Of Vuvuzelas and Caxirolas: UNESCO's Policies on Cultural

Of vuvuzelas and caxirolas: UNESCO’s policies on cultural diversity as expressions of the relationship between globalization and governance Aysha Mawani Art History and Communication Studies McGill University Montreal, Quebec February 2015 A thesis submitted to McGill University in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy © Copyright, Aysha Mawani, 2015 Abstract and Key Words In this dissertation, I explore the significance of “policy frames” and “policy frameworks”, as mobilized by global governance institutions, in a context of contemporary globalization. The discussion of “framing” policy issues has been widely used in policy analysis and is typically referenced in the context of problem definition, agenda-setting and advocacy and awareness raising. I adopt the notion of “policy frames”, further adding that in the context of global media policy-making, they serve to define norms and are thus established through a set of foundational principles. I explore how such frames get put into “practice” in global governance institutions with a view to developing policy frameworks. Policy frameworks, I suggest, flow from policy frames. They represent the myriad efforts to turn the normative principles of a given policy frame into applied actions with concrete outcomes. I focus my analysis on the UNESCO policy frame on cultural diversity, and its ensuing policy framework. In particular, I explore the mobilization of the notion of cultural diversity as a central policy issue at UNESCO, examining the key policy and political moments that resulted in the adoption of the 2001 UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity. I then examine how the Declaration was used to develop a policy framework on cultural diversity, most notably characterized by the 2005 UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions. The case study ultimately suggests that policy frames and their ensuing policy frameworks represent an instance of the tension between globalization and governance and emerge as expressions of the relationship between globalization and governance. Key words: Policy frame; policy framework; globalization; governance; global media policy; UNESCO; cultural diversity; cultural industries Dans cette thèse, j'explore la signification de « cadres des politiques » (policy frames) et « cadres politiques » (policy frameworks) comme mobilisé par les institutions de la gouvernance mondiale dans un contexte de mondialisation contemporaine. La discussion des questions de politique « d'encadrement » a été largement utilisée dans l'analyse des politiques et est généralement référée dans le cadre de la définition des problèmes, l'établissement de l'ordre du jour et de sensibilisation et mobilisation. J'adopte la notion de « cadres des politiques », ajoutant en même temps que dans le contexte des politiques médiatique globale, l'élaboration des politiques servent à définir les normes et sont ainsi établit à travers un ensemble de principes fondamentaux. J'explore ainsi la façon dont ces « cadres des politiques » se mettent en "vigueur" dans les institutions de la gouvernance mondiale en vue d'élaborer des « cadres politiques ». Les « cadres politiques », je suggère, découlent de ces « cadres des politiques ». Ils représentent la multitude des efforts pour transformer les principes normatifs d'un « cadre des politiques » visant à donner des résultats d’actions appliquées et concrets. Je concentre mon analyse sur le cadre des politiques de l'UNESCO sur la diversité culturelle, et de son cadre politique qui a suivi. En particulier, j'explore la mobilisation de la notion de la diversité culturelle comme une question politique centrale à l'UNESCO, ainsi que à l'examen de la politique clé et des moments politiques qui ont abouti à l'adoption de la Déclaration universelle de l'UNESCO sur la diversité culturelle de 2001. J'examine ensuite comment cette Déclaration a été utilisée pour élaborer un cadre politique sur la diversité culturelle, caractérisée notamment par la Convention de l'UNESCO de 2005 sur la protection et la promotion de la diversité des expressions culturelles. L'étude de ce cas suggère finalement que les « cadres des politiques » et leurs « cadres politiques » qui en découlent, constituent un exemple de la tension entre la mondialisation et la gouvernance et apparaissent comme des expressions de la relation entre la mondialisation et la gouvernance. Mots clés : cadre des politiques ; cadre politique ; la mondialisation ; la gouvernance ; politique médiatique globale ; UNESCO ; la diversité culturelle ; les industries culturelles 2 Acknowledgements and Dedication One of the most gratifying stages in completing this dissertation is the opportunity to look back and consider the individuals and organizations that offered support and guidance along the way. This research was made possible by a doctoral fellowship from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. In addition, I am grateful for funding received from McGill University’s Faculty of Arts, the School of Graduate Studies, and the Department of Art History and Communication Studies. Media@McGill also provided helpful support for this research. My professors at McGill University’s Faculty of Communication Studies were hugely influential. I am indebted to my supervisor, Marc Raboy, for your mentorship and guidance, as well as your patience and honesty these last eight years. The opportunity to learn from you has been one of the greatest gifts of this entire experience. Thank you for taking a chance on me. During the proposal stage when I first began developing the ideas that would eventually shape this dissertation, Darin Barney generously offered thoughtful comments that have had a lasting impact on my work. Carrie Rentschler encouraged me to focus not just on what I write about, but also on how I write. This was valuable advice. I also benefited from numerous discussions and insights shared by other faculty members. Jenny Burman, in particular, who I am fortunate to have on my committee, provided detailed and constructive comments in the final stages of review. My peers were also a source of support. In particular, my good friend Normand Landry never failed to express interest and enthusiasm for this project. I am deeply grateful for the opportunity to have participated in the U40 World Forum, funded in part by the German Commission for UNESCO. The peers that I met during this experience – from around the world and across a diversity of perspectives – challenged my thinking and encouraged me to explore new ideas. The network that grew from this experience was a beneficial source of friendship and inspiration. This dissertation was written entirely on evenings and weekends, vacations and holidays – outside of the standard 9 to 5 workday. I relied on many people to help me keep my eyes on the prize during the writing stage. My colleagues at work – several of whom have been through the process of completing their own doctoral studies – became my cheerleading squad of sorts. Friends, both near and far, raised my spirits and nurtured my soul when I most needed it. On countless occasions, you reminded me that this was a finite exercise. Leanne Taylor especially offered encouragement and support at every turn. The CrossFit Bytown community, of which I am so proud to be a part, has reminded me on a daily basis over the last year what it means to feel the fear and push past boundaries to reach new heights. My family is an enduring source of love, laughter and joy. None of this would mean half as much without all of you. To my brother, Aly, for your gentle and quiet encouragement – you really are the “wise old man of the mountain” and I still look up to you as I always have. To my sister in law, Lisa, who I adore, thank you for nurturing our mutual commitment to healthy living and for being a wonderful friend. Ayanna and Khalid, you make me smile each and every day. To my parents, Anil and Parvin – you have instilled in me a passion for life-long learning that I treasure. I could not have asked for better, more loving role models in life. Your influence and example are everywhere in the pages of this dissertation. No one has sacrificed more to ensure my completion of this dissertation than my loving husband, Mark. I cannot begin to express what you mean to me. Thank you for all that you are and all that you do for us. I dedicate this dissertation to you. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract and Key Words 2 Acknowledgements and Dedication 3 Table of Contents 4 Prologue 6 Chapter 1 Policy Frames, Policy Frameworks, Globalization and Governance 9 I. Introduction 9 II. Context 10 III. Research Focus: Policy Frames and Policy Frameworks 13 Chapter Outline 16 III. What is Globalization? 16 Economic Globalization 21 Political Globalization 24 Cultural Globalization 28 IV. Globalization and Governance 34 V. Dissertation Outline 36 Chapter 2 Research Design and Methodology 38 Chapter Outline 38 I. UNESCO: A Window into the Organization 39 II. Global Media Policy: A Conceptual Overview 43 III. The “Politics of Documentation” 46 IV. Methodology 49 Documentary Analysis 50 Methodological Reflections 55 Chapter 3 Looking Back to Move Forward: UNESCO’s Policy Canon on Culture and Communication 58 Chapter Outline 58 I. UNESCO in the Beginning 60 II. Culture and Communication at Stake: The Debates of the 1970s and 80s 69 The Cultural Industries and Cultural Development 69 4 In Pursuit of a New World Information and Communication Order 75 III. A New Era: The 1990s and the Push for Culture and Development 83 IV. The Free Trade in Cultural Products Reaches a Turning Point 95 V. Looking to the Future 107 Chapter 4 From Policy Issue to Policy Frame: The Idea of Cultural Diversity Takes Hold 109 Chapter Outline 109 I. Galvanizing Momentum for the Idea of Cultural Diversity 110 II. Examining the UDCD’s Contents 128 III. The UDCD: Exposing the Tensions 138 IV.

Load more