Weklice, Gm. Elbląg

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Weklice, Gm. Elbląg Kalisia na bursztynowym szlaku 2011 pp. 123-130 MAGDALENA NATUNIEWICZ-SEKUŁA Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii PAN Warszawa CMENTARZYSKO GERMAŃSKICH ELIT W CENTRUM BURSZTYNOWEGO WYBRZEŻA - WEKLICE, GM. ELBLĄG Już w czasach starożytnych obszary na wschód od ujścia Wisły, a przede wszyst- kim okolice Elbląga stanowiły atrakcyjne tereny dla osadnictwa pradziejowego, przez co cieszą się ogromnym zainteresowaniem archeologów w czasach obecnych. Spośród wielu zarejestrowanych na tym terenie stanowisk, jednym z kluczowych dla poznania pradziejów regionu jest cmentarzysko w Weklicach, gmina Elbląg. Nekro- pola ta użytkowana była od końca I-go do początków IV-go wieku po Chrystusie przez ludność zagadkowej kultury wielbarskiej, która identyfikowana jest z pobytem Gotów na ziemiach polskich. Szlak wędrówki plemienia Gotów, odzwierciedla staro- żytne źródło pisane Getica, pióra kronikarza łacińskiego Jordanesa, pochodzące z VI wieku naszej ery. Przedstawia ono drogę przemarszu tej ludności od Skandynawii po Morze Czarne, tam gdzie w późnej starożytności tworzą się władztwa poświadczo- nych historycznie Ostrogotów, Wizygotów i Gepidów. Cmentarzysko w Weklicach to jedna z niewątpliwie najciekawszych i najbogatszych rozpoznanych nekropolii środkowoeuropejskiego Barbaricum, jakim to mianem Rzymianie określali tereny poza zwartymi granicami cesarstwa. Stanowisko dostarczyło obfitych źródeł arche- ologicznych i antropologicznych do rekonstrukcji dziejów ludności zamieszkującej u schyłku starożytności na wschodnim obrzeżu delty Wisły. Nekropola położona jest w centralnym punkcie wybrzeża bursztynowego Bałtyku, który łączył ze sobą główne szlaki handlowe starożytnej Europy. Pierwszy z nich prowadził droga lądową z południa i znany jest pod nazwą słynnego „szlaku bursztynowego", a drugi - drogą wodną - od zachodnich prowincji Cesarstwa Rzymskiego przez dorzecze Laby, lub od ujścia Renu do Wysp Duńskich i wzdłuż wybrzeża Morza Bałtyckiego. Funkcjo- nowanie tych szlaków potwierdzają odkryte w Weklicach importowane przedmioty z różnych stron ówczesnego świata, które świadczą o szerokich powiązaniach miesz- kającej tu ludności zarówno ze Skandynawią, jak i z Imperium Romanům. Nieocenio- nym źródłem potwierdzającym fakt handlu z Rzymem jest przekaz łaciński z czasów panowania cesarza Nerona o wyprawie Rzymian na te tereny po bursztyn bałtycki. Ogromna ilość tego minerału ozdobiła w I wieku n. e. słynne igrzyska gladiatorów. http://rcin.org.pl 124 Magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła Do tej pory w Weklicach odkryto ponad 500 pochówków, zarówno ciałopalnych, jak i szkieletowych, wyposażonych zgodnie z ówczesnym zwyczajem w ozdoby i przedmioty codziennego użytku. Jest to zbiór ponad 3.500 zabytków metalowych, wykonanych ze stopów miedzi, brązu, srebra, żelaza, a niejednokrotnie złota. Odkry- wane są tu także naczynia gliniane i paciorki szklane importowane z Rzymu oraz bursztynowe wykonane na miejscu. Poza zabytkami niezwykle cenne są obserwa- cje nad formami grobów, sposobami traktowania zwłok, śladami zabiegów magicz- nych i specyfiką ceremonialnego stroju. Te i wiele innych osobliwości, jak pierwsze odkryte w Polsce zapożyczenie od mieszkańców Bornholmu zwyczaju chowania zmarłych w łodziach dłubankach, czy pojawienie się pod wpływem kontaktów z Sarmatami licznych amuletów, stanowią główny przedmiot rekonstrukcji życia populacji weklickiej. Źródła te dowodzą, że miejscowa ludność mogła kontrolować ówczesne europejskie szlaki handlowe. Szlaki te przetrwały także do czasów średnio- wiecza, gdzie 500 lat później na bazie zwartego osadnictwa starożytnego powstaje słynna rzemieślniczo-handlowa osada Truso, zamieszkana przez Wikingów, Prusów i Słowian. O jeszcze późniejszych kontaktach z zachodnią Europą świadczą, zacho- wane do dziś, średniowieczne grodziska w Weklicach. Opisywane cmentarzysko znane jest badaczom starożytności już od lat 20-tych XIX wieku. Początkowe wykopaliska podjęte zostały przez archeologów niemieckich w latach 20-stych XX wieku. Już pierwsze znaleziska, w tym zwłaszcza unikatowy, importowany z Rzymu dzban brązowy, poświadczyły o wyjątkowości stanowiska. Niestety wyniki tych badań, ze względu na zawieruchę wojenną, nigdy nie zostały całkowicie opublikowane, a zabytki bezpowrotnie zaginęły. Dopiero po zlokali- zowaniu cmentarzyska w 1984 roku na podstawie pruskich danych archiwalnych, podjęte zostały nowoczesne badania wykopaliskowe, które trwały do roku 1998. Badaniami kierował prof. Jerzy Okulicz Kozaryn z Instytutu Archeologii Uniwer- sytetu Warszawskiego wraz z prof. Łucją Okulicz-Kozaryn z Instytutu Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk. Znaczne zniszczenia cmentarzyska, rabowanie grobów już w starożytności, i późniejsze poszukiwania amatorskie „starożytników", eksploracja żwiru i piasku oraz głęboka orka sprawiły, że już od momentu rozpoczę- cia metodycznych badań wykopaliskowych wysoki procent grobów uległ zniszcze- niu lub naruszeniu, a nie przebadana do tej pory część stanowiska nadal zagrożona jest zniszczeniem. Z tego powodu, jak i również ze względu na przygotowanie publi- kacji stanowiska1, od roku 2003 rozpoczęto kolejne prace terenowe, które trwają do dziś przynosząc coraz to nowsze spektakularne odkrycia. Projekt realizowany jest w ramach dotacji Ministerstwa Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego dla programu Dziedzictwo Kulturowe, priorytet 5: Ochrona Zabytków Archeologicznych. Mono- grafia stanowiska: "Weklice. A Cemetery of Wielbark Culture on the Eastern margin of Vistula Delta, (excavations 1984-2004'•)" ukaże się drukiem pod koniec 2011 r. http://rcin.org.pl Cmentarzysko germańskich elit w centrum bursztynowego wybrzeża - Weklice, gm. Elblqg 125 LITERATURA Garbsch J. 1965 Die norisch-pannonische Frauentracht im 1. und 2. Jahrundert, „Münchener Beiträge zur Vor- und Frühgeschichte" 11, München. Godlowski K. 1970 The Chronology of the Late Roman and Early Migration Periods in Central Europe, Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego, "Prace Archeologiczne" 11, Kraków. 1981 Okres wędrówek ludów na Pomorzu, „Pomorania Antiqua" X, s. 65-129. Kasprzycka M. 1999 Tło pałeogeograficzne osadnictwa Żuław Elbląskich w pierwszy tysiącleciu naszej ery, Warszawa. Krause W. 1825 Über die Nachgrabungen zu Weklitz und Meislatein, „Beiträge zur Kunde Preußens", Vol. 7, Königsberg, s. 72-88. Natuniewicz M. 2000 „Nowe" znaleziska ze starych wykopalisk. Ocalałe materiały archeologiczne z okresu wpływów rzymskich z okolic Elbląga, [w:] J. Kolendo, W. Nowakowski (eds.), Antiquitates Prussiae. Studia z archeologii dawnych ziem pruskich, Warszawa, s. 105-206. Natuniewicz-Sekuła M. (w druku) Szkieletowe groby o orientacji IV-E z cmentarzyska w Weklicach, stanowisko 7, gm. Elbląg. Kilka uwag na temat obrządku pogrzebowego w kulturze wielbarskiej, [w:] Nowe materiały i interpretacje. Stan badań nad kulturą wielbarską - Materiały z konferencji, Gdańsk (2004) (w druku) Birytualny? pochówek z cmentarzyska kultury wielbarskiej iv Weklicach st. 7, gm. Elbląg, [w:] XV Sesja Pomorzoznawcza - Materiały z konferencji, Elbląg (2005) Natuniewicz-Sekuła M., Rein-Seehusen Ch. (w druku) Baltic connections. A comparative study of boat graves from the Weklice and Slusegârd cemeteries, [w:] Network Denmark-Poland. Archaeology and Cultural Heritage. Contacts across the Baltic in the Iron Age (500 BC-1000 AD) - Materiały z konferencji, Kobenhavns Universitet (2005-2006) Okulicz-Kozaryn J. 1991 Das Gräberfeld von Weklice. Zur Besiedlungsgeschichte des Weichseldeltaraitms in der römischen Kaiserzeit, „Archeologia" XI (1989), s. 115-127. 1992 Centrum kulturowe z pierwszych wieków naszej ery u ujścia Wisły, „Barbaricum" 2, Warszawa, s. 137-155. Wielowiejski J. 1970 Kontakty Noricum i Panonii z ludami północnymi, Wrocław. Wołągiewicz R. 1970 Napływ importów rzymskich do Europy na północ od środkowego Dunaju, „Archeologia Polski" XV/1, s. 207-252. http://rcin.org.pl 126 Magdalena Natuniewicz-Sekuła MAGDALENA NATUNIEWICZ-SEKUŁA THE CEMENTARY OF GERMAN ELITE IN THE CENTRE OF THE AMBER COAST WEKLICE NEAR ELBLĄG Summary Examined since 1984, a cementary in Weklice is located on one of the nearby hills around the southern part of Elbląg Highland. The necropolis was used by tribes of so called Wielbar culture at Roman times - from the end of the 1st century to the beginning of the 4th century A.D. This culture was identifies with the Goths who had settled on Polish land during their migration to the coast of the Black Sea. The cementary in Weklice is one of the most intere- sting necropolises in the middle of European Barbaricum, as the Romans used to call the land outside the strict borders of the empire. The excavation site was a very important and rich source of archeological and antropological knowledge (approximately 3.500 pieces made of ore, bronze, iron, clay, glass and amber). The pieces helped to reconstruct the history of people who had lived on the eastern side of the delta of Vistula at Ancient times. The necro- polis is situated in the central part of tha amber coast of the Baltic Sea which was a junction point linking the main trade routes in Ancient Europe. The first one called the amber road ran on land from the south while the second one ran via water from the western provinces of the Roman Empire via the river of Elbe or the mouth of Rhine to the Dane Islands and along the costs of the Baltic Sea. The presence of both routes can be confirmed by the objects imported from various parts of the world and then found in Weklice. They are also an evidence that there used to be wide connections between the society living in the area and other people living
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