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ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES and CHEMICAL COMPOSITON of Municipal Sewage Sludge on the Quality of Soil and Characteristics in Lithuania’S Wastewater Treatment Crops

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ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES and CHEMICAL COMPOSITON of Municipal Sewage Sludge on the Quality of Soil and Characteristics in Lithuania’S Wastewater Treatment Crops AgroLife Scientific Journal - Volume 6, Number 2, 2017 influenced by sewage sludge and nitrogen. treatment plants in Swaziland in relation to ISSN 2285-5718; ISSN CD-ROM 2285-5726; ISSN ONLINE 2286-0126; ISSN-L 2285-5718 Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 24(2): p. 161-168. agricultural uses. Resources and Environment, 4(4): Khaliq A., Al-Busaidi A., Ahmed M., Al-Wardy M., p. 190-199. Agrama H., Choudri B.S., 2017. The effect of Praspaliauskas M., Pedišius N., 2017. A review of sludge ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITON OF municipal sewage sludge on the quality of soil and characteristics in Lithuania’s wastewater treatment crops. Int. J. Recycl Org. Waste Agricult., Vol. 6 (4): plants and perspectives of its usage in thermal DIFFERENT EXTRACTS OF MOSSES GATHERED FROM TURKEY p. 289-299. processes. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Kirchmann H., Börjesson G., Kätterer T., Cohen Y., Reviews 67, p. 899-907 Ozlem TONGUC YAYINTAS1, Ozlem SOGUT2, Sibel KONYALIOGLU3, 2017. From agricultural use of sewage sludge to Vaca-Paulín R., Esteller-Alberich M.V., Lugo-de la Selehattin YILMAZ4, Burcu TEPELİ4 nutrient extraction: a soil science outlook. Ambio, 46, Fuente J., Zavaleta-Mancera H.A., 2006. Effect of p. 143-154. sewage sludge or compost on the sorption and 1 Kominko H., Gorazda K., Wzorek Z., 2017. The distribution of copper and cadmium in soil. Waste Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale Applied Sciences, Department of Fisheries, Possibility of organo-Mineral Fertilizer Production Management 26, p. 71-81. Terzioglu Campus, 17100 Canakkale, Turkey, Email: [email protected] from Sewage Sludge. Waste Biomass Valor, Vol. Vieira R., Moriconi W., Pazianotto R., 2014. Residual 2Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Izmir, Turkey, 8(5): p. 1781-1791. and cumulative effects of soil application of sewage Email: [email protected] Leonard I., Dumitru M., Vrînceanu N., Motelică D.M., sludge on corn productivity. Environ. Sci. Pollut. 3Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy Department of Biochemistry Izmir, Turkey, Tănase V., 2007. Metodologie de utilizare a Res., 21: p. 6472-6481. Email: [email protected] nămolului orăşenesc în agricultură. Solness Wei Y., Liu Y., 2005. Effects of sewage sludge compost 4 Publishing House, Timişoara. application on crops and cropland in a 3-year field Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Science & Arts, Chemistry Department, Mininni G., Blanch A.R., Lucena F., Berselli S., 2015. study. Chemosphere 59, p. 1257-1265. Terzioglu Campus, 17100, Canakkale, Turkey, Email: [email protected] EU policy on sewage sludge utilization and ***Order 344/2004. Technical Norms on environmental perspectives on new approaches of sludge protection and especially of soils, when using sewage Corresponding author email: [email protected] management. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 22, p. 7361- sludge in agriculture. 7374. ***http://extension.psu.edu/effects-of-biosolids-on-soil- Mtshali J., Tirunch A., Fadiran A., 2014. Characteriza- and-crop-quality, 2017. Abstract tion of sewage sludge generated from wastewater Recent pharmacological investigations of bryophytes have proven that the active principles present in these plants are quite unique and having potential chemical application and antioxidant capacity. The mosses of Oxytegius tenuirostris, Eurhynchium striatum W. P. Schimper and Rhynchostegium murale (Hedw.) Schimp. were collected from different locations of Turkey, and dried and exracted with different solvents. Volatiles were isolated from the samples by solid phase microextraction. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify volatile compounds. Antioxidant activities of moss were tested by free radical scavenging activity (DPPH• assay), Trolox equivalent (TEAC) and Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) methods. Antioxidant activities were found for mossesas 24.67-67.12 mg/g from chloroform extract, 18.83-35.83 mg/g from ethanol extract, 7.78-46.09 mg/g from methanol extract and 12.56-34.13 mg/g from water extract by DPPH• assay method. Antioxidan activities were found as 562.07-2060.52 mg/g from chloroform extract, 597.44-1765.77 mg/g from ethanol extract, 2506.23-7454.92 mg/g from methanol extract and 676.41-5631.23 mg/g from water extract by Trolox method. Antioxidant activities were found as 9.78-64.60 mg/g from chloroform extract, 5.62-28.37 mg/g from ethanol extract, 4.23-30.54 mg/g from methanol extract and 4.92-27.77 mg/g from water extract by Cuprac method. On the basis of the results it is suggested that the extract of mosses species determined here could be of use as an easily accessible source of natural antioxidant for the treatment. Key words: Oxytegus tenuirostris, Eurhynchium striatum, Rhynchostegium murale, mosses, antioxidant activity, DPPH; TEAC, CUPRAC methods. INTRODUCTION bioactive or health-promoting compounds, which play an important role in preventing Plant phenolics are commonly found in both cardiovascular diseases, cancers, obesity and edible and non-edible plants, and have been diabetes, lowering blood cholesterol level, and reported to have multiple biological effects, reducing inflammatory action (Halliwell, including antioxidant activity. The importance 1996). Bryophytes belong to phylum bryophyte of the antioxidant constituents of plant mate- and include three classes Hepaticopsida rials in the maintenance of health and protec- (liverworts), Bryopsida (mosses), and Antho- tion from coronary heart disease and cancer is cerotea (hornworts). They are small, terrestrial also raising interest among scientists, food photosynthetic, spore-bearing plants that manufacturers, and consumers as the trend of require a humid environment and can be found the future is moving toward functional food all over the world. There are about 20,000 with specific health effects (Löliger, 1991). species of bryophytes worldwide, which is Most phytochemicals in natural agricultural about five percent of the total of 400,000 plant sources have been generally recognized as species on the earth (Zinsmeister, 1991). 205 Until now, the chemistry of less than 10% of around stones in woodland, especially on base Un�vers�ty, Appl�ed Sc�enceof College, and Frey 2011).We �nvest�gated the follow�ng bryophytes has been studied and different types rich soils, but also on neutral to slightly acidic Fisheries Technology,Turkey. The status of spec�es: Oxystegus tenu�rostr�s (Hooker & of terpenoids, bisbibenzyls, flavonoids, substrates.The GC-MS method is usually used these taxa wasevaluated by reviewing the Taylor) A. Sm�th, Eurhynch�um str�atum alkaloids, and other novel compounds have to determine the chemical composition of the related literature for Turkey (Uyar and Çetin (Schreb. ex Hedw.) Sch�mp, Rhynchosteg�um been isolated. Much of this has been mosses(Yayintas et al., 2017). Generally, the 2004, Kürschner and Erdağ 2005; Kürschner murale (Hedw.) Sch�mp (F�gures 1 a, b, c). documented in regular reviews (Asakawa, antioxidant activities of mosses are using 2004). Bryophytes are considered as a CERAC, CUPRAC, TEAC, DPPH*, TPC, and “remarkable reservoir” of new, natural FRAP methods (Ertürk et al., 2015). products or secondary compounds, many of which have shown interesting biologic activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS These activities can be presented as: antimi- crobial, antifungal, cytotoxic, antitumor, vaso- Collection and identification ofmosses pressin (VP) antagonist andcardiotonic. Some Moss samples were collected from different of the latest results also predicted the beneficial locations of the Turkey, and dried accordingly. influence of bryophytes in AIDS therapy (some List of location sites: (a) (b) (c) bibenzyles of liverworts) (Sabovljevic 2001, Oxystegus tenuirostris (Hooker & Taylor) A. Pejin et al., 2012; Pejin et al., 2013). The biolo- Smith (Figure 1a). T. 1713: Osmaniye: Figure 1. Moss species of (a) Oxystegus tenuirostris (Hooker & Taylor) A. Smith, (b) Eurhynchium striatum (Schreb. ex Hedw.) Schimp, (c) Rhynchostegium murale (Hedw.) Schimp.in Turkey gical characteristics of the terpenoids and aro- Yarpuz-Hasanbeyli (Turkey) 15 km, road side, matic compounds isolated from bryophytes 1500m, partial shade, on rock, 2002 (OT1). Extraction of Moss Specimens temperature for 30 minutes in the dark. The show antibacterial and anti-fungal activity This abrrevation is indicated that Oxystegus Milled moss specimens were weighed, extrac- absorbance was taken at 517 nm. RSD is cal- (Barros, 2007; Miller and Rice-Evans, 1999; tenuirostris. T. 1715: Osmaniye: Yarpuz, tion is carried out with chloroform, ethanol, me- culated by measuring the average and the third Veljıć et al., 2010). Antioxidant capacity of the Fındıcak Tarla, (Turkey), 750 m, partial shade, thanol and water successively. 5 ml of chloro- the preparation of each sample. Results are moss was found to be higher than certain on rock, 2002 (OT2). T. 1718: Osmaniye: form was added to each sample and mixed with calculated as % reduction (Amarowicz, 2004) common plants (Montenegro et al., 2009). Yukarı dereli village (Turkey), 350 m, on soil, a vortex. It was waited for 30 min in ultrasonic (Table 2). Trolox was used as a standard. (Singh et al., 2006), viral diseases (Frahm, slope, 2002 (OT3).OT1-OT3 are indicated that bath and then mixed with vortex. Then, filtered 2004) etc. antioxidant capacity. Ethnomedicinal Oxystegus tenuirostris. T is indicated that and dried drogs. The same procedure was Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity use of different bryophytes
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