NATIONS Distr. GENERAL ,~ENE RA l A/4106 SSEMBLY 23 July 1959 ORIGINAL: ENGLISH
Fourteenth session
PROGRESS ACHIEVED BY THE NON-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES IN PURSUANCE OF CHAPTER XI OF THE CHARTER DEMOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS AND POPULATION TRENDS IN NON-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES
Report prepared by the Secretariat TABLE OF COI\'TEI\"TS
Parap;raph
INTRODUCTION • . • . . . . • • • • • • • 1 - 9 I. TOTAL POPULATION AND POPULATION DENSITY 10 - 21 African and adjacent Territories 12 - 18 Asian and Pacific Territories 19 - 20 Caribbean Territories 21 II. POPULATION STRUO'J:URE 22 - 4o Sex composition • • . 24 - 27 Aee composition •• 28 - 40
III. THE BALANCE OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS 41 - 6o African and adjacent Territories 46 - 51 Asian and Pacific Territories 52 - 56 Caribbean and other Territories 57 - 60 IV. MORTALITY DATA AS AN INDEX OF HEALTH 61 - 81
V. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS .. 82 - 92
APPENDICES
I. LATEST POPULATION CENSUS, POPULATION DENSITY IN 1956 AND OFFICIAL l~DYEAR ESTI~ATES FOR THE YEARS 1946-1957 OF THE NON-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES . . • . • • ...... 48 II. AGE AND SEX DISTRIBUTION OF THE POPULATION OF THE NON-SELF GOVERNING TERRITORIES . . . • . . . • ...... • . • 50 i9-17922 I ... A/4106 English Pae;e 2
APPENDICES (continued)
III. CRUDE BIRTH-RATES, CRUDE DEATH-RATES AND INFANT DEATH-RATES HI THE NON-SELF-GOVERNING TERRITORIES, 1946, 1957 ••••• 53
LIST OF ·TABLES
1. Growth of the population of the Non-Self-Governing Territories,
1946-1956 . 0 0 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 0 • • • • 4 2. Evaluation of the accuracy of population data in the Non-Self Governing Territories by broad.geographic regions, 1950-1956 5 3. Sex ratio in the total population of the Non-Self-Governing Territories . . . . . • ...... 15 4. Number of Territories with sex ratio below, within and above the expected normal rane;e ...... 5· Percentage of population of the Non-Self-Governing Territories in the desisneted aBe sroup ...... • • . . . • . . . . , . . 18 o.' Distribution of fifteen African area Territories by high, medium and low fertility and mortality rates (average for 1952-1956) •• 22 7. Natural increase: excess of births over deaths in the African area Territories (per thousand population) , • , • • • • • ••• 24 8. Distribution cf the Asian and Pacific Territories by the size of crude birth-rate and crude death rate • • • • • • • . , • • , • 26 9· Excess of births over deaths in the Asian and Pacific Territories (per thousand population) , . • • . • . • • • • • . • . • ••. 27 10. Distribution of the Caribbean Territories by size of their fertility and mortality rates .•• , , , •• , ••••. 28 11. Excess of births over deaths in the Caribbean Territories (per thousand population) • • • • • , • • , . . • • . • • • • . • . 30 12. Averaee (within each five-year period) infant mortality rates in the Non-Self-Governine Territories •••••••••••• 32 13. Proportional mortality occurring to selected age groups or due to infectious and parasitic diseases, in or about 1956 in the Non-Self-Governing Territories . . . . . • ...... 14. Ratio of physicians to the population in the Non-Self-Governing Territories ...... , ...... 38 15. Availability of physicians by major geographic areas, in or about 1948 and 1956 in the Non-Self-Governing Territories 40 16. Latest official data on the expectation of life (in years) at birth in the African area and Caribbean Territories 41 17. Estimates of future populations of the Non-Self-Governin8 Territories _(medim:J assurr.:ption) ~ ...... 46 A/4106 English Page 3
NOTE: The following symbols are used:
Three dots ( ... ) data not available Dash ( - ) magnitude nil or negligible Slash l948/1949 crop or financial year 3yphen 1948-1949 annual average
I ... A/4106 English Page 4
INTRODUCTION
1. One of the outstanding demographic characteristics common to Non-Self-Gcverning Territories is a rapid rate of population growth. For the fifty-five Non-Self-Governing Territories on which information was being transmitted at the end of the period under review, a comparison of population statistics on the basis of broad geographic regions shovrs the following results:
Table 1 Growth of the population of the Non-Self-Governing Territories, 1946-1956
Region Number Population Per cent annual of increase (average Territories 1946 1956 within period) (thousands )
African and adjacent Territories 24 77,522 96,007 Asian and Pacific Territories 19 10,603 13,399 2.64 Caribbean and other Territories 12 2.79
Total 55 91,223 113,368 2.48
2. Although the rate of population growth varies considerably among the individual Territories and the basic population figures for many Territories are not precise counts, the over-all result, as shown above, may be taken as a valid indication of the general trend. The populations of the Non-Self-Governing Territories, as of many other under-developed areas of the world, are at present growing fast, a phenomenon which is generating a multitude of problems of a_ demographic, social, educational and economic nature influencing the pace of advancement of their peoples. 3· Some of the demographic characteristics and population trends shown during the period from 1946 to 1956 or 1957 in the Non-Self-Governing Territories are summarized in this study, The basic numerical information covering the period I ... \ ' A/4106 English Page 5
under review for individual Territories is given in the annexed tables. On the basis of this information a detailed demographic analysis is undertaken in the follmling pages, together with a consideration of the results, in the light of the most obvious relationships which are known to exist between population trends and social and economic development. 4. It is~necessary to emphasize that the quality of demographic statistics in the Non-Self-Governing Territories is in general not very high; the data vary between those derived from a close follow-up of the population through regular censuses and complete registration of the vital events, and those based on conjectural estimates of the numbers of peoples and on partial or,in the absence of registration of births and deaths, other crude methods of estimation, with many gradations between these hro extremes. A large number of the Territories, including most of those in Africa, belong to the latter category; the demographic data are not adequate for any detailed demographic analysis except, perhaps, for a crude evaluation of the size and the trends of the total population, 5, In appendix table I ·an attempt is made to indicate the accuracy of the data on total population by means of a code, whose indications refer to the period 1950-1955.~/ In this code, the two major components of population estimates, namely, the number of peoples and the frequency of vital events, are qualified as to the method used for their derivation in order to offer some measure of accuracy of the final result. The explanation of the various symbols used is given at the top of table 2 below, which shows the distribution of the Territories in accordance with the indications of this code:
Table 2 Evaluation of the accuracy of population data in the Non-Self-Governing Territories by broad geographic regions, 1950-1956 Explanation of Cede: C - rata based on a recent census N - No census, data derived by other means l - Registration of vital events known to be complete or nearly complete 2 - Regibtration known to be incomplete 3 - Partial registration 0 - Non-existent registration
The code is based on the information given in the United Nations Demographic Yearbook, 1957, (Sales No. 57.XIII,l), p. 16 and tables l, 6 and 7. / ••• ) A/4106 English Page 6
Table 2 (continued) c 0 DE Total C-1 C-2 C-3 N-3 N-0
African and No. of Territories 4 3 7 3 7 24 adjacent Pop. (thousands) 1,141 463 46,963 18,001 29,439 96,007 Territories Per cent (pop. ) 1.2 0.5 48.9 18.7 30.7 100.0
Asian and No. of Territories 5 8 1 5 19 Pacific Pop. (thousands) 10,560 1,463 66 1,310 13,399 Territories Per cent (pop. ) 78.8 10.9 0.5 9.8 100.0
Caribbean No. of Territories 10 1 1 12 and other Pop. (thousands) 3,640 320 2 3, 962 Territories Per cent (pop, ) 91.9 8.1 o.o 100.0
Total No. of Territories 19 12 9 3 12 55 Pop. (thousands) 15' 3~-1 2, 246 47,031 18,001 30,749 113,368 Fer cent (pop,) "13.5 2.0 41.5 15.9 27.1 100.0
Hhen C-1 and C-2 ere combined as indicating Territories with relatively good statistics and the remaining C-3, N-3 and N-0 as designating Territories with defective statistics, the fol1-01-ling picture emerges:
Proportion of the Proportion of the population vith population without relatively good reliable population demographic data data (per cent)
African and adjacent Territories 1.7 98.3 Asian and Pacific Territories 89.7 10.3 Carib-bean and other Territories 100.0 o.o
All Non-Self-Governing Territories 15.5 84.5
6. The African Territories as a whole therefore comprise the least developed area in so far as statistical organization is concerned, the only Territories in the region 1fhich have relatively good statistics being those outside the main continent. Since the bulk of the population of the Non-Self-Governing Territories
/ ... A/4106 English Page 7 is in this region, the over-all situation in this respect is unsatisfactory, and the scope and value of any demographic ar:alysis are seriously limited as a result. In spite of this limitation, a substantial amount of information can be extracted from the fragmentary population data, and many important conclusions may be reached, The study of the populations in general has been substantially advanced
·during the post-<~ar years and patterns of demographic evolution are by no<~ 1;ell established, so that even <~hen basic statistics are intermittent or approximate, some insight may be gained into the approximate conditions and demographic trends of the populations. 7. Moreover, the production of actual demographic data in the various
Non-Self-Governing Territories sho<~s promise of improvement. During the period under revie<~, some progress is evident; census data are more plentiful no<~ than they <~ere before 1950 and they may be further increased in the coming period of international censuses in or about 1960, The registration of vital events is in process of gradual expansion in almost all the Territories and fuller coverage of the populations may be expected to be achieved in the not too distant future. 8. Behind this evolution lies the grovling interest of the peoples and of the authorities in securing a better and more precise kno<~ledge of the demographic factor, <~hich has so decisive an impact on the development programmes of the individual Territories. This interest is reflected in the establisbrrent or improver::ent of territorial statistical units or departments. Information on the status and the development of these statistical services is not available for the majority of Non-Self-Governing Territories. Some of the more highly developed Territories such as Hong Kong, Singapore, Cyprus, Jamaica and.Trinidad are equipped vlith statistical departn:ents <~hose services can be favourably compared 11ith those of other countries, The problem mainly lies, on the one hand, in small Territories 11l:cre the scarcity of resources and of manpov1er hinders the establishment of elaborate statistical organizations, and, on the other hand, in many of the African Territories 11here the problems confronting the development of statistical departments are most complex. In these Territories, sampling methods have been successfully applied in the past; they have rendered valuable information not only on the size and composition of the population but also on the approximate level of birth and death rates and the infant mortality rate. ; ... ) A/4lo6 i English Page 8
9. The trend in the improvement of demographic data has followed the introduction of statistical departments and the recruitment of expert statisticians in many Non-Self-Governing Territories since the war. In the Territories under United Kingdom administration, for example, the number of such officers has more than doubled since l949. Improvements are also reported in other Territories. A/4106 English Page 9
I. TGTAL POPULATION AND POPUU,TIGN tENSITY
10. The exact number of persons living in a country at a specified time can be made kno'm only through a population census, which in its modern conception has to satisfy a number of intercationally accepted criteria,~/ the most important of which are: (a) Universality, i.e., the enumeration of every person living within the precisely defined geographic area, without omissions or duplications.
(b) Simultaneity, i.e., the enumerated population should refer to one well-defined point of time, and
(c) Enumeration by individual units, i.e., the unit of the census should be the individual, which implies that separate data are recorded for each person living in the area.
11. Appendix table I shows that many of the censuses referred to as having been taken in the Territories fell short of these requirements. Some of them covered not the entire population but only a small segment of it, while others were conducted on a sample basis because a complete census was found to be impracticable at the time; finally, all of these censuses appear to suffer from omissions. A closer examination of the quality and the findings of the censuses is undertaken in the following analysis of the data by regions.
African and adjacent Territories
12. The Territories of this region, with an aggregate population, in 1956, of 96 millions, fall into at least two distinct main categories in so far as numerical importance, location and stage of development are concerned. Fifteen of the Territories, with an estimated total population cf 89 millions, are located in Africa proper. Six other Territories with a population of about 6 million are nearby islands and the remaining three Territories (Aden, Cyprus and Gibraltar) are outside the geographic area of Africa proper. From the point of view of the quality of population data (see code in appendix table I) the best information is that relating to the Territories of the latter group, while the information obtained from the Territories of the African mainland is inadequate. It appears, therefore, convenient for tbe purposes of this analysis to divide the Territories of this region into t11o categories: (a) mainland Territories of Africa and (b) island and aijacent Territories.
~/ United Nations: Principles and Recommendations for National Population Censuses Statisticccl Paper.sJ.5e:ciss .~i> !To. 2T (Sales No.l95B.xvn.5Y," p-3. I ... A/4106 English Page 10
13. Mainland Territories of Africa. Comprehensive statistical services are almost non-existent and, though a census-taking is indicated for all Territories within the recent past, these censuses do not conform to the internationally adopted standards. A great proportion of the censuses lias confined to the enumeration of the non-indigenous population only - a mere fraction of the total - while the bulk of the population was left unaccounted for several cases the first census ever t~~en - may signify a turning point in the development of demographic services for these peoples.l/ The activities of the Statistical and Population Commissions of the United Nations have contributed to increasing consciousness of the fact that population trends are an important factor in social and economic planning, and this awareness is extending to the Non-Self-Governing Territories. 14. The density of the population in the mainland of Africa varies from Territory to Territory. The median is about eleven persons per square kilometre which, if taken as a crude and unqualified indication, is very low by comparison with other under-developed regions of the world. 15. The records of the rate at which the populations of these Territories are increasing are much less accurate than the data on total population and on population density. The indicated range is from 0.6 per cent per year in Gambia to 3.1 per cent per year in Swaziland, the median value being about l. 8 per cent per year. French \-lest Africa, Northern Rhodesia, Nyasaland and Swaziland appear from the data available to have among the fastest growing populations of the region with rates which, if continued unabated, would result ll CJ:he reccr:tly established Economic Cclliliission for Africa of the United !lations, .at its first session in Addis Ababa in December 1958- January 1959, proposed that a statistical survey of Africa be conducted in order to assess the existing cody of statistical inforrration end resources of the area, c.nd to promote activities in this field for maximum comparability of statistical data, even though the desired accuracy of data may not be feasible for t'oc, time being. /See: Economic Commission for Africa, First Session: Programme of viork and Priorities (E/CN.l4/4l_:7 / ... A/4106 English Page ll in the doubling of the present population in about t\ Asian and Pacific Territories 19. Among the nineteen Territories of '~his region on wi::lich information was still being transmitted in 1956, eigtt are attached or close to the continent of Asia and the remaining eleverc are dispersed in the i!Bllense area of the Pacific Ocean, I Ai4l06 English Page l2 from its south-westerly limits to the North American continent. Some 91.0 per cent l of the total population - 13.4 million in 1956 - live in the former group, Halaya ( nm< independent), Hong Kong and Singapore being the rr:o st populous of the Territories, Fourteen of the Territories took a population census during the period bet,,reen 1946 and 1956, three others had still to rely upon the returns of a census taken before the Second vlorld 11ar, and the remaining t>IO Territories, because of t!:leir smallness had never tal;en a population census, The density of the populatior. varies considerably; if the two "city" Territories of Hong Kong and Singapore, Csribbean Territories 21. Territories in this region have an sggregste population of about 3. 75 million. In all of them a populstion census was tal:en '"'i thin the period under review and these censuses, together with the registration of vi tal events, appear to be of much higher g_uali ty than those in the other two regions. Hi th the exception of the bm mainland Territories of British Honduras and British Guiana, all the Territories of the Caribbean Islands are heavily populated. The density amounts to 792 persons per sg_uare l:ilometre in Berrcmda, 529 in Barbados, 150 in the \vind,rard Islands, 145 in Trinidad and Tobago, 137 in Jamaica and 119 in the Leeward Islands. The median value is a tout 125 persons per sg_uare l:ilometre, I A/4106 English Page 13 which indicates a substantial population pressure in relation to the resources of the area. An additional factor in this respect is an over-all rate of population increase of 2.5 per cent per year, a high rate which could lead to the doubling of the population within a period of a·bout twenty-five years. However, the annual rate of population increase appears to be smaller in Territories with high density and vice versa, an indication which may mean that public opinion is giving some attention to the population problem as a factor of rr.aterial advancement. Activities in certain Caribbean Territories under the United Nations Technical Assistance Programme in matters of population may be taken as indicative of tbis trend. A/4106 English Page 14 II. POPULATION STRUCTURE 22. Since populations are composed of persons of different sex, age, ethnic groups, race, language and religion, and each of these groups may possess different demographic, social or economic characteristics, modern censuses differentiate as far as possible between the various components of the populations enumerated. This, however, has not always been feasible in the censuses taken in the Non-Self-Governing Territories; the obvious limitations in the scope and execution of many of these censuses, as n!entioned previously, have resulted in returns of only rudimentary value, 23. Omissions of sizable importance seem to be the !T.ajor ,.;eakness of many recent censuses taken in the Territories of Africa and the Far East. Even when the census attempted to eninnerate the total population, and not merely the "European" or other see:ment, conspicuous omissions are to be noted in the case of the female population and the very yolmg and probably also the very old a5e groups. Hi th respect to the other characteristics, such as ethnic conposition, the information provided loy these censuses is not adetJ.uate for useful analysis. Sex composition 24, Populations are normally composed of almost 8lJ.ual numbers of males and females, •1i th a slight predol".inence of' tile female sex. In the younger ages, males usually outnumber ferr:ales because more rr.ale than female babies are born each year. During adolescence or early maturity the t\10 sexes become elJ.ual in numbers because the male sex is usually exposed to r"igher mortality rates. This difference in mortality continues throughout the reroaining life span and results in higher numbers of female persons not only in later ages of ~aturity and senescence but also in the total population. Hovever, this "norrr:al" ]Jattern of sex structure may be disturbed by migration, lfhich is of a selective nature. 25. Any significant deviation from this "normal" sex composition intervenes as a disturbing factor in the evaluation cc many demographic, social and economic indices of the population concerned. Harriage and birth-rates tend to be lower than >~hen the t.'10 sexes balance each other correctly, and death-rates and the indices of literacy or of per capita production, etc., are biased in favour of the predominating sex. The sex ratio (number of males per 100 females) in the total population of the Non-Self-Governing Territories, re]Jorted in the latest census , with more or less complete coverage, is as follows: / ... I'I , A/4106 English \ Page 15 Table 3 Sex ratio in the total population of the Non-Self-Governing Territories (Kumber of moles per lCO fe~ales) (Year of census shown in parenthesis) African and ad.'! a cent Territories Sex ratio Sex ratio Basutoland (1956) 73·5 Seychelles (1947) 91.5 Bechuanaland (1946) 99.1 Swaziland (1956) 92.6 Gambia, Colony (1951) 115.7 Uganda (1948) 100.2 Kenya (1948) g8.3 Zanzibar and Mauritius and dep. (1952) 100.6 Per.;ba (1948) ll0.3 Nigeric: (1953) 95·7 St. Helena (1956) 105.7 Aden (1955) 221.4 Cyprus (1946) 97.8 Gibraltar (1951) 83.4 Asian and Pacific Territories Sex ratio Sex ratio American Samoa (1956) 100.6 Guam (1950) 212.9 Brunei (1947) 112.3 Hawaii (1950) 121.2 Cook Islands (1956) 103.9 Hong Kong (1931) 137.4 Fiji (195:5) 106.7 North Borneo (1951) 106.5 Gilbert and Ellice Islands (19~7) 97~S Sarmvalc ( 194 7) 106.0 Singapore (1947) 121.7 Solomon Islands (1931) 118.0 Caribbean and other Territories Sex !'atio Sex ratio Bahamas (1953) 30,.4 Lee1mrd Islands (1946) 83.1 Barbados (1946) .so.l Trinidad. and Bermuda (1950) 91;.2 Tobago (1946) British Guiana (1946) s;8.l U.S. Virgin British Honduras (1946) 9L~.• 2 Islands ( 1950) 203.9 Janaica and dep. (1953) 95·5 'dind11ard Islands (1946) 84.5 Alaska ( 1950) 161.6 Falkland Islands (1953) 126.6 A/4106 English Page 16 26. The information indicated by the above tabulation is somewhat unusual. Instead of the expected normal range of from ninety-five to a little less than 100 males per 100 females in the total population, the sex ratio appears to vary considerably below and above these limits as shown in the following summary: Table 4 I Number of Territories with sex ratio below, within and above the expected normal range Less than 95 95 to 99 100 and over African and adjacent Territories 4 4 6 Asian and Pacific Territories 0 l 11 Caribbean and other Territories 6 2 4 Total ...... 10 7 21 27. Under normal circumstances the low sex ratios could be interpreted as evidence of emigration and the high ratio as evidence of immigration of mostly young males in the '"orldng ages. However, in these Territories the factor of migration is known to be of slight importance as far as emigration is concerned and practically nil in the case of irr~igration. Only errors in the basic data, whereby one of the two sexes, and most often the female sex, is grossly under-enumerated, may explain the apparent unbalance of the t"u sexes, except in the cases where the presence of armed forces or other obvious factors account for the discrepancies. Age campo si tion 28. The quality of many of the population censuses treated in this study similarly detracts to some extent from the significance usually attached to features of the age composition of a population. If the coverage of the census is incomplete with respect to the total number of individuals, it may be presumed to be equally or rrore inaccurate in the statement of the exact ages of the enumerated persons. For this reason the following analysis of the age composition is restricted to three major age-groups only, namely: children below the age of 15 years, persons between the ages of 15 and 64 and those a.bove 65. Appendix table II gives this information in actual numbers and percentages for ; ... ! \ A/4106 English Page 17 males, females and both sexes for all Territories in which a census was taken and for which the data were made available during the period under review. 29. The pattern of the age and sex composition of a population bears considerably on the size and the trend of the crude vital rates (marriage, birth-rate and death-rates), as well as on the social and economic structure of the population concerned. In most cases age structure reflects the stage of demographic evolution which to some degree determines indirectly the stage of economic development of a population. 30· A hypothetical example may help to clarify these relationships., For instance, in a population with a "ycung" age composition in which the child population is relatively large, i.e., comprising 40 or more per cent of the total population, and in which also the percentage of old persons is very small, the adult population, i.e., persons in the so-.called w)rking age, will be no more than about 55 per cent of the total population. 31. A large child population can result only from a relatively high birth-rate, I while the smallness of the population in the old ages indicates, among other things, a relatively low life expectancy at birth. Fertility and mortality are therefore high and at a more or less uncontrolled stage. Large families with many children are expected to be the rule rather than the exception and the number of "bread•dnners" to be small in relation to the total population. In this situation in which the ratio between "producers" and "consumers" is not favourable, the production of goods is usually low, capital is scarce and the rate of economic development is slow, while the needs of the population are large and often beycnd the level at which existing resources can ade~uately meet them. Hence, shortages of various types afflict such a population, the effects being seen in poor nutrition and housing levels, ill health and excessive mortality, high rates of illiteracy, wide-spread poverty and low standards of living in general. 32. These generalizations do not necessarily reflect the actual conditions of the peoples in the Non-Self-Governing Territories as portrayed in the following necessarily crude analysis of their age composition. A meaningful relationship between this demographic characteristic and the stage of development could be better established if it could be based on a far greater number of reliable A/4106 English Page 18 demographic and other statistical data. Nevertheless, the analysis does bring forth certain characteristics of general interest.- 33. The present distribution of the population (both sexes) by major age groups in some of the Territories in which the data may be considered undisturbed by large-scale migration and are tnthin the accepted margin of error, is listed below in diminishing order of importance of the child population: Ta-ole 5 Percentage of population of the Non-Self-Governing Territories in the desiw1ated age group (Census year is civen in parenthesis) Under 15 years 15-64 years 65 years of agE of age of age and over African and ad,iacent Territories Nigeria (1952) 42.0 St. Helena (1948) 40.9 53·9 5.2 Mauritius and Rodrigues (1952) 40.4 56.4 3.2 Belgian Congo (1953) 35.2 61.1 3·7 Cyprus (1956) 34.4 58.9 6.7 Gibraltar (1951) 23.9 69.0 7.1 Asian and Pacific Territories American Samoa (1956) 48.5 48.7 2.8 Fiji (1956) 46.0 50·7 3.3 Cook Islands (1951) 45.8 51.2 3.0 Brunei (1947) 39.6 55.5 4.9 North Borneo (1951) 39·5 56.6 3·9 Sarawal: (194-r) 39·5 55.4 5·1 Caribbean Territories British Guiana (1955) 43.0 53.6 ).4 Trinidad and Tobago (1956) 42.1 5l>. 3 3.6 Hindward Islands (1946) 41.4 53·7 4.9 Bahamas (1953) :i9 .8 55.8 4.4 British Honduras (1946) 38.4 58.0 3.6 Leeward Islands (1946) .Y( .6 57.0 5.4 Jamaica (1953) )6.1 60.1 3.8 Barbados (1956) )4.4 57 .o 8.6 I ... A/4106 English Page 19 34. A plausible sequence of events is traceable in the above presentation, At the top of each group are populations in their early stage of demographic development, with a large (40 per cent or more) child population, a rather meagre (about 55 per cent) segment in the "1c10rl;ing ages" and very few persons in old age, The demosraphically more advanced populations are found in those Territories where the child population has receded to1c1ards 30 per cent, the population of the working ages has risen towards 60 per cent and the relative importance of old persons has appreciably increased, As a consequence, the dependency index which gives the nwnber· of dependent persons (under 15 and over 65) per 100 adults ~f 15 to 6~. years) diminishes gradually from the high level of about 90 to the more manageable level of about 60 per cent, 35, The age composi td.on and the resulting dependency index, '"hich exercise a pronounced effect upon the efficiency of a population in terms of the ways and means by 1lhich it can meet· its needs and requirements 1c1i thin the available human and material resources, depend largely upon the past trends of fertility and of mortality of the given population. Ho11ever, before embarking on an analysis of the balance of births and deaths among the populations in the Non-Self-Governing Territories, it may be useful to revie" first the extent to which information on the age structure covers the various Te1'ri tories and, secondly, the relative position in the scale of derr.ographic evolution of the populations in the various geographic regions. 36. Among the African and adjacent Territories, more or less precise information on the population structure, by age and sex, is available for eight of the twenty-four Territories in the region. In terms of size and population, this information covers only 15 per cent of the total esti1~ated population in 1956 and pertains mostly to island Territories. For almost all the Territories of the African mainland the relevant infon,lation does not exist at present. 37· ffinong the Asian and Pacific Territories the coverage in this respect is significantly better; it includes eleven out of the nineteen Territories and about 72 per cent of the 1956 total population of the region. However, the only region in which virtually complete coverage has been achieved is the Caribbean, 1;1here the sex-age composition is lmmm vi th a fair degree of precision for at least one year of the 1946-1956 period. It is obvious, therefore, that only for this region can a valid generalization on the status of the age composition be made, I A/4106 English Page 20 38. The populations in this region are moderately advanced in the terms of demographic evolution. British Guiana, Trinidad and Tobago and the vlindward Islands are still at the top of the list with large child populations and a high dependency index. Hmfever, in the majority of the Territories, the child population has fallen to less than 4o per cent, and in some cases has diminished to a little more than 30 per cent. It is evident that the burden of dependency has accordingly been lessened in these cases. 39. The populations in the other two regions appear to be at a less advanced stage of demographic evolution. For example, in the area of the Far East and the Pacific, for "hich the relevant documentation is some;rhat better than for Africa, the child population is still in the neighbourhood of 40 or more per cent in relation to the total population and, consequently, the index of dependency remains at the high levels of 75 and over, For reasons pointed out above, little can be said of the general situation oi the Territories in the African area. In some island populations with relatively good statistics the child population is still about 40 per cent, and only in the Territories located outside Africa this population has been reduced to levels comparable with those prevailing in more developed countries. Among these, Gibraltar, with a child population of only 24 per cent, appears to be approaching the lowest limit now observed in the demographically well advanced populations of the world, 40. Among the three demographic factors which mould the age structure of a population, none is more important than the fertility rates of the immediate past. · Mortality rates are second in importance in this respect and the effect of migration is normally small. The "ay in which births and deaths balance each other in a given period of time determines, therefore, not only the shape of the age structure but also the whole dynamic evolution of the population concerned. A/4106 English Page 21 III, TilE BALANCE OF BIRTH AND DEATHS 41. If the population census represents a type of human inventory at which the total number and characteristics of a population are ascertained at one specific moment of time, the registration of the vital events may be taken as a continuous process of recording all additions and withdrawals that affect this population as a result of births, deaths and migration. The organization and maintenance of a continuous registration system is thus much more difficult than the taking of a single accurate population census. 42. Among the many vital events included in a good registration system, live births and deaths are of paramount significance. They are the two basic elements which determine the rate of replenishment and of decline of a population. Because of their importance the registration of live births and of deaths has to satisfy the following criteria: (a) The registration must be universal, timely and complete, i.e., every birth or death occurring within the precisely defined area must be recorded within the minimum time lapse and the information must be transmitted to a central office in a complete and accurate form. (b) The time and place of occurrence and the sex are the most important items of information which should accompany the registration of each live birth and death. In addition, the age at death and the cause of death should be included in the registration of each death. Other characteristics, such as age of mother, birth order, race and profession of parents, etc., in the case of births, race and profession in the case of deaths, and medical attendance in both cases are also essential elements in a modern system of registration of vital events, 43. Seldom tad these requirements been fully met by the registration systems developed in various Non-Self-Governing Territories by the end of the period reviewed. Even the most essential element,' i.e., the universality of registration, is guaranteed only in one case ainong the African Territories, in seven among the Asian and Pacific Territories and in nearly all the Caribbean Territories (see appendix table III). Moreover, complete registration does not necessarily mean prompt registration at the time of occurrence, for there is evidence of delayed ; ... A/4106 English Fage 22 j registration in many Territories designated as having a more or less complete registration coverage. The other information needed for a comprehensive analysis ot' the vital events is less frequently recorded. Yet, imperfect as these vital statistics may be, they help to give some insight into the dynamics of the populations concerned in at least one respect - namely, the extent to which births and deaths -oalanced each other during the ten-year period, African and adjacent Territories 44. Vital statistics on births and deaths are more scarce and less reliable in this region than the data on total population and its sex and age structure. There is little or no information on any of the Territories of mainland Africa and complete information as to the number of births and deaths is available for only one island Territory, namely Mauritius and Rodrigues. Less reliable and incomplete information exists for four other Territories, namely St. Helena, Madagascar, Zanzibar and Pemba and the Seychelles, For the adjacent Territories, complete information exists for Gibraltar and Cyprus and, to a much lesser extent, for the Aden Colony; there is no information for the Aden Protectorate. 45. If for the convenience of this necessarily limited analysis the levels of high, medium and low birth-rate are set as beyond 35, between 25 and 35 and less than 25 live births per 1,000 population per year respectively, and those of the crude death-rate at 20; 12 to 20 and less than 12 deaths per thousand population respectively, the fifteen African area Territories - for which some information exists - may be arranged in the follO\'Iing manner; Table 6 Distribution of fifteen African area Territories by hi£h, medium and low fertility and JWrtali ty rates (average for 1952-1956) Crt:dc birth-rate Crude death-rate (Live births per thousand pop. ) (Death per thousand pop,) High (35 and over) High (20 and over) Northern Rhodesia •.••...... 56.~/ Northern Rhcdesia ,,,,, •••••••••• )2, a/ French Hest Africa (Dakar) • , ••• 54. a/ Uganda ...... • . . • . • • . • • • • . • • • . . . • 25. i/ Nigeria (lagos) ...... •. 46. a.; French Hest Africa (Dakar) , , •• , , 23. --;,_; Mauritius ...... •. 44.2- Belgian Congo ••••••···-········· 22.- Rodrigues ...... 42.4 Uganda •••••••••••••••••••••••• 42.a/ Gambia (Bathurst) ••••• , ••• , , .• 37-"i:./ A/4106 English Page 23 Table 6 (continued) Mediun (25-35) Medium (12-20) Madagascar ••••••••••••••••••••••• 34.::1 Gambia (Bathurst) •••• , •• , ••• , •• 18 .~ Belgian Congo •••••••••••••••••••• 33.a/ Mauritius •••••·····••••••••••••• 14.3 a/ Seychelles ••••••••••••••••••••••• 32.3 Nigeria (Lagos) , , •. , .....•• , , . , .13.a/ St. Helena •••••••• ,·.,,., •• ·.,,,,,, 28,2 Madagas car I·,· • ••• I • I I ••• I • • • • • • • 13 a; C:yprus •••••• , , , •• , , •••••• , , , , •••• 26.6 Aden Colony •• ·• , •• , • , •• , . , , • , • • • 12 • 8./ Seychelles ••••••••••••••••••••• 12.0 Low (less than 25) Low (less than 12) Ad.en Colony ..• , ..••• , , , •...•.• , • • 24·. a/ Rodrigues I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I ol I I I I n.6 Gibraltar ..• , •• , ••.••. , .••• , ••• , • 22 • "6 Zanzibar and PembR •• , •• , , • , , , •• ll.a/ Zanzibar and Pemba ••••••••••••••• 19.~ Gibraltar •••••••••••••••••••••• 9.3 St. Helena ••••••••••••••••••••• 8.8 C;yprus • , , ••••••••• , •• , ••••• , • , • 6.8 ~ Rates are rough approximations and probably close ~o the minimum rather than the maximum anticipated levels. The information given in table 6 represents average conditions prevailing during the period 1952-1956 as reflected in the registered vital rates, In the Territories to which footnote ~ qplies, the rate may refer to any year or years during the period under review and because of known shortcomings in the registration, it should be taken to represent a general indication rather than an accurate average rate. 46, It is significant that many more Territories have a high birth-rate and a lmr death-rate than vice versa, Moreover, the trend of these rates, as may be seen in appendix table II, sho>rs that, while the death-rate is on the decline, the birth-rate remains almost stationary in most of the Territories for 1>hich the trend can be established, This naturally results in rather high surpluses of births over deatbs occurring each year, as shown in the tabulation below in which the fifteen Territories are arranged in diminishing order of the rate of natural increase, i.e., the average excess of births over deaths per thousand population during the course of a calendar year. I ... A/4106 English Page 24 Table 7 Natural increase: Excess of births over deaths in the African area Territories (per thousand population) Nigeria (Lagos,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,,,,,,,, French West Africa (Dakar) .•• , , , , , , , • , •• Rodrigues • , , '·',,.,.,,,,, •.••.•.• ,.,,,,., 30.8 Mauritius I II II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1,1 I I I I I I I I I I I I 29.9 Northern Rhodesia'"''''''''''''''''''''' 24.'!:/ Madagascar • , , , , ••• , , , .•• , , • , •• , •• , , , •• , , • 21.!:/ Seychelles , .. , , ••. , . , , . , , , .. , , .. , , ...• , -· 20.3 Cy:prus , ••••• , ••• , , , , •••• , , , • , , • , • , •.• , •• 19.8 St. Helena , • , • , , , , • , , .... , , , .. , , , .. , , , .• , 19.4 Gambia (Bathrust) ••.•• , , . , , .•.•• , ••••.••• , 19.'}/ Uganda •• , • , , •• , , ,_, •• '·' •••••• ,,,, •• _••• , •• 17.'!:./ Gibraltar , • , , , , , , , • ,_,,, '·' ••. ,,,., •.••.. , , 13.3 Aden Colony , , .• , •••• , , • , , ••• _, • , •••••••••• 12 .'!:/ Belgian Congo • , , , •-• ...... 11 •••• 1.,,.,,.,. n.'!l Zanzibar and Femba ·~··~·~~·······~·••••• 8. '!:/ Approximate rates. 47. The information on the balance of births and deaths is only approximate for nine of the fifteen Territories listed, Furthermore, no information exists for ten other Territories, namely French ECJ.uatorial Africa, Nyasaland1 Kenya, Sien·a Leone, British and French Somaliland, Swaziland, Basutoland1 Bechuanaland and the Comoro Archipelago, Thus for the large Territories of continental Africa, whose aggregate population was about 90 million in 1956, valid information as to the actual numbers of births and of deaths is completely lacking. In a few cases there are some data relating to a single city or region of the Territory; furthermore, much of this information is known to be derived by methods other than those reCJ.uired by modern systems of vital registration. If, however, these data I .. , . A/4106 English Page 25 are taken not at their face value but rather in conjunction with the general development of the populations concerned, it is possible to asaume that fertility in all the Territories of mainland Africa must lie somewhere in the higher brackets, with a crude birth rate of 35 and above, In fact, the available information points to an average rate of more than 40 live births per thousand population, Mortality, on the other hand, appears to fluctuate between medium and high levels, i,e,, between 15 and 30 deaths per thousand population, 48, In the light of these assumptions the annual increment of the total population in the Territories of mainland Africa may be set as between 10 and 25. per thousand or in actual numbers, between 0,9 and 2.3 million. persons each year. If the dynamics of this balance is taken into consideration, i.e,, the evidence of a constantly high fertility associated with a progressively declining mortality, the difference between the annual numbers of births and those of deaths will tend to increase rather than to decrease, In these circumstances even the increment of 2.3 million persons per year, which is given above as a maximum, would appear to be a conservative estimate. 49. The rate of natural increase in the islands, and other Territories adjacent to Africa, is somewhat better documented and may be safely set at about 20 per thousand or at about 130,000 persons per year, It appears, therefore, that the population in all the Territories in the African region is increasing at the rate of about 2,5 million persons per year and that an even faster rate can be anticipated for the near future, Asian and Pacific Territories 50, The information on the numbers of births and deaths registered each year in some of the Asian and Pacific Territories appears to be a little more complete, In seven of the nineteen Territories, the registration of births and deaths appears to be virtually complete; in six others the regulation is known to be incomplete and in the remaining six, including the Territories of Netherlands New Guinea and Papua, there is no regist:~.etio::J of vi tal events, In terms of pcpulation, complete registration exist0 for about 10,6 million persons, registration is incomplete for about 1.3 million' and is lacking for the remaining 1,3 million, ; ... A/4106 English Page 26 51. As in the case of the African Territories, the birth-rate in this region is still in the high brackets, 1 Table 8 Distribution of the Asian and Pacific Territories by the size of crude birth-rate and crude death-rate (Average for period 1952-1956) Crude birth-rate Crude death-rate (per thousand pop,) (per thouMnd pop,) a/ Gu.am .•••••••.••.•••. •.•...... 59· 7 Gilbert and Ellice Islands , , , , , 18.2- Brunei •. •••••••• ••••••••••••••• .•• 57.1~,/ Cook Islands ••••••••••••••••••• 17.4 Singapore ..•.....•.••.. , ...•..• , • 48.2 Brunei • , • , , • , ••. , ...... , •• , • , •• 14.6~ Malaya, Federat_ion of _,_, •.•. _,, ._ .••• 44.1 l-ialaya, Federation of •••.•.••.•• 12.2 Cook Islands •• , .•.•. , • , , • , .• , , , , , 43.• 1 North Borneo .•• 1 ••••• ,.,, •.• 1 1 •• 11.4:!:./ American Samoa , , , .•• , .• , • , .• , , , •• 41.1 Niue Island ..••• 1,1., ••• , ••• 1 ••• 9.6:!:.1 Fiji ...... 4o.c~./ Singapore .••.••••• , •.•• 1 1 •••• , • 9·5 Niue Island ..•. , ..•...... •.•... 39.e;:./ Fiji , .. ,. , .. '·".,,,, '·', .. , .. ,,, 9.2~/ Hong Kong ••••• , • , •• , •• , •• , •• , • , •• 36.1 Guam I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 8.7 Gilbert and Ellice Islands,,,,,,, 36. o'J:/ Hong Kong , •••• 1 •••••••••• 1 •••• 1 8.3 North Borneo ••.• , .•... , •.. , , •. , • , 32 ,4:!:./ Sarawak , 1 •• 1 ••• 1 • 1 • 1 •• 1 ••••••• 1 8.1~/ Hawaii •••• , •• , •• , •••••••••• , ••••• 30,0 P~erican Samoa ••••••••••••••••• 7·5 Sara'\-lak ••••• , , •••••••••••• , , • , ••• 25·5!/ Hawaii •• 1 ••••••• 1 •• , ••••••••••• 5.6 ~ Incomplete registration. 52. The discrepancy bet1 /I I I A/4106 English Page 27 Pacific Territories, The implication is that while the birth-rate remains almost stationary at a high level, the death-rate is rapidly declining under the impact of modern means for the eradication of disease and the prevention of premature death. Evidence of these trends may be seen in the series of rates given in appendix table III. In certain cases, the real trend is concealed by a conspicuous improvement of the registraticn of births and deaths which took place during the period under review, However, in the majority of cases the birth-rate either remained at about the same level or increased slightly during the ten-year period, while the death-rate declined substantially. 53, A note of <}Ualification is probably necessary with respect to the rates computed for Guam. Ibe registration of births and deaths is kno>m to be complete but the rates are computed on population excluding United States military and administrative personnel and their dependants stationed in the area,Y Since the Table 9 Excess of births over deaths in the Asian and Pacific Territories (per thousand popt>lation) (Average 1952-1956) Guam ·····-···················· 51.0 Brunei , •• , ... , , .• , ..•• , , •• , • 42.5:::./ Singapore .• , .•..• , ••• , •••••. 38.7 American San:.oa • , , • , •• , •.•. • .• 33.7 Malaya, Federation of ,,,,,,,,31,9 TI' •' l:JlJl. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1_1 I I I I I 30 I sa/- Niue Island ••••••••••••••••• 30.3~ Hong Kong • , • , , • , •• , , ••••• , •• 27.9 Cook Islands • , , •• , •••.• _, , •.. 25.7 Hawaii • , .• , , • , , , , •• , • , .••• , , 24.4 North Borneo •••••••••••••••• 20.9:::./ Gilbert and Ellice. Islands •• ns~l Sarawak ...... 17.~ :::./ Approximate figures, United Nations: Demographic Yearbook, 1957, pp. 173 and 198), I .. I A/4lc6 English Fage 28 latter population group consists very largely of young adults, and the indigenous population is relatively small, the birth-rate provides no indication of the level of indigenous fertility. The same combination of reasons also accounts for Guam's unusually low death-rate. 54. The median value in this series is at 30 per thousand population which indicates that there are 2.5 times as rr:any live births as deaths in the course of one calendar year. vJhen this value is applied to the total population of the Territories in this area, it indicates that about 4co,ooo persons are added each year to the present populatio'n ·of about 13 :nillion persons. Caribbean and other Territories 55. This is the best documented area with respect to the registration of m:.r:l::ere of births and deaths and their relation to the total population. In all Territories, with the exception of the Falkland Islands, the registration of births and deaths appears to have been virtually complete and uninterrupted during the period under review. It is, therefore, possible to sho>I the actual trends, together with the general level of birth and death rates, in the following analysis: Table 10 Distribution of the Caribbean Territories by size of their fertility and mortality rates (Average of periods 1947-1951 and 1952-1956) Crude birth-rate Crude death-rate (per thousand pOl)ulation) (per thousand po1Julation) Territory 1947-1951 1952-1956 Territory 1947-1951 1952·1956 British Guiana ...... 41.4 43.4 vlindward Islands • •••• 15.cft:/ 14.~/ British Honduras • ,I .• • 4o.o 42.6 (~'ni ted States) Hindward Islands I I I I 36. 7~/ 39.~ Virgin Islands 13.9 13.0 Trinidad and Tobago . 37..9 38.6 Barbados I I I+ I. I I I 1,+,1 .• 14.7 12.6 Leeward Islands • • • • • 34.8 37-5 British Guina .• , • , •.•• 14.0 12.5 (cr.i ted States) Leeward Islands •••••• 14.3 11.4 Virgin I~lands 32.6 36.2 / ... A/4106 English Page 29 Table 10 (continued) Crude birth-rate Crude death-rate (per thousand population) (per thousand population) Territory 1947-1951 1952-1956 1947-1951 1952-1956 Jamaica .... ·' -· .. ·' .... 32.4 35.4 British Honduras .-· ... 13.7 10,8 Bahamas •••••••••••• 33.6 33.5 Bahamas • ••••••••••••• 14.4 10.5 Barbados I .I I I I I ,I I I I I 32.0 32.9 Trinidad apd Tobago .. 12.4 10.5 A1asl !!} Average rates refer to periods 1946-1950 and 1951-1955· 56, Measured on the arbitrary scale of high, medium and low levels of fertility and mortality, as used previously, the Territories of this region are distributed as follows: seven Territories in the high fertility bracket and four Territories in the medium bracket, for the period 1952-1956, as against four and seven, respectively, in the previous ~uinquennial period of 1947-1951. In the case of mortality, four Territories were in 1952-1956 in the medium bracket and seven in the low bracket, as against nine and two in the previous period of 1947-1951. 57, '1:'\W main findings emerge from this comparison. CJ:he first is that the birth-rate is still high in most of these Territories 1 I ... A/41C6 English Fage 30 substantial surpluses in the balance of births and deaths in these Territories, as is shown below: Table 11 Excess of births over deaths in the Caribbean Territories ("Per thousand population) (Average of periods 1947-1951 and 1952-1956) 1947-1951 1952-1956 British Hondura.s II _II II I II I I I I I II II II II 26,5 31.8 British Guiana ...... • ...... 2?.3 30.9 J:rinidad and Tobago I I I I I I I ,I I I I 25.5 28..1 Leeward Is:J_;mds ·-····-·· ...... ,. ... 20.5 26.0 Alaska ...... 16.4!1 25.42--/ Hindward Is:J_ands II 11,11 II II I I 11,11 II II I II I 2o .er::/ 25.2r::./ Jamaica • • • 11 • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 • • e • _, 19·7 25.0 United States Virgin Islands .. 18.7 23 .• 1 Bahamas 11,11_11 11,11 II 11,1,11 II II I II II II II 11_1 II II II II I 19.2 23.0 Barbados .II ,II II II II II·' II II II II II II II II II II II I II II I 17.3 20.4 Bermuda ...... 17.8 19.0 ';:;/ Average rates refer to periods 1946-1950 and 1951-1955· 58. \Vi th the median value at 25 more births than deaths per thousand, the total population of the Caribbean Territories, which in 1956 was estirr,ated to be 3,9 million, is increasing by about lCO,COO persons per year. Such an increase is certainly large and strains considerably the available human and material resources in the area. The manner in which the annual numbers of births and deaths are balanced each year constitute a major factor in the planning and the execution of projects leading to social and economic development of the peoples concerned. In this planning, the demographic factor enters as a fundamental constituent not only statistically, i.e,, because the population. surpluses have to be taken into account as actual consumers and potential producers, but, also, in its dynamic formulation, A/41'16 English Page 31 IV, MORTALITY DATA AS AN INDEX OF HEALTH 59· The number of deaths and the crude death-rates, even if accurately recorded, are not the best measure of the general level of health; fe~rer deaths or smaller crude death-rates do not al;rays mean better health for the community. Death is not necessarily the end result of a preventable disease or injury. Only premature deaths can be partially prevented by the combined efforts of medical care and public health services, the ultimate goal being the raising of the expectation of life of the people to its highest possible level. 6o. The most important element in the group of premature deaths is the infant mortality rate. During the first year after birth more lives are usually lost than in any other equal period of the life span. Most, but not all, of these deaths may be prevented by modern techniques and for this reason the rate of infant mortality, i.e., the number of infants who die during the age of under one year per thousand infants born alive in the course of a calendar year, is considered as one of the most sensitive indices by which to measure changes occurring in the general health of the community and, indirectly in its levels of living, 61. Detailed information on the infant death-rate in the various Territories is given in appendix table III. Its reliability is of the same degree as that of the corresponding birth and death-rates, since all these rates emanate from the same registration system. There is, however, one difference in the computation of these rates which in some cases results in giving a little more accuracy to the infant death rate than to the other two rates for births and deaths, The former rate depends entirely on the registration of births and of infant deaths, while the latter rates need to be based on year-to-year estimates for the total population, which are subject to errors. In theory, the basic elements on which the infant mortality rate is based, i.e., the number of births and infant deaths in the unit of time, may potentially be collected ;rith less effort than is required for a full census and a complete registration for all vital events and their characteristics. 62. The distribution of the Territories by diminishing order of the rate of infant mortality in 1952-1956 is given below for the three regions. A kind of arbitrary limit may again be set in this respect, by designating all rates in / ... I I / A/4106 English Page 32 excess of 100 deaths per thousand live births as heavy, those between fifty and 100 as moderate and those belo'r fifty as light. Table 12 Average (within each five-year period) infant mortality rates in the Non-Self-Governing Territories African and ad,jacent Territories 1947-1951 1952-1956 Northern Rhodesia ... (259·)~/ Aden Colony • Belgian Congo (148.) Nyasaland •• (138.) Sierra Leone 134.1 Uganda • • (n4.) Madagascar (no.) Rodriques • French VI est Africa (Dakar) ( 105. ) Gambia (Bathurst) • 101.2 Comoro Archipelago (91.) Nigeria (Lagos) 87.7 Mauritius • • 77·7 Seychelles 59·2 Zanzibar and Pemba 4g.oV Cyprus 44.2 St. Helena 38.1~/ Gibraltar • 25.0 Asian and Pacific Territories Cook Islands ...... Gilbert and Ellice Islands North Borneo • ( ll4.) Brunei 121.5~/ Sarawak 97.2 / ... A/4106 English Page 33 Table 12 (continued) Asian and Pacific Territories (continued) 1947-1951 1952-1956 ~Blaya, Federation of • • • • • 94.3 83. 7p) Hong Kong • • • 96.8 70.1 Singapore . • • • 79.4 57.0 Fiji • • • .• 58.3 53·3 American Samoa • • • • 50.8 49.4 Guam • • • • • 35.2 Havraii • • • • 26.5 21.5 Caribbean and other Territories Barbados • . • • • 14?.2 125.0 vlindward Islands • • • • .• .• 109.2 104.1 British Honduras • • • • 106.3 85.6 Leeward Islands • • • 93.6 76.3 British Guiana • • • 80.1 74.8 Trinidad and Tobago . .. ·' • 79·1 70.3 Bahamas . • • ·' 94.5 69.6 Jamaica • • . • .. .. 83.8 64.2 United States Virgin Islands • • • 76·5 44.6£/ Alaska • • • 52.6 38.4 Bermuda . • • • 46.5 35.4 '!;/ Rates in parentheses refer to any year or years within the t;ro periods and are rough approximations. E./ Average rates computed on less than five years. 63. A simple comparison of these rates as arranged in the above table with the table showing the crude death-rate may explain why the rate of infant mortality is usually a more reliable measure of general health than the crude death-rate; it is evident that the arrangement of the Territories in accordance with the size of the infant mortality rate corresponds more closely with a classification based on the general standards of living in the Territories. The most striking example ; ... A/4106 English Page 54 in this respect is Aden Colony, ;,here the general level of community health is kno;rn to be rather poor. In the scale of crude death-rates Aden Colony appears to belong to the group of lmr mortality, ;rhile in the scale of infant mortality rate it falls in the group of heavy mortality. V~ny similar cases may be traced in this connexion. They tend to confirm the advantages of the rate of infant mortality, first as a simpler and more easily 'dorkable demographic index and second as a more accurate expression of the health conditions and the levels of living of the respective population. As mentioned above, this rate, based solely on the registration of births and deaths, is not exposed to the potential errors to ;rhich estimations of the general population are liable. Furthermore, being restricted to the first year of life, it is free from the distortion which arises from the varying age composition of the populations. 'The crude death-rate, on the other hand, is subject to both these sources of error. 64. A possible Nigeria, French ~lest Africa and Gambia give rates for the capital city only, Belgian Congo and Northern Rhodesia are represented by a single year's rate, derived by sample surveys, and for French Equatorial Africa, Kenya, British and French Somaliland, Basutoland, Bechuanaland and Slmziland there is no information on the infant mortality rate. \ I A/4106 English Page 35 t Such improvement is usually greater where the initial rate "as high and smaller where the initial rate ' medi~m mortality and to 2 per cent in the Territories with a low initial infant mortality. 67. As in the case of other demographic data, the best documented region in this respect is the Caribbean, in >rhich the majority of the Territories have reduced their infant mortality rate to rredi\;m or lo'T levels. In two of the Caribbean Territories the infant mortality rate exceeds 100; in six others the t rate is in the medium range, and in the remaining three Territories the rate is less than fifty per thousand live births. The average annual decline of the rate in the Caribbean Territories is similar to that found in the other two regions, 68. The decline of the infant mortality rate in each case 'There a trend can be established is a sign of gradual improvement in the health levels in these Territories. Among the various indices so far proposed for measuring levels of health, infant mortality appears to be the most sensitive owing to its prompt responsiveness to any change that may occur in the social life of the community. Improvements in medical care or environmental sanitation, control of epidemic and endemic infectious and parasitic diseases, better housing, nutrition or advancement in literacy and health education are usually reflected in a lmrer infant death-rate, although the direct relationship between these variants is not clearly established. 69. Other demographic indices often used in connexion with establishing approximate levels of health are the distribution of deaths in general by age and sex and also by causes of death. The reasoning behind this approach is the attempt to differentiate, as much as possible, bet' I ... A/4lc6 English Page 36 and also, to separate preventable causes of death from those which occur inevitably at the end of a long life, Although in theory the approach appears sound, its practical application suffers mainly from uncertainty as to the accuracy of diagnosis of the cause of death, a matter ~lbich is directly connected with the available facilities for medical care as well as with the efficiency of the vital statistics registration. Both of these factors are deficient in many Non-Self-Governing Territories; the information is available for only a few of the Territories and its reliability is often questionable. For this reason only the salient points of these distributions, i.e., the number of deaths occurring in the age groups, under five and over fifty years of age, and the number of deaths caused by infectious and parasitic diseases per 100 deaths of all ages or from all causes, can usefully be summarized in the follo~1ing table: Table 13 Proportional mortality occurring to selected age groups or due to infectious and parasitic diseases, in or about 1956, in the Non-Self-Governing Territories Percentage of all deaths Occurring in the Due to age group of infectious Territory diseases under 5 50 I. African and ad,jacent Territories Nigeria (Lagos only) 55·4 23.8 16.9 Aden Colony • , • 49·7 20.3 7.8 '!! Gambia (Bathurst only) 45.2 23.0 .. lfJauri tius • 36.3 38.8 5·2 Seychelles 29.3 53.6 7·5 Cyprus • • 16.7 69.2 1.0 Gibraltar 4.5 90.6 1.0 II. Asian and Pacific Territories Brunei •• . . . . . 6o. 5 18.5 .. Hong Kong . . . . . 45.2 28,9 16.2 Federation of l"alaya 43.4 30.5 5·7 E!) Sarmrak 37.6 34.7 10.4 Singapore 35.0 41.6 10.5 Fiji , , 33·7 43.2 American Samoa 30.4 42,6 11.4 Guam • 28.0 34.5 .. Hmraii , 12.4 66.7 6.0 l'i I \ A/4106 English Page 37 Table 13 (continued) Percentage of all deaths Occurring in the Due to age group of infectious Territory diseases cr.der 5 50 III. Caribbean Territories and others ',iindward Islands • • • • 54.6 30.2 8.5 British Honduras • • • • 41.3 36.9 British Guiana • • 35.4 44.6 7•1 Puerto Rico • . • • 35.2 45·7 7·5 Barbados • • 33.3 52.7 7·2 Jamaica . • . • • 31.4 45.5 11.2 Trinidad and Tobago • 30.4 51.1 5·7 Leeward Islands • • 29.6 49.0 8.2 Alaska . . . • . . . . . • • . 26.7 41.2 4.7 Virgin Islands (United States). 16.7 70.1 4.2 Bermuda • . . • . . . • 13.9 71.5 2.4 North-west Europe £/ . • • . 5·5 85.5 2.5 ~/ Data not strictly comparable, £/ North-west Europe includes Belgium, Denmark,, France, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and England and Hales. 70. The Territories for which this information is available are listed by diminishing order of death percentage occurring in the age group under 5 years, within each region. In this way the relationship with the other two items, here compared, can easily be brought into light; this relationship is inverse in regard to the percentage of deaths occurring in the ages beyond 50 years and direct in regard to the percentage of deaths caused by infectious and parasitic diseases, 71. The result obtained reveals that in many Territories death strikes hard in infancy and dearly childhood. In some Territories the number of deaths occurring in the age group below the fifth year comprises 50 per cent or more of all deaths. In one of the Territories (as in other countries of the world where the control of health has been substantially advanced) this percentage has been reduced to about 5 per cent. This exemplifies the gradual reduction of the incidence of premature death under the impact of modern developments in the fields of curative and preventive medicine and the improvement of social organization in general, ., (I A/4lC6 English Page 36 I 72. The third item listed in the table, the percentage of deaths ascribed to infectious and parasitic diseases, does not convey as much inforrr,ation as the percentages based on the distribution of deaths by age groups. The shortage of medical practitioners and the resulting weaknesses in the diagnosis of diseases and causes of death accounts for this shortcoming. In most tabulations of deaths by cause compiled in the Non-Self-Governing Territories, a considerable amount of mortality is listed in the beadings of "other G.iseases" or "senility", which may well be an indication of the lack of proper medical attendance of the deceased persons. It is evident, therefore, that the number of deaths given as caused by infectious and parasitic diseases is under represented in most of these cases. 73. The shortcomings in the medical services in many Non-Self-Governing Territories are also evidenced in the following tabulation showing the number of practising physicians per hundred thousand population .in the various Territories in or about 1956. In accordance with the standards of the most highly developed countries a ratio of about 100 physicians for each hundred thousand people is considered normal, with the qualification that the amount of prevailing morbidity as well as problems of accessibility, such as the distance of the people from the physicians and facilities of transportation and cow~unication, should be taken into account. Table 14 Ratio of physicians to the population in the Non-Self-Governing Territories Population Number of Physicians per Territory (thousands) physicians 100,000 pop;lation African and ad,jacent Territories .Basutoland 642 27 4.2 Bechuanaland 327 22 6.7 Belgian Congo 12,811 643 5.0 Cornaro Islands 177 11 6.2 French ~quatorial Africa 4,824 170 3.5 French ·;'est Africa. .. 19,031 638 3.4 Gambia . . 285 9 3.2 Kenya • • • • 6,150 590 9.6 I·-~adaga scar 4,905 586 11.9 Mauritius . • 585 105 17·9 Nigeria 31,834 434 1.4 Northern Rhodesia 2,180 245 11.2 Nyasaland • • • • 2,600 65 2.5 ; ... I A/4106 English Page 39 Table 14 (continued) Population Number of Physicians per (thousands) physicians 100,000 Territory population St. Helena 5 2 4o.o Seychelles • • 40 12 30.0 Sierra Leone , , • • • • 2,100 668 3.2 British Somaliland • • • • 640 11 1.7 French Somaliland • • • • • • 67 12 17.9 Swaziland , • • • , • • • • • • • 237 10 4.2 Uganda , , .. , • , • • • • • 5, 593 227 4.1 Zanzibar and Pemba • • • • • • 280 37 13.2 Aden (Colony and Protectorate) • 574 48 8.4 Cyprus • • • • • • • • • • • • 526 420 79.8 Gibraltar • , • • , • • , • • • • 25 32 128.0 Asian and Pacific Territories American Samoa • • • • • 20 13 65.0 Brunei ••• • • • 66 10 15.2 Cook Islands . '. • • • • 17 2' n.8 Fiji , , , , • • • • 352 43 12.2 Gilbert and Ellice Islands • • 41 4 9.8 Guam • • • 37 10 27.0 Hawaii . . I I I I I I I • 584 548 93.8 Hong Kong • • • • , , • • 2,440 794 32.5 Netherlands New Guinea 700 67 9.6 New Hebrides • • 55 7 12.7 Niue Island •• • 5 2 4o.o North Borneo • • 383 43 11.2 Papua • • • • 452 31 6.9 Sarawak • , , , • 626 21 3.4 Singapore , • . , • 1,264 498 39.4 SoloiEon Islands • • • • 103 4 3.9 Tokelau . . . , • • 2 3 150.0 Caribbean and other Territories BahaiEas • • • • 108 33 3o.6 Barbados • • 228 63 27.6 Bermuda • • • • 42 31 73.8 British Guiana • • • 499 122 24.4 British Honduras • • • • 82 21 25.6 Jamaica , , , , • • 1,564 412 26.3 Leeward Islands • • 130 31 23.8 Trinidad and Tobago , , • , , • • 743 235 31.6 Virgin Islands (United States). • • 24 21 87·5 Windward Islands , , , 320 33 10.3 Alaska . . . . . • • • • 206 98 47.6 Falkland Islands • • • • • 2 4 200.0 A/4106 English Page 40 74. h summary of this information presents a more comprehensive picture of the availability of physicians by major geographic areas and eliminates the few inconsistencies caused by the small numbers involved in the computations by individual Territory: · Table 15 Availability of physicians by ma,jor geographic areas, in or about 194~ and 1956 in the Non-Self-Governing Territories Population Number of Physicians per Region (thousands ) physicians 100,000 population 1948 1956 1948 1956 1948 1956 Territories in mainland Africa • . 74,776 89,321 2,363 3,171 3.1 3.6 Island Territories of or near Africa 5,060 5,992 680 753 13.4 12.6 Island Territories of the Pacific ~/ 511 632 68 88 13.3 13.9 Territories of the Far East 4,595 5,931 1,023 1,464 22.3 24.7 Caribbean Territories . . . . . • . 3,123 3,740 701 1,002 22.4 26.8 ~ Excluding Hawaii. 75. · If in accordance with the general practice the optimum number of physicians per 100,000 population is put at about 100, then the above average indices may be taken to express, in percentage form, the degree to which the needs of the populations for medical practitioners are covered in the various regions. Thus for the year 1956, in the Territories of mainland Africa these needs are covered to the extent of as little as 3.6 per cent, while those of the caribbean Territories are covered to the extent of 26.8 per cent. 76. Similar figures are computed also for the year 1948; the information availabl for that year is not ccmplete and, therefore, the findings (shown in parentheses) are not as reliable as those for ~956. However, a crude comparison between the two sets of figures shows that improvements achieved in this field from 1948 to 1956 were in general meagre. In spite of a substantial increase in the total number of physicians, the ccnccmitant increase in the population vitiated most of its effect on the ratio of physicians per 100,000 population. ; ... A/4106 English Page 41 The training of physicians and of the auxiliary medical and public health personnel, which in itself is a long-term project, depends greatly upon the status of general education and the availability of the appropriate training centres within the region concerned, These in turn are closely related to the social organization and the general economic development of the region. They are also related to the dynamics of the population, since the personnel targets will need constant revision in order to accommodate trends in the numbers and the composition of the population. When all the factors involved are given due consideration, the problem of an adequate supply of medical personnel, as well as of other material facilities for proper medical care and public health, emerges as one of the most formidable tasks with which the peoples of many Non-Self-Governing Territories are actually faced. 78, Perhaps the best aggregate expression of the levels of health and in fact the standards of living in general is to be found through the development of a complete "life table" and especially in the function of "expectation of life" at birth and other key points in the life span. This modern instrument of demographic analysis, which require an array of accurate population data and the services of highly skilled personnel, is not as yet available for many Non-Self-Governing Territories. In a previous study§/ an attempt was made to fill this gap by computing a set of figures on the expectation of life at birth, based on available data on infant mortality and other collateral information, Obviously an indirect computation of life expectancy'at birth cannot be more accurate than the basic pcpulation data used for such computation. Therefore, only the most recent official data on the expectation of life at birth are reproduced in the following table, Table 16 Latest official data on the expectation of life (in years) at birth in the African area and Caribbean Territories Territory Males Females I. African and adjacent Territories Belgian Congo ~ 1950-1952 37.6 40.0 Mauritius 1942-1946 32.2 33.8. 11 1951-1953 49.8 52.3 Cyprus 1948-1950 63.6 68.8 ~I United Nations: Special Study on Social Conditions in Non-SeLf-Governing Territories (Sales No. 5d, VI. B.2), pp.l99-20B, ; ... ! l A/4106 English Page 42 Table 16 (continued) Territory Males Females II. Caribbean Territories Barbados 1945-1947 49.2 52.9 British Guiana 1945-1947 49.3 52.1 British Honduras 1944-1948 45.0 49.0 Jamaica 1945-1947 51.2 54.6 " 1950-1952 55·7 58.9 Leeward Islands 1946 49.5 54.8 Trinidad and Tobago 1945-1947 5).0 . 56.0 11 11 1954-1956 59.8 63.1 ~ Based on a sample survey, African population only. 79· Although the examples given in this table cannot be taken as representative of their respective regions, it may neverthless be presumed that the levels of health are generally low among the peoples of the African Territories, and somewha1 higher among the peoples of the Asian and Pacific Territories. In the Caribbean Territories, the best documented region in this respect, the levels appear to be substantially higher than in the other two regions. In terms of expectation of life at birth an average of about 55 years for males and 58 years for females could be attributed to the peoples of the Caribbean Territories during the period 1950-1955. No valid generalization can be made for the other two regions although a life expectancy at birth of about 45 to 50 for the Asian and Pacific Territories and of 40 to 45 for the African Territories could be taken as reasonable approximations for the period after 1950. A/4106 English Page 43 V. SOCIAL A~D ECONOMIC ~WLICATIONS 80. If, in describing under-development, some of the most common criteria, such as low national per capita income, high proportion of illiteracy, malnutrition, low expectation of life, etc., are applied to the peoples of the Non-Self-Governing Territories, it will be seen that most of these Territories belong at present to the large group of the so-called under-developed areas of the world. They share, inter alia, some corrmon demographic characteristics, the most important of which is a rapid rate of population increase. 81. Simply stated, the problem of economic development is that of promoting. production at a rate in excess of the rate of population increase. A similar relation exists.between population growth and development in the social and cultural fields, which in terms of progress can be achieved only in the presence of parallel economic development. 82. Some of the factors associated with the problem of an accelerated rate of production are of a purely demographic character, related to the quantity and quality of available manpower, In a population with a rapid rate of annual increase, as a consequence of a constantly high birth-rate and a declining death-rate, the labour force appears to suffer both in relative strength and in quality. Because of the resulting unfavourable age composition there are not enough adults in the population to meet adequately the existing needs. Consequently some or all of these needs, be they food production or the building of new houses and schools, can be met only partially. In addition qualitative deficiencies, such as poor health and lack of the necessary education and skill, hamper the full utilization of available manpower, thus further curtailing general output and material advancement. 83. In most Non-Self-Governing Territories for which relevant information is available, the age structure appears unfavourable. A child population (under fifteen years of age) approximating 40 per cent or more of the total is typical in these Territories, while in economically advanced countries the proportion is commonly in the range of about 20 to 30 per cent. Persons behfeen fifteen and sixty-five years of age, who supply the bulk of the manpower for economic activities, make up less than 60 per cent of the total population in the Non-Self-Governing I ... A/4106 English Page 44 J Territories, while they comprise 65 per cent or more among the advanced countries. This relative shortage of persons in the age groups of economic activity also results in a heavy dependency burden on the population concerned. Thus, not only does productivity in general suffer from the smallness of the manpower force, but also capital formation, a pre-requisite of economic development, is made extremely difficult if not impossible among populations with too many children to support. 84. It would have been of interest to review in retrospect the trends of the age structure of these populations, but the period covered in this report is not long enough to include more than one census for each Territory; besides, in general, the information available for the years prior to 1950 is less reliable. Nevertheless, some speculation on the expected age structure may be made for the near future, based mainly on recent trends of the birth-rates and death-rates. 85. The most significant finding from an analysis of the vital rates in almost every Territory for which information is available is the diametrically opposite trends followed by the birth-rates and the death-rates during the period under review. The birth-rate is generally high, at thirty or more birthds per thousand population, and is on the increase, while the death-rate is moderate or low, below twenty per thousand, and is constantly decreasing, This combination of events can lead only to an even younger age composition of the populations concerned; this means that the quantitative deficiencies of manpower, described above, may be accentuated in the near future, Only when the birth-rate tends to balance the now declining death-rate will a more satisfactory age structure come into being, 86,. With regard to the 87. Economic and social development depends heavily on demographic conditions and trends and these factors merit due consideration in the planning for material advancement. The minimum data required for the purpose of such consideration are: (a) the numbers and geographic distribution of the population; (b) its age and sex structure; and (c) the balance of births and deaths, all emanating from a complete statistical coverage of the population concerned and pertaining to a relatively long period. The processing of the data includes the establislment of the degree of accuracy, the computation of the relevant rates and the proje~tion of the findings into the near future, 88. Some of the Non-Self-Governing Territories do not as yet satisfy even the minimum requirement of essential demographic data for reasons indicated in the earlier part of this study. In some of the larger Territories, problems of accessibility and organization present difficulties in establishing systems of census taking and of registration of vital events, while in some others the smallness of the population makes the functioning of such elaborate administrative systems uneconomic. However, in a significant number of Territories, territorial statistical services have been functioning for many years and organizational improvements have been recorded during the period under review. 89. One of the fundamental elements of demographic analysis to be considered in planning for social and economic development is the expected future growth of population both in its total number and by sex and age groups. Since this information usually cannot be obtained locally, because of the weaknesses of the basic data and the unavailability of trained personnel, a series of estimates of the future total population of the Non-Self-Governing Territories for the years 1960 and 1965 is reproduced in table 17, taken from a recent United Nations report)/ These estimates are the result of an application of a rationalized method, consistent with recent trends on fertility and mortality observed on a world-wide basis, but adjusted when necessary to special conditions prevailing in certain regions of the world, Only the medium assumption of population growth is shown in the table, 11 United Nations: The Future Growth of the World Populations, Population Studies, No. 28 (Sales No. 58. XIII.2). I .. I Al4l06 English Page 46 90. According to these estimates - which, in the absence of any better indication may be considered as reasonably founded conjectures - it appears that the future growth of the population of the Non-Self-Governing Territories will be as rapid as, or more rapid than, that observed during the period covered in this study. Since development must advance at a rate higher than that of population increase, this consideration deserves a prominent place in any planning for the improvement of conditions of the peoples now living in the Non-Self-Governing Territories. Table 17 Estimates of future populations of the Non-Self Governing Territories (medium assumption) (thousands) Regions and Territories 1955 1960 1965 I, African and adjacent Territories Basutoland . . . • • . • • 627 I 676 741 Bechuanaland , . • • • 32~ 362 4o4 Belgian Congo • • • • • • • • • 12,6co~:l 13,900 15,200 Comoro Archipelago (see Madagascar) ...... French Equatorial Africa 4 68Cfl:l 4,970 5,290 French West Afric·a • 19:oocf:l 20,200 21,700 Gambia • • . • • . . • 29~1 309 323 Kenya . • . • • • . • . 6 05rl:/ 6,530 7,020 Madagascar and Comoro Archipelago 4;95rl:j 5,430 5,900 Mauritius • . . . 566~ 649 727 Nigeria • • • • . . • 31,30~/ 34,000 36,800 Rhodesia and Nyasaland • 7,070 7,920 8, 730 St. Helena • • 5a/ 5 5 Seychelles . • • • • .?s:: 41 44 Sie~ra Leone . . . 2,1oo I 2,210 2,330 British Somaliland • 52~ 552 582 French Somaliland 6:0.1 66 69 Swaziland 223~/ 253 288 Uganda • . . . • • 5,51~; 5,890 6,290 Zanzibar and Pemba 278~ 289 303 Aden Colony • . l4o I 183 226 Aden Protectorate 42~ 459 500 Gibraltar . . . 25 I 24 24 Cyprus ...... 53~ 575 628 II. Asian and Pacific Territories American Samoa • 22~1 25 29 Brunei . • • 6~1 75 88 Cook Islands • • 16 17 19 I ... AI4106 I English \ \ Fage 47 \ ...... Table 17 (continued) II. ..\.sian and Pacific Territories ( cont' d.) Fiji . • • • • . • • • • . • 339 392 449 Gilbert and Ellice Islands 41 I 44 49 Guam • • • • • • • • • • • 6~ 72 79 Hawaii • • • . . • • • 560 635 716 Hong Kong . . • • • • 2,340 2,470 2,660 Netherlands New Guinea • • • • • 700 714 749 New Hebrides • • • • 54 60 66 Niue Island • . • • • • • • 5 5 North Borneo • • • • • • • • • 3/b:/ 427 486 Papua • • • • 446 497 554 Sarawak • . • • • • 614 678 751 Singapore • • • • • • • • 1,25r:f!:/ 1,470 1, 700 Solomon Islands • . • 103 107 114 Tokelau • • • • • 2 2 2 III. Caribbean and other Territories Bahamas • 96'!:1 114 133 Barbados . . • • • 229 I 253 280 Bermuda . • • 42~ 47 53 British Guiana 48~~ 560 649 British Honduras . • 7¢ 93 108 Jamaica . • . • • • • • 1,56~/ 1,720 1,910 Trinidad and Tobago • 721 819 929 Leeward Islands • • • • • 128 146 165 United States Virgin Islands 24 25 26 Windward Islands • • • 31-:J:.I 354 401 Falkland Islands • • . • • • • 2 2 2 ~~ Figures differ slightly from those given in Appendix table I of this report. I •.. iF~..t. 'd ·~. ~ APPENDIX TABLE I e· o .,,p~00.0' latest P tion Census P Esttmates tar the Years 1 ories Latest population Persons Per cent census per km~ Official estima.teotmidyear populAtion (thousands) Amwa1 Type~ Date Pe::sons in 195 Increase est:tma. (thousands) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1953-56 I. African and adjacent Territories Basutola.nd 8-IV-56 641.7 21 561> 571 * 578 * 585* 592* 599 • 6o6* 613.)(. 62o. 6n* 642 651 1.7 C-3. Bechua.oaland 8-rv-56 0 296 299 302 305 308 3ll 315 317 321 324 327 331 1.1 C-3 :Belgian Congo 3- I-52 327.~69.'(il, 5 10,622 10,753 10,885 11,046 11,25811,527 11,767 12,154 12,264.12,53812,81113,124 1.8 N-3 Comoro Archipelago 30-XI-56 1.~ 79 142 ...... 165 166 166 166 169 173 177 180 0.9 N-3 French Equmtorial Africa. 17-XII-56 25. a 2 4,127 4,1~1 4,238 4,345 4,4o6 4,44o 4,492 ... • •• 4,679 4,824 4,891 1.9 N. French West·Arriea 12-XII-56 78.f; 4 ••• . •. 16,524 .•• 17,363 17,20717,435 17,33618,012 18,749 19,03119,290 ,l.O N. Gambia ,)./ 4-XI-51 27. c 27 ~ ~ ~ ~ m a m • m • • • ..0.6 N. Gold Coa.a 1-II-48 4,118·.4 20 4,018 4,o81 4,144 4,209 4,275 4,342 4,410 4,478 4,548 4,62o 4,691 1.6 c-; Kenya VII-48 5,4o6.o!/ ll 5,227 5,311 5,399 5,489 5,579 5,669 5,76o 5,851 5,948 6,o48 6,150 6,252 1.7 C-3 J.hd.a.gascar (ex. dep • ) 30-XI-56 74c.l a 8 4,154 3,762 4,150 4,207 4,~5 4,369 4,464 4,54o 4,644 4,776 4,905 4,930 2.6 N. Mluritius (ex. dep.) 29-VI-52 501.5 305 428 4;3 442 445 4c65 484 502 517 530 549 569 588 3.3 C-1 Rodrigues 29-VI-52 13.3!!/ 147 13 13 13 13 14 14 13 14 14 15 16 16 !/ C-1 Morocco IV-52 7,442.1 22 8,399 8,524 8,662 8,808 C-2 Nigeria (ex. Br. Ce.meroon) VI-53 29,730·W, ;6 ...... •.• 24,300 25,000 28,6oo 30,104 ~,669 31,246 31,834 32,433* 1.9 c. Northern Rhodesia 8- V-56 334. ~ 3 1,650 1,700 1,750 1,8oo 1186o 1,900 1,96o 2,010 2,070 2,130 2,18o 2,24o* 2.7 c. Nyasaland 8- v-56 180. 'f- 20 2,100 2,150 2,190 2,250 2,290 2,34o 2,380 2,430 2,48o 2,54o 2,6oo 2,650 2.3 N. st. Helena 21- X-56 5.0 12 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 C-1 Seychelles 21-XII-47 34.~ 99 35 35 35 35 36 ;6 ;6 37 37 39 4o 41 ~ C-2 Sierra Leone 28-XII-47 ll7. 29 ...... 2,020 ...... 2,100 2,120 B N. Soma.lila.nd 1 British 26-IV-)1 2.f; 4 ...... 64o 64o 65o ... N• Samalila.nd, French 12 ..XII-56 4, a 3 56 55 61 62 65 614 68 67 65 1.1 N. Swaziland VIII-56 ·237.0 14 185 188 196 194 197 200 202 215 221 227 237 ~ 3.1 c. Tunisia 1-II-56 3,783.2 30 3,231 3,290 3,357 3,416 c . Uganda VIII-48 4,958.5 2) 4,800 4,874 4,949 5,026 5,103 5,182 5,262 5,343 5,425 5,508 5,593• 5,679 • 1.5 C-3 Zanzibar and Pemba 25-II-48 2614.2 105 259 262 265 268 269 272 m 274 277 277 280 285 0.7 C-2 Aden Colony 8-II-55 138.4 691 8; 100 14o 143 14o ... C-2 Cyprus X-56 528.9 57 447 457 467 476 485 492 498 5o6 514 520 526 5)6 1.; C-1 Gibraltar 3-VII-51 23.2 4,301 20 22 23 24 25 24 24 24 24 25 25 25 !/ C-1 II. Territories American samoa 25-IX-56 20.1 107 17 17 18 18 19 lB 18 19 19 20 20 20 !/ C-1 Brunei 27-XI-47 4o.6 11 ... 41 41 42 46 48 50 56 58 6; 66 73 5·9 c • Cook Islands 25-IX-56 16.7 73 15 15 14 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 17 17 C-2 FiJi 27-XI-56 345.7 19 258 265 270 281 289 298 307 ;18 328 339 )52 ;54. ;~ C-2 Gilbert and Ellice Isla.nds 9-VI-47 ;6.~ 4; 35 ;6 ;6 36 38 ;8 4o 39 41 41 4o C-3 Guam !/ 1-IV-50 59. 71 24 25 27 ~~ 28 31 ;; 35 ;6 >7 ;8 fi C-3 Hawaiie 1-IV-50 499.8 35 545 526 517 5ll 491 514 522 523 522 56o 584 613 l!r C-1 Hong Kong 7-III-31 849.7 2,4o9 1,550 1,750 1,8oo 1,857 2,26o 2,013 2,250 2,230 2,2TI 2,34<> 2,440 2,;8; 2.7 C-2 Malaya., Federation of 17-VI-57 6,2'(6.9 48 5,250 4,908 4,987 5,o82 5,227 5,337 5,5o6 5,706 5,889 6,o;8 6,252 6,279 ;.1 C-2 Neth. New Guinea 7- X-30 314.; 2 700 700 700 ... N-3 New Hebrides 4 49 47 47 49 52 53 51 53 54 55 52 2.9 N-3 Niue Island 25-IX-56 4.7 19 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 !/ C-2 North Borneo 4-VI-51 ;;4.~ 5 335 331 339 345 ;48 335 347 355 ;J >72 ;a; 397 2.5 C-2 Papua 30-VI-54 6. 2 345 303 303 304 373 376 374 397 497 1,46 452 4c68 4.4 N-3 ';'--· ; ... APPENDIX TABLE I (continued) latest population Persons. Per cent census annual Type per km~ Official estimate of midywar Population (thousands) or .J/ Date Persons in 195 increase estima.t (thousands) 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 II. Asian and Pacific Territories ~continued) Pitcairn Island 29 ...... !!/ Sarawak 26-XI-47 546.4* 5 500 54o 549 555 562 570 581 592 6o2 614 ~ 64o 1.9 c-2 Singapore 17-VI-57 1,466.8 1,706 939 963 982 1,017 1,043 1,079 1,123 1,167 1,213 1,264. 1,467! 4.0 C-1 Solomon Islands 1-IV-31 94.0 3 95 95 95 90 100 99 99 99 100* •.. 103 lo4 1.3 N-3 Tokelau 25-IX-56 1.6 10 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 !) C-2 III. Caribbean Territories Bahama Islands 6-xii-53 84.8 9 73 74 76 77 79 81 83 85 90 95 loS 123 8.0 C-1 Barbados 9-IV-46 192.8 529 193 197 201 205 209 213 217 221 225 229 228 230 1.1 C-1 Bermuda 22- X-50 37.4 792 35 35 36 36 37 38 39 39 4o 41 42 43 C-1 British Guiana 9-IV-46 375-7 2 377 386 397 4o8 420 431 444 46o 472 485 499 515 2!/s C-1 British Honduras 9-IV-46 59-2 4 6o 61 63 65 67 70 72 75 77 8o 82 84 3.1 C-1 Jsmaiea {ex. dep.) XI-53 1,486·.7 137 1,298 1,327 1,350 1,374 1,403 1,430 1,457 1,486 1,518 1,542 1,564 1,594 1.7 C-1 Leeward Islands 9-IV-46 lo8.8 119 loS lo8 109 110 112 116 119 121 124 128 130 ... 2.4 C-1 Puerto Rico 1-IV-50 2,210. 7 255 2,141 2,162 2,187 2,197 2,207 2,234 2,227 C-2 Surinam 31- X-50 177.1 2 168 171 174 178 183 188 194 201 C-2 Trinidad and Tobago 9-IV-46 558.0 145 561 583 6oo 616 632 649 663 678 698 721 743* 765 3-1 C-1 United States Virgin Isla.nd.s 1-IV-50 26.7 70 27 27 27 27 27 25 24 27 24 24 24* 24 !) C-3 Windward Islands 9-IV-46 251.8 150 252 259 264 269 276 283 291 297 305 314 320 320 2.5 C-3 rv. other Territories Alaska 1-IV-50 128.6 0 99 loS 120 130 137 161 191 205 2o8 209 206 211 0.2 C-1 Greenland 31-XII-51 24.1 0 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 25 c. Falkland Islands 28-III-53 2.2 0 ...... 2 ...... 2 2 !) C-2 * ProvisicmaJ.. 0 Magnitude leas than half of unit. y Non-indigenous population only. 11 Within present boundaries of Ghana.. y Colony only. y Moroccan Moslem. popu.J..a.tion only, y Including United states armed forces. v. Rate not ccmputed on popuJ.a.tions less than 50,000. iJ Type ot estimate based on: c • census taken after 1945. N • other means except census and on: 1 1 ~~: substantialJ.y aecura.te registration of births and deaths .,.,,. 2 a birth and death registration known to be deficient. "--- ~~~. J • other conjectural means. ~0 !!/ Population estimated at 130 persons in 1953 and 143 in 1956. .,f)~O' A/41o6 English Page 50 APPENDIX TABLE II Ase and Sex Distribution of the PopJ,lations of the Non-self-Governi!!ej Territories Latest available census or ofiicia.l estima.t~. Dependency ratio (number of dependents in the age bra.cket.. s: under 15 yearS ana 65 ) and. over, per 1.00 persons :...1 i-.he <;~,ge group 15...64 years De- Year Popl.).atton!Y (thousands) by pend- eney c : census ma 1Jor ~e !SI'OUP8 Per cent Territo:ey · E • Estimate Sex Total 5-Iti: o-ir 15:::;)1i !55+· Total 5-lli o-11+ 15:::;)1i l)5+ ratio r. Basutoland 1946-c BS 56o.2 147-8 2ll.6 302.4 46.2 100.0 26.4 37.8 54.0 8.2 85.3 M 246.2 73·7 lD5.:; 122.0 19.0 44.0 13.2 18.8 21.8 3-4 F 314.0 74.1 JD6.3 1C'o.4 27-2 56.0 13.2 19.0 ;2.2 4.8 Bechuanal.and 1946-c BS 294-7 76.5 lD7-7 171.5 15.6 JDO.o 25-9 ;6.5 ;8.2 5·3 71·9 146.6 ;8.9 54.4 84.1 8.2 49.8 13.2 18.4 28.5 2.8 F" 148.1 37.6 53·3 87.4 7-4 5C·2 12.7 18.1 29.7 2.5 Belgian CocgJ!/ 1953-E BS 12,026.1 2,629.8 4,2;6.5 7,;48.9 44o.7 JDQ.O 21.9 35-2 61.1 3-7 6:;.9 M 5,957-2 1,317.5 2,124.9 ;,637·3 195-1 49-5 ll.Q 17.7 30.2 1.6 F 6,o68 .. 9 1, }12.3 2tll1.6 ;,m.6 245.6 5C·5 lD-9 17.6 30·9 2.0 Gold Coa.s~~ 1948-c BS 3,729.0 l,€oo.8 JDO.O 42.9* 1,884.8 817-9 5C·5 21.9* "F 1,844.2 782.8 49-5 21.0* MadagascaJY 1955-E BS 4,674.0 1,963-1 JDO.O 42.0 M 2, 305.4 1,003.6 49.3 21.5 F 2, ;68.6 959·5 5C·7 20.5 Mauritius and Rodrigues 1952-c BS 513.4 ll8.4 207.3 289-5 16.6 lDO.O 23.1 4o.4 56.4 3.2 77.3 M 257·3 59·3 JD4.2 147.2 5·9 5C·1 ll.6 20.3 28.7 1.1 F 256.1 59.1 JD3.1 142.3 JD.7 49-9 ll.5 20.1 27·7 2.1 Nigert..V 1952-3-c BS 31,156.0 ••• 13, 76o .4 JD American samoe. ' 1956-c BS 20.1 6.o 9·8 9.6 o.6 JDO,Q 29·9 48.5 46.7 2.8 JD5.2 M 10.1 3.1 5-0 4.8 o.3 5 APPENDIX TABLE II ( oonttDUed) De- Yeer Popul.ati.,.!/ (thouBBI>ds) by C • Census ~or ~e f;:il"OU;Ji! Per cent eney Territory E • EstimBte Sex Tot&! -ili o-iJi: I;:ori !5~+ Total 5-10 o-Ili I;::lilj: 5;-J= --ratio II. Asian and Pacific Territories (cont 1 d} Fiji Islands 1956-c BS .J45. 7 96.1 159.1* 175.2 ll.3 JOO,o 27·9 46.o 50·7 3·3 97·3 M 178.5 49.1 eo.a 90.8 6.9 51.6 14.2 23.4 26.3 2.0 F 167.3 47.4 78.,. 84.5 4.4 48.4 13·7 22.7 24.4 1.3 ouerP 1950-c BS 59·5 8., 16.1 42.6 o.s lOO.O 14.,. 27.i• 7lo6> 1,,. 37 .Jl' M 4o.5 4. a.; 31.8 o.3 68.o 7·4 14.o 53·5 o.6 F 19.0 4.1 7.8 l1Jo7 0.5 -32.0 6.9 13.1 l8.1 o.s Ma.lsys, Federation of 1947-c BS 4,874.7 1,313.5 1,945.6 2, 795·6 13;.6 lOO.O 26.9 39·9 57·3 2.7 74 .• 4 M 2, 577·9 67;, 9 995·3 1,513.1 69·5 52·9 13.8 20.4 31.0 1.4 F 2,296.7 639.6 950·2 1,282.5 64.1 47.1 l3.1 19·5 26.3 l.3 Niu;E/ 1951-c BS 4.5 1.1 1.8 2.5 0.2 lOO.O 25.0 39·6 56.4 3·9 11.3 M 2.2 o.6 Oo9 1.2 1.0 48.9 12.6 19.6 27·6 1o7 F 2.3 o.6 0.9 1.3 1.0 51.1 12.4 20.0 28.8 2.3 North Borneo 1951-c BS 3.J4.1 s3.1 152.0 189.2 12.9 lOO.o 24.9 39·5 56.6 ;.8* 76.6 M 172.3 43.9 68.4 91·1 6.8 51.6 13.1 20.5 29.1 2.0 F 161.8 39.2 6;.6 92·1 6.1 48.4 ll.7 19oO 27·6 1.8 Sare.wak 1947-c BS 546.4 139·9 216.1 302.5 27·7 JDO.o 25.6 39·5 55·4 5·1 8o.6 M 281.2 12.; lll.O 155·5 14,6 51.5 13.2 20.; 28.5 2.7 F 265.2 67.6 105.0 147.0 13.1 48.5 12.4 19.2 26.9 2.4 Singapore 1947-c BS 94o.5 22;.4 338.; 585.1 17.1 lOO.O 23·7 36.o 62.2 1.8 6o.7 M 516.; ll4.9 147.2 '535.2 6.9 54·9 12.2 18.5 35.6 0.7 F 424.2 108.4 164.1 249·9 10.2 45.1 ll.5 17.4 26.6 1.1 III. caribbean Territories Bahama Islands 195'5-c BS 84.3 20.3 33.5 47.0 3·1 JDO.O 24.o 39·8 55·8 4.4 79·3 M 39.1 10.2 16.7 20.8 1.5 46.; 12.1 19.8 24.7 1.8 F 45.2 l1lo1 16.8 26.2 2.2 5'5o7 ll.9 19·9 }1.1 2.6 Barbados 1956-E BS 228.2 49.7 78·5 130.1 19·5 JDO,O 21.8 ;4.4 57o0 8.6 75.4 M l1l5.1 24.6 39·1 58·9 7.0 46.o ]1),8 11·1 25.8 3.1 F 123.1 25.1 39·5 7lo2 12.5 54.0 ll.O 11·3 }1.2 5·5 Bermuda 1950-c BS 37.3 7.3 12.2 22.9 2.1 JDO.O 19·7 52·7 61.5 5·7 62.5 M l8.1 3·1 6.2 ll.O 0.9 48.5 9.9 16.5 29o5 2.4 F 19.2 3.6 6.o llo9 1.2 51.5 9.8 16.2 52.0 3.3 British Guiana 1955-E BS 467.0 ll5.6 200.7 250.3 16.0 JDO,O 24.7 43.o 53·6 3.4 86.5 M 232.8 58.5 l1l1.7 124.7 6.4 49·9 12,5 21.8 26.7 1.4 F 2;4.2 57·1 99·0 125.6 9·6 50o1 12.2 21.2 26.9 2.0 British Honduras 1946-c BS 59.2 14.9 22.7 .J4.3 2.1 ].()(),O 25.2 38.4* 58.0 3.6 12·5 M 28.7 7o5 ll.3 16.3 1.0 48.5 12.7 19o1 27·6 1.8 F 30·5 7·4 ll.4 lB.o l..1 51o5 12.5 19.3 30.4 1.8 Jamaica (ex. dep.) 1953-E BS 1,486.1 524.9 536.4 893·5 56.2 lOO.O' 21.9 36.1 6o.1 3.8 66.3 M 123·4 162.6 268,8 431.8 22.8 48.7 l1l.9 18.1 29.0 1.5 F 762.7 162.3 267.6 461.7 ,;.4 51.3 l1Jo9 18.o }1.1 2.2 Leeward Islands 1946-c BS ]1)8.8 25.6 4o.9 62.o 5.8 JDO.o 23.5 37.6 57.0 5.4 75.4 M 49.4 12.8 20.3 27.2 1.8 45.4 ll.7 l8.7 25.0 1.7 F 59;4 12.8 20.6 .J4,8 4.o 54.6 u.S l8.9 52.0 3·1 Pu.erto Rico 1950-c BS 2,210.7 588.8 ~5·3 1,~.8 85.6 JDO,O 26.6 43.2 52·~ 3-9 89.0 M l,llD.9 299·8 5·1 ·9 41.0 50·3 13.6 2lo9 26. 1o9 F 1,09$1.8 289.0 4'10.2 584·9 44.6 49.7 1;.1 21.3 26.5 2.0 Surinam 1950-c BS 172.2 43.4 '10·5 ~·4 7·3 JDO.o 25.2 41.0 54.8 4.2 82.5 M 85·5 21.8 35·5 ·5 3.5 49.6 12.6 20.6 27o0 2.0 F 86.7 21.6 35.0 47.8 ;.8 50.lo 12.6 20.3 27o8 2.2 Trinidad and Tobago 1956-E BS 742·5 190.1* 312.6> 4o2.8 27.0 100.0 25.6 42.1 54.2 3·6 84.3 M 312·3 95.80 157.7 202.4* 12.2 ~·1 12.9 21.2 27o2* 1.6 F 3'10.2 94.3 154·9* 200.4 14.8 9·9 12.7 20o9 27.0 2.0 Un1 ted States - Virgin Isla.Dds 1950-c BS 26.7 6.6 10.4 14.2 2.0 JDO.O 24.6 39·1 53·"' 1·5 87.1> M 13.1 3·3 5·2 r.o o.e 49.0 12.3 19.6> 26.,. ,.o F 13.6 3·3 5.2 7·2 1.2 51.0 12.3 19.5 27.0 o5 Wiudward Isl.snds 1946-c BS 251·5 68.2 104-.2 1}5.0 12,2 100.0 21·1 41.4 53·7 4.9 86.2 M ll5o1 ;4.7 52·6 58.2 4.3 ~·8 l;.8 20.9 2,.l. 1o7 F 1;6.4 ;,.6 51.6 76.8 1·9 .2 13o3 20.5 ;o.6 3o2 j ... A/410o English Page 52 APPEIIDIX TABil! II (c=tim>od) De Year PapJJ.at~ (+W.tsrl•) by c c Ceusus Per cezrt eJ1C7 Territory E : Estimate """ TOtai ~!!5·r..,. 0 158 65'" TO't81 5-14 o:m: 154064 65+- --ratio IV. Other Territortes IJJJB),f,jl 1950-c BS 128.6 1.8.5 ;11+.1 89.8 4.7 lOO.O 14.4* 26.5* 69.SO 3· r 43.2* M 79·5 9·5 17.5 58.6 3·3 61.8 7.4 13.6 ~.6 2. F 49-2 9.0 16.6 31.2 1.4 38.2 7.0 12.9 .2 1.1 H-1~ 1950-c BS 499.8 92·1 156.1 323.2 oo.4 lOO.O 1.8.4* 31.2* 64.'1"' 4.1* 51,.6< M 273·9 47.0 79·8 1.81.7 12.4 51,.8 9·4 J.6.o 36.3 2.5 F 225.9 45.1 76·3 141.5 8.o 45.2 9.0 15.2 28.3 1.6 4 Not strictly comparable !/ Population in thousauds, exclnding those of "age U!lkDown". ~ Indig-.s popll.at1on onJ.;-. ':} As• bracket: under 16 years onJ.;-. !!} IZ!cludiDS Brit1sh "-""""' !/ Age bracket under J.8 years cm.1y. !I As• brackets: 6-15 .... 0-15. §./ IncludiDg United States. armed forces stationed in the TeiTitory. ; ... A/41o6 English Page 53 APPmiDIX TAlliE III Birth-Rate (B.R.) and death-rate (D.R .. ) per thousand popU.ation. Infant death-rate (I.R.) per thousand infe.nts born alive. Territory Cod,!/ 19'1-6 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 I . Afri ce. and ~oJe.c~erriies Belgian Ccmgo u B.R, ... 31.6 31·2 33.1 JO,O )0.5 33.1 D,R, 23.0 22.7 21,6 21.3 I.R. ... 148.0 comro Archipelago ? B,R, ... D.R, I.R. 52.4 37.0 184.8 l29·5 51.7 French West Afl:oic&1 Dakar B.R. ... 54.:; D.R. 22.8 I.R, ... 105.0 J.04:~ ll5o4 106:6 91.6 107.6 103.1 Gambia, Bathurst ? B.R. ... 39·8 :;6.0 37 .o 33·3 37.4 42.5 D.R. ... 18.0 15.1 19.4 17.1 17·0 20.4 I.R, n9.8 l29·9 106.6 100.9 n6.7 85.9 106.1 ll5.1 94.8 104.0 Gold Cos.at u B.R. 41.4 29.4 )0.7 31·5 )0.0 35.3 D.R. 28.7 21.4 21.3 19.4 20.3 20.8 I.R. ll7o1 120.2 124.8 120.9 ll7.0 125.0 n3.o Me.dagascar u B.R. 24.6 21.4 24.9 26.9 )0,5 )0.2 31.2 33.o :;2.6 35.1 :;6.6 D.R. 21.4 18.1 19.9 17.1 17·6 14.3 13.0 12.8 12.2 1:;.1 I.R. 1)0.8 14o.9 126.o lllo5 89·7 9:l·7 78.o Mauritius, ex. dep. c B.R. :;8.4 43.7 43.1 46.1 49.7 47.5 48.0 46,:; 41.3 41.8 4:;.8 43.1 D.R. 29·3 20.0 23.8 16.6 13.9 14.9 14,8 16.1 16.o 12,9 n;8 1:;.0 I.R. 145.2 ll3.9 186.2 91.0 76.3 83·5 eo.8 93·5 61.1 67.2 66.o 75,1 J A/4106 English Page 54 APPENDJX TABLE III (conti11110d) Crwle Birtb..Rates1 Crude Death-Rates BDd. InfBDt Death-Rates in the Ncm-Seli-Govem'ng Territories, 194§-1957 Birtb·R&te (B.R.) and death-rate (D.R.) per thco,..... population. Infant death-rate (I.R.) ~ per thousand infants born alive. Territory Cod~ 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 II. American Samoa c B.R. 41.7 . 42.7 4}.6 4}.5 45·5 44.8 38.8 4c.6 4c.4 41.0 37-5 D.R. ll,O 9-0 7-5 9·7 g.6 ll.'j 5·5 6.5 6.6 7.4 l0.5 r.R. ~.2 64.1 51.8 38-3 &:>.7 87.7 46.o 29·7 44.5 ~-2 104.2 Brunei B.R. 45.6 4c.5 4g.4 50·7 58-7 56.6 52-3 57-'5 57-3 61.9 45-5 D.R. 19-3 21-7 18.2 18.1 14.8 17.4 14.6 1}.2 14.0 1}.7 15.6 I.R. 1~.o 128.} 137-7 Bo-9 lo4.o ll3-3 93-6 102o5 l03.0 136..4 COOk IslaDds c B.R. 38.4 38.8 43.4 44.5 41.8 ~-2 41.4 43.0 4}.6 41.~ 46.2 D.R. 15-7 23.3 30.1 17.2 20.3 19-4 17.} 16.4 17-9 18. 16.6 I.R. 114.6 139·9 269-3 l0lo9 112.7 l02.5 l01.4 1~-5 124.3 148.} 149-9 Fiji u B.R. 4c.8 ~-9 41.9 38.6 ~-9 38.4 4c.7 4c.7 4c.2 38-5 4c.o 41.9 D.R. 1}.1 ll.O 12.1 12.4 ll.1 JD,6 ll.7 9-2 9·5 8.2 7.4 7.5 I.R. 6}.9 55.0 59.0 62.4 58.3 56.6 64,3 51.3 48.9 55·9 46.1 ,e.g Gilbert and Ellice Islands u B.R. 34.1 32-9 32-9 37.2 34.4 ;o.B 32.2 32-7 37-9 ~-5 D.R. 18.5 19.4 21.3 18.7 25.5 15.8 16.8 15-3 17.2 16.6 25.0 I.R. 173-3 150.3 168.8 122.1 135-9 98.4 97.0 121.6 124.6 Gus.,:/ c B.R. 52.0 62.7 61.2* &:>.11< 57·'5 58,7 &:>.6 64.} D.R. u.6 9·9 9-0* ll.9* 8,1 8,1 6.6 7-4 t.R. 63.7 78.1 31-7 17-4 37·9 4c.1 4c.9 30.4 26.9 23.2 Hawa:!i c B.R. 26.7 27-7 28.0 27-7 28.6 28.1 29.8 30.8 }l.O 29.1 29.4 27.& D.R. 5-9 6.1 6.o 5-9 5-9 5-6 5·5 5-6 5·7 5-7 5-4 5-6 I.R. 30.1 31.0 28.6 25.3 24.0 23.7 21.3 20.9 22.4 20.6 22.1 23-9 Hous Kons c li.R. 20.1 24.3 26.4 29-5 26.8 34.0 32.0 3'j.6 36.6 38-7 ~-7 37-9 D.R. l0.7 7.6 7.5 8,8 8.2 l0.2 8,6 8.1 8.5 8.2 7-9 9-5 I.R. 89.1 lD2o3 91.1 99·4 99.6 91.8 77.1 73·6 72-4 66.4 &:>.9 55.6 M&J.aya, Federation of c B.R, 35.0 43.0 4c.4 43.8 42.0 43.6 44.4 4}.7 43.8 43.0 45-5 46.2 D.R. 20.0 19.4 16.3 14.2 15.8 15.} 13.6 12.4 12.2 ll.5 ll.3 12..4 I.R. 91-7 lD2.2 89.6 8().6 l01.6 97-3 90.0 8}..4 83.1 78.4 75•5 Niue Isl.arld B.R. 38.'5 ,a., og.o 34.0 33-4 43-5 36.4 41.5 41.6 50.8 D.R. 18.6 25.4 32-3 21.8 17.1 18.1 lO,B 9·5 9-1 u.o 7·5 9·5 I.R, 253.0 278.1 121.6 112.7 93-1 35-7 61.9 51.0 50.0 North Borneo u B.R. 20.0 19.8 19.8 23.} 26.6 31.2 33.0 }1.4 33-3 31.6 32·5 37-3 D.R. ll.9 15-5 13.4 12.3 ll.9 13.5 12.7 12.4 JD,8 u.o JD,2 ~-4 I.R. 136.7 l05o5 lOB-9 JD4.o ... l.o .o Sarawe.k u B.R. 13-7 llo5 16.9 22.2 24.6 27.4 26.7 25-1 22.9 25.2 24.2 D.R. 6.2 5-2 6.4 ll.2 9-1 9·9 9.0 1·1 7-1 6.6 6.6 I.R. 75.4 l04.5 79·3 132.3 94-• 97-2 93-5 75.6 84.8 12·2 12·2 Singapore c B.R. 45.9 46.2 47-1 ·5·7 46.2 47.5 48.6 48.9 47-7 48.2 42.9 D.R. ... 13.3 12.4 u.s 12.1 llo9 ll.2 lD.3 9-3 8.7 8.1 7-3 I.R. 89.7 87-·3 Bo.B 72.0 82.2 74-9 69.8 66.9 56.0 .9.6 42.5 41.1 III. CI!Lribbean Territortes Bahama IslaDds c B.R. 30.2 32.6 35·3 34.2 32·1 54-o 32-7 35.8 ,a.o 29.8 ,1.3 25.4 D.R. 13-7 13-3 15.4 13.6 16.3 13-5 1}.1 l0.6 lO.§ lD.O 7-9 7-9 I.~. 94-7 91·5 JDI,.6 73-7 ll3.8 89.1 90.3 66.8 57· 81.9 51.2 4c.3 Ba:E'bo4c.o c B.R. 31-9 32-7 32-5 32.0 30-z 32-0 ~-7 33-1 33-7 33-2 3lo0 31.7 D.R. 17.0 16.3 15.7 14.6 12. 14.2 ·1 13.6 ll.3 12.6 l0.6 l0.7 I.R. 159·7 166.3 154.1 128.7 125.2 136.5 145-5 138.6 l0g.4 1}4.6 96-7 87.4 Belllllds c B.R. 24.5 26.5 25-5 25-5 :l(l.6 27.6 28,4 26.1 27-5 25.8 28.1 25.6 D.R. 9·8 g.6 8.~ 9·0 9-5 9·9 8,2 8,5 1·1 8,2 8.1 8.2 I.R. 51·3 ~-3 32· ~-8 43.1 77.4 ,S.4 29.2 ,S.1 ,a.o 33-4 41.4 British Guiana c B.R. 35·6 ~-4 42.3 42.3 4c..4 42.5 44.3 44.1 42.~ 43.2 42.3 44.; D.R. 15·5 .6 14.2 13.3 14.6 13-5 13·5 13.3 12. ll.9 ll.2 u.6 I.R. 86,9 86.6 76.8 75·5 85.0 76.8 81.8 79·3 73·9 70·3 68.8 70-9 Britiah HOD&.Irea c B.R. 54-7 4c.7 39-9 39.0 ~.4 41.7 42.1. 4c.o 42.0 43.4 45-5 43.2 D .. R. 17.1 17-3 13-7 13.4 12.5 llo5 u.o ll.O u.l, l0.8 JD.O ll.1 I.R. lD5.1 120.1 l05o3 l04.4 JD6.9 g4.7 78-6 87.4 93-5 99·3 69.0 92·4 ; ... I A/4H~ English Page 55 APPE>IDIX TABLE III ( c-imled) Crude B1rth--Rates,r: Crude De&th-Rates and IDf'aut Death~atee in the Non-seli~overni1!5 TerritOries, J9ll§::i957 B1rtho&te (B,R,) and death-rate (D.R.) per thousand popU.atiou. Iuf'ant death-rate (I..R.) per thousand infants born allve • Territory Cod~ J.946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 19, 1954 1955 1956 1957 III. C&ribbee.n Territories (cont 1d) Jamaica (ex. dep,) c B.R. ;o.8 31·9 ;o.7 ;2.3 ;;.1 ;4.o ;;.6 ;4.4 35.3 ~.2 37.3 ;8.1 D.R. 13·3 14.1 13.2 12.3 11.9 12.1 11.5 l0.4 J0,7 9.9 9·5 9·1 I.R. 89·5 92·2 86.7 8o.7 78.; 81.2 75.1 64.1 67.1 6o.; ;4.2 ;4.9 Leeward Isl.allds c B.R. ;4.5 ~.o ;2.6 ;,.:; 35.6 35.2 ~.; 37.2 39·8 ;8.8 D.R. 17·7 15·3 16.o "'·J12. 14.1 13.6 11.7 1}.0 11.1 11.2 J0,2 I.R. 122.6 96.6 110.0 76.6 97·3 87.5 78.5 90.4 82.7 71.1 58.6 Pu.erto Rico c B.R. 41.6 42.2 4o.2 39.0 39·0 37.6 ~.1 D.R. 12.9 u.s 12.0 l0.6 9·9 JO.o 9·2 I.R. 83.7 71·5 78.3 67.7 67.5 67.1 66.4 Surinam u B.R. 34·7 33·3 37.2 ~.4 37.6 41.0 4;.6 44.3 D.R. 12.1 13·7 12.7 12.6 l0.8 l0.5 9·9 l0.8 I.R. 62.o 70·7 64.9 78.6 48.4 4l.o 41.1 46.3 Trinidad and. Tobago c B.R. ;e.8 ;e.; 39.9 37.2 37·5 ~.7 ;4.6 37·7 41.9 41.9 37.0 37·7 D.R, 1;.8 1;.4 12.2 12.2 12.1 12.0 12.1 l0.7 9·8 l0.4 9·6 9·5 r.R. 78.6 81.5 75·5 eo.o eo.:; 78.2 89.1 69.9 6o.5 67.9 6:;.9 56·5 Un1 ted States .. Virgin Islands c B.R. 34.0 :;2.2 ;o.7 ;:;.2 :;:;.1 ;8.1 35·9 32.3 ~.6 ;e.o 4o.7 D.R. 15.1 14.5 12.6 13.6 13·9 15.0 14.4 10.3 12.5 1}.0 14.8 t.R. 91.6 89.0 88.4 90.3 57.0 57.7 53.4 41.3 ;8.7 44.9 66.5 Windward Islands c B.R. ~·5 37·0 ~.1 ~.7 37·3 ;8.2 37.9 ;8.7 39.6 43.4 D.R. 17.0 16.9 15·7 14.6 15.3 16.0 16.3 14.0 12.2 13.4 r.R. 110.7 112.7 110·5 96.0 lll.6 115.0 120.6 l05.2 89.3 l01.3 IV. Other Territories Alaska. c B.R. 28.4 25.0 25·7 27.1 21·2 27.9 ;o.1 ;:;.1 :;:;.8 ;5.1 ... D.R. 12.4 J0,8 lO.O 9.1 9·1 8.5 6.6 6.3 5·7 5.8 I.R. 'lll·9 63.7 47.1 47,6 51.8 52.9 39·8 41,2 ;5.1 37.4 Greenl..and ? B.R. 43.6 44.1 4o.1 44,0 46.3 43.4 42.4 44.5 D.R. 17.3 21.0 22.7 39·9 22.5 23.5 18.8 15.9 I.R. * Provisional !/ Code: C : Birth and de8th registration virtual.J.y" complete. U : Birth and death registration known to be affected by irregularities or uncornpl.ete coverage. ? = Infonnation about registration coverage not sva.iJ.a.bl.e. ~ Rates comp.1ted. on the basis of civilian :poplle.tion only, exclnding United states military and administrative persotmel~