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The Neural Basis of the Sense of Fatigue

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The Neural Basis of the Sense of Fatigue Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2020 The neural basis of the sense of fatigue Mark Edward Hartman Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Recommended Citation Hartman, Mark Edward, "The neural basis of the sense of fatigue" (2020). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 18136. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/18136 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The neural basis of the sense of fatigue by Mark Edward Hartman A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Kinesiology Program of Study Committee: Panteleimon Ekkekakis, Major Professor Peter Clark James Lang Jacob Meyer Rick Sharp The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this dissertation. The Graduate College will ensure this dissertation is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2020 Copyright © Mark Edward Hartman, 2020. All rights reserved. ii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my mother. Thank you for all your incredible support, encouragement, and patience, especially considering that it has taken me 14 years to finish my post-secondary education. I am proud to be your son. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................................. vi ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. vii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................1 Background and Significance .................................................................................................... 1 Defining Fatigue ................................................................................................................... 1 Implications of Fatigue ......................................................................................................... 4 Current Theories ........................................................................................................................ 6 The Need for Alternative Methodologies ............................................................................. 9 Theoretical Approach .............................................................................................................. 12 Summary of the Proposed Theoretical Framework ................................................................. 18 Purpose .................................................................................................................................... 21 Research Hypotheses .......................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................23 Chapter Overview............................................................................................................... 23 Peripheral Homeostasis During Exercise ........................................................................... 23 Stress and Immune Perturbations ....................................................................................... 24 Metabolic Perturbations ..................................................................................................... 28 Fuel Depletion .................................................................................................................... 28 Perturbations as a Function of Exercise Intensity .............................................................. 29 Interoceptive Receptors and Primary Afferent Neurons .................................................... 32 Dynamics of Cortical–Subcortical Affective Regulation ................................................... 35 Hemispheric Laterality in Affective Regulation ................................................................ 39 Cortical Hemodynamic Activity During Exercise ............................................................. 42 Indirect Measure of Subcortical Activity: Affective Modulation of the Acoustic Startle Eyeblink .................................................................................................................. 50 Cortical Modulation: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation ......................................... 55 CHAPTER 3. METHODS AND PROCEDURES ........................................................................60 Participants .............................................................................................................................. 60 Self-report measures ................................................................................................................ 61 Trait Assessment ................................................................................................................ 61 Affective Responses ........................................................................................................... 62 Perceived Exertion ............................................................................................................. 63 Physical Activity Level ...................................................................................................... 64 Physiological Measures ........................................................................................................... 64 Pulmonary Gas Exchange .................................................................................................. 64 Cortical Hemodynamics ..................................................................................................... 65 Heart Rate ........................................................................................................................... 66 Cutaneous Scalp Blood Flow ............................................................................................. 66 Acoustic Startle Eye Blink Responses ............................................................................... 66 iv Local Cutaneous Vasodilation............................................................................................ 67 Cortical Stimulation ........................................................................................................... 68 Procedures ............................................................................................................................... 68 Online Prescreening Survey ............................................................................................... 68 Brief Experimental Overview ............................................................................................ 68 Session 1 ............................................................................................................................. 69 Session 2-5 ......................................................................................................................... 74 Data Preprocessing .................................................................................................................. 75 Single-item Measures ......................................................................................................... 75 Gas Exchange Data ............................................................................................................ 76 Eyeblink Recordings .......................................................................................................... 76 NIRS Preprocessing ........................................................................................................... 77 Statistical Assumptions and Missing Data ......................................................................... 79 Statistical Analyses .................................................................................................................. 79 CHAPTER 4. RESULTS ...............................................................................................................81 Missing Data....................................................................................................................... 81 Manipulation Checks .......................................................................................................... 81 Hypothesis 1 ....................................................................................................................... 85 Hypotheses 2 and 3............................................................................................................. 87 CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION .........................................................................................................91 Overview of Findings and Implications ............................................................................. 91 Limitations........................................................................................................................ 102 Conclusion
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