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КУЛЬТУРА И КУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ИНДУСТРИИ В РФ Аналитика 2018–2020 Информационное Агентство Intermedia

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КУЛЬТУРА И КУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ИНДУСТРИИ В РФ Аналитика 2018–2020 Информационное Агентство Intermedia КУЛЬТУРА И КУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ИНДУСТРИИ В РФ Аналитика 2018–2020 Информационное агентство InterMedia КУЛЬТУРА И КУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ИНДУСТРИИ В РФ: АНАЛИТИКА 2018–2020 Результаты комплексного исследования (издание 6-е, исправленное и дополненное) Москва, 2020 КУЛЬТУРА И КУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ИНДУСТРИИ В РФ: АНАЛИТИКА 2018-2020 ЧИТАЙТЕ ТАКЖЕ КУЛЬТУРА КУЛЬТУРА И КУЛЬТУРНЫЕ И КУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ИНДУСТРИИ В РФ ИНДУСТРИИ В РФ Терминология 2020 Законодательство 2020 и другие исследования InterMedia www.intermedia.ru 3 КУЛЬТУРА И КУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ИНДУСТРИИ В РФ: АНАЛИТИКА 2018-2020 Над изданием работали: Главный редактор: Евгений Сафронов Руководитель проекта: Наталия Галиулова Главный эксперт: Александр Тихонов Ведущий эксперт: Павел Соломатин Редактор: Мария Сысоева Составитель: Павел Соломатин Корреспондент: Анна Стрельчук Ассистент: Екатерина Чичеткина Ассистент: Егор Старшелюк Заместитель директора: Ольга Воронович Заместитель директора: Юлия Колпакова Дизайн и верстка: Максим Гелета Иллюстрация обложки: Ольга Зеленкова Источники: Росстат; Роспечать; Минпромторг России; Минкультуры России; Росархив; Ростуризм; Федеральное казначейство (Казначейство России); Фонд кино; РАО; ВОИС; РАЭК; АКАР; СПАРК-Интерфакс; Союз дизайнеров России; ТМТ Консалтинг; УПРАВИС; НИУ ВШЭ; ГидМаркет; ARTinvestment; InArt; J'son and Partners; Group-IB; IFPI; Euromonitor International; ООН; European Commission; Department for Digital, Culture, Media & Sport of the UK; U. S. Department of Commerce; British Council; Directorate-General for Education and Culture European Commission; BOP Consulting; UNESCO; Common Sense; Cisco; Hootsuite; Newzoo; MOMRI; We Are Social; PriceWaterhouseCoopers; The National Association of Theatre Owners; Box Office Mojo. © ООО «ИА «ИнтерМедиа» Photo: Depositphotos.com/FOTODOM К содержанию 4 КУЛЬТУРА И КУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ИНДУСТРИИ В РФ: АНАЛИТИКА 2018-2020 Содержание Введение ....................................................... 6 Глобальные тренды развития Приложение 2. культурных индустрий ............................. 28 Опрос ведущих экспертов Определение понятия «культура» .............7 культурных индустрий ..............................67 Всемирное регулирование Творческая деятельность культурных индустрий ............................. 32 Работа культурных индустрий в 2019 г. .......67 и искусство как основа Регулирование сферы культуры в РФ ........ 69 сферы культуры ..........................................7 Борьба с пиратством ................................ 33 Приложение 3. Классификация результатов Культурные индустрии в России ............ 34 Основы правового регулирования интеллектуальной деятельности ............. 9 Крупнейшие компании, сферы культуры в РФ ................................71 Сфера культуры в РФ ............................... 10 работающие в культурных Состояние законодательства .......................71 индустриях РФ ............................................41 Культурная, творческая Особенности правового регулирования ......71 и досуговая деятельность ....................... 10 Методика расчета финансовых показателей культурных индустрий ...... 52 Правовая неопределенность ...................... 73 Базисная блок-схема Варианты развития .......................................74 сферы культуры в РФ ............................... 12 Финансовые показатели культурных индустрий РФ в 2018–2020 гг. .................. 55 Современное законотворчество ..................75 ИКТ-индустрия как драйвер экономики и ведущий сегмент Приложение 1. Перечень законодательных актов, сферы культуры ........................................ 13 Обзор сферы культуры и культурных регламентирующих творческую индустрий на современном этапе ...........57 и досуговую деятельность .......................... 76 Потребление творческого контента и произведений .......................................... 16 Введение .......................................................57 Приложение 4. Феномен культурных индустрий ..................57 Характеристики некоторых значимых ИКТ-творчество .......................................... 20 сегментов культурных индустрий РФ Культурная экономика в 2019 г. ........................................................ 80 Крупнейшие компании мира, в современном мире ....................................57 работающие в культурных Использованная литература ................... 82 индустриях ...................................................21 Парадокс дефиниций в сфере культуры ......................................... 59 Благодарности ........................................... 86 Культура на службе монополий? ........... 26 К содержанию 5 КУЛЬТУРА И КУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ИНДУСТРИИ В РФ: АНАЛИТИКА 2018-2020 ВВЕДЕНИЕ Деятельность Рабочей группы началась со срав- нительного анализа подходов к оценке эконо- Изучение сферы культуры и культурных индустрий мики культуры в развитых и развивающих- в Российской Федерации до последнего времени ся странах (см. илл. 32 «Разница в подходах практически не выходило за пределы научных ау- к оценке экономики культуры в разных странах» диторий ― несмотря на значительный объем ав- на стр. 61). Были определены и учтены принци- торитетных работ на эту тему, на практике власти, пиальные особенности сферы культуры ― опре- регуляторные органы и статистика до настоящего деляющая роль развитой системы защиты ав- времени продолжают использовать терминологию торского права, вариабельность, мелкоблочная и подходы 30–40-х гг. прошлого столетия. структура, неприятие иерархии и регулирования, высокая доля индивидуальной творческой дея- Эта ситуация отрицательно сказывается как на раз- тельности и разноплановость процессов, в ко- витии культурных индустрий, так и на эффективно- торых, в отличие от иных отраслей экономики, сти государственной поддержки сферы культуры. сложно разделить стадии планирования, произ- В связи с этим в апреле 2017 г. Рабочей группой водства и реализации. Технологии связи между по вопросам коммерциализации результатов ин- творцами и аудиторией в каждом из сегментов, теллектуальной деятельности Совета по интел- даже близких по стилю и происхождению, зача- лектуальной собственности ТПП РФ (далее ― стую принципиально различаются, динамично Рабочей группой) совместно с коммуникационным и непредсказуемо изменяясь на национальном холдингом InterMedia начата работа по подготов- и международном уровнях. ке предложений по изменению законодательства о культуре. Актуальность проблемы вскоре была В мае 2017 г. Рабочая группа подготовила пред- подтверждена на самом высоком уровне ― в де- варительные результаты исследования, из кото- кабре 2017 г. на заседании Совета по культуре пре- рых стало ясно, что первоочередным вопросом зидент РФ Владимир Путин распорядился разра- как изучения сферы культуры, так и государствен- ботать и принять новый Закон о культуре в срок ного регулирования культурных индустрий явля- до 2018 г. (на момент сдачи исследования в печать ется определение ее границ, структуры и адек- работа над законопроектом все еще не завершена). ватной терминологии. Photo: Depositphotos.com/FOTODOM К содержанию 6 КУЛЬТУРА И КУЛЬТУРНЫЕ ИНДУСТРИИ В РФ: АНАЛИТИКА 2018-2020 ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ПОНЯТИЯ Илл. 1. Определения культуры «КУЛЬТУРА» Вид определения Содержание Область применения Общее Совокупность результатов общественно Применимо как к человечеству в целом, (цивилизационное) полезной человеческой деятельности В истории, литературе, науке, а также в практике так и к обществам, социальным группам и отдельным людям государственного управления существует множе- ство определений понятия «культура», но среди Институциональное Совокупность результатов деятельности Применимо в государственном управлении, (обычно: сфера культуры) резидентов в областях искусства, законодательстве, учете, статистике них нет одного общепринятого и согласованного. культурного наследия и др.* Экспертами InterMedia была изучена современная * Дополнительные виды деятельности определяются в соответствии с историческими и культурными традициями практика государственного управления и регули- обществ и социальных групп. рования в ряде крупных развитых и развивающих- ся стран мира. Подавляющее большинство госу- Обобщив имеющиеся дефиниции, Рабочая группа искусство. Термин «искусство» также не имеет об- дарств декларируют поддержку культуры, но под предложила разграничить два определения поня- щепринятой дефиниции, влияние произведений этим термином ими подразумеваются различные тия «культура» ― общее (цивилизационное) и ин- искусства на сознание человека не имеет науч- виды деятельности, обычно официально уста- ституциональное (применимое в практике госу- ного объяснения. В то же время необходимость новленные методом казуального изложения, дарственного управления и регулирования). Более однозначной трактовки понятия «произведение т. е. перечислением. подробно с определениями термина «культура» искусства» стала насущной еще в XIX в. Эта трак- можно ознакомиться в томе «Культура и культур- товка появилась в 1886 г. (заметим, также через Основой сферы культуры во всех странах призна- ные индустрии в РФ. Терминология 2020». перечень в казуальном изложении) в Бернской ется деятельность в области создания и распро- конвенции по охране литературных и худо- странения произведений литературы и искус- жественных произведений [1], ставшей осно- ства, а также охрана наследия. В то же время ТВОРЧЕСКАЯ вой для национальных законодательств в сфере в перечнях встречаются организация досуга культуры: населения, образование, масс-медиа, спорт, ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТЬ религия, информационные технологии и др. ― И ИСКУССТВО «Термин «литературные и художественные в соответствии с традициями различных
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