Broadband Monolithic Constrained Lens Design
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We Would Like to Deliver Our Gratitude to Referee #1 for the Detailed and Thorough Review of Our Work
We would like to deliver our gratitude to referee #1 for the detailed and thorough review of our work. Below are our responses to the critical points presented by the referee. For each comment of the referee, our reply consists of a general response and an indication of changes in the manuscript following the guidelines. 1. The introductory material is narrow, and implies that (a) this is a topic which has hardly been worked on and (b) there is limited understanding of how radioactivity makes ions. Since radioactivity and cosmic rays were discovered through their ionisation of the atmosphere at least a hundred years ago, these implications are incorrect. The authors should be referring to some historical material (e.g. the Irish work of Nolan and collaborators) or, at a minimum, a historical review, and the work on ion measurements from other groups in the late twentieth century, to explain how their study progresses the research area. Thank you for the comment! We broadened our introduction concerning the historical works on air ion study and instrumentations used for characterising air ions. This part of the manuscript is elaborated as follows ‘Air ions were historically concerned in the discipline of atmospheric electricity (Israël, 1970), because their flow in the electric field of the earth- atmosphere system serves as the measureable conduction current in the atmosphere (Wilson, 1921;Tinsley, 2008;Harrison and Carslaw, 2003). The interest in atmospheric electricity could be traced back to the early 18th century when thunderstorms were suggested to be electrical phenomena (Herbert, 1997). However, only when Benjamin Franklin proposed the idea to draw electricity down from lightning in 1752, this theory was confirmed and the study of atmospheric electricity became popular (Herbert, 1997;Tinsley, 2008). -
How Do Air Ions Reflect Variations in Ionising Radiation in the Lower Atmosphere in a Boreal Forest?
How do air ions reflect variations in ionising radiation in the lower atmosphere in a boreal forest? Xuemeng Chen1*, Veli-Matti Kerminen1, Jussi Paatero2, Pauli Paasonen1, Hanna E. Manninen1, Tuomo Nieminen1,3, Tuukka Petäjä1 and Markku Kulmala1 5 1Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland 2Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland 3Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland 10 Correspondence to: Xuemeng Chen ([email protected]) 1 Abstract. Most of the ion production in the atmosphere is attributed to ionising radiation. In the lower atmosphere, ionising radiation consists mainly of the decay emissions of radon and its progeny, gamma radiation of the terrestrial origin as well as photons and elementary particles of cosmic radiation. These types of radiation produce ion pairs via the ionisation of nitrogen and oxygen as well as trace species in 5 the atmosphere, the rate of which is defined as the ionising capacity. Larger air ions are produced out of the initial charge carriers by processes, such as clustering or attachment to pre-existing aerosol particles. This study aimed 1) to identify the key factors responsible for the variability in ionising radiation and in the observed air ion concentrations, 2) to reveal the linkage between them, and 3) to provide an in-depth analysis into the effects of ionising radiation on air ion formation, based on measurement data collected 10 during 2003-2006 from a boreal forest site in southern Finland. In general, gamma radiation dominated the ion production in the lower atmosphere. -
Pattern Recognition and Tomographic Reconstruction with Terahertz Signals for Applications in Biomedical Engineering
Pattern Recognition and Tomographic Reconstruction with Terahertz Signals for Applications in Biomedical Engineering by Xiaoxia (Sunny) Yin Bachelor of Engineering (Industrial Electronics), Dalian University, 1996 Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical and Electronic Engineering University of Adelaide 2008 Appendix A Oblique Projection Operation HIS appendix introduces an oblique projection operation, which T underpins the subspace system identification algorithms dis- cussed in Chapter 7. In addition, a few figures are drawn to il- lustrate parts of the subspace identification procedures. Page 289 U Y M Y/U M Figure A.1. Schematic of oblique projection. Oblique projection of Y onto M along the direction of U. An oblique projection operation is illustrated in Fig. A.1. In this case, there are three rows spaces involved: Y, U and M. The notation Y/UM is used to denote the oblique projection of Y onto M along the direction of U. The vector space Y in the oblique projection should lie in the span of U, M , otherwise it should be first projected or- { } thogonally onto that span before the oblique projection operation is carried out. The oblique projection is defined by two properties, which are obvious from Fig. A.1: U/UM = 0 (A.1) M/UM = M. (A.2) Any transformation that satisfies Eq. (A.1) and Eq. (A.2) can be adopted as an oblique projection operator. The following formula satisfies the conditions for the projection operator: M/UM = (Y/U⊥)(M/U⊥)∗ M (A.3) where denotes the Moore-Penrose pseudo-inverse, indicates an orthogonal projec- ∗ ⊥ tion. -
Much Ado About Almost Nothing
Much Ado About Almost Nothing Man's Encounter with the Electron Hans Camenzind Copyright 2008 Hans Camenzind www.historyofelectronics.com Edition 1.2 January 2008 All rights reserved Contents 1 Almost Nothing 1 Ancient superstitions and brave early investigators. 2 Benjamin Franklin, Electrician 11 After retiring from business he dabbled in electricity with three friends, and turned out to be a first-class scientist. 3 Nine Lives, Nine Discoveries 23 How the properties of electricity were discovered. 4 A Very Big Ship 53 The telegraph and the heartbreaking story of the transatlantic cable. 5 Mr. Watson, Come Here! 73 Bell and his many competitors. 6 Tesla 89 Edison and the genius who trumped him, and then went over the edge. 7 Revelation 111 The electron is finally discovered and turns out to be very strange. 8 Armstrong 129 The real inventor of radio vs. a charlatan and a ruthless promoter. 9 Farnsworth 155 A 15-year old Idaho farm boy invents television and battles the same ruthless promoter. 10 The 30-Ton Brain 169 The first computers. 11 Noyce 189 The invention of the transistor and the integrated circuit 12 Parting Shots 217 Where do we go from here? References 219 Index The author is indebted to Robert A. Pease and Reinhard Zimmerli for proofreading this book. 1. Almost Nothing Ancient superstitions, a skeptical Greek, a siege in Italy, a physician in London and shocking entertainment. The little thing that threads through this book truly amounts to almost nothing. It is so small you can’t see it, not even with the most powerful microscope. -
John Sealy Townsend
John Sealy Townsend Sir John Sealy Edward Townsend, FRS (7 June 1868 â“ 16 February 1957) was an Irish mathematical physicist who conducted various studies concerning the electrical conduction of gases (concerning the kinetics of electrons and ions) and directly measured the electrical charge. He was a Wykeham Professor of physics at Oxford University. The phenomenon of the electron avalanche was discovered by him, and is known as the Townsend discharge. TOWNSEND, JOHN SEALY EDWARD(b. Galway, Ireland, 7 June 1868; d. Oxford, England, 16 February 1957)Physics.Townsend is best known for his research concerning the kinetics of ions and electrons in gases. The son of a college professor, he was educated at Trinity College, Dublin. Home Science Dictionaries thesauruses pictures and press releases Townsend, John Sealy Edward. Print this article. Print all entries for this topic. Cite this article. Tools. Townsend, John Sealy Edward. Sir John Sealy Edward Townsend, FRS[1] was an Irish mathematical physicist who conducted various studies concerning the electrical conduction of gases and directly measured the electrical charge. He was a Wykeham Professor of physics at Oxford University.[2]. For faster navigation, this Iframe is preloading the Wikiwand page for John Sealy Townsend. Home. News. Sir John Sealy Townsend, in full Sir John Sealy Edward Townsend, (born June 7, 1868, Galway, County Galway, Irelandâ”died February 16, 1957, Oxford, England), Irish physicist who pioneered in the study of electrical conduction in gases and made the first direct measurement of the unit electrical charge (e). John Sealy Townsend (Q1701707). From Wikidata. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Sir John Sealy Edward Townsend. -
How Do Air Ions Reflect Variations in Ionising Radiation in the Lower
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 16, 14297–14315, 2016 www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/14297/2016/ doi:10.5194/acp-16-14297-2016 © Author(s) 2016. CC Attribution 3.0 License. How do air ions reflect variations in ionising radiation in the lower atmosphere in a boreal forest? Xuemeng Chen1, Veli-Matti Kerminen1, Jussi Paatero2, Pauli Paasonen1, Hanna E. Manninen1, Tuomo Nieminen1,3, Tuukka Petäjä1, and Markku Kulmala1 1Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, 00014 Helsinki, Finland 2Finnish Meteorological Institute, Observation services, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland 3Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland Correspondence to: Xuemeng Chen (xuemeng.chen@helsinki.fi) Received: 23 May 2016 – Published in Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.: 20 June 2016 Revised: 30 September 2016 – Accepted: 21 October 2016 – Published: 16 November 2016 Abstract. Most of the ion production in the atmosphere is at- tion in the lower atmosphere. This relationship, however, was tributed to ionising radiation. In the lower atmosphere, ionis- only clearly observed on new particle formation (NPF) days, ing radiation consists mainly of the decay emissions of radon possibly indicating that charges after being born underwent and its progeny, gamma radiation of the terrestrial origin as different processes on NPF days and non-event days and also well as photons and elementary particles of cosmic radia- that the transformation of newly formed charges to cluster tion. These types of radiation produce ion pairs via the ioni- ions occurred in a shorter timescale on NPF days than on sation of nitrogen and oxygen as well as trace species in the non-event days. -
Cruciblesthestor002077mbp.Pdf
> I From Ancient Alchemy to Nuclear Fission CRUCIBLES: THE STORY OF CHEMISTRY is told, in all its fascination, through the lives of the men and women who devoted themselves completely to it: TREVISAN most famous of the ancient alchemists* PARACELSUS first physician to make use of chem- istry in the cure of disease* PRIESTLEY the clergyman who discovered oxygen. CAVENDISH first to discover the composition of water. LAVOISIER father of modern chemistry. DALTON architect of atomic theory. VOEHLER pioneer in organic chemistry. MENDELEEFF gave us our first Table of the Elements. The CURIES discovered and isolated radium, iHOMSON discoverer of the electron. LANGMUIR first applied the electron theory to chemistry, LAWRENCE inventor of the cyclotron. EINSTEIN, FERMI, UREY, OPPENHEIMER and others the men who harnessed atomic energy. Premier Books are designed to bring to a larger reading public, at small cost, reprints of outstanding books previously published at much higher prices. CRUCIBLES: THE STORY OF CHEMISTRY From Ancient Alchemy to Nttdear Fission BERNARD JAFFE / 1 t Att&or of OUTPOSTS OF SCIENCE BLICATIONS, ING, Grmwtchf Com. Copyright MCMXXX, MCMXLH, MCMXLVm, Bernard Jaffa Copyright 1957, Bernard Jaffe CRUCIBLES: THE STORY OF CHEMISTRY was originally published by Simon and Schuster, Inc., and is reissued at 50$ in this newly revised PREMIER edition through arrangement with that company, Afl rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof. Second PREMIER printing, January 1960 PREMIER BOOKS are published by FAWCETT WORLD LIBRARY 67 West 44th Street, New York 36, New York Printed in the United States of America PREFACE the period since the first publication of this book in DURING1930 death has taken many of the pioneers of modern chemistry.