Anthropology 391-CPH-12
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HIRATA KOKUGAKU and the TSUGARU DISCIPLES by Gideon
SPIRITS AND IDENTITY IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY NORTHEASTERN JAPAN: HIRATA KOKUGAKU AND THE TSUGARU DISCIPLES by Gideon Fujiwara A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Asian Studies) THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA (Vancouver) April 2013 © Gideon Fujiwara, 2013 ABSTRACT While previous research on kokugaku , or nativism, has explained how intellectuals imagined the singular community of Japan, this study sheds light on how posthumous disciples of Hirata Atsutane based in Tsugaru juxtaposed two “countries”—their native Tsugaru and Imperial Japan—as they transitioned from early modern to modern society in the nineteenth century. This new perspective recognizes the multiplicity of community in “Japan,” which encompasses the domain, multiple levels of statehood, and “nation,” as uncovered in recent scholarship. My analysis accentuates the shared concerns of Atsutane and the Tsugaru nativists toward spirits and the spiritual realm, ethnographic studies of commoners, identification with the north, and religious thought and worship. I chronicle the formation of this scholarly community through their correspondence with the head academy in Edo (later Tokyo), and identify their autonomous character. Hirao Rosen conducted ethnography of Tsugaru and the “world” through visiting the northern island of Ezo in 1855, and observing Americans, Europeans, and Qing Chinese stationed there. I show how Rosen engaged in self-orientation and utilized Hirata nativist theory to locate Tsugaru within the spiritual landscape of Imperial Japan. Through poetry and prose, leader Tsuruya Ariyo identified Mount Iwaki as a sacred pillar of Tsugaru, and insisted one could experience “enjoyment” from this life and beyond death in the realm of spirits. -
Japan in the World, the World in Japan
Japan in the World, the World in Japan Japan in the World, the World in Japan Fifty Years of Japanese Studies at Michigan Edited by the Center for Japanese Studies, The University of Michigan The Center for Japanese Studies The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, 2001 Open access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities/ Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. 2001 The Regents of the University of Michigan Published by the Center for Japanese Studies, The University of Michigan, 202 S. Thayer St., Ann Arbor, MI 48104-1608 Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Japan in the world, the world in Japan : fifty years of Japanese studies at Michigan / edited by the Center for Japanese Studies, the University of Michigan. p. cm. ISBN 0-939512-95-5 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Japan—Study and teaching (Higher)—United States. 2. University of Michigan. Center for Japanese Studies—History. I. University of Michigan. Center for Japanese Studies. DS834.95J318 2001 952.0071'173—dc21 00-064354 Cover design by Seiko Semones This book was set in Garamond. This publication meets the ANSI/NISO Standards for Permanence of Paper for Publications and Documents in Libraries and Archives (Z39.48-1992). Published in the United States of America ISBN 978-0-939512-95-9 (paper) ISBN 978-0-472-12796-2 (ebook) ISBN 978-0-472-90192-0 (open access) The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Contents Note on Personal Names viii Preface ix Hitomi Tonomura Opening Remarks 1 Philip H. -
Weatherhead East Asian Institute
WEATHERHEAD EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE WEATHERHEAD ANNUAL REPORT 2007–2008 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY ANNUAL REPORT 2007–2008 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY ANNUAL REPORT WEATHERHEAD EAST ASIAN INSTITUTE Columbia University MC 3333 International Affairs Building 420 West 118th Street New York, NY 10027 Tel: 212-854-2592 Fax: 212-749-1497 www.columbia.edu/weai CONTENTS 1| Letter from the Director . 1 7| Undergraduate, Graduate, and Doctoral Studies . 44 2| The Weatherhead East Asian Institute The Certificate Program . 44 at Columbia University . 3 SIPA Regional Concentration in East Asian Studies . 44 Master of Arts in Regional Studies–East Asia 3| The Research Community . 4 (MARSEA) . 44 Faculty . 4 Graduate Study at the Department of East Asian Research Scholars . 17 Languages and Cultures (EALAC) . 44 Visiting Scholars 2007–2008 . 23 Liberal Studies Master of Arts in East Asian Studies . 44 Professional Fellows 2007–2008 . 23 WEAI Undergraduate Initiative . 44 Institute Associates 2007–2008 . 24 Modern Tibetan Studies Program . 45 Doctorates Awarded in 2007–2008 . 24 Expanding East Asian Studies (ExEAS) . 46 Doctoral Candidates Preparing Dissertations . 25 Weatherhead Postdoctoral Fellowship in Modern Southeast Asian Studies . 46 4| Publications . 28 Faculty . 46 Studies of the Weatherhead East Asian Institute . 28 East Asian Course Offerings 2007–2008 . 48 Asia Perspectives . 28 Weatherhead Books on Asia . 28 8| Students and Alumni . 51 Works by Institute Faculty and Scholars . 28 Students . 51 Program Assistants 5| Programs and Centers at Columbia Student Organizations Affiliated with the Weatherhead Asia Pacific Affairs Council East Asian Institute . 32 Weatherhead Undergraduate Council Columbia Center for Chinese Economy and Society . 32 The Greater China Initiative C.V. -
The Search for the Archaic in Tokugawa Intellectual Thought
The Search for the Archaic in Tokugawa Intellectual Thought Nicolas Audet East Asian Studies, McGill University, Montreal December 2016 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Master of Arts © Nicolas Audet, 2016 Audet 1 Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 3 Section I: Tokugawa Ideological Foundations ............................................................................... 7 Section II: Ogyū Sorai .................................................................................................................. 16 II A: Sorai and the Zhu Xi School ......................................................................................... 16 II B: Sorai, Language, and the Way ...................................................................................... 20 Section III: The Mito School ........................................................................................................ 31 III A: Confucian Foundations and New Directions in Politics ........................................... 31 III B: The Dai Nihonshi and the Organization of History .................................................. 33 III C: Aizawa Seishisai and the Shinron ............................................................................... 38 Section IV: Nativism (Kokugaku) ................................................................................................ -
OPEN LETTER in SUPPORT of HISTORIANS in JAPAN The
OPEN LETTER IN SUPPORT OF HISTORIANS IN JAPAN The undersigned scholars of Japanese studies express our unity with the many courageous historians in Japan seeking an accurate and just history of World War II in Asia. Because Japan is a second home as well as a field of research for many of us, we write with a shared concern for the way that the history of Japan and East Asia is studied and commemorated. In this important commemorative year, we also write to celebrate seventy years of peace between Japan and its neighbors. Postwar Japan’s history of democracy, civilian control of the military, police restraint, and political tolerance, together with contributions to science and generous aid to other countries, are all things to celebrate as well. Yet problems of historical interpretation pose an impediment to celebrating these achievements. One of the most divisive historical issues is the so-called “comfort women” system. This issue has become so distorted by nationalist invective in Japan as well as in Korea and China that many scholars, along with journalists and politicians, have lost sight of the fundamental goal of historical inquiry, which should be to understand the human condition and aspire to improve it. Exploitation of the suffering of former “comfort women” for nationalist ends in the countries of the victims makes an international resolution more difficult and further insults the dignity of the women themselves. Yet denying or trivializing what happened to them is equally unacceptable. Among the many instances of wartime sexual violence and military prostitution in the twentieth century, the “comfort women” system was distinguished by its large scale and systematic management under the military, and by its exploitation of young, poor, and vulnerable women in areas colonized or occupied by Japan. -
Kokugaku, Nature, and the Body In
MEDICATING THE GODS: KOKUGAKU, NATURE, AND THE BODY IN MID-EIGHTEENTH CENTURY JAPAN A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by I-Zhuen Lee August 2018 © 2018 I-Zhuen Lee MEDICATING THE GODS: KOKUGAKU, NATURE, AND THE BODY IN MID-EIGHTEENTH CENTURY JAPAN I-Zhuen Lee, Ph. D. Cornell University 2018 This dissertation examines the relation between scholars of kokugaku (often translated as “nativism”) and the rise of empirical rationalism as a paradigm for knowledge in Mid-Eighteenth Edo Japan. In particular, I trace the shifts in the ways language, the human body, and nature came to be intertwined in a complex network of relations that redefined the way knowledge came to be produced. By emphasizing the crucial relation between kokugaku and empirico-practical fields, such as the medical-pharmacological rise of honzōgaku (ch. bencaoxue) in the 1700s, I seek to show how anatomy and nature came to be central in the ways kokugaku scholars imagined the role of people in the world. Mindful of the immense changes occurring in Eighteenth Century Edo intellectual landscape, I argue that it is impossible to account for the rise of kokugaku without taking into consideration the shifts in social perception of the role of nature. Instead of anchoring kokugaku within the teleological paradigm of incipient nationalism – a relation foregrounded since the Meiji period, and later championed by philosophers in the decades of Japanese empire – my dissertation shows how the excess of nature, as a repository of conceptual and practical knowledge about the world, often guided these scholars’ philological archaeology of the “pristine” relation between language and the body. -
Annual Report, 2008-2009
W E A T H E R H E A D E A S T A S I A N I N S T I T U T E A N N U A L R E P A N N U A L R E P O R T 2 0 0 8 – 2 0 0 9 O R T 2 0 0 8 – 2 0 0 9 C O L U M B I A U Columbia University N I International Affairs Building V MC 3333 E 420 West 118th Street R S C O L U M B I A U N I V E R S I T Y New York, NY 10027 I T Tel: 212-854-2592 Y Fax: 212-749-1497 www.columbia.edu/weai ANNUAL REPORT 2008–2009 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY CONTENTS 1| Letter from the Director . 1 7| Graduate Studies . 42 The Certificate Program . 42 2| The Weatherhead East Asian Institute SIPA Regional Concentration in East Asian Studies . 42 at Columbia University . 3 Master of Arts in Regional Studies–East Asia 3| The Research Community . 4 (MARSEA) . 42 Faculty . 4 Graduate Study at the Department of East Asian Research Scholars . 17 Languages and Cultures (EALAC) . 42 Visiting Professors 2008–2009 . 23 Liberal Studies Master of Arts in East Asian Studies . 42 Senior Visiting Research Associate 2008–2009 . 23 Modern Tibetan Studies Program . 42 Visiting Scholars 2008–2009 . 23 Expanding East Asian Studies (ExEAS) . 43 Professional Fellows 2008–2009 . 24 Weatherhead Postdoctoral Fellowship in Institute Associates 2008–2009 . 25 Modern Southeast Asian Studies . -
Conceptions of Nature and Feudal Hierarchy in Tokugawa Japan (1603-1868)
Conceptions of nature and feudal hierarchy in Tokugawa Japan (1603-1868) Conceptions of nature and feudal hierarchy in Tokugawa Japan (1603- 1868) Christie Thomson Christ Church, Oxford Introduction This essay considers conceptions of nature in Tokugawa Japan and the way in which they were used to either justify or challenge feudalism. Neo-Confucianism was initially used to justify feudal hierarchy, but was then challenged by later Neo-Confucians and scholars from the Mitogaku and Kokugaku (National Learning) schools. These ideologies, which opposed traditional Neo-Confucianism, influenced popular thought to varying degrees, as seen in the 1855 earthquake, the Tengu Insurrection, and within peasant villages. However, scholars did not dispute the basis of Neo-Confucian thought. Despite differing interpretations, they continued to rely on ideas of nature to justify their theories. Thus, all scholars who opposed traditional Neo-Confucianism did not mount a thorough attack on its ideas and came to a similar conclusion of a natural hierarchy between the ruler and subjects. Scholars in Tokugawa Japan considered social and political organisation within the framework of nature. Nature was understood to be broader than the environment, instead encompassing an overarching set of rules which provided the basis for the order of society and government.1 Confucianism was the source of these ideas, which were expanded through Neo-Confucianism, the accepted political doctrine of the bakufu (military government). It had the backing of the first shogun (military leader) Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616) and later shoguns funded schools to teach Neo-Confucianism.2 Neo- Confucian ideas were used to justify Japan’s feudal hierarchy as it created a natural division between mental and manual labour, and between rulers and subjects.