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2019 Rich Evan Dissertation.Pdf UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE THE UNIQUE GEOMETRIES AND ILLUMINATIONS OF PROTOPLANETARY DISKS AND THEIR POTENTIAL EXOPLANETS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By Evan A. Rich Norman, Oklahoma 2019 THE UNIQUE GEOMETRIES AND ILLUMINATIONS OF PROTOPLANETARY DISKS AND THEIR POTENTIAL EXOPLANETS A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE HOMER L. DODGE DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS AND ASTRONOMY BY Dr. John Wisniewski, Chair Dr. Nathan Kaib Dr. Kieren Mullen Dr.Michael Sitko Dr. Kerry Magruder c Copyright Evan A. Rich 2019 All Rights Reserved. To my Mom and Dad who first inspired me to investigate the natural world around me and gave me the resources to succeed. And to my wife Sarah who makes all of this all worth while. iv Acknowledgements Much of the work in this dissertation could not have been done without the native Hawaiian's sharing their island and mountain with the astronomical com- munity. I would like to recognize the significant cultural role and reverence that the summit of Maunakea has always had within the indigenous Hawaiian com- munity. I am most fortunate to have the opportunity to conduct astronomical observations from their mountain. This work was performed as part of the larger SEEDS project. Specifically, I would like to acknowledge help from Dr. Thayne Currie, Dr. Misato Fukagawa, Dr. Carol Grady, Dr. Jun Hashimoto, Dr. Micheal Sitko, and Dr. John Tobin. And finally I would like to acknowledge my advisor Dr. John Wisniewski who has worked tirelessly to ensure I had every opportunity to succeed. v Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Protoplanetary Disks . .1 1.2 Exoplanet Formation and Detection . .4 1.3 Dissertation Summary . .6 1.4 List of Abbreviations: . .7 1.4.1 Telescopes, Instruments, and Organizations . .7 1.4.2 Astronomical Abbreviations . .8 2 Near-IR Polarized Scattered Light Imagery of the DoAr 28 Transi- tional Disk 11 2.1 Introduction . 11 2.2 Observations and Reductions . 13 2.2.1 HiCIAO Data Reduction . 14 2.2.2 SMA Observations and Reduction . 15 2.2.3 APO Observations and Reduction . 15 2.3 Analysis . 16 2.3.1 Scattered Light Imagery . 16 2.3.2 Point Source Detections . 17 2.3.3 Radiative Transfer Modeling . 19 2.4 Discussion . 21 2.5 Conclusion . 24 2.6 Acknowledgements . 24 3 Thermal Infrared Imaging and Atmospheric Modeling of VHS J125601.92- 125723.9 b: Evidence for Moderately Thick Clouds and Equilibrium Carbon Chemistry in a Hierarchical Triple System 36 3.1 Introduction . 36 3.2 Observations and Reductions . 39 3.3 Search for Additional Companions . 41 3.3.1 Point Source Detections and Detection Limits in the L0and M 0 Field of View . 41 3.3.2 Analysis of the Primary: Evidence of Multiplicity . 42 3.4 Photometry . 43 3.5 Atmospheric Properties of VHS 1256 b . 45 3.5.1 Mid-Infrared Colors of VHS 1256 A, B, and b . 46 3.5.2 Atmospheric Modeling: Methodology . 47 3.5.3 Atmospheric Modeling: Results . 48 3.6 Discussion . 49 3.6.1 Binarity of the Central Source . 49 3.6.2 System Age and Component Masses . 49 3.6.3 Additional Companions and Formation . 51 3.6.4 Atmospheric Modeling . 52 3.6.5 System Architecture . 53 3.7 Acknowledgements . 53 vi 4 Multi-Epoch Direct Imaging and Time-Variable Scattered Light Mor- phology of the HD 163296 Protoplanetary Disk 66 4.1 Introduction . 66 4.2 Observations and Data Reduction . 69 4.2.1 HiCIAO Imagery . 69 4.2.2 Near-Infrared Spectra from SpeX, BASS, and TripleSpec . 70 4.2.3 SCExAO/CHARIS High-Contrast Near-Infrared Spectroscopy . 71 4.3 Analysis of the H-band Polarimetry Data . 74 4.3.1 Geometry of the Disk . 74 4.3.2 Modeling of the HD 163296 Disk . 76 4.4 Analysis of SCExAO/CHARIS High-Contrast Near-Infrared Spectroscopy 80 4.4.1 Methodology: Disk and Planet Forward-Modeling . 80 4.4.2 Results: Limits on Planets . 83 4.5 Discussion . 85 4.5.1 Previous optical-IR disk imaging . 85 4.5.2 Evidence for time dependent azimuthal asymmetry . 86 4.5.3 Model . 89 4.5.4 Scattered light features along the minor axis . 90 4.5.5 Limits on Protoplanets Orbiting HD 163296 . 91 4.6 Conclusions . 93 4.7 Acknowledgements . 95 5 The Disk and Jet Variability of the Protoplanetary Disk HD163296 109 5.1 Introduction . 109 5.2 Observations and Reductions . 112 5.2.1 AAVSO Observations . 112 5.2.2 HST/STIS Observations . 112 5.2.3 Near IR Reduction . 115 5.2.4 VLA Reduction . 115 5.3 HST/STIS Analysis . 116 5.3.1 Disk geometry . 116 5.3.2 Disk Surface Brightness Asymmetry . 117 5.3.3 HH-knots . 119 5.4 Optical, Near-IR, and Radio Analysis . 120 5.4.1 Optical variability . 120 5.4.2 Near-IR Variability . 121 5.4.3 Accretion History of HD 163296 . 122 5.4.4 Radio Flux Variability . 123 5.5 Discussion . 123 5.5.1 Disk Structure and Illumination . 123 5.5.2 Optical and Near-IR light curve variability . 124 5.5.3 Jet Activity . 125 5.5.4 Effects of Planet Candidate on Disk . 126 5.6 Conclusions . 127 vii 6 Conclusion 154 6.1 Chapter Summaries . 154 6.2 Future Work: Investigating Variable Illuminated Disks . 157 7 References 160 viii List of Tables 2.1 Model Parameters . 34 2.2 Tabulated SED . 35 3.1 VHS 1256 Astrometry and Magnitudes . 62 3.2 VHS1256 Aperture Photometry . 62 3.3 Atmosphere Model Fitting Results (Freely-Varying Radius) . 63 3.4 Atmosphere Model Fitting Results (Fixed Radius) . 64 3.5 VHS1256 Absolute Magnitudes and Masses . 65 4.1 Ellipse Fitting Results . 96 4.2 Best Fit Model Paramters . 101 5.1 HST/STS Observation Log . 129 5.2 Near-IR and Radio observations. 130 5.3 VLA Flux . 131 5.4 Near-IR accretion measurements . 132 5.4 Near-IR accretion measurements . 133 ix List of Figures 1.1 Protoplanetary Disk Evolution Diagram . 10 2.1 H-band image of DoAr 28 . 26 2.2 Vector Map of DoAr 28 . 27 2.3 Radial Profile of 2014 epoch . 28 2.4 Major Axis Surface Brightness . 29 2.5 DoAr 28 Model Residual . 30 2.6 Proper Motion Diagram . 31 2.7 Sensitivity Limits . 32 2.8 Model SED of DoAr 28 . 33 3.1 L0 and M 0 images of VHS 1256 . 55 3.2 Ellipticity of VHS 1256 A and B . 56 3.3 PSF Fitting fo VHS 1256 A and B . 57 3.4 Color Magnitude Diagrams . 58 3.5 Atmospheric Modeling Fits . 59 3.6 Age and Mass of VHS 1256 . 60 3.7 Limiting Background LImit . 61 4.1 H-band image of HD 163296 . 96 4.2 IR Spectra . 97 4.3 SCExAO/CHARIS broadband images . 98 4.4 Major Axis Crosscuts for H-band image . 99 4.5 Best Fit Ellipse to H-band Image . 100 4.6 Binned Flux Along the Azimuthal Ring . 102 4.7 Temperature and Density Model 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