Katie M. Morzinski – University of Arizona 9 Nov. 2017 – Michelson/Sagan Symposium

What do we really know

about extrasolar planets?

What do we really know about extrasolar planets?

Katie Morzinski U. Arizona 1992: Pulsar Planets 1995: Hot

Pulsar Planets: • exotic

• rare Wolszczan + 1992, 1994

What do we really p = 4.3 x103 days know about extrasolar Hot Jupiters: planets? • exotic

Katie Morzinski • rare U. Arizona p = 4.2 days Mayor & Queloz 1995 2007: RV surveys found orbital eccentricities of >> solar system – Migration?

“With a median eccentricity of 0.29, extrasolar

planets with orbital periods longer than about 6 days

have eccentricities significantly

larger than those of giant planets in the Solar System.” What do we really know about extrasolar Udry & Santos planets? 2007 ARA&A Katie Morzinski U. Arizona 2017: The most-frequent radii are super-Earths & mini-Neptunes (closer-in orbits)

What do we really know about extrasolar planets?

Katie Morzinski Fulton + 2017 U. Arizona Kepler Exoplanets come in all and orbits – But they are hard to characterize in detail

What do we really know about extrasolar planets?

Katie Morzinski U. Arizona exoplanetarchive.ipac.caltech.edu Observing the atmosphere of an exoplanet

What do we really know about extrasolar planets? Crossfield 2015 PASP

Katie Morzinski U. Arizona Water abundance of hot jupiters

What do we really know about extrasolar planets?

Katie Morzinski Madhusudhan + U. Arizona 2014 ApJL Continuum Clear->Cloudy clear

What do we really know about extrasolar planets? y

Katie Morzinski Sing + 2016 Nature U. Arizona cloud Water abundances can be incomplete when measured through the limb of the atmosphere

http://www.manyworlds.space/

index.php/2016/10/21/

What do exoplanet-clouds-friend-and-foe we really know about extrasolar planets?

Katie Morzinski U. Arizona Fortney 2005 MNRAS Degeneracies between gravity () and composition in small (R=1.5 R_Earth) planets Atmospheric

scale height H = k T/μg B

 log(g)=3.0 water-world or

mini-Neptune

 log(g)=3.3 rocky planet What do we really with H know about envelope extrasolar planets?

Katie Morzinski U. Arizona Natasha Batalha + 2017 ApJL 836 Determining fundamental physical parameters of exoplanets – 1. • Radial velocity (RV) planets

– Radial velocity curve

• Get M sin i & orbital period P -> semi-major axis a

• Transiting planets

– Light curve 2 • Depth of transit = (Rp/R*) • Duration -> orbital period P -> semi-major axis a

What do we really • Directly-imaged planets know about extrasolar – Observe Flux, Projected separation a_proj planets? – Infer Age, assume Formation/Evolution model Katie Morzinski U. Arizona • Get Mass Directly-imaged exoplanets SpT # 10-100 30-300 10-1000 100-1000 stars AU AU AU AU

+9 +4 +5 HR 8799 bcde – Marois+ 2008, 2010 BA 110 7.7 -6% 2.8 -2% 3.5 -3% <6.4%

FGK 155 <6.8% <4.1% <5.8% <5.1% M 119 <4.2% <3.9% <5.4% <7.3%

+1 +1 +1 All 384 0.8 -1% 0.6 -1% 0.8 -1% <2.1%

Bowler 2016 PASP

Beta Pic b – Lagrange+ 2009

Wide Super-Jupiters

• exotic

• rare 2M 1207 b – Chauvin+ 2004 HD 106906 AB b – Bailey+ 2014 HD 95086 b – Rameau+ 2013

What do we really know about extrasolar planets? 1RXS 1609 b LkCa 15 bcd – Sallum+ 2015 Lafreniere+ 2010 GJ 504 b – Kuzuhara+ 2013 Katie Morzinski A 51 Eri b – Macintosh+ 2015 U. Arizona HIP 65426 b – Chauvin+ 2017 F G K M Direct-imaging adaptive optics around the world

Palm-3k

LBTI

SCExAO

SPHERE What do we really MagAO know about GPI extrasolar planets?

Katie Morzinski U. Arizona Magellan AO

What do we really know about extrasolar planets?

Katie Morzinski U. Arizona Gemini Planet Imager (GPI)

What do we really know about extrasolar planets?

Katie Morzinski U. Arizona GPI new exoplanet 51 Eri b

What do we really know about extrasolar planets?

Katie Morzinski U. Arizona Macintosh+ 2015 Red – possibly in the L-T transition Cool – first cold-start DI planet

Rajan+ 2017 AJ

What do we really know about extrasolar planets?

Katie Morzinski U. Arizona Macintosh+ 2015 Science SED of Star β Pic b

Lagrange + Planet 2009 A&A

What do we really Morzinski + know about 2015 ApJ extrasolar planets?

Katie Morzinski U. Arizona Model fitting ... Looks cloudy!

What do we really know about extrasolar planets?

Katie Morzinski U. Arizona Morzinski + 2015 ApJ But what’s the Teff ?? Degenerate with log(g)

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Katie Morzinski * U. Arizona Morzinski + 2015 ApJ Gravity best constrained by fitting field L dwarfs: log(g)~3.5-4.0

What do we really know about extrasolar planets? Chilcote + 2017 AJ Katie Morzinski U. Arizona Teff vs. log(g) measurements of beta Pic b

Males+2014; Morzinski+ 2015

Chilcote+ 2015; Bonnefoy+ 2013 Currie+ 2013

Baudino+ 2015

What do we really know about extrasolar planets?

Katie Morzinski U. Arizona Morzinski + 2015 ApJ Burrows + 1997 ApJ Teff is a defined quantity, not a fundamental physical parameter

What do we really know about extrasolar planets?

Katie Morzinski U. Arizona Burgasser 2009 A plain blackbody fits just as well

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Modeled & Empirical Bolometric Correction

What do we really know about extrasolar planets?

Katie Morzinski U. Arizona Morzinski + 2015 ApJ Burrows + 1997 ApJ

Evolutionary cooling tracks:

Limited by age errors & modeling unknowns

What do we really know about extrasolar planets?

Katie Morzinski Bowler 2016 PASP U. Arizona Fortney + 2011 ApJ Pathways towards mass and radius for directly- imaged planets • RV constraints

• Dynamical stability

• Orbits

– GSMT AO relative

+ absolute

astrometry from , WFIRST, etc.

•

measurement

What do – we really know about calibration extrasolar planets? – high-resolution spectroscopy Katie Morzinski U. Arizona High-Dispersion Coronagraphy (HDC) = high- resolution spectroscopy + high-contrast imaging

Combine spatial & spectral information to separate planet from star

• Star suppression – Better AO+Coronagraph (+ Telescope D)

• Spectral resolution – Can use more lines on (bright) star to get more information for separating planet from star

What do we really know about extrasolar planets?

Katie Morzinski U. Arizona Ji Wang+ 2017 AJ 153 Rotation periods

What do we really know about extrasolar planets?

Katie Morzinski U. Arizona Zhou+ 2016 ApJ Luhman-16B Determining fundamental physical parameters of exoplanets – 2.

• Microlensing planets

– Observe Magnification, Timescale

– Assume: *0  

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Dong+ 2009 ApJ 695

What do •    we really •      know about  extrasolar •       planets?

Katie Morzinski U. Arizona Vetting of RV and transiting planets

What do Baranec + 2014 ApJL we really know about extrasolar planets?

Katie Morzinski U. Arizona Host stars: Masses & radii empirically via Gaia for improved accuracy (no model systematics)

What do we really know about Stassun + 2017 AJ 153 extrasolar planets?

Katie Morzinski U. Arizona Contrasts of currently-known exoplanets visible from Chile – Need improved 10 micron imaging

   

 

 

 

 

What do we really  know about  extrasolar planets?     

Katie Morzinski     U. Arizona Morzinski New: 10-micron “GeoSnap” HgCdTe detectors from Teledyne

• Higher QE

• Lower dark current

Testing with plans for What do we really installation on Magellan know about MagAO & LBTI AO extrasolar planets?

Katie Morzinski Grant West and Bill Hoffmann U. Arizona at the University of Arizona What do we really know about exoplanets?

• Mass – Know lower limit for RV planets; Break sin i degeneracy with further orbital info

– Modeled for transiting & DI (directly-imaged) planets; Estimated/ assumed for microlensing planets

• Radius – Known to the precision of either the stellar-radius or the transit-depth for transiting planets

– Modeled for RV and DI planets

• Teff – Need full SED; LBol plus knowledge of R – For now we know LBol for a handful of planets

• Composition – Need optical data for Rayleigh scattering and IR data for molecular features. Need gravity (Mass, Radius) to

break degeneracy in scale height. Also degeneracy in P-T profile & molecular absorption. What do we really – For now we know which planets are cloudy and which aren’t. know about – Know a few molecules & inversions in a few planets. extrasolar planets? • Need to know the host star’s age, radius, mass, Teff, distance

Katie Morzinski • Data-limited field (well-calibrated/understood data) U. Arizona • Need multiwavelength O/IR data for many more planets