Much Ado About Almost Nothing

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Much Ado About Almost Nothing Much Ado About Almost Nothing Man's Encounter with the Electron Hans Camenzind Copyright 2008 Hans Camenzind www.historyofelectronics.com Edition 1.2 January 2008 All rights reserved Contents 1 Almost Nothing 1 Ancient superstitions and brave early investigators. 2 Benjamin Franklin, Electrician 11 After retiring from business he dabbled in electricity with three friends, and turned out to be a first-class scientist. 3 Nine Lives, Nine Discoveries 23 How the properties of electricity were discovered. 4 A Very Big Ship 53 The telegraph and the heartbreaking story of the transatlantic cable. 5 Mr. Watson, Come Here! 73 Bell and his many competitors. 6 Tesla 89 Edison and the genius who trumped him, and then went over the edge. 7 Revelation 111 The electron is finally discovered and turns out to be very strange. 8 Armstrong 129 The real inventor of radio vs. a charlatan and a ruthless promoter. 9 Farnsworth 155 A 15-year old Idaho farm boy invents television and battles the same ruthless promoter. 10 The 30-Ton Brain 169 The first computers. 11 Noyce 189 The invention of the transistor and the integrated circuit 12 Parting Shots 217 Where do we go from here? References 219 Index The author is indebted to Robert A. Pease and Reinhard Zimmerli for proofreading this book. 1. Almost Nothing Ancient superstitions, a skeptical Greek, a siege in Italy, a physician in London and shocking entertainment. The little thing that threads through this book truly amounts to almost nothing. It is so small you can’t see it, not even with the most powerful microscope. It is elusive, as if it were shy: it can appear as a tiny point with a weight (or more properly a mass) of much less than a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a gram, scurrying around at near the speed of light; or it can shed its body and become a ghost, a wave. We would never have noticed this strange particle were it not for the fact that there are many of them. They are everywhere, in every material, in numbers so huge they are beyond any human comprehension. In the point at the end of this sentence there are some 20 billion of them. It was only a little over 100 years ago that man began to deduce the nature of this weird, minuscule thing and gave it a name: the electron. For most of history he was unaware of its existence, ascribing its effects to various gods. A large, powerful god who hurled lighting bolts, such as Zeus, Thor, or Jupiter. Or little ones who hid in amber, which attracted feathers or straw when rubbed, or in the lodestone (magnet), which attracted other stones of the same kind. We shall follow man’s encounter with the electron in this book: how a few people overcame their superstitions and began to investigate; how the electron gradually became useful, though man still had no idea what it was; how it finally revealed itself and then grew in importance to such an extent that we are now completely, utterly dependent on it. The first incident of note happened around 600 BC, in the city of Miletus (or, more accurately, Miletos). The city was Greek, but it was located on what is now the west coast of Turkey. At that time Miletus was the richest city in the Greek world and the most accomplished cultural center. Part of its status was due to Thales, who had gained fame in mathematics and astronomy and also proved himself to be a shrewd businessman 2. Hans Camenzind 1 Miletus had gained its wealth through trade. It had an excellent harbor and was strategically located on the way to Egypt from the north. And the trade routes already extended all the way to the Baltic sea, 2300km (1400 miles) away, from where the traders brought the most valuable gem then in existence: amber. Amber is a resin from trees, which grew some 40 million years ago, and are now deep underground 8. Over time the resin has hardened and now appears to be a bright yellow rock; because of its sun-like appearance the Greeks named it ηλεκτρου (elektron). Unlike other gems, amber has a fascinating property: when rubbed, it attracts light objects, such as straw. The Greeks (and just about everybody else) believed there was a tiny god inside. That was the explanation for everything they couldn't understand. The Greeks had a very large number of gods: every object on earth or in the heavens had a god, everything good or bad was personified as a deity, usually in human form; and each god had its own fantastic story. There was another effect that couldn't be explained: magnetism. In some regions near Greece one could find rocks, which attracted each other (called a lodestone). More gods were created. As far as we can tell, Thales was the first person to debunk this belief. He investigated the lodestone and amber and pronounced that the effects were not due to gods. But it was only a small step forward: his explanation was that amber and the lodestone had a "soul". (He also believed that the earth was a flat disk floating on water, and that everything comes from water and returns to water). But we have to keep in mind that we know very little about Thales, about what he thought and said. Our only source of information is hearsay, comments by later scholars. If he wrote anything, nothing survived. When you had something important to say in 600 BC, you wrote it on a scroll and let other people read it. There were no public schools, universities or libraries, not even in Miletus; only a small minority of people could even read. If your dissertation was popular, a rich, educated collector had a copy made by a scribe; if your ideas were out of favor, your scroll eventually decayed and was discarded. Shortly after Thales, Miletus started to decline and Athens became the center of Greece. Miletus was captured by the Persians, its harbor silted up and then the town disappeared altogether. For more than 1800 years there was only silence on the subject. It appears that no other Greek (or Roman) picked up where Thales left off. If there were any, all traces of them have disappeared. 2 Much Ado About Almost Nothing And when the Roman Empire became Christian there was no longer any progress in other fields of science either. The church taught that every object and every effect was controlled by divine interference and thus the investigation of nature not only made no sense, but was sacrilegious. This belief was enforced by the inquisition. So it is a surprise that we find a rather detailed investigation of the magnet during this time. It is in the form of a letter written in Latin by a Pierre de Maricourt to his neighbor 10. We know very little about the author, who signed the letter as Petrus Peregrinus (Peter the Crusader); Roger Bacon mentions him in his writings and gives us the impression that Maricourt was one of the most impressive and knowledgeable people he knew. At the bottom of the letter it says: "Finished in the camp of the siege of Lucera on 8 August 1269". What was a Frenchman doing in Italy, laying siege to a town? Lucera is a town 200km (130 miles) east of Rome (not in Sicily, as most historians state) 9, and had become populated by Muslims. The pope took offense and asked the French for help. An army was dispatched, led by the brother of the king; Maricourt was almost certainly an engineer who built and operated the catapults, which hurled rocks and flaming tar-balls into the town. A siege tends to be boring for the aggressor; one has to wait until the population starves. Thus Maricourt had plenty of free time on his hands and he put on paper what had been his passion for some time: investigating the magnet. He had found that each magnet has a south pole and north pole, which he determines by carefully tracing the magnetic field with an iron needle. With two magnets the north pole of one attracted the south pole of the other, but when two north or south-poles where held together they repelled each other. When he cut a magnet in half, each piece had its own north and south pole. He also found that he could magnetize a piece of iron with a lodestone and that a strong lodestone was able to reverse the magnetism of a weaker one. Maricourt suggested improvement for the compass, which had been in crude use by mariners: a 360-degree scale which would let you find the course to be steered. But he made two grave mistakes. He believed that the magnet in the compass pointed toward the north star, not the north pole of the earth. And, at the end of the letter, he proposes a motor with magnets that would run forever, a perpetuum mobile. If it doesn't work it is probably due to the lack of skill by the one who is building it, he said. The motor never had a chance of working. Hans Camenzind 3 That is all we know about Pierre de Maricourt. His letter was copied occasionally; some 28 copies are still in existence. No two copies are the same, all were altered while copying, the majority of them substantially. Which goes to show how uncertain our knowledge of the ancient past is.
Recommended publications
  • UW EE Professional Masters Program To
    Electrical Engineering Fall 2007 The ntegrator In this issue UW EE Professional Masters Program To Dean’s Message 2 Chair’s Message 2 Commence In 2008 New Faculty 3 UW EE is pleased to announce the availability of an evening professional master’s degree Damborg Retires 3 in electrical engineering. The Professional Masters Program (PMP) is designed primarily Parviz Wins TR35 4 for the working professional employed locally in the Puget Sound to allow students the flexibility of working while pursuing an MSEE. Classes will be offered in the evening on In Memory 4 the Seattle campus and are scheduled to begin winter quarter 2008. “For the first time, Student Awards 5 the UW MSEE degree will be available in an evening format,” says Professor and Associ- New Scholarship 5 ate Chair for Education, Jim Ritcey. “The addition of an MS degree on your resume can be critical when seeking new opportunities.” Alumni Profile 6 Class Notes 7 Based on a comprehensive marketing survey carried out by UW Office of Educational Outreach, the PMP will initially focus on four curriculum areas. These include Controls, Electromagnetics, Signal and Image Process- Earn a MSEE In the Evening ing, and Wireless Communications. As the program matures, additional topic areas will Considered getting a MSEE but can’t quit your job? UW be available to PMP students. The program EE’s Professional Master’s Program allows you to keep your will meet the same high standard as the full- knowledge up-to-date in this fast moving field by working time degree, although the course content will vary.
    [Show full text]
  • We Would Like to Deliver Our Gratitude to Referee #1 for the Detailed and Thorough Review of Our Work
    We would like to deliver our gratitude to referee #1 for the detailed and thorough review of our work. Below are our responses to the critical points presented by the referee. For each comment of the referee, our reply consists of a general response and an indication of changes in the manuscript following the guidelines. 1. The introductory material is narrow, and implies that (a) this is a topic which has hardly been worked on and (b) there is limited understanding of how radioactivity makes ions. Since radioactivity and cosmic rays were discovered through their ionisation of the atmosphere at least a hundred years ago, these implications are incorrect. The authors should be referring to some historical material (e.g. the Irish work of Nolan and collaborators) or, at a minimum, a historical review, and the work on ion measurements from other groups in the late twentieth century, to explain how their study progresses the research area. Thank you for the comment! We broadened our introduction concerning the historical works on air ion study and instrumentations used for characterising air ions. This part of the manuscript is elaborated as follows ‘Air ions were historically concerned in the discipline of atmospheric electricity (Israël, 1970), because their flow in the electric field of the earth- atmosphere system serves as the measureable conduction current in the atmosphere (Wilson, 1921;Tinsley, 2008;Harrison and Carslaw, 2003). The interest in atmospheric electricity could be traced back to the early 18th century when thunderstorms were suggested to be electrical phenomena (Herbert, 1997). However, only when Benjamin Franklin proposed the idea to draw electricity down from lightning in 1752, this theory was confirmed and the study of atmospheric electricity became popular (Herbert, 1997;Tinsley, 2008).
    [Show full text]
  • HOW DID SILICON VALLEY BECOME SILICON VALLEY? Three Surprising Lessons for Other Cities and Regions
    HOW DID SILICON VALLEY BECOME SILICON VALLEY? Three Surprising Lessons for Other Cities and Regions a report from: supported by: 2 / How Silicon Valley Became "Silicon Valley" This report was created by Rhett Morris and Mariana Penido. They wish to thank Jona Afezolli, Fernando Fabre, Mike Goodwin, Matt Lerner, and Han Sun who provided critical assistance and input. For additional information on this research, please contact Rhett Morris at [email protected]. How Silicon Valley Became "Silicon Valley" / 3 INTRODUCTION THE JOURNALIST Don Hoefler coined the York in the chip industry.4 No one expected the term “Silicon Valley” in a 1971 article about region to become a hub for these technology computer chip companies in the San Francisco companies. Bay Area.1 At that time, the region was home to Silicon Valley’s rapid development offers many prominent chip businesses, such as Intel good news to other cities and regions. This and AMD. All of these companies used silicon report will share the story of its creation and to manufacture their chips and were located in analyze the steps that enabled it to grow. While a farming valley south of the city. Hoefler com- it is impossible to replicate the exact events that bined these two facts to create a new name for established this region 50 years ago, the devel- the area that highlighted the success of these opment of Silicon Valley can provide insights chip businesses. to leaders in communities across the world. Its Silicon Valley is now the most famous story illustrates three important lessons for cul- technology hub in the world, but it was a very tivating high-growth companies and industries: different place before these businesses devel- oped.
    [Show full text]
  • Publications Core Magazine, 2007 Read
    CA PUBLICATIONo OF THE COMPUTERre HISTORY MUSEUM ⁄⁄ SPRINg–SUMMER 2007 REMARKABLE PEOPLE R E scuE d TREAsuREs A collection saved by SAP Focus on E x TRAORdinARy i MAGEs Computers through the Robert Noyce lens of Mark Richards PUBLISHER & Ed I t o R - I n - c hie f THE BEST WAY Karen M. Tucker E X E c U t I V E E d I t o R TO SEE THE FUTURE Leonard J. Shustek M A n A GI n G E d I t o R OF COMPUTING IS Robert S. Stetson A S S o c IA t E E d I t o R TO BROWSE ITS PAST. Kirsten Tashev t E c H n I c A L E d I t o R Dag Spicer E d I t o R Laurie Putnam c o n t RIBU t o RS Leslie Berlin Chris garcia Paula Jabloner Luanne Johnson Len Shustek Dag Spicer Kirsten Tashev d E S IG n Kerry Conboy P R o d U c t I o n ma n ager Robert S. Stetson W E BSI t E M A n AGER Bob Sanguedolce W E BSI t E d ESIG n The computer. In all of human history, rarely has one invention done Dana Chrisler so much to change the world in such a short time. Ton Luong The Computer History Museum is home to the world’s largest collection computerhistory.org/core of computing artifacts and offers a variety of exhibits, programs, and © 2007 Computer History Museum.
    [Show full text]
  • BOOK PROPOSAL a NATION of INNOVATORS: by Gregory
    BOOK PROPOSAL A NATION OF INNOVATORS: The Social, Cultural, and Economic Pioneers who Forged the American Century By Gregory Mitrovich Saltzman Institute of War and Peace Studies Columbia University Mitrovich Proposal Synopsis Is American preeminence doomed? Hundreds of books and thousands of articles have argued that the United States’ position as global leader is under threat by rising authoritarian nations—notably China—and the legacy of the Donald Trump presidency. TURNING POINTS challenges this consensus, demonstrating that throughout history, American liberal democracy has prevailed even under threat because of the unique strengths that first made the nation great: Its egalitarian society and innovative, risk-taking, national culture. TURNING POINTS makes this case by examining six crises that could have derailed America’s rise, yet did not—because its citizens enjoyed the liberty to find solutions where the federal government had failed. TURNING POINTS will begin with America’s first crisis point: Its brutal early years that the Colonists survived by creating a society that valued risk-taking, individual initiative and innovation, laying the foundation for the American liberal democracy. It will discuss the build-up to the Civil War when abolitionists led a crusade to convince America’s political leaders to end slavery—demonstrating to the world America’s sincere belief in the democratic system. During Reconstruction, while the federal government was paralyzed by incompetence and scandal, a group of ruthless business tycoons turned America into a global power. In the late 19th century, progressives reformed American labor and inspired the spread of democracy around the world. When the United States government withdrew into isolationism following World War I, private American bankers rebuilt the European financial system while American jazz musicians spread American culture, laying the foundation for American globalism after the Second World War.
    [Show full text]
  • How Do Air Ions Reflect Variations in Ionising Radiation in the Lower Atmosphere in a Boreal Forest?
    How do air ions reflect variations in ionising radiation in the lower atmosphere in a boreal forest? Xuemeng Chen1*, Veli-Matti Kerminen1, Jussi Paatero2, Pauli Paasonen1, Hanna E. Manninen1, Tuomo Nieminen1,3, Tuukka Petäjä1 and Markku Kulmala1 5 1Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland 2Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland 3Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland 10 Correspondence to: Xuemeng Chen ([email protected]) 1 Abstract. Most of the ion production in the atmosphere is attributed to ionising radiation. In the lower atmosphere, ionising radiation consists mainly of the decay emissions of radon and its progeny, gamma radiation of the terrestrial origin as well as photons and elementary particles of cosmic radiation. These types of radiation produce ion pairs via the ionisation of nitrogen and oxygen as well as trace species in 5 the atmosphere, the rate of which is defined as the ionising capacity. Larger air ions are produced out of the initial charge carriers by processes, such as clustering or attachment to pre-existing aerosol particles. This study aimed 1) to identify the key factors responsible for the variability in ionising radiation and in the observed air ion concentrations, 2) to reveal the linkage between them, and 3) to provide an in-depth analysis into the effects of ionising radiation on air ion formation, based on measurement data collected 10 during 2003-2006 from a boreal forest site in southern Finland. In general, gamma radiation dominated the ion production in the lower atmosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Who Invented the Integrated Circuit?
    Who Invented the Integrated Circuit? Gene Freeman IEEE Pikes Peak Region Life Member May 2020 Gene Freeman May 2020 Kilby and Noyce Photos (Kilby, TI Noyce, Intel) Gene Freeman May 2020 Commemorative Microchip Stamp Image: Computer- Stamps.com Gene Freeman May 2020 Motivation Gene Freeman May 2020 Trav-ler 4 Tube Tabletop AM Radio around 1949 Gene Freeman May 2020 Discrete passives and point to point wiring Gene Freeman May 2020 •Computers •Space vehicles Motivators •Decrease power, space, cost •Increase reliability Gene Freeman May 2020 • In an article celebrating the tenth anniversary of the invention of the computer, J. A. Morton, A Vice President of Bell Labs wrote in Proceedings of the IRE in 1958: • “For some time now, electronic man has known how 'in principle' to extend greatly his visual, tactile, and mental abilities through the digital transmission and Tyranny of processing of all kinds of information. However, all these functions suffer from what has been called Numbers 'the tyranny of numbers.' Such systems, because of their complex digital nature, require hundreds, thousands, and sometimes tens of thousands of electron devices. Each element must be made, tested, packed, shipped, unpacked, retested, and interconnected one-at-a-time to produce a whole system.” Gene Freeman May 2020 •Active Components: Vacuum Tubes to transistors Solution •Passive Components: Discrete elements to integrated form •Wires to integrated wires Gene Freeman May 2020 Key Companies in the Story 1925 1956 1968 Bell Labs – Western Electric and AT&T Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory – Intel- Formed 1968 consolidate research activities of Bell Started by William Shockley in 1956 By Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore System.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Steve Allen Photographs of Fairchild Semiconductor
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt1d5nd7h3 No online items Guide to the Steve Allen photographs of Fairchild Semiconductor Sara Chabino Lott Computer History Museum 1401 N. Shoreline Blvd. Mountain View, California 94043 Phone: (650) 810-1010 Email: [email protected] URL: http://www.computerhistory.org © 2008 Computer History Museum. All rights reserved. Guide to the Steve Allen 4360.2008 1 photographs of Fairchild Semiconductor Guide to the Steve Allen phogographs of Fairchild Semiconductor Collection number: 4360.2008 Computer History Museum Processed by: Sara Chabino Lott Date Completed: 2008 Encoded by: Sara Chabino Lott © 2008 Computer History Museum. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: Guide to the Steve Allen photographs of Fairchild Semiconductor Dates: 1926-1997 Bulk Dates: 1962-1979 Collection number: 4360.2008 Creator: Allen, Steve Collection Size: 2 linear feet2 record boxes Repository: Computer History Museum Mountain View, CA 94043 Abstract: The Steve Allen photographs of Fairchild Semiconductor contains photographs of professional photographer Steve Allen, a Fairchild Semiconductor and National Semiconductor Corporation employee from 1966 through about 1997. The collection documents executive employees, sales force, fabrication facilities, and products of Fairchild Semiconductor. The vast majority of the collection is comprised of photographs, negatives, and slides. There is a small amount of textual material. Languages: Languages represented in the collection: English Access Collection is open for research. Publication Rights The Computer History Museum can only claim physical ownership of the collection. Users are responsible for satisfying any claims of the copyright holder. Permission to copy or publish any portion of the Computer History Museum's collection must be given by the Computer History Museum.
    [Show full text]
  • Oral History of Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory
    Oral History of Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory Participants: James Gibbons Jay Last Hans Queisser Harry Sello Moderated by: Michael Riordan Recorded: February 27, 2006 Mountain View, California CHM Reference number: X3452.2006 © 2006 Computer History Museum Oral History of Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory Michael Riordan: We are interviewing Jay Last, Hans Queisser, Jim Gibbons, and Harry Sello at the Computer History Museum. It’s the 27th of February, 2006. I brought you here together to address a few questions I feel we cannot address this evening at the public panel, either because they’re too discursive given the time constraints or too technical for that general audience. <camera pans over panel> So let me begin by asking you each to tell me how you were recruited by William Shockley to work at Shockley Semiconductor Lab or Shockley Transistor Corporation, starting in the order of time, Jay Last. Jay Last: I was working at MIT, finishing my doctoral thesis and was using a Beckman Instruments spectrophotometer in order to do my work. This was an instrument that was a little beyond Beckman’s capabilities, so I worked with the Beckman people making it workable. So by the time I got my degree, a lot of people in Beckman knew me. And Arnold Beckman, when he signed his agreement with Shockley in about September of 1955, told Bill Shockley about me, and Shockley flew up to Boston to MIT to talk to me. So I was extremely impressed with him, and had a couple more talks with him. After that, I came to work for him.
    [Show full text]
  • “Go Off and Do Something Wonderful” F O U R Stories F Rom the Li F E O F R Obert N Oyce // B Y L Eslie B Erlin
    “Go off and do something wonderful” f O U R stories f rom the li f E O f R obert N oyce // B Y L eslie B erlin Bob noyce (left) and his older brother Gaylord proudly display the glider they built in the summer of 1945. Image courtesy of Stanford University Libraries, Department of Special Collections. 8 CORE SPRIN g –SUMMER 2007 obert Noyce was called the Thomas He was only aloft for a few seconds, but he landed without REdison and the Henry Ford of Silicon crushing the machine and declared the experiment a success. Valley: Edison for his coinvention of the TAKE - AWAY . Noyce, at age twelve, already possessed three attributes that would define his future success as a tech- integrated circuit, a device that lies at the nical entrepreneur. First, his technical ability with his hands is heart of modern electronics; Ford for his evident. Throughout his life, Noyce was respected by engi- work as a cofounder of two companies— neers as well as scientists because he was not simply a thinker; he was also a builder. Second, the adolescent Noyce pulled Fairchild Semiconductor, the first success- together a diverse team, each member of which he tapped for ful silicon firm in Silicon Valley, and Intel, his or her ability to contribute something unique to the project. today the largest semiconductor company Finally, in the boy who reached the edge of the roof and kept on running, we see the soul of the man who lived without lim- in the world. Noyce also mentored dozens its, a man who believed that every idea could be taken further.
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives on the Semiconductor Industry
    San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Faculty Publications, School of Management School of Management 1-1-2008 Historical, Entrepreneurial and Supply Chain Management: Perspectives on the Semiconductor Industry William Y. Jiang San Jose State University, [email protected] X. Quan S. Zhou Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/org_mgmt_pub Part of the Business Commons Recommended Citation William Y. Jiang, X. Quan, and S. Zhou. "Historical, Entrepreneurial and Supply Chain Management: Perspectives on the Semiconductor Industry" International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management (2008): 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219877010001805 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Management at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications, School of Management by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Historical, Entrepreneurial and Supply Chain Management Perspectives on the Semiconductor Industry William Y. Jiang, Xiaohong Quan, Shu Zhou San José State University, Department of Organization and Management San José, CA 95192-0070 USA Abstract This paper studies the semiconductor industry from three perspectives: historical, entrepreneurial and supply chain management. After a brief introduction, the paper begins by tracing the history and evolution of the semiconductor industry including the two seminal enterprises: Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory and Fairchild Semiconductor. Starting from the invention of the transfer resistor (transistor) by three Nobel laureates (John Bardeen, Walter Houser Brattain and William Shockley), the founding of the “most successful failure” in Silicon Valley, Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory and the Fairchild Eight, the paper discusses some earliest entrepreneurial attempts in the industry and how these attempts influenced over seventy semiconductor companies in Silicon Valley, including Intel Corporation, National Semiconductor and Advanced Micro Devices.
    [Show full text]
  • Silicon Valley Program Transcript
    Page 1 Silicon Valley Program Transcript Narrator: In June 1957, at San Francisco's luxurious Clift Hotel, eight of the country's most talented young scientists and engineers assembled for a secret meeting. For the previous 14 months, they had been working together at Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory outside of Palo Alto, developing a technology that promised to be revolutionary. But in recent months, William Shockley, the head of the company -- and the mind behind that technology -- had become increasingly erratic. Now, the eight were conspiring to defect -- to quit Shockley and form their own firm, under the leadership of one of their own, 29-year-old Robert Noyce, a Midwesterner with a brilliant scientific mind and the genuine affability of a born salesman. It had taken some convincing to get Noyce on board. Leslie Berlin, Author, The Man Behind the Microchip : Noyce had a young family. And to leave sort of a known paycheck for something that there was no model for, this notion of breaking away and doing something different. Narrator: Soon it came time to seal the deal. In the absence of an official contract, newly- minted dollar bills were passed around the table for signatures. Noyce got out his pen. Michael S. Malone, Writer: I honestly think that Silicon Valley begins on a very specific morning. That morning is the morning that the guys from Shockley don't know if Noyce is gonna go. And he gets in the car that morning and goes with 'em. Page 2 Leslie Berlin, Historian (audio): Those dollars bills they signed are Silicon Valley's declaration of independence.
    [Show full text]