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SPECTROSCOPY of HIGH ENERGY NEUTRONS EMITTED AFTER MUON CAPTURE in 40Ca

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SPECTROSCOPY of HIGH ENERGY NEUTRONS EMITTED AFTER MUON CAPTURE in 40Ca SPECTROSCOPY OF HIGH ENERGY NEUTRONS EMITTED AFTER MUON CAPTURE IN 40Ca uns-mf—9957 -O- + • + *>!• •IJ J. A.N. van der PLUIJM Stellingen. 1. De stootgolven die uitgezonden worden bij het ontstaan en de groei van scheuren in materialen ( z. g. akoestische emissie ) kunnen informatie verschaffen over de structurele integriteit van constructie- onderdelen. Het gebruik van akoestische emissie als niet-destructieve onderzoekstechniek kan evenwel eerst als volwaardige onderzoeks- techniek worden beschouwd als de relatie tussen heersende of perio- diek optredende spanningen in een constructie, scheurvorming en groei van eventueel aanwezige defecten enerzijds en de aard en hoeveelheid van akoestische emissie anderzijds modelmatig is vast- gelegd. 2. De door Alaerts en Anders gebruikte "activatiecoefficienten" die dienen om het verlies van spoor elementen uit geologisch materiaal ten gevolge van verhitting te beschrijven suggereren ten onrechte dat hier één enkel fysisch proces werkzaam is. Leo Alaerts and Edward Anders, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 43_ (1979), 547. 3. Het is slechts zinvol een zo hoog mogelijke onderdrukkingsfactor voor een anticompton spectrometer na te streven als experimenteel is gebleken dat de continue ondergrond in de fotonspectra veroor- zaakt wordt door comptonverstrooiing in de Ge-detector en niet door absorptie van andere straling met een continu energiespectrum. 4. De meest gebruikte tabellen voor de berekening van het energie- verlies van energetische geladen deeltjes in materie suggereren een veel grotere nauwkeurigheid dan ze in werkelijkheid bezitten. 5. De keuze van Ho als tref plaatkern voor een onderzoek aan hoog- energetische neutronen die uitgezonden worden na muonvangst in atoomkernen lijkt eerder het resultaat van geblinddoekt prikken op de nuclidenkaart dan van fysische overwegingen. i E. K. Mclntyre et. al., Phys. Lett. 137B(1984), 339. 6. Gezien het feit dat effecten van ioniserende straling vaak pas op langere termijn zichtbaar worden is het onbegrijpelijk, dat de nauwlettende medische controle, waaraan radiologisch werkzame personen onderworpen worden, volledig stopt zodra de radiologische werkzaamheden beëindigd zijn. 7. De benaming "electronisch brein" voor een computer geeft blijk van een grove onderschatting van het menselijk brein. VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT TE AMSTERDAM SPECTROSCOPY OF HIGH ENERGY NEUTRONS EMITTED AFTER MUON CAPTURE IN 40Ca ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de wiskunde en natuurwetenschappen aan de Vrije Universiteit te Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus dr. P.J.D. Drenth, hoogleraar in de faculteit der sociale wetenschappen, in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 25 October 1984 te 13.30 uur in het hoofdgebouw der universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door JOHANNES ADRIANUS NORBERTUS VAN DER PLUIJM geboren te Helvoirt IDSIDIST Grootebroak Promotor : Prof. dr. H. Verheul Copromotor : Dr. W.H.A. Hesselink Referent : Dr. H.K. Walter Voorwoord. Het onderzoek waarop dit proefschrift betrekking heeft werd uitgevoerd binnen een samenwerkingsverband van de Vrije Universiteit te Amsterdam, de Technische Hogeschool te Zurich en de Universiteit van Zurich. De experimenten die in dit proefschrift beschreven staan zijn voorbereid en uitgevoerd aan het Sahweizerisahe Institut für Nuclearforschung (S.I.N.) te Villigen. Het spreekt vanzelf dat dit promotieonderzoek slechts tot succes kon leiden dank zij de inspanningen van velen. Ik denk daarbij niet alleen aan de wetenschappelijke kant maar ook aan al de organisatie, administratie en technische ondersteuning die ervoor nodig waren. Ik wil graag in de eerste plaats al die mensen van de betrokken vier instituten bedanken die, door gewoon hun werk op kantoor, in de werkplaats of achter het instrumentenpaneel goed te doen, dit proefschrift mogelijk hebben gemaakt. Van degenen die direct bij het onderzoek betrokken waren wil ik graag in de eerste plaats mijn promotor professor Verheul bedanken die me bij dit onderzoek betrokken heeft en die me met name gedurende de laatste twee jaren van mijn promotieperiode op een prettige wijze intensief begeleid heeft. Willem Hesselink dank ik voor het feit dat ik ondanks zijn zeer drukke, overige werkzaamheden toch steeds de portie aandaaht kreeg die ik nodig had en voor de belangrijke bijdrage die hij heeft geleverd aan de experimenten en aan de afronding van het proefschrift. I thank Hans Christian Walter for his careful reading of the manuscript of the thesis. I also thank him and Roland Engfer for the warm hospitality I enjoyed during the years I spent in their group at SIN. I will allways remember this period with warm feelings. Met Andries van der Schaaf heb ik tijdens mijn verblijf in Zwitserland het meest intensief samengewerkt. Ik denk dat dit project zonder zijn inzicht, zijn creativiteit en zijn inzet niet geslaagd zou zijn. Ik dank hem voor dit alles en ik dank ham en sijn vrouw Sherry voor de ki^m-jraudcoriai-pelijke wijze waavov zij mijn gezin en mij heblei, opgevangen. I thank Tadeusz Kozlowski for all the work he did as spokes- man for this project, for his superb work in the conception and implementation of the setup for the first experiment, for the theoretical guidance he provided and for the many fruitfull discussions concerning muons we had during his three months stay in Amsterdam. I thank yilli Bertl, Christovh Grab and Antek Zglinski for the m.iny shifts they took duriïig the runs and for the skill they displayed in keeping the experiments going. I thank Erwin Hermes and the crew of the workshop of the University of Zurich for all the hardware they provided and especially for all the pieces of equipment they produced at short notice with expert skill. I thank Fritz Schlepütz for a fine online program and a lot of help with its adaption to our needs. Jeroen van Goudoever dank ik voor vele maanden van prettige samenwerking tijdens de analyse, fase. I thank all members of the "Walter-Engfer Gruppe" for their friendliness and for the continuing support and interest they gave the muon program. I thank the staff of SIN. My special thanks goes to Claude Petitjean not only for providing us with the best muon channel in the world but also for showing us how to optimize it to our needs, to Nicolas Lordong and Johan Jansen, the wire chamber experts we heavily leaned upon, and to Wilfried Schoeps, who provided us with beautiful electronics. Ik wil graag de bevolking van het Natuurkundig Laboratorium van de Vrije Universiteit bedanken. Mijn speciale dank gaat naar de J leden van de maandagochtendolub die altijd bereid waren in een aangename sfeer mijn problemen te bespreken en die me vele oplossingen aan de hand hebben gedaan, naar Hessel van Wijngaarden en Andries Pomper die de tekeningen voor dit proefschrift hebben gemaakt en naar de heer Van Sijpveld die het fotowerk heeft verzorgd. Mijn huidige -werkgevers, Vestvries Computer Consulting, wil ik graag danken voor het begrip dat ik in velerlei opzicht van hen ondervonden heb. Renske dank ik niet alleen voor het typen van het manuscript, maar vooral voor het vele geduld, dat ze de afgelopen jaren met me gehad heeft. CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION When a fast muon penetrates matter it is gradually slowed down to thermal velocities by electromagnetic interactions. A negatively charged muon is then captured by an atom. The muonic atom formed rapidly decays to its ground state, the muonic S state. This state is not stable. It can decay trough U~ + (A,Z) •* (A,Z) + e~ + "ve + v , (1.1) with a partial decay rate of 45.10 s , which slightly depends on Z. It can also decay through \T + (A,Z) •+ (R,Z) + e~ + v"e + v + Y, (1.2) with a partial decay rate of 600 ± 200 s [PAR 82] . Other decay processes in which electrons are created are extremely rare. A third decay channel is muon capture by the nucleus U~ + (A,Z) -h (A,Z-1) + v . (1.3) Like the electron capture process e~ + (A,Z) •*• (A,Z-1) + v , (1.4) the muon capture process is due to semileptonic weak interactions. In both cases a charged lepton is transformed into a neutrino and the rest energy of the lepton is shared by the neutrino and the residual nucleus. However, due to the large difference in rest energy between the electron and the muon the energy- ana momentum transfer to the nucleus are in the average much larger in muon capture than in electron capture. In muon capture on a free ( i.e. not bound by a nucleus ) proton \T + p •+ n + v , (1.5) the energy transfer to the nucleon is 5 MeV, the momentum transfer is 100 MeV/c. In nuclei the 4-momentum transfer has a distribution that depends on the reaction mechanism which determines the momenta of the particles taking part in the interaction. Muon capture with energy transfer up to =30 MeV can be described as a quasi free process with nearly the same kinematics „as muon capture on a free proton. Here one can distinguish between processes in which the neutron is created in a bound state and processes in which the neutron is created in an unbound state. In the latter case muon capture is most likely followed by neutron emission. Two energy regions can be distinguished in the spectra of neutrons emitted after nuclear muon capture. The lower part of the neutron spectra corresponding to a nuclear excitation energy E =: 15 MeV shows pronounced structures, which are due to the excitation of the giant dipole resonance. The part of the spectra corresponding to an excitation energy E >15 MeV is associated with a direct reaction mechanism. A quasi free reaction mechanism cannot account for the emission of high energy neutrons ( E > 30 MeV ). In a quasi free process, assuming a proton momentum of 300 MeV/c the maximum neutron energy E is about 10 MeV. Neutrons with much higher energy have been reported [SUN 73, SCH 83] .
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    A Laboratory Study of Cosmic Ray Produced Radionuclides with Muons Joseph L. Breeden Martinsville High School Martinsville, Indiana 46151 Muons are a major constituent of the secondary cosmic radiation detected at sea level. They comprise 63% of the secondary radiation while 21% are neutrons, 15% are electrons, and <1% are pions and protons. This secondary cosmic radia- tion is responsible for 30 - 40% of the total natural background radiation (NCRP Report No. 45). Electrons, taus, and their respective neutrinos and antiparticles are members of the family of leptons along with the muon. Leptons are particles which in- teract exclusively through weak and electromagnetic forces. The muon possesses 2 a mass of 105.7 MeV/c , charge of ± 1, and a spin of Vz. It is simply a more massive version of the electron. Both positive and negative muons are produced in the atmosphere via the v p decays: -k + — /x+ + \i and t - — p- + /i. These muons can then free decay by the processes: fi+ — e+ + ve + v~n and /i— — e— + pe + v/i. The negative muons also can decay via a capture decay: \i- + p — n + v fi with the proton being bound in the nucleus of an atom. In the capture decay, 13 the muon first enters an orbit around the nucleus. It then falls rapidly (10~ sec.) into the nucleus and interacts with a proton forming a neutron and a neutrino thus changing atomic number of the element. Muon decay differs from that of electron capture because the muon capture process deposits an average of 35 MeV to the residual nucleus and is thus capable of ejecting several neutrons from the atomic nucleus.
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