analysis approach. In his thesis examined about the kind psychological factors of abnormal behavior of the

Main Character Vladimir Nobokov‟s Lolita.

2.2 Theoretical Background

In this part, the writer will explain about theoretical background that supports the analysis of the research. The writer uses a structural approach and focus to analysis one of the intrinsic element that is characterization in the novel

Shutter Island.

2.3 Novel

Novel is the recreation and the reproduction of life through narration by

using word as the medium and human experiences as the materials. Meanwhile,

it can also be created by using an imagination to imagine a life in novel form as

an illustration of human future life. Therefore, novel is the mirror of human life,

as stated by Wellek and Austin (1990: 94) as follows:

Literature (novel) represents life, and life is, in a large measure, a social reality, even though the natural world and the inner or subjective world of the individual have also objects of literature imitation.

The quotation above also refers the meaning that novel is a literary work

which tells about human life such as social gap, war, racism of the different race.

Failure in life struggle or other things which corcens the real-life people in the

world. Therefore, with reading novel is an activity of gaining social knowledge

that the author represents.

Novel is one of literary works which typically written in a narrative style

by appearing characters who create the conflict in the story. According to

Kennedy (1991:7), said:

The movement of the story can be the resolution of a conflict, such as a clash between one character and another, between the character and his environment of his personality, a clash of process in the universe or even a struggle for meaning on the part of the reader who reads the novel.

The other definition of novel is explained by Gordon (1961:12), which is:

Novel is a process narrative, which is based firmly on the events of contemporary life and it tells the story about the life experiences of human being as that author could see, hear feel, experience and imagine.

The quotation above explains that novel is a type of literary work that

narrates the imaginative aspect of human life. It is a piece of novel or a prose

narrative, based firmly on the events of contemporary life. It tells the story of

ordinary man and woman and probable situation as human being.

Based on the whole descriptions of novel, the writer concludes that novel

is a large diffused picture which narrates the social condition of human life.

Therefore, the most interesting thing of novel is established by the conflicts

which the story imitates the real life.

2.4 Structural Approach

Structuralism or called intrinsic approach considers that the convention can be detected and described autonomously by structure analysis of literary text, separated it from the historical background from the author or called extrinsic elements.

Structuralism approach would be aside view of what will be revealed though a literary work meanwhile the theory is the main analyze. According to

Ryan (2007:41) explained that:

Structural approach is kind of approach that only focuses on intrinsic elements of literary works. It is one of the literary theories that start from the assumption that the literary work is composed of several elements, which are bound up as a unity. The elements influence each other and finally work as autonomous structures.

Besides that, there are three main ideas explained in structuralism according to Jeans Peaget. To begin with, the idea of wholeness this means that any intrinsic element building up the story is the key to determining the whole structure and the other elements as well. Secondly, the idea of transformation which means that the structures and the principal of transformation produce new materials. The last, the idea of an independent regularity (self-regulation). It is significant that what is inside the work itself is autonomous and able to prevent its transformation without any influences from outside.

Structure analysis is not analysis which counts the aspects that build a literary work, but it focuses on the contribution on the whole aspects. So, the total meaning of work can have grasped. Structural approach tries to see the literary work objectively. The reader has to understand the elements of the work itself such as theme, plot, character, setting, style, etc. Teeuw, (1988:25) states that:

The aim of structural analysis is breaking accurately, carefully, detail, and deeply of dependability correlation of all elements and aspects of the literary works that produce comprehensive meaning. The important thing in structural analysis is overall present.

Aristoteles is one person who introduced this approach. Structural approach focuses to the parts of intrinsic element that is character, plot, setting, and theme

2.5 Intrinsic Elements 2.5.1 Character Character is one of the most important elements that can be found in a literary novel or short story form. The problem of characterizations is one thing that presence in a very important and necessary fiction, because is not probably there is a literary work without the moving figures and eventually making a plot.

Every character has different characterizations and it can cause a conflict.

Character is the quality of the mind and soul that distinguishes one character to another. Abarms said the meaning of character is:

“The persons presented in a dramatic or native work, which are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say the dialogue and what they do the action” (1981:2).

According to this explanation, character becomes an important element to build up the story. Every act of the plot to be an interest story. For considering, in American Heritage Dictionary (1979:259).

“Character is the combination of qualities or features that distinguishes one person, group or thing from another”.

Therefore, character is a key for valuing a story. Character gives a life into each of story. In order to breathe life into the character, the author must have an intimate understanding of what drives a person. McDonnel state in England in literature, such us the following:

“An author presents his or her character by describing both their physical and psychological side” (McDonnel, 1983:709).

Character gives a certain situation or a circumstance in the story because he or she performs his or her motion in it. The author has already known what their character look like, their names, and also their biography. Therefore, the author can decide the main character and a support character or major and minor character. Koesnosoebroto divided the character into two kinds, they are:

“major character is the most important character in a story. Basically, a story is about this character, but he cannot stand on his own; he needs other characters to name the story more convincing and life like. Minor characters are characters of less important than those main.” (Koesnosoebroto, 1988:67).

There are two ways to illustrate the characteristic of the characters according to Atar Semi (1988: 39-40). The first way is analytic method, the characteristic of the characters describes by the author with explicit ways in the novel. The second is dramatic method with describe the characteristic of the characters in the story with their body language, their name, and how they are speaking.

In the great argument above, the writer finds that character can be presented through ways in order to easily understand them is role in a story. There are many methods presenting a character or personality, such as through their physical description, their way of speaking, their portrayal of through, their activities, etc.

2.5.2 Plot Plot is a sequence of events in a story that continued to connect based on cause-effect relationships. The sequence also focusing of emphasize to casual relation in the story. “Plot is a set of story which is has causal relationship”

(Forster, 1973). The understanding will allow us to understand the flow of events in a story, for example novel.

According to Chartes (1987: 1366-1367), plot divides into four part such

as:

a. Exposition or introduction.

This part presents characters and setting, shown which characters are

involved and also introduce the basic situation. Exposition has a purpose to

understand the forward progress of action, which includes knowledge of the

character and how they connect each other.

b. Rising Action.

In this part, conflicts begin to happen. The conflicts happen for the

protagonist which be caused by protagonist. The purpose is to make

protagonist doesn‟t enjoy his life. Conflicts can be divided into two types, they

are internal and external conflicts.

c. Climax

Climax is one of part in intrinsic elements where the major/main character

takes the big decision that defines the outcome of their story that they are as a

person. This is a part where the conflict where has been raised started to rise.

d. Falling Action.

In the falling action, the sense that the loose ends are being tied up.

However, it is often the time of greatest overall tension in the story because it

is the phase in which everything goes most wrong.

e. Resolution.

This is a part where the author gives the solution of all events that have

happened in the story. This part shows us where protagonist or antagonist

decisively wins. This part explains what problem happens.

The part of plot makes the stories more interesting. Donnel (1983:714) says that: plot is a series of happening in literary work. Those happening or events are composed by some related action which are organized around a conflict and built through a complication to climax followed by a denouement and solution.

The important elements in a groove are incident, conflict and climax. These elements make the fiction come alive. Grooves not only concerned with what is happening, but it also reveals why and how an event and conflict in the story

12 could happen. In general, the flow of a story divided into three types, namely the plot forward, backward flow, and the flow of the mixture.

The plot is a series of events in the story structure arranged as a sequence of sections in the overall fiction. Thus, the plot is a mix of elements that build up the story so that it becomes the main framework the story plots a basic framework that is very important. A plot governs how actions should be related to one another, how an event has a relationship with other events, as well as how the characters portrayed and play a role in the incident.

2.5.3 Setting All events that occur in human life certainly will not escape from the bondage of space and time. So also in the novel in which it is the telling of human life and all problems. Background or setting is of often called in literature prose not only serves as a pointer place and time of the story. Background in literary prose is also used as a place of extraction of these values to express the author of the story. Aminuddin said:

“Latar dalam cerita rekaan tidak hanya berupa tempat, waktu, peristiwa, suasana, benda-benda dalam lingkungan tertentu, tetapi juga suasana yang berhubungan dengan sikap, jalan pikiran, prasangka maupun gaya hidup masyarakat.” (Aminudin, 1987:68).

The function of the background is to give a clear picture that the events that occur in a literary work is really happening or provide clear information about the situation in a story. So, it can be said that the background is taking place and space events described by the author. While for function own background is to provide a clear picture so as to create an atmosphere that seems truly exists about the occurrence of an event. Background also serves to facilitate the reader imagine the things described in the literature. Depiction of the proper background would

13 make the story more powerful and alive. Without background, readers will have difficulty in imagining the events that happen in the story.

2.5.4 Theme Theme in a story is fundamental. because Existence of course mandatory. It impossible if there is no special theme in the story, including in the form of a novel. With the theme, the story is clear, then the author will be unavoidable elements unnecessary. This is what makes the theme of the story is often called the compass of the story, because it will determine which direction the story. There are various themes that can be selected if you want to write a novel, such as the theme of romance, family, education and others. Interestingly, in a story it is possible there is an engaging theme. Moreover, the definition of theme according to Rees (1973: 18) like follows:

“Every plays has one dominating idea which we call the theme”. The most important function of a theme in literature is to be the unifying element of last the whole story. That is, the authors create and shape the plot, bring characters come alive, whether consciously or not, express or implied, is basically a behavior guided by the theme chosen and had directed.