DOCSLIB.ORG

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION of MALARIA in NEPAL by KABITA

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION of MALARIA in NEPAL by KABITA GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF MALARIA IN NEPAL by KABITA GHIMIRE B.S., Delhi University, India, 1998 M.S., Indian Institute of Forest Management, India 2001 M.A., Kansas State University, 2006 AN ABSTRACT OF A DISSERTATION submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Geography College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2016 Abstract The malaria burden has decreased in Nepal between 1988 and 2013. However, there are challenges to completely eradicating the disease. Malaria patterns in a few endemic districts have not changed, and higher malaria case rates have been detected within districts which otherwise were categorized as low endemic areas. Underlying biophysical, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors influence malaria transmission and create region-specific patterns. This research employs various concepts, tools, and techniques to understand the geographic distribution of malaria in Nepal. In this research, malaria prevalence patterns were investigated at multiple spatial and temporal scales. The study identifies malaria hot spots, describes their characteristics and examines shifts in malaria hot spots between 1988 and 2013. Within that 26-year time span, 267,121 confirmed malaria cases were recorded. Thirty-nine of 75 districts were identified as malaria hot spots in Nepal. Based on the frequency, persistence and proportion of caseloads each year, the identified hotspots were grouped into five categories; stable, disappearing, emerging, reemerging, and intermittent. The research also investigated the relationship between climatic factors and malaria frequency, and found that temperature and precipitation during the monsoon and non-monsoon seasons played significant roles in determining the absence and presence of malaria and low and high frequency of malaria distribution at the district level. The dissertation also presents the findings of a study that investigated malaria–related knowledge, perceptions and practices among adults in Nepal, specifically knowledge about its signs, symptoms, consequences, and the availability and use of prevention tools. Although a significant portion of respondents had heard of malaria there was wide variation in their knowledge about specific information related to the disease. Locality, age, household size, education, and income were significantly associated with malaria–related knowledge. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF MALARIA IN NEPAL by KABITA GHIMIRE B.S., Delhi University, India, 1998 M.S., Indian Institute of Forest Management, India 2001 M.A., Kansas State University, 2006 DISSERTATION submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Geography College of Arts and Sciences KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 2016 Approved by: Major Professor Douglas G. Goodin Copyright KABITA GHIMIRE 2016 Abstract The malaria burden has decreased in Nepal between 1988 and 2013. However, there are challenges to completely eradicating the disease. Malaria patterns in a few endemic districts have not changed, and higher malaria case rates have been detected within districts which otherwise were categorized as low endemic areas. Underlying biophysical, socioeconomic, and behavioral factors influence malaria transmission and create region-specific patterns. This research employs various concepts, tools, and techniques to understand the geographic distribution of malaria in Nepal. In this research, malaria prevalence patterns were investigated at multiple spatial and temporal scales. The study identifies malaria hot spots, describes their characteristics and examines shifts in malaria hot spots between 1988 and 2013. Within that 26-year time span, 267,121 confirmed malaria cases were recorded. Thirty-nine of 75 districts were identified as malaria hot spots in Nepal. Based on the frequency, persistence and proportion of caseloads each year, the identified hotspots were grouped into five categories; stable, disappearing, emerging, reemerging, and intermittent. The research also investigated the relationship between climatic factors and malaria frequency, and found that temperature and precipitation during the monsoon and non-monsoon seasons played significant roles in determining the absence and presence of malaria and low and high frequency of malaria distribution at the district level. The dissertation also presents the findings of a study that investigated malaria–related knowledge, perceptions and practices among adults in Nepal, specifically knowledge about its signs, symptoms, consequences, and the availability and use of prevention tools. Although a significant portion of respondents had heard of malaria there was wide variation in their knowledge about specific information related to the disease. Locality, age, household size, education, and income were significantly associated with malaria–related knowledge. Table of Contents List of Figures ................................................................................................................................. x List of Tables ................................................................................................................................ xii Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................... xiii Dedication .................................................................................................................................... xiv Chapter 1 - Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Malaria: Etiology, Ecology and Epidemiology .................................................................... 3 1.2.1 Signs, symptoms and consequences of malaria ........................................................... 11 1.2.2 Prevention, treatment and control measures related to malaria ................................... 11 1.2.3 Malaria disease burden................................................................................................. 12 1.2.4 Factors influencing malaria transmission .................................................................... 12 1.3 Past and current pressing challenges associated with malaria ............................................ 15 1.4 Current research themes on malaria .................................................................................... 18 1.5 Theme and direction of my research ................................................................................... 22 1.6 Outline of the dissertation ................................................................................................... 24 References ............................................................................................................................. 25 Chapter 2 - A Review of Malaria Research in Nepal: 1950-2015 ................................................ 32 2.1 Background ......................................................................................................................... 32 2.2 Themes and concentration of malaria research in Nepal .................................................... 35 2.2.1. Spatio-temporal distribution of malaria ...................................................................... 35 2.2.2 Vector Identification and distribution .......................................................................... 38 2.2.3. Biomedical Research................................................................................................... 42 2.2.3.1. Identification of pathogens, their genetic diversity and geographic distribution. 42 2.2.3.2. Assessment of diagnostic tools ............................................................................ 43 2.2.3.3. Assessment of anti-malaria drugs and drug resistance among pathogens ........... 46 2.2.3.4 Biological resistance of malaria among certain host population ......................... 47 2.2.3.5 Malaria and its role in exacerbating other health issues in the population ........... 48 vi 2.2.3.6 Disease diffusion, blood donation and malaria. .................................................... 49 2.2.4 Social, Economic and Behavioral research .................................................................. 50 2.2.4.1 Economic evaluation of malaria prevention and control programs ...................... 50 2.2.4.2 Malaria-related information dissemination ........................................................... 52 2.2.4.3 Knowledge, attitudes and perception related to malaria ....................................... 52 2.2.4.4 Use of chemo-prophylaxis to prevent malaria ...................................................... 54 2.2.5 Ecological research ...................................................................................................... 55 2.3 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 55 References: ............................................................................................................................ 57 Chapter 3 - Space-Time Patterns of Malaria in Nepal: 1988-2013 ............................................. 63 3.1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nepal: SASEC Road Connectivity Project: Leguwaghat-Bhojpur
    Initial Environmental Examination February 2013 NEP: SASEC Road Connectivity Project Leguwaghat — Bhojpur Subproject Prepared by the Department of Road, Ministry of Physical Planning, Works and Transport Management for the Asian Development Bank. 16. ii CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of 21 February 2013) Currency unit – Nepalese rupee (NR) NR1.00 – $ 0.0115340254 $1.00 – NR86.700000 ABBREVIATIONS EPR Environmental Protection Rules ES Environmental Specialist EWH East-West Highway FIDIC Federation International Des Ingenieurs- Conseils FS Feasibility Study GESU Geo-Environmental and Social Unit GHG Green House Gas IA Implementing Agency ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development IEE Initial Environmental Examination IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature JICA Japan International Co-operative Agency LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas MCT Main Central Trust MHH Mid-Hill Highway MOE Ministry of Environment MoPPW Ministry of Physical Planning and Works MRM Mahendra Raj Marg NAAQS Nepal Ambient Air Quality Standard NEP Nepal NGO Non Government Organization NOx Nitrogen Oxide OD Origin-Destination PD Project Directorate pH Percentage of Hydrogen PPE Personal Protective Equipment PIP Priority Investment Plan PPMO Public Procurement Monitoring Office RCP Road Connectivity Project - ADB RAP Rural Access Programmme -DFID RAP Rural Access Program RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete RCSP Road Connectivity Sector Project - ADB iii REA Rapid Environmental Assessment RIP Road Improvement Project- DOR RNDP Road Network Development Project
    [Show full text]
  • Sharing the Burden: Improving the Welfare of Nepal's Mountain Porters
    Second Year Policy Analysis ` Sharing the Burden: Improving the Welfare of Nepal’s Mountain Porters Upasana Khadka and Boban Paul March 16th, 2015 SYPA Advisor: Professor Monica Singhal Section Leader: Professor Rema Hanna Written in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Public Administration in International Development, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University Acknowledgement We would like to thank our SYPA Advisor Professor Monica Singhal and Section Leader Professor Rema Hanna for their insightful feedback on our work, for constantly pushing us to think critically and for all the support and encouragement they provided at all stages of the SYPA process. They have been fantastic advisors and we are immensely grateful for the opportunity we got to work closely with them. We have many people to thank from Nepal. First and foremost, a special thank you to Mr. Ramesh Dhamala, President of the Trekking Agents Association of Nepal (TAAN), for his support throughout this process. His help in designing this project, the support he provided with the survey work and his enthusiasm and encouragement are greatly appreciated. Thank you to Mr. Yubraj Shrestha from the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation who provided insightful feedback and support with data collection. Mr. Ratan Saud from NATHM deserves a special thank you for helping us collect data at the institute and the President of NATHM, Mr. Chuda Mani Sharma Kattel, provided invaluable feedback on our recommendations. We appreciate the support from Ramchandra Sedai, Hari Devkota and Rabi Jung Pandey and are especially grateful to Pemba Gyalje Sherpa for his inspiring stories from his Everest expeditions and his candid views on the situation of porters.
    [Show full text]
  • Follow-Up Studies After Withdrawal of Deltamethrin Spraying Against Anopheles Culicifacies and Malaria Incidence
    Journal of the American Mosquito contror Association, 2o(4):424-42g,2004 Copyright @ 2OO4 by the American Mosquito Control Association, Inc. FOLLOW-UP STUDIES AFTER WITHDRAWAL OF DELTAMETHRIN SPRAYING AGAINST ANOPHELES CULICIFACIES AND MALARIA INCIDENCE MUSHARRAF ALI ANSARI eNo RAMA KRISHNA RAZDAN Malaria Research Centre (ICMR), 2}-Madhuban, Delhi_ll0 092, India ABSTRACT. Follow-up studies were carried out from 1989 to 1998 after withdrawal of deltamethrin indoor spraying to evaluate the-recovery rate of a population of Anopheles culicifacies resistant to dichlorodiphenyltri- chloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) in selected villages in Uttar pradesh State, I;dia. The study revealed 82.4-96.5Ea reduction in adult density of An. culicifacies and 72.7-967o reduction in malaria incidence in the area sprayed with deltamethrin at 20 mg/m, as compared to a control area sprayed with HCH, for 5 successive years even after withdrawal of deltamethrin spray. The impact was very clear when the annual falciparum incidence was compared with that of the control area. The vector population gradually started re- covering after 5 years. However, the slide falciparum rate remained below 4 even after 10 years of withdrawal of spraying. The study revealed that indoor residual spraying of deltamethrin would be cost-effective, at least in areas where malaria is transmitted by An. culicifacies, which is primarily a zoophilic species and associated with malaria epidemics. In view of this, a review of the insecticide policy and strategy of vector control is urgently needed because of the possible risks associated with the presence of nonbiodegradable insecticide in the environment, as well as to minimize the costs of operation and to enhance the useful life of insecticides.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
    FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF NEPAL MINISTRY OF IRRIGATION MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF NEPAL NEPAL AGRICULTURE RESEARCH COUNCIL MINISTRY OF IRRIGATION MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT NEPAL AGRICULTUREPREPARATORY RESEARCH SURVEY COUNCIL ON JICA'S COOPERATION PROGRAM FOR AGRICULTUREPREPARATORY AND RURAL SURVEY DEVELOPMENT IN NEPALON JICA'S COOPERATION PROGRAM - FOODFOR AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION ANDAND AGRICULTURERURAL DEVELOPMENT IN TERAI - IN NEPAL - FOOD PRODUCTION AND AGRICULTURE IN TERAI - FINAL REPORT MAIN REPORT FINAL REPORT MAIN REPORT OCTOBER 2013 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY OCTOBER(JICA) 2013 JAPAN INTERNATIONALNIPPON KOEI COOPERATION CO., LTD. AGENCY VISION AND SPIRIT(JICA) FOR OVERSEAS COOPERATION (VSOC) CO., LTD. NIPPON KOEI CO., LTD. C.D.C. INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION VISION AND SPIRIT FOR OVERSEAS COOPERATION (VSOC) CO., LTD. 4R C.D.C. INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION JR 13 - 031 FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF NEPAL MINISTRY OF IRRIGATION MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF NEPAL NEPAL AGRICULTURE RESEARCH COUNCIL MINISTRY OF IRRIGATION MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT NEPAL AGRICULTUREPREPARATORY RESEARCH SURVEY COUNCIL ON JICA'S COOPERATION PROGRAM FOR AGRICULTUREPREPARATORY AND RURAL SURVEY DEVELOPMENT IN NEPALON JICA'S COOPERATION PROGRAM - FOODFOR AGRICULTURE PRODUCTION ANDAND AGRICULTURERURAL DEVELOPMENT IN TERAI - IN NEPAL - FOOD PRODUCTION AND AGRICULTURE IN TERAI - FINAL REPORT MAIN REPORT FINAL REPORT MAIN REPORT OCTOBER 2013 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of the Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) of Bangladesh Seth R
    Irish et al. Parasites & Vectors (2016) 9:559 DOI 10.1186/s13071-016-1848-z RESEARCH Open Access A review of the mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae) of Bangladesh Seth R. Irish1*, Hasan Mohammad Al-Amin2, Mohammad Shafiul Alam2 and Ralph E. Harbach3 Abstract Background: Diseases caused by mosquito-borne pathogens remain an important source of morbidity and mortality in Bangladesh. To better control the vectors that transmit the agents of disease, and hence the diseases they cause, and to appreciate the diversity of the family Culicidae, it is important to have an up-to-date list of the species present in the country. Original records were collected from a literature review to compile a list of the species recorded in Bangladesh. Results: Records for 123 species were collected, although some species had only a single record. This is an increase of ten species over the most recent complete list, compiled nearly 30 years ago. Collection records of three additional species are included here: Anopheles pseudowillmori, Armigeres malayi and Mimomyia luzonensis. Conclusions: While this work constitutes the most complete list of mosquito species collected in Bangladesh, further work is needed to refine this list and understand the distributions of those species within the country. Improved morphological and molecular methods of identification will allow the refinement of this list in years to come. Keywords: Species list, Mosquitoes, Bangladesh, Culicidae Background separation of Pakistan and India in 1947, Aslamkhan [11] Several diseases in Bangladesh are caused by mosquito- published checklists for mosquito species, indicating which borne pathogens. Malaria remains an important cause of were found in East Pakistan (Bangladesh).
    [Show full text]
  • The Phylogeny and Classification of Anopheles
    Chapter 1 The Phylogeny and Classification of Anopheles Ralph E. Harbach Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/54695 1. Introduction Anopheles was introduced as a genus of mosquitoes in 1818 by Johann Wilhelm Meigen [1], a German entomologist famous for his revolutionary studies of Diptera. Little was done on the taxonomy of Anopheles until the discovery during the last two decades of the 19th century that mosquitoes transmit microfilariae and malarial protozoa, which initiated a drive to collect, name and classify these insects. In 1898, the Royal Society and the Rt. Hon. Joseph Chamber‐ lain, Secretary of State for the Colonies of Britain, appointed a Committee to supervise the investigation of malaria. On 6 December 1898, Mr. Chamberlain directed the Colonies to collect and send mosquitoes to the British Museum (Natural History) (Figure 1), and in 1899 the Committee appointed Frederick V. Theobald to prepare a monograph on the mosquitoes of the world, which was published in five volumes between 1901 and 1910 [2‒6]. As a conse‐ quence, many new generic names were introduced in an effort to classify numerous new mosquito species into seemingly natural groups. Theobald proposed 18 genera for species of Anopheles based on the distribution and shape of scales on the thorax and abdomen. Four of these proposed genera, Cellia, Kerteszia, Nyssorhynchus and Stethomyia, are currently recognized as subgenera of Anopheles and the other 14 are regarded as synonyms of one or other of subgenera Anopheles, Cellia or Nyssorhynchus. Theobald, however, was not the only person to propose generic names for species of Anopheles.
    [Show full text]
  • River Culture in Nepal
    Nepalese Culture Vol. XIV : 1-12, 2021 Central Department of NeHCA, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/nc.v14i0.35187 River Culture in Nepal Kamala Dahal- Ph.D Associate Professor, Patan Multipal Campus, T.U. E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Most of the world civilizations are developed in the river basins. However, we do not have too big rivers in Nepal, though Nepalese culture is closely related with water and rivers. All the sacraments from birth to the death event in Nepalese society are related with river. Rivers and ponds are the living places of Nepali gods and goddesses. Jalkanya and Jaladevi are known as the goddesses of rivers. In the same way, most of the sacred places are located at the river banks in Nepal. Varahakshetra, Bishnupaduka, Devaghat, Triveni, Muktinath and other big Tirthas lay at the riverside. Most of the people of Nepal despose their death bodies in river banks. Death sacrement is also done in the tirthas of such localities. In this way, rivers of Nepal bear the great cultural value. Most of the sacramental, religious and cultural activities are done in such centers. Religious fairs and festivals are also organized in such a places. Therefore, river is the main centre of Nepalese culture. Key words: sacred, sacraments, purity, specialities, bath. Introduction The geography of any localities play an influencing role for the development of culture of a society. It affects a society directly and indirectly. In the beginning the nomads passed their lives for thousands of year in the jungle.
    [Show full text]
  • Zombie Slayers in a “Hidden Valley” (Sbas Yul): Sacred Geography and Political Organisation in the Nepal-Tibet Borderland1
    Zombie Slayers in a “Hidden Valley” (sbas yul): Sacred Geography and Political Organisation in the Nepal-Tibet Borderland1 Francis Khek Gee Lim The Himalaya, with its high peaks and deep valleys, served for centuries as natural geographical frontier and boundary between the kingdoms and states of South Asia it straddles. Given the strategic advantage of controlling that high ground, it is little wonder that the Himalaya has throughout history witnessed countless skirmishes between neighbouring states that sought such strategic advantage. The interest in this mountain range, of course, was not restricted to matters of defence. North-south trade routes criss-crossed the Himalayan range, connecting the Tibetan plateau to the rest of the Indian subcontinent, ensuring lucrative tax revenues for those who controlled these economic lifelines. In the era of European colonialism in the “long” 19th century, the Himalaya became embroiled in what has been called the “Great Game” between the British and Russian empires, who sought to expand their respective commercial and imperial interests in the region. Due to its pristine environment, awe-inspiring mountains, and the remoteness of its valleys, the Himalaya was also the well-spring of countless legends, myths and romantic imaginings, engendering the sacralisation of the landscape that had served as a source of religious inspiration for peoples living both in its vicinity and beyond. Hence, despite its remoteness — or because of it — warfare, pilgrimages, trade and the search for viable areas of settlement have been some of the key factors contributing to the migratory process and interest in the area. Largely because they lay in the frontier zone, enclaves of Tibetan settlements located deep in the numerous Himalayan valleys were often on the outer fringes of state influence, enjoying a significant degree of local autonomy until processes of state consolidation intensified in the last century or so, as exemplified by the case of Nepal.
    [Show full text]
  • Enterprises for Self Employment in Banke and Dang
    Study on Enterprises for Self Employment in Banke and Dang Prepared for: USAID/Nepal’s Education for Income Generation in Nepal Program Prepared by: EIG Program Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce and Industry Shahid Sukra Milan Marg, Teku, Kathmandu May 2009 TABLE OF CONTENS Page No. Acknowledgement i Executive Summary ii 1 Background ........................................................................................................................ 9 2 Objective of the Study ....................................................................................................... 9 3 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 9 3.1 Desk review ............................................................................................................... 9 3.2 Focus group discussion/Key informant interview ..................................................... 9 3.3 Observation .............................................................................................................. 10 4 Study Area ....................................................................................................................... 10 4.1 Overview of Dang and Banke district ...................................................................... 10 4.2 General Profile of Five Market Centers: .................................................................. 12 4.2.1 Nepalgunj ........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • How Do Multiple Kernel Functions in Machine Learning Algorithms Improve Precision in Flood Probability Mapping?
    How Do Multiple Kernel Functions in Machine Learning Algorithms Improve Precision in Flood Probability Mapping? Muhammad Aslam Baig Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences https://orcid.org/0000- 0002-8454-478X Donghong XIONG Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences https://orcid.org/0000- 0002-6962-3551 Mahfuzur Rahman ( [email protected] ) International University of Business Agriculture and Technology Md. Monirul Islam International University of Business Agriculture and Technology Ahmad Elbeltagi Mansoura University Belayneh Yigez Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Dil Kumar Rai Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment Chinese Academy of Sciences Muhammad Tayab Northeast Normal University Ashraf Dewan Curtin University Bentley Campus: Curtin University Research Article Keywords: Hydro-climatic hazards, Machine learning algorithms, Gaussian process regression, Support vector machine, Climate change Posted Date: August 17th, 2021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-749595/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License 1 How do multiple kernel functions in machine learning algorithms improve precision in 2 flood probability mapping? 3 Muhammad Aslam Baiga,b, Donghong Xionga,*, Mahfuzur Rahmanc*, Md. Monirul Islamc, Ahmed Elbeltagid,e, 4 Belayneh Yigeza,b, Dil Kumar Raia,b, Muhammad Tayabf, Ashraf Dewang 5 aKey Laboratory for Mountain Hazards and Earth
    [Show full text]
  • The Caste System
    Name ______________________________ Mod ____ Global Studies Ms. Pojer HGHS The caste system In ancient India, society was organized so that each specialized job was performed by a specific group, or caste. The interdependence of all of the various castes was recognized, and each one was considered necessary to the society as a whole. In the earliest known mention of caste, perhaps dating from about 1000 B.C.E., the metaphor (symbol) of the human body was used to describe Indian society. This metaphor stresses the idea of hierarchy as well as that of interdependence. The brahman, or priestly, caste represents society's head; the kshatriya, or warrior, caste are its arms; the vaishya caste—traders and landowners—are the legs; and the sudra caste—the servants of the other three—are the feet. These four castes—brahman, kshatriya, vaishya, and sudra—are the classical four divisions of Hindu society. In practice, however, there have always been many subdivisions (J'atis) of these castes. 1. THE FOUR VARNA: The word caste comes from the Portuguese word castas, meaning "pure." This Portuguese word expresses one of the most central values of Indian society: the idea of ritual purity. In India, however, the word varna, or "color," denotes the fourfold division of Indian society. The word varna may have been used because each of the four castes was assigned a specific color as its emblem. In Hindu religious texts, the dharma—the law, or duty—of each varna is described. It was thought that this dharma was an inherited, or inborn, quality. Consequently, people thought that if intermarriages took place, there would be much confusion as to the dharma of the next generation of children.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Ph.D. Awarded
    Geography Dept. B.H.U.: List of PhD awarded, 1958-2013 1 Updated: 19 August 2013: The 67th Geography Foundation Day B.H.U. Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP 221005. INDIA Department of Geography Doctoral Dissertation, Ph.D., in Geography: 1958 – 2013. No. Name of Scholar Title of the Doctoral Dissertation Awarded, & pub. year 1 2 3 4 1. Supervisor : Prof. Ram Lochan Singh (1946-1977) (late) 1. Shanti Lal Kayastha Himalayan Beas-Basin : A Study in Habitat, Economy 1958 and Society Pub. 1964 2. Radhika Narayan Ground Water Hydrology of Meerut District, U.P 1960 Mathur (earlier worked under Prof. Raj Nath, Geology Dept.) Pub. 1969 3. M. N. Nigam Urban Geography of Lucknow : (Submitted at Agra 1960 University) 4. S. L. Duggal Land Utilization Pattern in Moradabad District 1962 (submitted at Punjab University) 5. Vijay Ram Singh Land Utilization in the Neighbourhood of Mirzapur, U.P. 1962 Pub. 1970 6. Jagdish Singh Transport Geography of South Bihar 1962 Pub. 1964 7. Baccha Prasad Rao Vishakhapatanam : A Study in Geography of Port Town 1962 Pub. 1971 8. (Ms) Surinder Pannu Agro-Industrial Relationship in Saryupar Plain of U.P. 1962 9. Kashi N. Singh Rural Markets and Rurban Centres in Eastern U.P. 1963 10. Basant Singh Land Utilization in Chakia Tahsil, Varanasi 1963 11. Ram Briksha Singh Geography of Transport in U.P. 1963 Pub. 1966 12. S. P. Singh Bhagalpur : A Study in Regional Geography 1964 13. N. D. Bhattacharya Murshidabad : A Study in Settlement Geography 1965 14. Attur Ramesh TamiInadu Deccan: A Study. in Urban Geography 1965 15.
    [Show full text]