DOCSLIB.ORG

Inorganic Selenium and Tellurium Speciation in Aqueous Medium of Biological Samples

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Inorganic Selenium and Tellurium Speciation in Aqueous Medium of Biological Samples 1 INORGANIC SELENIUM AND TELLURIUM SPECIATION IN AQUEOUS MEDIUM OF BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES ________________________ A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Chemistry Sam Houston State University ________________________ In Partial fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science ________________________ by Rukma S. T. Basnayake December, 2001 2 INORGANIC SELENIUM AND TELLURIUM SPECIATION IN AQUEOUS MEDIUM OF BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES by Rukma S.T. Basnayake _______________________________ APPROVED: ________________________________ Thomas G. Chasteen, Thesis Director ________________________________ Paul A. Loeffler ________________________________ Benny E. Arney Jr. APPROVED: _____________________________ Dr. Brian Chapman, Dean College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT Basnayake, Rukma ST, Inorganic Selenium and Tellurium Speciation in Aqueous Medium of Biological Samples, Master of Science (Chemistry), December 2001, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, Texas, 60 pp. Purpose The purpose of this research was to develop methods to study the ability of bacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens K27 to detoxify tellurium and selenium salts by biotransformation processes under anaerobic conditions. Another purpose was to make an effort to separate biologically produced Se0 from cells. Methods Pseudomonas fluorescens K27 was grown in TSN3 medium (tryptic soy broth with 0.3% nitrate) under anaerobic conditions and the production of elemental tellurium and elemental selenium was observed when amended with inorganic tellurium salts and selenium salts, respectively. The amount of soluble tellurium species in the culture medium also was determined. Samples from a 2.75 L bioreactor were taken after cultures had reached the stationary growth phase and were centrifuged in order to separate insoluble species (elemental tellurium, elemental selenium) from soluble species (oxyanions of tellurium, oxyanions of selenium). In tellurium samples, supernatant consisting of soluble tellurium and the sediment consisting of insoluble tellurium were analyzed separately by oxidation and reduction procedures followed by using hydride generation atomic absorption spectroscopy (HGAAS). Sediment from selenium bioreactor samples was used to find free elemental selenium and elemental selenium inside and/or on K27 cells. A sucrose density gradient with overlaid precipitate was prepared, centrifuged, fractionated and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) to find the concentration of Se0 and also analyzed by UV/Vis spectrometry to find the distribution of cells in the sucrose gradient. 4 Findings K27 grew well in TSN3 medium under anaerobic conditions. Bacterial cells survived and continued their growth when poisoned with 1 mM tellurate or 10 mM selenite and produced elemental tellurium or elemental selenium. The calibration range for Te analysis using the HGAAS instrumental method was narrow (~0Ð20 ppb) with a detection limit of 3 ppb. The calibration range for Se analysis using ICP-AES instrumental method was wide (~0Ð1000 ppb) with a detection limit of 500 ppb. Approximately 66% of added tellurium was recovered in the liquid medium and 34% was recovered in the solid phase. According to the sucrose density gradient experiment, it was not clear whether selenium was distributed outside the K27 cells as well as inside the K27 cells; either Se0 has the same density as cells or Se0 and cells are bound together. Approved: ______________________________ Thomas G. Chasteen Thesis Director 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to Dr. Thomas Chasteen, for the great amount of time, effort, support and guidance. He was not only my thesis advisor but also my graduate advisor through out my studies at Sam. I am deeply grateful for his understanding and patience during the research, the thesis writing and the analytical chemistry lecture course. Specially, without his support and help I could not even have come to the United States. I extend my sincere thanks to Dr. Harry Kurtz, professor in Biology for letting me to use the centrifuge in Biology department and for his guidance and help for this research. I also thank to the faculty who taught me in last two years; and to Ms. Pat Johnson for her daily help. I thank Ms. Janet Bius and Mr. Suminda Hapuarachchi for all their help, kindness and friendship during these two years at Sam. Special thanks go to my parents for their love and bringing me up here, to this level. Finally, I thank my husband, Ananda Bandulasiri who is a graduate student at department of statistics at Sam, for providing me constant support whenever I need it. I dedicate this thesis to my parents, my husband and my son Sithija. This is the least I can do to show you how much I love you all. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE ABSTRACTÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.v TABLE OF CONTENTSÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.vi LIST OF TABLESÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ ÉÉ.vii LIST OF FIGURESÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ..Éix CHAPTERS I. INTRODUCTIONÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.1 II. EXPERIMENTAL...ÉÉ...ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ...8 Part 1 ReagentsÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.8 Part 2. InstrumentationÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ12 Part 3. Bioreactor ExperimentsÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.ÉÉ..13 Part 4. ProceduresÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.ÉÉ..14 III. DATA AND RESULTSÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ..22 IV. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONSÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ...49 BIBLIOGRAPHYÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ55 APPENDIXÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ..59 Chemical Abstract Service Registry NumbersÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ..59 VITAÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ60 7 LIST OF TABLES Table I Intake of selenium in relation to healthÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ...2 Table II The selenium content of water, milk, eggs meat and breadÉÉÉÉ3 Table III Te calibration data from HGAASÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ..23 Table IV Distribution of Te among supernatant and solid phase in four duplicate bioreactor experiments. Each run involved four replicatesÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ..25 Table V Se calibration data in 0.05 M sucrose medium from ICP-AES experimentsÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ...26 Table VI Se calibration data in 0.67 M sucrose medium from ICP-AES experimentsÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ...27 Table VII Se calibration data in 0.75 M sucrose medium from ICP-AES experimentsÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ...28 Table VIII Se calibration data in 0.83 M sucrose medium from ICP-AES experimentsÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ29 Table IX ICP-AES analysis of sucrose gradients. Observed concentrations of selenium in each fraction-Bioreactor experiment 1ÉÉÉÉÉ...30 Table X UV/Vis analysis of sucrose gradients. Optical density of each fraction at 526 nm-Bioreactor experiment 1ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ..31 Table XI ICP-AES analysis of sucrose gradients. Observed concentrations of selenium in each fraction-Bioreactor experiment 2ÉÉÉÉÉ...33 Table XII UV/Vis analysis of sucrose gradients. Optical density of each fraction at 526 nm-Bioreactor experiment 2ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ..34 Table XIII ICP-AES analysis of sucrose gradients. Observed concentrations of selenium in each fraction-Bioreactor experiment 3ÉÉÉÉÉ...36 Table XIV UV/Vis analysis of sucrose gradients. Optical density of each fraction at 526 nm-Bioreactor experiment 3ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ..37 8 Table XV UV/Vis analysis of unamended cultures. Optical density of each fraction at 526 nmÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ42 Table XVI Variation of optical density at 526 nm with the concentration of sucrose solutionsÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ...44 Table XVII Observed concentrations for 13.38 ppb tellurium samples from HGAAS methodÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ..45 Table XVIII Observed concentrations for 600 ppb selenium samples from ICP-AES methodÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ45 Table XIX Observed data for deionized water samples from HGAAS methodÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.ÉÉÉÉ..46 9 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Marked polycarbonate tube in 450 angleÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ...16 Figure 2 Sucrose gradients overlain with culture suspension, before centrifugation. Culture suspension is on the top most layerÉÉÉ..17 Figure 3 Sucrose gradients after centrifugation. Culture suspension has distributed among the sucrose layersÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.18 Figure 4 Calibration curve for Te analysis using HGAASÉÉ.ÉÉÉÉÉ.23 Figure 5 Calibration curve for Se analysis in 0.05 M sucrose medium using ICP-AESÉÉ.ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.26 Figure 6 Calibration curve for Se analysis in 0.67 M sucrose medium using ICP-AESÉÉ.ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.27 Figure 7 Calibration curve for Se analysis in 0.75 M sucrose medium using ICP-AESÉÉ.ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.28 Figure 8 Calibration curve for Se analysis in 0.83 M sucrose medium using ICP-AESÉÉ.ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ..29 Figure 9 Tube profile showing the average distribution of selenium and cells in each sucrose layer for three tubes from the same bioreactor-Bioreactor experiment 1ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ.32 Figure 10 Tube profile showing the average distribution of selenium and cells in each sucrose layer for three tubes from the same bioreactor -Bioreactor experiment 2ÉÉÉÉ.ÉÉÉÉÉÉ35 Figure 11 Tube profile showing the average distribution of selenium and cells in each sucrose layer for three tubes from the same bioreactor -Bioreactor experiment 3ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ38 Figure 12 Tube profile for replicate bioreactor experiments showing the distribution of selenium in each sucrose layerÉÉÉ..39 Figure 13 Tube profile for replicate bioreactor experiments showing the distribution of cells in each sucrose layer based on optical densityÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ40 Figure 14 Tube profile showing the distribution of cells Unamended bioreactor experimentÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ43 10 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Selenium was identified as an element in 1817 by the Swedish chemist, Berzelius. It was named from the Greek word, selene, meaning Òthe moonÓ, because
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Selenium and Tellurium in 2017
    2017 Minerals Yearbook SELENIUM AND TELLURIUM [ADVANCE RELEASE] U.S. Department of the Interior May 2020 U.S. Geological Survey Selenium and Tellurium By C. Schuyler Anderson Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by Robin C. Kaiser, statistical assistant. In 2017, selenium and tellurium were not refined in the selenium dioxide (SeO2) was substituted for sulfur dioxide United States. Three copper refineries produced either to reduce the power required to operate electrolytic cells. In semirefined selenium and tellurium or selenium- and tellurium- 2017, global production of manganese increased by 37% to containing copper anode slimes, and all production was 1.73 million metric tons, of which China remained the main exported for further processing. U.S. imports and exports producer (International Manganese Institute, 2018, p. 17). of selenium and tellurium increased in 2017 compared with In other metallurgical applications, selenium was used with those in 2016. The average Platts Metals Week New York bismuth to substitute for lead as a free-machining agent in brass dealer price for 99.5%-pure selenium in 2017 decreased by plumbing fixtures. Metallurgical-grade selenium also was used 54% to $10.78 per pound from $23.69 per pound in 2016, as an additive to cast iron, copper, lead, and steel alloys. reaching the lowest price since 2003. The average price for In the glass industry, selenium was used to decolorize the 99.99%-pure tellurium (in warehouse, Rotterdam), as reported green tint caused by iron impurities in container glass and other by Argus Media group—Argus Metals International, increased soda-lime silica glass.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Development of the Periodic Classification of the Chemical Elements
    THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERIODIC CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS by RONALD LEE FFISTER B. S., Kansas State University, 1962 A MASTER'S REPORT submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree FASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Physical Science KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 196A Approved by: Major PrafeLoor ii |c/ TABLE OF CONTENTS t<y THE PROBLEM AND DEFINITION 0? TEH-IS USED 1 The Problem 1 Statement of the Problem 1 Importance of the Study 1 Definition of Terms Used 2 Atomic Number 2 Atomic Weight 2 Element 2 Periodic Classification 2 Periodic Lav • • 3 BRIEF RtiVJiM OF THE LITERATURE 3 Books .3 Other References. .A BACKGROUND HISTORY A Purpose A Early Attempts at Classification A Early "Elements" A Attempts by Aristotle 6 Other Attempts 7 DOBEREBIER'S TRIADS AND SUBSEQUENT INVESTIGATIONS. 8 The Triad Theory of Dobereiner 10 Investigations by Others. ... .10 Dumas 10 Pettehkofer 10 Odling 11 iii TEE TELLURIC EELIX OF DE CHANCOURTOIS H Development of the Telluric Helix 11 Acceptance of the Helix 12 NEWLANDS' LAW OF THE OCTAVES 12 Newlands' Chemical Background 12 The Law of the Octaves. .........' 13 Acceptance and Significance of Newlands' Work 15 THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF LOTHAR MEYER ' 16 Chemical Background of Meyer 16 Lothar Meyer's Arrangement of the Elements. 17 THE WORK OF MENDELEEV AND ITS CONSEQUENCES 19 Mendeleev's Scientific Background .19 Development of the Periodic Law . .19 Significance of Mendeleev's Table 21 Atomic Weight Corrections. 21 Prediction of Hew Elements . .22 Influence
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of the Periodic Table and Its Consequences Citation: J
    Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia The Development of the Periodic Table and its Consequences Citation: J. Emsley (2019) The Devel- opment of the Periodic Table and its Consequences. Substantia 3(2) Suppl. 5: 15-27. doi: 10.13128/Substantia-297 John Emsley Copyright: © 2019 J. Emsley. This is Alameda Lodge, 23a Alameda Road, Ampthill, MK45 2LA, UK an open access, peer-reviewed article E-mail: [email protected] published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) and distributed under the terms of the Abstract. Chemistry is fortunate among the sciences in having an icon that is instant- Creative Commons Attribution License, ly recognisable around the world: the periodic table. The United Nations has deemed which permits unrestricted use, distri- 2019 to be the International Year of the Periodic Table, in commemoration of the 150th bution, and reproduction in any medi- anniversary of the first paper in which it appeared. That had been written by a Russian um, provided the original author and chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, and was published in May 1869. Since then, there have source are credited. been many versions of the table, but one format has come to be the most widely used Data Availability Statement: All rel- and is to be seen everywhere. The route to this preferred form of the table makes an evant data are within the paper and its interesting story. Supporting Information files. Keywords. Periodic table, Mendeleev, Newlands, Deming, Seaborg. Competing Interests: The Author(s) declare(s) no conflict of interest. INTRODUCTION There are hundreds of periodic tables but the one that is widely repro- duced has the approval of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and is shown in Fig.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Download
    Preparation of Telluric Acid from Tellurium Dioxide by Oxidation with Potassium Permanganate Frank C. Mathers, Charles M. Rice, Howard Broderick, and Robert Forney, Indiana University General Statement Tellurium dioxide, Te0 2 , although periodically similar to sulfur dioxide, cannot be oxidized by nitric acid to the valence of six, i.e., to telluric acid, H 2 Te04.2H 2 0. Among the many stronger oxidizing agents that will produce this oxidation, potassium permanganate in a nitric acid solution is quite satisfactory. This paper gives directions and data for the preparation of telluric acid by this reaction. The making of telluric acid is a desirable laboratory experiment because (1) tellurim dioxide is available in large quantities and is easily obtained, (2) the telluric acid is a stable compound, easily purified, easily crystallized, and non-corrosive, and (3) students are interested in experimenting with the rarer elements. The small soluibility of telluric acid and the high solubility of both manganese and potassium nitrates in nitric acidi gives a sufficient differ- ence in properties for successful purification by crystallization of the telluric acid. Methods of Analyses Tellurium dioxide can be volumetrically 2 titrated in a sulfuric acid solution by an excess of standard potassium permanganate, followed by enough standard oxalic acid to decolorize the excess of permanganate. The excess of oxalic acid must then be titrated by more of the perman- ganate. The telluric acid can be titrated, like any ordinary monobasic acid, 3 (1911). with standard sodium hydroxide using phenolphthalein as an indicator, if an equal volume of glycerine is added. If any nitric acid is present, it must be neutralized first with sodium hydroxide, using methyl orange as indicator.
    [Show full text]
  • The Periodic Table of Elements
    The Periodic Table of Elements 1 2 6 Atomic Number = Number of Protons = Number of Electrons HYDROGENH HELIUMHe 1 Chemical Symbol NON-METALS 4 3 4 C 5 6 7 8 9 10 Li Be CARBON Chemical Name B C N O F Ne LITHIUM BERYLLIUM = Number of Protons + Number of Neutrons* BORON CARBON NITROGEN OXYGEN FLUORINE NEON 7 9 12 Atomic Weight 11 12 14 16 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 SODIUMNa MAGNESIUMMg ALUMINUMAl SILICONSi PHOSPHORUSP SULFURS CHLORINECl ARGONAr 23 24 METALS 27 28 31 32 35 40 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 POTASSIUMK CALCIUMCa SCANDIUMSc TITANIUMTi VANADIUMV CHROMIUMCr MANGANESEMn FeIRON COBALTCo NICKELNi CuCOPPER ZnZINC GALLIUMGa GERMANIUMGe ARSENICAs SELENIUMSe BROMINEBr KRYPTONKr 39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 RUBIDIUMRb STRONTIUMSr YTTRIUMY ZIRCONIUMZr NIOBIUMNb MOLYBDENUMMo TECHNETIUMTc RUTHENIUMRu RHODIUMRh PALLADIUMPd AgSILVER CADMIUMCd INDIUMIn SnTIN ANTIMONYSb TELLURIUMTe IODINEI XeXENON 85 88 89 91 93 96 98 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131 55 56 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 CESIUMCs BARIUMBa HAFNIUMHf TANTALUMTa TUNGSTENW RHENIUMRe OSMIUMOs IRIDIUMIr PLATINUMPt AuGOLD MERCURYHg THALLIUMTl PbLEAD BISMUTHBi POLONIUMPo ASTATINEAt RnRADON 133 137 178 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 209 210 222 87 88 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 FRANCIUMFr RADIUMRa RUTHERFORDIUMRf DUBNIUMDb SEABORGIUMSg BOHRIUMBh HASSIUMHs MEITNERIUMMt DARMSTADTIUMDs ROENTGENIUMRg COPERNICIUMCn NIHONIUMNh
    [Show full text]
  • Developing a Method for Determining the Mass Balance of Selenium and Tellurium Bioprocessed by a Selenium-Resistant Bacterium Grown in The
    Developing a Method for Determining the Mass Balance of Selenium and Tellurium Bioprocessed by a Selenium-Resistant Bacterium Grown in the Presence of Selenite or Tellurite __________________ A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of Chemistry Sam Houston State University ____________________ In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science ____________________ by Janet Horton Bius December, 2001 Developing a Method for Determining the Mass Balance of Selenium and Tellurium Bioprocessed by a Selenium-Resistant Bacterium Grown in the Presence of Selenite or Tellurite by Janet Horton Bius ____________________ Approved: _____________________________ Thomas G. Chasteen ____________________________ Mary F. Plishker ____________________________ Rick C. White Approved: ____________________________ Brian Chapman, Dean College of Arts and Sciences II ABSTRACT Bius, Janet Horton, Developing a Method for Determining the Mass Balance of Selenium and Tellurium Bioprocessed by a Selenium-Resistant Bacterium Grown in the Presence of Selenite or Tellurite, Master of Science (Chemistry), December, 2001. Sam Houston State University, Hunts- ville, Texas, 68 pp. Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to determine: (1) the mass balance of selenium or tellurium that was bioreduced when a selenium-resistant facultative anaerobe was amended with either selenium or tellurium; and (2) methods to analyze for these metalloids in biological samples. Methods Analytical methods were developed for the determination of
    [Show full text]
  • Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet
    Right to Know Hazardous Substance Fact Sheet Common Name: TELLURIUM Synonyms: Aurum Paradoxum; Telloy CAS Number: 13494-80-9 Chemical Name: Tellurium RTK Substance Number: 1777 Date: November 1999 Revision: April 2009 DOT Number: UN 1325 Description and Use EMERGENCY RESPONDERS >>>> SEE LAST PAGE Tellurium is an odorless, silvery-white crystalline (sand-like) Hazard Summary solid or a dark gray to brown powder. It is used as an additive Hazard Rating NJDOH NFPA to metals, in vulcanizing rubber, and in storage batteries, and HEALTH 3 - as a coloring agent in glass and ceramics. FLAMMABILITY *3 - REACTIVITY 0 - *FLAMMABLE (FINELY DIVIDED Tellurium) POISONOUS GASES ARE PRODUCED IN FIRE Reasons for Citation Hazard Rating Key: 0=minimal; 1=slight; 2=moderate; 3=serious; f Tellurium is on the Right to Know Hazardous Substance 4=severe List because it is cited by OSHA, ACGIH, DOT and NIOSH. f This chemical is on the Special Health Hazard Substance List. f Tellurium can affect you when inhaled. f Contact can irritate the skin and eyes. f Exposure can irritate the nose and throat. f Inhaling Tellurium can irritate the lungs. Higher exposures may cause a build-up of fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema), a medical emergency. f Exposure to Tellurium can cause headache, fatigue, dizziness, drowsiness and weakness. SEE GLOSSARY ON PAGE 5. f Repeated exposure can cause garlic odor to the breath, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite and upset stomach, FIRST AID metallic taste and irritability. Eye Contact f Prolonged or repeated exposure can cause drying and f Immediately flush with large amounts of water for at least 15 cracking of the skin with redness.
    [Show full text]
  • Periodic Table of the Elements Notes
    Periodic Table of the Elements Notes Arrangement of the known elements based on atomic number and chemical and physical properties. Divided into three basic categories: Metals (left side of the table) Nonmetals (right side of the table) Metalloids (touching the zig zag line) Basic Organization by: Atomic structure Atomic number Chemical and Physical Properties Uses of the Periodic Table Useful in predicting: chemical behavior of the elements trends properties of the elements Atomic Structure Review: Atoms are made of protons, electrons, and neutrons. Elements are atoms of only one type. Elements are identified by the atomic number (# of protons in nucleus). Energy Levels Review: Electrons are arranged in a region around the nucleus called an electron cloud. Energy levels are located within the cloud. At least 1 energy level and as many as 7 energy levels exist in atoms Energy Levels & Valence Electrons Energy levels hold a specific amount of electrons: 1st level = up to 2 2nd level = up to 8 3rd level = up to 8 (first 18 elements only) The electrons in the outermost level are called valence electrons. Determine reactivity - how elements will react with others to form compounds Outermost level does not usually fill completely with electrons Using the Table to Identify Valence Electrons Elements are grouped into vertical columns because they have similar properties. These are called groups or families. Groups are numbered 1-18. Group numbers can help you determine the number of valence electrons: Group 1 has 1 valence electron. Group 2 has 2 valence electrons. Groups 3–12 are transition metals and have 1 or 2 valence electrons.
    [Show full text]
  • Periodic Table 1 Periodic Table
    Periodic table 1 Periodic table This article is about the table used in chemistry. For other uses, see Periodic table (disambiguation). The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic numbers (numbers of protons in the nucleus), electron configurations , and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number, which is typically listed with the chemical symbol in each box. The standard form of the table consists of a grid of elements laid out in 18 columns and 7 Standard 18-column form of the periodic table. For the color legend, see section Layout, rows, with a double row of elements under the larger table. below that. The table can also be deconstructed into four rectangular blocks: the s-block to the left, the p-block to the right, the d-block in the middle, and the f-block below that. The rows of the table are called periods; the columns are called groups, with some of these having names such as halogens or noble gases. Since, by definition, a periodic table incorporates recurring trends, any such table can be used to derive relationships between the properties of the elements and predict the properties of new, yet to be discovered or synthesized, elements. As a result, a periodic table—whether in the standard form or some other variant—provides a useful framework for analyzing chemical behavior, and such tables are widely used in chemistry and other sciences. Although precursors exist, Dmitri Mendeleev is generally credited with the publication, in 1869, of the first widely recognized periodic table.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Effects of the Addition of Tellurium to Lead Alloys Selim Ozsahin
    Montana Tech Library Digital Commons @ Montana Tech Bachelors Theses and Reports, 1928 - 1970 Student Scholarship 5-16-1941 Some Effects of the Addition of Tellurium to Lead Alloys Selim Ozsahin Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/bach_theses Part of the Ceramic Materials Commons, Environmental Engineering Commons, Geology Commons, Geophysics and Seismology Commons, Metallurgy Commons, Other Engineering Commons, and the Other Materials Science and Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Ozsahin, Selim, "Some Effects of the Addition of Tellurium to Lead Alloys" (1941). Bachelors Theses and Reports, 1928 - 1970. 141. http://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/bach_theses/141 This Bachelors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at Digital Commons @ Montana Tech. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bachelors Theses and Reports, 1928 - 1970 by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Montana Tech. For more information, please contact [email protected]. OZSQh/n, S SOME EFFECTS OF THE ADDITION OF TELLURIUM TO LEAD ALLOYS by Selim Ozsahin A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Metallurgy in Partial Fulfillment of the ~ R~quirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Metallurgical Engineering MONTANA SCHOOL OF MINES Butte, Montana May 16, 1941 DNTANA SCHOOL OF ViINES USRA ~ • SOME EFFECTS OF THE ADDITION OF TELLURIUM TO LEAD ALLOYS by Selim Ozsahin I-¢S"SO A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Metallurgy in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Metallurgical Engineering MONTANA SCHOOL OF MINES Butte, Montana May 16, 1941 TANA SCHOO IBRAin. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ••••••••••.•••• ...................1 Constitution and Properties of Pb-Te Alloys •••5 " Pb-Sb.
    [Show full text]
  • (%.(Zwj-2Mk Date
    The behavior of tellurium during copper ore processing at the American Smelting and Refining Company (Tucson, AZ) Item Type Thesis Authors Josephson, Amy E. Download date 10/10/2021 10:50:30 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/11122/6826 THE BEHAVIOR OF TELLURIUM DURING COPPER ORE PROCESSING AT THE AMERICAN SMELTING AND REFINING COMPANY (TUCSON, AZ) By Amy E. Josephson RECOMMENDED: \k/ — Dr. Rainer J. Newberry Dr. Thomas P. Trainor Dr. Sarah M. Hayes Advisory Committee Chair Dr. Thomas K. Green Chair, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry APPROVED: Dr. Paul W. Layer Dean, College of Nat and Mathematics Dean of the Graduate School ... (%.(ZwJ-2Mk Date / THE BEHAVIOR OF TELLURIUM DURING COPPER ORE PROCESSING AT THE AMERICAN SMELTING AND REFINING COMPANY (TUCSON, AZ) By Amy E. Josephson, B.S. A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Chemistry University of Alaska Fairbanks August 2016 APPROVED: Sarah M. Hayes, Committee Chair Rainer J. Newberry, Committee Member Thomas P. Trainor, Committee Member Thomas K. Green, Chair Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Paul W. Layer, Dean College of Natural Science and Mathematics Michael A. Castellini, Dean of the Graduate School Abstract Essentially all tellurium (Te), an element used in solar panels and other high technology devices, is recovered as a byproduct of copper mining. Recent increases in demand have sparked questions of long-term supplies of Te (crustal abundance ~3 pg-kg"1). As part of a larger study investigating Te resources, this project examines the behavior of Te during Cu ore mining, smelting, and refining at the American Smelting and Refining Company (Tucson, AZ) as a first step toward optimizing Te recovery.
    [Show full text]
  • The Control of the Grain Size of Zinc
    Montana Tech Library Digital Commons @ Montana Tech Bachelors Theses and Reports, 1928 - 1970 Student Scholarship 5-8-1936 The onC trol of the Grain Size of Zinc Oswald J. Wick Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/bach_theses Part of the Ceramic Materials Commons, Environmental Engineering Commons, Geology Commons, Geophysics and Seismology Commons, Metallurgy Commons, Other Engineering Commons, and the Other Materials Science and Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Wick, Oswald J., "The onC trol of the Grain Size of Zinc" (1936). Bachelors Theses and Reports, 1928 - 1970. 67. http://digitalcommons.mtech.edu/bach_theses/67 This Bachelors Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at Digital Commons @ Montana Tech. It has been accepted for inclusion in Bachelors Theses and Reports, 1928 - 1970 by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ Montana Tech. For more information, please contact [email protected]. I Wick,O.J. THE CONTROL OF THE GRAIN SIZE OF ZINC by OSWALD J. WICK A ThesIs SubmItted to the Department of Metallurgy in partIal FulfIllment of the Requirement for the Degree of BaChelor of Science in Metallurgical Engineering MONTANA SCHOOL OF MINES BUTTE, MONTANA MAY8, 1936 ~NTANA sCHga~Of MJNf! UBIWlY. .. - .;..... THE CONTROL OF THE GRAIN SIZE OF ZINC by OSWALD J. WICK A T~esis Subm1 tted to the Dep,artment of Metallurgy in partial Fu1fillment of the Requirement for the Degree ot Bachelor of Scienc~ in Metallurgioal Engineering I /17A7 ,I MONTANA SCHOOL OF MINE~ LlBBAB~o . - -. ...., MONTANA SCijOOL OF MINES BUTTE. MONT ANA MAY 5, 1936 I ...
    [Show full text]