Faculty of Civil, Geo and Environmental Engineering Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Prof. Dr.-Ing. André Borrmann

Faculty of Architecture Chair of Architectural Informatics Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Petzold

BIM and the public sector

27. July 2018

Report

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling

Gergana Popgavrilova

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling

Table of contents

1. Introduction ...... 3 2. BIM Policies ...... 8 3. Trends for development ...... 18 4. Conclusion and Outlook ...... 19

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 2 Chair of Architectural Informatics

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling

1. Introduction

1.1. Interoperability

Data interoperability is a key to achieving worldwide standardization of BIM methods und usage. An open-source approach based on open standards and workflows, the so called OpenBIM, is the base for collaborative design, realization and operation of buildings. OpenBIM was developed by leading software vendors using BuildingSMART data Model and aims to support a transparent workflow, allowing user to design and maintain quality project data regardless of the software tool they use. By avoiding multiple input and consequential errors OpenBIM provides enduring project data throughout the asset life- cycle.

Open data standards achieve common language and empower the exchange of relevant data between software applications and thus an efficient communication among project members. There is also a great financial incentive to use open BIM standards - once information transfer is standardized, the cost of extracting it again and making quotes is greatly reduced. Reaching industry wide consensus on open standards is critical, hence it is important to demonstrate agreement on standards use not project by project by but at once and nationally-wide.

An important driver of the BIM globalization regarding open standards is the government, that has the power to avoid the situation of having several standards, created by the industry, by for instance funding the development and establishment of open standards methods, processes and data structures.

This report focuses on government BIM policies around the world and on the extend of which different countries have applied open standards.

1.2. Open data standards

Every standard is based on 3 main compounds – Terminology, Process and Digital storage. Based on that the open BIM standards are developed as seen on Figure 1. BuildingSMART Alliance is the international driver of open standards and has been in charge of guiding software vendors like Archicad, Grafpisoft and others, what standards should be developed in order to allow a free and open exchange of structured information and to improve interoperability and quality of the data. There is a wide range of industry standards and file formats available for exchanging and managing BIM data.

Figure 1 Specifications summary (Source: BuildingSMART)

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 3 Chair of Architectural Informatics

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling

Process Standard – Information Delivery Manual (IDM)

BuildingSMART Information Delivery Manual integrates business processes and simultaneously provides detailed specification information that is required in order for these processes to be carried out. Standards for IDM can be found in ISO 29481-1.2016, where the interoperability between software applications is described and a basis for the accurate high-quality information exchange is provided. Another standard is ISO 29481-2:2012, which explains the needed methodology and format for describing the acts between participants in the building project.

Data Standard – Industry Foundation Class (IFC)

IFC was developed as a neutral data format to describe, exchange and share information specifically used in the building and facility management sector and between different proprietary software applications. IFC has been the key to data interoperability in contrast to native data, which is a proprietary software standard from the authoring tool of a BIM model. A detailed description is provided in ISO 16739.

Change Coordination – BIM Collaboration Format (BCF) BCF is a ‘simplified’ open standard XML schema that encodes messages to enable workflow communication between different software tools. IFC contains GUID’s linked to the objects and therefore is not suited for documenting issues or workflows. BCF, on the other hand, separates the communication, in form from textual comments or screenshots between coordination parties, from the actual model.

Mapping of Terms – International Framework for Dictionaries (IFD)

The data dictionary is one of the main components of a standard that enables a flexible method of linking existing databases with construction information to a BIM model. It is a library, based on IFD standard ISO 12006-3:2007, that specifies the language-independent information in a model. Used to store and provide a reference between classification systems, information models, object models and to prove models within a common framework. Different countries agree on how to handle classification on their own. The Netherlands, for example, use a comprehensive terminology - LexCon data and other countries have an increased interest in IFD standard and are working to clarify how to handle data classification.

Process Translation – Model View Definition (MVD)

MDVs provide subsets of the IFC data model that are in particular needed to support the specific data exchange requirements during the life-cycle of a construction project. An MVD provides implementation guidance for all IFC concepts, such as classes, attributes, relationships, quantity definitions, used in a subset.

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 4 Chair of Architectural Informatics

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling

Figure 2 IFD Library - a mapping mechanism (Source: BuildingSMART)

1.3. Construction Operations Building information exchange COBie

COBie is another non-proprietary data standard, delivered in a spreadsheet data format, and contains a ‘subset’ of information for a FM handover (all except graphical data), so as a specification for all of the spaces and equipment in a building. Originally developed by the US Army Engineering Corps to reduce or eliminate the cost of construction handover documentation and improve of the quality of that information so that it can be used effectively by the facility manager, today COBie is part of UK Government’s BIM Level-2 mandate.

The bases of COBie methodology have been explained in the IFC/COBie report from 2012 by the National BIM Library of UK. The findings of the report are very straight forward: in order to reproduce an electronic version of the current paper handover documents, 3 type of information would be needed: facility maintenance, operations and assets. In other words: what assets the owner wants to maintain, how is the information going to be consumed and at what level of detail.

COBie structure

The contended of a COBie file includes a vertical and a horizontal decomposition of the building, information about facility, floor, space and zones, so as the equipment installed in the building. COBie responsibility matrix allows project member to identify responsibilities for specific elements within a data set, demonstrates the mapping between IFC and spreadsheets versions of COBie data and identifies the IFC filtering list, for the people using IFC coordination view. Whether you use the STEP format, the IFC XML, spreadsheet

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 5 Chair of Architectural Informatics

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling

XML or COBie light specification, the standard data model developed to express what COBie information is required is contained in the IFC COBie model view definition.

Figure 3 The “Type” worksheet within a typical COBie spreadsheet (Source: NBS)

BuildingSMART Specification for a model view definition

COBie is part of National BIM Standard Version 2 published in March 2012 by the US. An important aspect is the specification of the way that information can be transferred between the spreadsheet version and the IFC version of COBie. Since its initial publication in March 2012 some additional changes have been included in the current version of COBie – Version 2.4. For the initial specification of the FM handover version the BuildingSMART has developed an important tool called ifcDoc Tool to establish consistent view model definitions. This COBie model view identifies all the objects necessary to support COBie and the relationship between them. It also explains how the objects correspond to elements in real buildings and provides all the class diagrams necessary to understand all the relationships between entities in the model definition. BuildingSMART has e specification to map a model view definition into a spreadsheet for COBie found in the COBie responsibility matrix. It explains how to map between IFC and COBie, so as the IFC entities and objects are filtered out and not be included in the COBie data. Several different products to transform from the Step format to spreadsheet format, such as COBie Toolkit, that allows the user to define their information requirements and then export it in a COBie format.

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 6 Chair of Architectural Informatics

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling

Figure 4 COBie and interoperability (Source: NBS)

Questions regarding COBie, benefits and challenges of working with COBie

One of the challenges with COBie is for example the necessity of clarifying which information should be contained in the Attribute table. The input for the table is defined by the level of detail of the model, whose functionality needs to be correctly exported in the IFC file and a COBie spreadsheet. If not the case, a big amount of data would be lost by the transfer to COBie or on the contrary the user will end up with an unworkably large spreadsheet. Another open topic is the naming of the object and whether it needs to be explicit or it can contain repeating information stored in the parameters. In order to be easily accepted by users COBie must not be restricted to a strong classification scheme, however a clear description of which classification is to be used and when is it needed.

Additionally, the lack of knowledge and willingness to adopt COBie have been a setback to its fully integration as an open BIM standard. The COBie data structure is well-defined, but the governments must invest more effort in promoting best case examples to push forward its use. The level of exported data and geometry information varies from software to software, which raises the question of the quality of IFC export and therefore successful use of Cobie.

The use of COBie is beneficial in many aspects. COBie’s provides consistency and uniformity by being an open data standard, project team can share and store data in a bidirectional approach. Never the less it allows neutral viewers outside a 3D BIM environment to manage information and thus its use is proofed for the future. Another major advantage is the ease of use and efficacy that COBie grants. Together with the use of IFC it enables more efficient and cost effective practice for a clear and reader friendly information flow between different facility management systems.

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 7 Chair of Architectural Informatics

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling

2. BIM Policies

BIM stared originally as a practitioner-driven initiative that has been developing as a constant process of successes and failures of architects, engineers, contractors and owners in thousands of projects around the world.

During the economic and building boom of the early 2000s, BIM started to become more important due to growing labor and material costs. Today, we experience a shift in focus from the initial costs to the life cycle costs of the entire building. This shift is connected to the several factors, such as growing energy costs, aggressive reduction targets for energy use and/or carbon emission, technology advances (cloud- based storage/services, data analytics. With the establishment of BIM as an irreplaceable method for cost and time savings, so as project quality incensement, more experienced users started documenting their best practices within their organizations. Some industry groups initialized establishments of guidelines and standards in order to easily and efficiently achieve the benefits of BIM.

Nowadays one of the next important tasks of the public sector is to provide comprehensive direction and guidance inform of BIM agreements or execution plans to all BIM projects teams. The following section presents a scope of the great effort made by the public sector owners to implement BIM as the next standard in building, so as a matrix of the matrix of national-level government policies from a number of construction markets around the world.

Figure 5 BIM implementation status around the world (Source: CADENAS GmbH)

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 8 Chair of Architectural Informatics

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling

2.1. Government policy to encourage BIM use

A rapidly growing number of countries around the world have been adopting BIM technology and applying it to building design, construction, facility management, and even demolition. The United States is believed to be one of the pioneering countries for BIM adoption. Many public sector bodies at different levels in the United States have established BIM programs, set up BIM goals and implementation roadmaps, and published BIM standards. Apart from the United States, many countries in Europe have embarked on significant BIM implementations. The United Kingdom government, for example, mandated that all UK government projects should use BIM by 2016. Although BIM adoption in the public sector came later in Asia, BIM has now developed rapidly in Asian regions. For instance, Singapore and Hong Kong have established their own BIM committees and published several BIM guidelines.

One of the most appealing benefits of BIM to major economies has been their constant strive for lowering long-term costs. Nevertheless, experts believe that only through BIM the real estate sector can deliver qualitative building and at the same time be able to execute resent aggressive energy reduction mandates.

Another driver of the BIM globalization has been the EU and their reform of the public Procurement Directive to reduce costs and project overruns. To encourage EU countries in adopting BIM in their construction planning and execution workflow, the EU Task Group has published a “Handbook for the introduction of Building Information Modelling by the European Public Sector “. The guideline aims to help governments and public sector in the process of construction transition to the digital era, whilst encourage wider use of developed standards and common principles. The handbook also gives a clear answers of the questions “why” and “how” the public sector has to provide guidance to implementing BIM countrywide and moreover it intends to support the procurement of delivering and sharing neutral open data format for public projects.

Figure 6 BIM Integration around the world (Source dotBE)

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 9 Chair of Architectural Informatics

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling

2.2. Influential Policies: Data standards matter more than Authoring Platforms

Governments and public sectors around the globe have the opportunity to simultaneously encourage the development of BIM standards for use in the international building market. National BIM standardisation and policy initiatives have been varying significantly in different countries. Thus led to a wide range of government policies such as mandatory requirement or laissez-faire approaches so as the different tempo which countries need to reach their present BIM goals.

Public owners were the first to embrace open data standards for BIM information exchange and so far have set the Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) as the preferred standard. Furthermore, a growing number of the public owners consider to adopt COBie to capture and deliver data needed for facility management. In general, the public sector has become less concerned for the creation of the 3D model and the tools used, but have put more significance on the quality of data that is exchange on different stages of the project and its accuracy and usefulness. This trend shifted the conversation about BIM from accurate modelling of the geometry to managing and preserving relevant data.

The following chapter provides a summary of the different government policies towards BIM interoperability and the development of a common open data standard applicable for public sector projects.

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 10 Chair of Architectural Informatics

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling

Figure 7 Countries with National Mandates (Source: McGraw Hill Construction)

2.2.1. Germany

Digital Road Map for Design & Construction, Germany Main topic: Document the value proposition and strategy. Use the public sector procurement as a goal setter for introduction of the program.

In 2015 Germany’s Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure launched a BIM strategic Road Map or the transport infrastructure sector. Government and industry have led the initiative “planen-bauen 4.0” and set the goal to applying BIM to all new public projects in Germany form the end of 2020. The first of out of three maturity levels of BIM implementation has been applied under the name of Performance Level 1. Its defined criteria are to achieve vendor-neutral data exchange formats and to support interoperability and neutrality towards software products and tools. Germany’s strategic plan is similar to

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 11 Chair of Architectural Informatics

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling

UK Government’s Construction Strategy 2011, has set the clear target of supporting a wider industry transformation in the next 5 years. The guideline is intentionally design to set the base for an even more collaborative and open data environment, which includes sharing of neutral open format data and not specifying vendor-specific solutions.

Figure 8 BIM Mature Levels (Source: Researchgate)

2.2.2. Singapore

Singapore BIM Guide Version 2 Main topic: Public sector taking the lead

The governments BIM strategy is based on the public sector leading the way by establishing a secure and stable platform for BIM use, which will then encourage the private sector to retransform their construction business. The government has not only developed an industry- wide range of BIM guides, but has also subsidized BIM trainings up to 50% and has implemented programs for incentivizing BIM adopters. A brief summary of the BIM milestones and regulatory requirements are as follows: In 2012 BIM got mandatory for all public sector building projects. During the next two years an architectural and engineering BIM e-submission was implemented for all new building projects greater than 20,000 sqm. Lastly in 2015 architectural and engineering BIM e-submission was mandated for all new building projects greater than 5,000 sqm. Never the less the government also supports the development of BIM standards such as BuildingSMART's Industry Foundation Classes (IFC). The Building and Construction Authority

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 12 Chair of Architectural Informatics

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling

(BCA) together with BuildingSMART Singapore have developed a library of building and design objects as well as project collaboration guidelines. To improve the IFC data exchange quality BCA developed the Singapore IFC Code-checking for an automated model checking for BIM e-submission. The application, called CORENET e-Plan Check system allows architects and engineers to check their design for regulatory compliance through the internet gateway. The system is based on IFC 2x2, which provides a stable core model to build the rich information that e-Plan Check system needs. Singapore government recognises the long-term sustainability that IFC ensures and by demanding the BIM e-submission supports the faster implementation of IFC by major CAD developers and vendors.

Singapore's Second BIM Roadmap focuses on and uses as a UK Government's BIM Level 3 strategy. However, in the latest BIM Singapore guide the choice of data information exchange is agreed by the collaboration parties, depending on the project, using and open format like IFC is preferable, where available, but not mandatory. For the contract deliverables whose open standard formats have not been finalized the data exchange shall be in a mutually agreed format which will allow a later use of the information outside the BIM framework.

Figure 9 CORENET e-Plan Check system (Source: Section Five)

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 13 Chair of Architectural Informatics

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling

2.2.3. The UK

BIM Level 2 Main topic: The introduction of BIM to the public estate or as a policy requires resources and a plan

The UK government is an enthusiastic BIM supporter and its BIM mandate is thought to be one of most ambitious and forward-thinking policies. Since its launch in 2015, it has already met the goal of requiring all public projects to deliver BIM data for the entire project lifecycle by 2016. This is the method of working that has been set as a minimum target by the UK government for all work on public-sector work.

Originally used by the government as a possible tool to cut lifecycle costs in the construction industry and reduce the carbon consumption by 20%, nowadays it is a must have skill to be competitive in the branch. Level 2 BIM is distinguished by collaborative working, and requires "an information exchange process which is specific to that project and coordinated between various systems and project participants “. Furthermore, any CAD software that each party uses must be capable of exporting to one of the common file formats such as IFC or COBie.

The latest BIM report of NBC (Quelled) shows a rising understanding and acceptance of the open data standards among UK users. IFC has been the been the core data format exchange in terms of NBS deliverables since its launch in 2013. Furthermore, UK’s National BIM Library is believed to be the largest freely available collection of more than 5.000 objects in IFC format. As collaboration being one of the bases for a successful implementation of BIM, it requires an open, non-proprietary data environment. 72% use IFC on projects they have been involved and another 50% do not share the opinion that ‘Information models only work on the software they were made on’. They will also become increasingly important. 62% describe their use as essential to Level 3 BIM.

Figure 10 IFC survey (Source: NBS National Report 2018)

Together with BIM Task Group the government defined open standards for BIM data exchange such as COBieUK, adapted version of COBie to matches Government’s BIM Level-2 package of open standards. Today 87% of BIM users in UK receive models for purposes after construction and 74% frequently use COBie standard for their models.

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 14 Chair of Architectural Informatics

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling

Figure 11 COBie survey (Source: NBS National Report 2018)

COBie is most commonly used as a spreadsheet and can be shared between different teams and the client. 'We haven't been required to produce a COBie output, it looks too complicated to achieve and I'm not sure that it is useful.' 41% of the BIM projects contain a COBie output, however it has not been universally adopted yet, but if the goals are to use the advantages of BIM not only in design stage but in the whole lifecycle of the building, a higher adaption rate has to be achieved. Last but not least to achieve collaboration a shared platform has to be given to do so. CDE is a place where shared information is stored an easily accessed. Almost three quarters of the UK BIM users use CDE for at least some of their projects and another 21% for all.

Additionally, NBS has been commitment to support open standards and expand technology capabilities by conduction various researches. For example, in the resent years NBS work on a project to develop a prototype that allows users to make changes in design based on different environmental criteria such as embodied carbon or recycled contend. The data was structured in IFC based on various databases. NBSV took also part as a funder in a project with BIM Academy, to develop an automatic code checking of building regulations using BIM and IFC.

2.2.4. The US

The USA have been one of the pioneering countries using BIM. The Contribution to BIM implementation has been driven by different levels of the public sector – from national organizations to public universities. However, while other countries and some US localities have BIM mandates, there is not one clear US BIM mandate that is nationally valid. Experts believe a great amount of costs in this branch could be saved if the public sector develops a common set of BIM rules and requires it from designers and engineers. Despite the government initiatives on different levels, only 12% of US owners (mostly form all the public sector) say that the government effort has had an impact on their interest and another 11% are considering requiring BIM on their next project.

On the other hand, there have been two agencies – the GSA and the USACE that have been creating policies requiring BIM for the projects. One of their great accomplishments was to successfully set IFC as an international delivery requirement in BIM mandates. Another example is the decision of IFC Ports & Harbours to draw on the expert knowledge from the BuildingSMART International community and leading organisations in ports and harbour

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 15 Chair of Architectural Informatics

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling construction to provide a framework for open data standardisation. The framework will include domain specific IFC Schema extension, Model View Definition (MVD) development, software & model demonstration, documentation for the extensions and MVDs plus guidelines on use of the information.

Furthermore, USA is the origin country of COBie and one of the information exchange standard on the market is the COBie – Version 2.4. Despite that only 15% of the users use frequently COBie and almost half (41%) are not familiar with its concept at all. This is a clear example how the US BIM government and public sector can learn from the leadership shown in the UK, where 74% use COBie on a daily basis. In order to be competitive in the AEC market, US have to understand the value of COBie as a tool for structured data exchange in the FM.

Figure 12 Countries With BIM Policies by Agency or Municipality (Source: McGraw Hill Construction)

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 16 Chair of Architectural Informatics

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling

2.2.5. Scandinavia

The Scandinavian countries have been among the pioneers regarding open format deliverables in BIM projects. The public property owner in Finland published in the early 2007 their BIM guidelines with specific requirements to the product model deliverables being in IFC format. Two years later, in 2009, Norway showed its commitment to the open data standards by organizing an architectural competition for the National Museum in Oslo in which the participants (237 submissions) where demanded to submit their project inly in IFC format (Laakso & Kiviniemi, n.d.)

Norway Statsbygg BIM Manual 1.2.1

Norway is also considered one of the earliest BIM adopters with IFC playing a critical role from the beginning. The country started the process of BIM standardization in the early 2000 by collaborating on a digital e-submissions with Map Authority of Norway, as follows by the end of 2010 BIM was mandated for all new and renovation government’s projects.

Later in Norway has embraced the mandatory use of open Standards by communicating and sharing building information based on OpenBIM. All used softwares had to be able to export, link and import all information in the latest official version of open international format like IFC (ISO 16739). The government has also supported the use of BuildingSMART International Official Information Delivery Manual and Model View definitions.

Denmark Executive Order No.118

A national BIM adoption strategy covering public construction process was launched in 2007. A reset survey in the UK among other countries shows that the biggest awareness of what IFC is was shown by BIM users in Denmark. An interesting fact is that for projects over 5.5 million €, 3D models have to fulfil a number of requirements regarding content, information level on different stages of the project so as a data exchange using IFC format. Although the government project takes a small part of the property area, the impact on the market created by the IFC requirements are big.

Netherlands

Netherlands does not have an official BIM mandate, but in order to stimulate the quality and competiveness of the Dutch construction industry, a Building Information Council (BIR) was set as part of Rijkswaterstaat highways and waterways BIM program. A BIM gateway, called BIM Locket was developed on a national level in order to stimulate the management of open BIM standards so as relevant geospatial standards in the country. Some of the successfully adopted open standards in the country are: COINS – a BIM standard that complements standards developed by BuildingSMART; the Dutch open standard for communication and information transfer VISI and CB-NL Concepten Bibliotheek Nederland /Concepts Library Netherlands) - a standard for the digital description of generic concepts related to physically

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 17 Chair of Architectural Informatics

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling built objects and spaces and areas. In general, there is a very little IFC demand from client nowadays.

2.3. Influence of the private sector on BIM

The focus of this report lies on the implementation of BIM in the private sector around the globe. However, the research showed some important examples of how the private sector in different countries encourages the BIM usage either on their own or in partnership with the government. Brazil, for example, does not have an officially authorized BIM guideline, yet it has reported the higher rate of BIM usage among contractors, compared with all other markets. Moreover, buildingSMART announced its intention to open a division in Brazil in order to more efficaciously promote open data standards. Another example is Canada, again in partnership with buildingSMART has been using the successful example of UK’s national BIM standard as a basis for their own Canadian standard. Furthermore, the BIM Alliance group, consisted of more than 140 companies from the architectural and engineering sector, have been successfully encouraging the use of open BIM standards, solutions and tools. As a consequence of a lack of standardization of the, the implementation of BIM in this countries is done case-by-case only.

3. Trends for development

3.1. BuildingSMART indicatives

In 2017, at the BuildingSMART International Summit in London, a decision was taken to form a working group, called Classification (Resolution PR2017 – 10:08). It aims to develop a standard approach to implementation of open formats for models (IFC), terminology(bSDD) and process (IDM/MVD). To achieve the goal of IFC-base BIM the group will consider all the aspects of classification use and therefore will reach experts on different levels – from classification development to various system users in different countries. The task is to prepare a plan for a new standard for submission, review and approval (BuildingSMART, 2018).

In 2016 the organization also launched a new specialist forum, called Room, where in focus are the development and deployment of open digital standards specifically for the needs during the construction phase. The Construction Room intends to propose site productivity improvements through the use of BIM and IFC open data exchange standards. The created standards will be adopted by industry and available for software implementation (BuildingSMART, 2016).

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 18 Chair of Architectural Informatics

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling

3.2. Drivers and obstacles for IFC

The drivers towards an open data standard

 The push from the public sector towards an open standard based BIM has made the significant change since vendors have increased their interest in IFC.  The interest towards IFC format has still been statistically low. This phenomenon is explained by the minimal use and demand of BIM models after the design phase – for FM for example. With growing interest in the use of BIM models throughout the complete life-cycle of the building, open data standards such as IFC and COBie will take lead.  EU’s decision in Oslo 16.02.2016. – the IFC should be adopted as EN ISO file exchange standard: ISO 16739:2013 – Industry Foundation Classes.  There is an international desire towards open data, after in 2013 the G8 leaders signed the open data charter and made certain that developed countries will move towards a greater level of transparency and openness (Fenby-Taylor, Thompson, & Maclaren, 2016).

Obstacles for adopting IFC

 The low use of IFC has arisen by the lack of IFC compliant software products.  Lack of robust IFC interfaces in the software products has been the major setback for a voluntary use of open data standard.  Lack of information o0n how and when IFC can be used.  Lack of expert knowledge on IFC and trained employees.  The standardization of open formats has been driven only on national level, which makes it harder for the industry that provides usually overboard services.  Some software vendors promote the IFC idea, however other still prefer proprietary solutions. This sends and unclear message to the industry and lowers the motivation towards using BIM methods in overall. (Kivinemi, Karlshøj, Tarandi, & Bell, 2008).  Uncertainty among organizations regarding legal situation and BIM exchange data between participants.

4. Conclusion and Outlook

The absence of nationally agreed publically available open standard has formed interoperability problems between different applications and caused setback in the communication between stakeholders in design, procurement and operation. A common opinion is that open standards only benefit the government. However, they benefit any organization with large portfolio of real property assets. Since most of the government work is performed by private architectural and engineering firms and contractors, agreeing on standards has very broad base of influence. After firms have use open standards for government work, they are more likely to use them on private sector work.

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 19 Chair of Architectural Informatics

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling

A major reason why open standards and IFC in particular have not been the identified solution to the problem with a standardized data exchange between parties in the construction sector has been the unwillingness of the industry to accept IFC. Mainly driven by of lack of understanding of the positive consequences, issues driven by competition or poor IFC file quality.

Every change global wide needs a driver and in respect to open BIM standardization, the solution is in the hands of the governments and public sector. A big transformation in the construction industry such as the one BIM has already provoked cannot be successfully maintained if only a few companies or individuals have endorsed the method so far. A greater adoption towards open standard formats needs big players on national level taking the lead. A tipping point in this process looks to be the IFC based BIM, in which it is expected to be increasingly invested in the next two years.

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 20 Chair of Architectural Informatics

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling

Table of Figures

Figure 1 Specifications summary (Source: BuildingSMART) ...... 3 Figure 2 IFD Library - a mapping mechanism (Source: BuildingSMART)...... 5 Figure 3 The “Type” worksheet within a typical COBie spreadsheet (Source: NBS) ...... 6 Figure 4 COBie and interoperability (Source: NBS) ...... 7 Figure 5 BIM implementation status around the world (Source: CADENAS GmbH) ...... 8 Figure 6 BIM Integration around the world (Source dotBE) ...... 9 Figure 7 Countries with National Mandates (Source: McGraw Hill Construction) ...... 11 Figure 8 BIM Mature Levels (Source: Researchgate) ...... 12 Figure 9 CORENET e-Plan Check system (Source: Section Five)...... 13 Figure 10 IFC survey (Source: NBS National Report 2018) ...... 14 Figure 11 COBie survey (Source: NBS National Report 2018) ...... 15 Figure 12 Countries With BIM Policies by Agency or Municipality (Source: McGraw Hill Construction) ...... 16

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 21 Chair of Architectural Informatics

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling

Literature

BIM implementation status [Foto]. (o.D.). Abgerufen 24. Juli, 2018, von https://skaitmeninestatyba.lt/bim-standartai-koks-vyriausybes-indelis/

BIMcollab. (o.D.). BCF Building Collaboration Format. Abgerufen 20. Juli, 2018, von https://www.bimcollab.com/en/bim/openbim/bcf

BuildingSMART. (o.D.). Open Standards - the basics. Abgerufen 27. Juli, 2018, von https://www.buildingsmart.org/standards/technical-vision/open-standards/

BuildingSMART. (o.D.). ifcDoc Tool Summary. Abgerufen 20. Juli, 2018, von http://www.buildingsmart-tech.org/specifications/specification-tools/ifcdoc-tool

BuildingSMART. (2016). open BIM for Construction – call for participation. Abgerufen 20. Juli, 2018, von https://www.buildingsmart.org/construction-room-call-participation/

BuildingSMART. (2018). Working group on Classification. Abgerufen 20. Juli, 2018, von https://www.buildingsmart.org/working-group-on-classification/

Carr, D. (2015). Norway - a northern light of BIM. Abgerufen 20. Juli, 2018, von http://www.building4change.com/article.jsp?id=2613#.W1sy5pN9iUk

East, B. (2013). The COBie Guide. Abgerufen 20. Juli, 2018, von https://www.scribd.com/document/168107583/COBie-Guide-Public-Release-1

Edirisinghe, R., & London, K. (o.D.). Comparative Analysis of International and National Level BIM Standardization Efforts and BIM adoption. Abgerufen 20. Juli, 2018, von https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286496233_Comparative_Analysis_of_Internatio nal_and_National_Level_BIM_Standardization_Efforts_and_BIM_adoption

EU BIM Task Group. (o.D.). Handbook for the introduction of Building Information Modelling by the European Public Sector. Abgerufen 20. Juli, 2018, von http://www.eubim.eu/handbook/

Fenby-Taylor, H., Thompson, N., & Maclaren, A. (2016). Scotland Global BIM Study (produced for the Scottish Futures Trust). Abgerufen von https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304889522_Scotland_Global_BIM_Study_produc ed_for_the_Scottish_Futures_Trust?enrichId=rgreq-16f4e0f480fdb60620e5830b2fd98c6b- XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzMwNDg4OTUyMjtBUzozODA3NDc5MjQ5NTEwNDFAM TQ2Nzc4ODc4NzgyNw%3D%3D&el=1_x_3&_esc=publicationCoverPdf

IFC Library Group. (o.D.). CTM Program: Terminology, Vocabularies, and BIM. Abgerufen 20. Juli, 2018, von https://www.slideshare.net/novacsi/2011-0413-dictionaries-vocabulary-bim-csi- nova

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 22 Chair of Architectural Informatics

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling

International Organization for Standardization. (o.D.). ISO 12006-3:2007. Abgerufen 20. Juli, 2018, von https://www.iso.org/standard/38706.html

Karlshøj, J. (o.D.). BIM around the world A BIM mandate lesson from Denmark. Abgerufen 20. Juli, 2018, von http://www.bimplus.co.uk/people/bim-ma4ndate-lesso4n-den7mark/

Kivinemi, A., Karlshøj, J., Tarandi, V., & Bell, H. (2008). Review of the Development and Implementation of IFC compatible BIM. Abgerufen von https://www.sintef.no/globalassets/upload/byggforsk/bygninger/erabuild-bim-final-report- january-2008.pdf

Laakso, M., & Kiviniemi, A. (o.D.). The IFC Standard - A Review of History, Development, and Standardization. Abgerufen 20. Juli, 2018, von https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252069448_The_IFC_Standard_- _A_Review_of_History_Development_and_Standardization?enrichId=rgreq- fa113229cc7bcdf4509e3b34fb7ef128- XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MjA2OTQ0ODtBUzoxMDEwNDM4MTE2NTE1ODlAMT QwMTEwMjEzMDQ3NQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_3&_esc=publicationCoverPdf

Laakso, M., & Kiviniemi, A. (2012). he IFC Standard - A Review of History, Development, and Standardization. Abgerufen 20. Juli, 2018, von https://www.researchgate.net/publication/252069448_The_IFC_Standard_- _A_Review_of_History_Development_and_Standardization?enrichId=rgreq- fa113229cc7bcdf4509e3b34fb7ef128- XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MjA2OTQ0ODtBUzoxMDEwNDM4MTE2NTE1ODlAMT QwMTEwMjEzMDQ3NQ%3D%3D&el=1_x_3&_esc=publicationCoverPdf

Migilinskas, D., & Popov, V. (2013). The Benefits, Obstacles and Problems of Practical Bim Implementation. Abgerufen 20. Juli, 2018, von https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705813008308

National Institute of Building Sciences. (o.D.). National BIM Guide for Owners. Abgerufen 27. Juli, 2018, von https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.nibs.org/resource/resmgr/nbgo/Natl_BIM_Guide_for_Owners .pdf

NBC. (o.D.). Roadmap to Digital Transition. Abgerufen 27. Juli, 2018, von https://www.bimcommunity.com/resources/load/394/roadmap-to-digital-transition

NBS. (o.D.). What is an Information Delivery Manual (IDM)? Abgerufen 20. Juli, 2018, von https://www.thenbs.com/knowledge/what-is-an-information-delivery-manual-idm

NBS. (o.D.). NBS and open standards for BIM. Abgerufen 20. Juli, 2018, von https://www.thenbs.com/knowledge/nbs-and-open-standards-for-bim

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 23 Chair of Architectural Informatics

Advanced Topics in Building Information Modeling

NBS. (o.D.). The 20 key BIM terms you need to know. Abgerufen 20. Juli, 2018, von https://www.thenbs.com/knowledge/the-20-key-bim-terms-you-need-to-know

NBS. (o.D.). The IFC/COBie Report 2012. Abgerufen 20. Juli, 2018, von https://buildinginformationmanagement.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/ifc_cobie-report- 2012.pdf

NBS. (o.D.). National BIM Report 2018. Abgerufen 27. Juli, 2018, von https://www.thenbs.com/knowledge/the-national-bim-report-2018

Section Five. (o.D.). BIM Solution - A Strategy for Implementig BIM Solution in Singapore. Abgerufen 27. Juli, 2018, von http://www.jacic.or.jp/acit/3-2_appendix.pdf

WBDG - Whole Building Design Guide. (o.D.). Construction-Operations Building Information Exchange (COBie). Abgerufen 20. Juli, 2018, von http://www.wbdg.org/resources/construction- operations-building-information-exchange-cobie

Zhao, X., & Gao, S. (o.D.). What Hinders the BIM Adoption in Singapore: An Empirical Study. Abgerufen 20. Juli, 2018, von http://www.academia.edu/30452506/What_Hinders_the_BIM_Adoption_in_Singapore_An_ Empirical_Study

Chair of Computational Modeling and Simulation Seite 24 Chair of Architectural Informatics