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Neoliberalism and the Politics of Social Enterprises in South Korea: the Dynamics of Neoliberal Governmentality and Hegemony

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Neoliberalism and the Politics of Social Enterprises in South Korea: the Dynamics of Neoliberal Governmentality and Hegemony Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University Sociology Dissertations Department of Sociology 5-9-2016 Neoliberalism and the Politics of Social Enterprises in South Korea: The Dynamics of Neoliberal Governmentality and Hegemony JooHwan Kim Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_diss Recommended Citation Kim, JooHwan, "Neoliberalism and the Politics of Social Enterprises in South Korea: The Dynamics of Neoliberal Governmentality and Hegemony." Dissertation, Georgia State University, 2016. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/sociology_diss/84 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Sociology at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Sociology Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NEOLIBERALISM AND THE POLITICS OF SOCIAL ENTERPRISES IN SOUTH KOREA: THE DYNAMICS OF NEOLIBERAL GOVERNMENTALITY AND HEGEMONY by JOOHWAN KIM Under the Direction of Anthony R. Hatch (PhD) ABSTRACT Social enterprises have been promoted globally as alternative economic institutions to neoliberalism for the last few decades. In this study, I explored how social enterprises and the subjectivities of social entrepreneurs emerged as new discursive formations and institutional mechanisms in the neoliberal transformation of governance strategies in South Korea. Three broader questions guide this study. First, how have social enterprises emerged as a new discursive formation and a new institutional mechanism in neoliberal South Korean society? Second, how are the new subjectivities of social entrepreneurs produced in ways that are consistent with neoliberalism? Finally what are the implications of the emergence of social enterprises and the subjectivities of social entrepreneurs in terms of the neoliberal transformations of South Korean society? I situated these research questions within the theoretical frameworks of Neo-Marxist social theory and Foucauldian governmentality theory. In order to answer these questions, I analyzed newspaper articles, South Korean governmental policy reports, academic journal articles, and guidebooks for social entrepreneurs. I argue that the promotion of social enterprises operates as a new neoliberal government strategy that captures anti-neoliberal progressive social movements and shifts the responsibilities of the state for solving particularly problems of poverty and unemployment onto civil society and social activists. Central findings demonstrate that, despite the pervasiveness of the statements of progressive social movements—solidarity, public good, feminist empowerment, and social change—in the discourses of social enterprises, these statements are dominated by the logic and principles of the market regardless of the discourse producers’ political orientations. In forming the partnership with progressive social movement forces, state power mobilizes them into the mechanisms to promote social enterprises. Social activists are encouraged to be professional social entrepreneurs by arming themselves with an entrepreneurial spirit, knowledge of business administration, and a sense of responsibility for the disadvantaged. Theoretically, this study has broader implications in terms of its exploration of new neoliberal governance mechanisms inscribed in the promotion of social enterprises and social entrepreneurs. This study also has important practical implications insofar as it reveals how Korean progressive leftists are unintentionally allied with neoliberalism, and thereby ironically reinforce its hegemony. INDEX WORDS: Social enterprise, Social entrepreneur, Neoliberalism, Governmentality, Hegemony, Social economy NEOLIBERALISM AND THE POLITICS OF SOCIAL ENTERPRISES IN SOUTH KOREA: THE DYNAMICS OF NEOLIBERAL GOVERNMENTALITY AND HEGEMONY by JOOHWAN KIM A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2016 Copyright by JooHwan Kim 2016 NEOLIBERALISM AND THE POLITICS OF SOCIAL ENTERPRISES IN SOUTH KOREA: THE DYNAMICS OF NEOLIBERAL GOVERNMENTALITY AND HEGEMONY by JOOHWAN KIM Committee Chair: Anthony Hatch Committee: Wendy Simonds Jung Ha Kim Electronic Version Approved: Office of Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University May 2016 DEDICATION I dedicate this study to my parents and wife whose sacrifices and love made it possible. I would also like to dedicate this study to my friends, colleges, and advisors, especially Dr. Anthony Hatch, in thanks for all of their labor. I also dedicate this study to all of us who study and work to resist power systems of capitalism and neoliberalism. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to acknowledge the work of scholars and activists who have long been dedicated to illuminating new ways of governmental strategies and technologies and to resisting neoliberal power mechanisms. Intellectual conversations with many scholars, peers, and activists on the politics of social enterprises contributed to the development of this dissertation. I would like to acknowledge diverse sources of support from the Department of Sociology at Georgia State University. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................ iv LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................... xii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................... xiii 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 The Emergence of Social Enterprises in South Korea ............................................... 1 1.2 Aporia of Neoliberalism and Social Enterprises ........................................................ 10 1.3 Toward a Critical Theory of Social Enterprises ....................................................... 14 1.4 Literature Reviews ....................................................................................................... 18 1.4.1 The Type of Ideology Critique ............................................................................. 20 1.4.2 The Type of Normative Critique ......................................................................... 22 1.4.3 Foucauldian Critique of Neoliberal Governmentality ...................................... 25 1.4.4 The Type of Critique Focusing on Individuals’ Resistances ............................. 29 1.5 Research Questions ...................................................................................................... 30 1.6 Organization of the Study ........................................................................................... 31 2. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS AND METHODS ................................................... 35 2.1 Theoretical Frameworks ............................................................................................. 35 2.1.1 Neo-Marxist Social Theory .................................................................................. 35 2.1.2 Foucauldian Governmentality Theory ................................................................ 38 2.1.3 Synthesis of Neo-Marxist and Foucauldian Governmentality Theory ............ 45 vi 2.1.3.1 Convergences ................................................................................................... 46 2.1.3.2 Divergences ..................................................................................................... 50 2.1.3.3 Synthesis .......................................................................................................... 53 2.2 Methods and Data ........................................................................................................ 54 2.2.1 Critical Discourse Analysis .................................................................................. 55 2.2.1.1 The Dimension of Text ................................................................................... 56 2.2.1.2 The Dimension of Discursive Practice ........................................................... 56 2.2.1.3 The Dimension of Social Practice .................................................................. 58 2.2.2 Data ........................................................................................................................ 59 3. SOCIAL CONTEXTS OF THE EMERGENCE OF SOCIAL ENTERPRISES IN SOUTH KOREA ................................................................................................................. 62 3.1 The Contexts of Social Structural Changes in South Korean.................................. 62 3.2 The Development of Progressive Civil Movements and Social Enterprises ........... 65 3.3 Changes in the Relevant National Policies................................................................. 71 3.3.1 Public Work Program and Self-sufficiency Work Program ............................. 71 3.3.2 Social Employment Program ............................................................................... 74 3.3.3 Institutionalization of Social Enterprises and the Discursive Instigation ....... 78 3.4 Principles of Governmental Rationality .................................................................... 80 3.5 Conclusion: Hegemony as a
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