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Special Libraries, 1963 Special Libraries, 1960s

2-1-1963

Special Libraries, February 1963

Special Libraries Association

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SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION Putting Knowledge to Work OFFICERS DIRECTORS President SARAAULL ETHELS. KLAHRE University of Houston Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Cleveland, G Houston 4, Texas First Vice-president and President-Elect JOANM. HUTCHINSON MRS.MILDRED H. BRODE Research Center, Diamond Alkali David Taylor Model Basin, Washington, D. C. Company, Painesville, Ohio Second Vice-president ROBERTW. GIBSON,JR. PAULW. RILEY Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown College of Business Administration Heights, New York Boston College Secretary Chestnut Hill, ~assachusettr MRS.JEANNE B. NORTH MRS. ELIZABETHB. ROTH Lockheed Missiles 6 Spare Company, Palo Standard Oil Company of Califor- Alto, Calijornia nia, San Francisco, California Treasurer EDWARDG. STRABLE RALPHH. PHELPS J. Walter Thompson Comperny Engineering Societies Library, New Ymk, New York Chicago, Illinois Immediate Past-President MRS. ELIZABETHR. USHER EUGENEB. JACKSON Metropolitan Museum of Art Research Laboratories, General Motors Corporation New York, New York Warren, Michigan EXECUTIVE SECRETARY: BILL M. WOODS Special Libraries Association, 31 East 10 Street, New York 3, New York MEMBERSHIP Dues: Sustaining-$100 ; Active-$15 (Paid For Life-$250) ; Associate -$lo ; Affiliate-$1 5; Student-$2 ; Emeritus-$5. For qualifications, privileges and further information, write Special Libraries Association. THE 54TH CONVENTIONWILL BE AT DENVERHILTON HOTEL, DENVER, COLORADO, JUNE 9-13, 1963

- - PUBLICATIONS Aviation subject headings, 1949 ...... $1.75 hlap collections in the U. S. and Can- Bibliography of new guides and aids to ada ; a directory, 1954 ...... ublic documents use 1953-1956 (SLA National insurance organizations in the ~ibliographyno. 2), 1957 ...... 1.50 United States and Canada, 1957 ...... A checklist for the organization, opera- Picture sources: an introductory list, tion and evaluation of a company li- 1959 ...... br~,!960 ...... 2.00 SLA directory of members, as of Octo- Contrlbutlons toward a special library ber 21, 1960 ...... members glossary, 2nd ed., 1950 ...... 1.25 nonmembers Correlation index document series & PB SLA directory of members, as of October reports, 1953 ...... 10.00 15, 1962 ...... members Creation & development of an insur- nonmembers ance library, rev. ed., 1949 ...... 2.00 Source list of selected labor statistics, Dictionary of report series codes, 1962 .... 12.75 rev. ed., 1953 ...... Directory of special libraries, 1953 ...... 5.00 Sources of commodity prices, 1960 ...... Special Libraries Association-its first Guide to metallurgical information fifty years, 1909-1959, 1959 Ribliography no. 3), 1961 ...... ($LA ...... 4.00 Special Libraries Association personnel Guide to Russian reference and language survey 1959, 1960 ...... aids (SLA Bibliography no. 4), 1962 4.25 Subject headings for aeronautical engi- Guide to special issues and indexes of neering libraries, 1949 ...... periodicals, 1962 ...... 5.75 Subiect headinas for financial libraries. Guide to the SLA loan collection of 1954 ...... 1 ...... classification schemes and subject head- Translators and translations: services and ing lists, 5th ed., 1961 ...... 4.00 sources, 1959 ...... Handbook of scientific and technical U. S. sources of petroleum and natural awards in the United States and Can- gas statistics, 1961 ...... ada. 1900-1952, 1956 ...... 3.00 Visual presentation. Our library, 1953 .. SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS-Subscription, $7.00 ; Foreign, $8.00 SPECIAL LIBRARIES-Subscription, $10.00; Foreign, $11.00; Single copies, $1.50 TECHNICAL BOOK REVIEW INDEX-Subscription, $10.00 ; Foreign, $1 1.00 ; Single copies, $1.50 UNLISTED DRUGS-Subscription, $10.00

jPECIAL LIBRARIES is published by Special Libraries Association month1,y September to April nmonthly May to August at 73 Maln Street Brattleboro Vermont. ~ditdrialOffices: 31 East 10th street: yew York 3, New York. ~Lcondclass postage 'paid at ~ratt)leboro,Vermont. POSTMASTER: Return requested. Special Libraries Association, 31 East 10 St., New York 3, N. Y. complement to the finest books New Gaylord Plastic Book Supports

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SPECIAL LIBRARIES New Tools for Science and Technology Libraries Guide to Russian Reference and Language Aids SLA Bibliography No. 4 Compiled by ROSEMARYNEISWENDER, Library, RAND Corporation An annotated working guide to more than 200 current Russian text- books, language records, dictionaries, glossaries, encyclopedias, geo- graphical reference works, bibliographies, indexes, and other refer- ence sources. Appendices give Russian transliteration systems, retail sources, abbreviations of publishing house, and glossary of biblio- graphic and book-trade terms. Author-title-subject index. 1962 96 pages $4.25 Dictionary of Report Series Codes Edited by HELENF. REDMANand LOIS E. GODFREY Los Alarnos Scientific Laboratory Library 12,195 code designations used on reports issued by 3,992 Department of Defense agencies, Atomic Energy Comnlission, their contractors, other agencies of the United States government, and similar foreign government agencies. Colored sections differentiate alphabets of codes and corporate entries and introductory material, which includes back- ground, explanations on use, extensive reference notes, and sources. 1962 (iS6pdge.r $12.75 SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION, 31 East 10th St., New York 3

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In addition, there are the names of the Board of Directors, Chap- ter Presidents, Division and Sec- tion Chairmen, Committee Chair- men, and Special Representatives. The most practical and economical files for unbound magazines and pamphlets. New to this edition are the names of the SLA staff, Past-Presidents, Free sample MAGAFILE-with com- SLA Professional Award winners plete description and price list-will be and Hall of Fame members, and sent upon request. It must eel1 itself the full text of the Association's -no salesman follow-up. See, try and new Bylaws. prove to your own satisfaction with no obligation. A card today will bring a sample MAGAFILE by return mail. Special Libraries Association THE MAGAFILE CO. 31 East 10th Street, New York 3 P. 0. BOX 3121 ST. LOUIS 30, MO. SPECIAL LIBRARIES SPECIAL LIBRARIES Oficial Journal Special Libraries Association

~o~ume54, NO. 2 CONTENTS FEBRUARY 1963

Translation Activities in the United States and Future Requirements Information Retrieval from Technical Reports Using Termatrex Equipment The Use of Electronic Computers for Information Retrieval at the Naval Ordnance Test Station A Literature Survey of Technical Information Services Current Concentrates of the Library World Special Library Services-Current Thinking and Future Trends 2-39 Today: Its Work and Its Subcommittees Successful National Library Week Publicity Programs This Works For Us: A Journal Cross File

SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION SLA and Me Sustaining Members

NEWS Have You Heard Spotted Off the Press

Editor: MARYL. ALLISON Assistant Editor: EDYTHEC. PORPA Consultants: ALBERTAL. BROWN DR. I. A. WARHEIT

Papers published in SPECIAL LIBRARIES express the views of the authors and do not represent the opinion or the policy of the editorial staff or the publisher. Manuscripts submitted for fitrblication must be typed double space on only one side of paper and mailrd lo the editor. Reprlnts mav be ordered immediately before or after fiublication. 0 Subscriptions: U. S. $10; foreign, $11; single copies, $1.50. @ by Special Libraries Associ- ation 1963.

INDEXED IN Business Periodicals Index, Public Aflairs Information Service, Library Literature, Business i2lethod.r Index and Library Science A bstmcts. New Titles Emphasize Growing Value of U-M Periodical Services

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SPECIAL LIBRARIES SLA and Me HAT DOES IT DO for me? is the cry heard in our Association as "'Win others, as if the total function of the individual were to receive and that of the volunteer 'Association' were continually to give-with never the twain meeting. In past years, Special Libraries Association has given greatly to its members, but it is the members themselves who give to other members and the Headquarters' staff who accept more of the chores. This is no impersonal automat activated by chinking coin, the coin is nevertheless required." The above paragraph has been selected from the editorial of Bill Budington and Frank McKenna in the December 1962 issue of "Special Libraries" because of the opening question-a fair question indeed and one that should be answered before coming to a decision about the proposed dues increase. "What does it do for me?'-a very personal question and my answer concerns persons, not services or pub1ications. The Association started doing for me at my second Convention. Here I became involved in a discussion with Dr. Jolan Fertig at an Advisory Council meeting. Being newly entered in the lists, I was unaware that I was tilting against a proven champion of the Association. The bout was a draw, although I retired with nerves badly shaken from the vigor of her attack. After the meeting we left the hall by separate doors, but a turn in the corridor brought us face to face. However, this time I was opposite a lady with a lovely smile. She stopped me and said, "You know, you must not take our recent argument personally. Each of us do what we think is right for the Association, but we must remain friends." Later in the week I made my first report to the Executive Board. As I awaited my turn to speak, the formality of the meeting and the pene- trating questions of the Board members caused my self-confidence to wilt. When my name was called, my forward progress toward the long table was nearly stopped when the several heads slowly swivelled and nearly a dozen pair of eyes fell upon the faltering target. A sudden movement at the end of the table drew my attention to the Associa- tion's former Execuive Secretary, Marian Lucius. She had leaned across the table to catch my eye and with a nod, a smile, and a quick wink supplied the encouragement I needed to present a coherent report. These incidents that have remained in my memory serve to recall for you those personal experiences you have shared with outstanding members of our Association. They shall remind you also that the serv- ices promoted by the Association today have been inaugurated and supported, in many cases, by men and women who are leaders in special librarianship. The Association cannot afford to lose these people whose initiative needs to be satisfied by participation in group activities, which promote the welfare of our profession. A raise in membership dues may cause dropouts among the laggards, but not among our best workers. JOHN P. BINNINGTON, Chairman Public Relations Committee FEBRUARY 1963 7 5 Translation Activities in the United States and Future Requirements

ELIZABETH M. WALKEY, Manager, Library Services Bell & Howell Research Center, Pasadena, California Chairman, SLA Translations Activities Committee

Before opening a discussion of United OTWITHSTANDING States nongovernment translation activities articles in the pop- N in the fields of science and technology, a ular press, there exists in brief history of SLA's translation interests is the United States today a in order. As early as 1947 SLA was con- formidable language bar- cerned with making foreign literature avail- rier that hinders rapid able to the scientific community; a pro dissemination of foreign- scientific and tech- tempore committee was set up to study ways nological information among American sci- and means of organizing a translation pool. entists. The "information explosion," that Many committees and cooperative translation exponential rise in the world-wide publica- schemes later evolved into the SLA Transla- tion rate generally considered to hare begun tions Center, the Center's Committee, and following- the Second World War, has been now the expanded-in-scope Translations Ac- brought vociferously to public attention. tivities Committee with its two Sub-commit- Until recently, however, the fact that over tees (Translators and Translations : Services 50 per cent of this literature originates in and Sources, second edition, Frances E. languages other than English has been almost Kaiser, Chairman; and Transliteration, Rose- ignored outside intelligence and other gor- mary Neiswender, Chairman). ernment circles and the most sophisticated In 1961 the Translations Center Commit- groups of literature scientists. tee became the Translations Activities Com- Truthfully, present and future require- mittee, with a considerably broadened charter: ments for translating foreign technical in- "to be responsible for the development of formation into ~n~l&hare so vast that only the broad program of the Translations by fully exploiting the combined resources Center, render guidance to the Translations of government, industry, universities, pro- Center contractor, and cooperate with other fessional societies. commercial and indi- interested groups in helping personnel work- vidual translators and linguists, and elec- ing in the English language gain maximum tronic translating machines can we hope to access to material originally issued in other control this phase of the twentieth century's languages." SLA policies on translation mat- information problem. Planning Research ters are determined by the Board of Directors Council, for example, estimates a maximum upon recommendation from this Committee translation need of over 4 billion words a and the Executive Secretary. The Committee year by 1970 and calculates that about 51 aims to be aware of all ramifications of the million words were translated by the govern- burgeoning translation problem and to initi- ment in 1959. Such statements illustrate that ate or stimulate practical solutions. certainly there is no cause for apprehension Under contract to house and maintain the among any of the elements enumerated, translations collection and provide other while there is ample opportunity for all, in services as required, the Translations Center a carefully coordinated national program. has been located at the John Crerar Library in Chicago since 1953. (Recently the Center A report and discussion held May 30, 1962, at the moved with the contractor to improved mod- 53rd Annual Convention of Special Libraries As- sociation in Washington, D. C. ern quarters on the campus of Illinois In- SPECIAL LIBRARIES stitute of Technology and its address is now lems and submitted a progress report on 35 West 33rd Street, Chicago 16.) The findings. The final project report was pre- Center, in turn, is a contractor to the Office pared by George Fry and Associates in of Technical Services, U. S. Department of March 1962. Commerce, to supply monthly copies of One of the important findings reported in translations contributed to the Center by the Susvey is that during the five-year period nongovernment sources, while OTS collects more of the 678 research organizations translations from government sources, sup- queried recognized the need for obtaining plying copies to the Center. In addition to scientific and technical information in lan- contractual support, the Center recently has guages other than English. These organiza- been fortunate lo receive annual grants from tions both began new translation programs the National Science Foundation, as well as and increased existing translation activities. earlier grants from American Iron and Steel German, French and Russian, in that order, Institute and the National Institutes of are the languages most frequently translated Health. The semimonthly Tech?zical Tramla- at present, although Russian, German and tiom published by OTS announces, abstracts, Japanese have been indicated as the three and indexes the translations collected by SLA languages to be emphasized in future transla- and OTS, and either agency will supply these tions, with Chinese also gaining in popular- translations as inexpensive photocopies, or ity. Chemistry and chemical technology lead occasionally in printed form or as interli- in the types of subject matter being currently brary loans. By Girtue of cooperative agree- translated and will continue to be stressed in ments with the European Translations Centre the years ahead. in Delft and other foreign sources, many translations made abroad are also announced Preparation of Translations in Techizical Tra~slationsand made avail- More than 50 per cent of translations used able through SLA-OTS services. by universities, technical societies, trade Currently the Center's holdings include schools, profit and nonprofit research institu- over 70,000 translations, from many Ian- tions and industrial firms are prepared by guages (in descending order the most numer- staff members and about 40 per cent by com- ous are Russian, German, French, Japanese. mercial translating agencies. The SLA Trans- Italian, Scandinavian languages, ~laiiclan- lations Center in Chicago, an organization's guages, Chinese, Spanish, and Roumanian), own library, and the Office of Technical in many fields of science and technology. Services are the sources most freauentlv1 I Translations collected by SLA are avail- checked for existing, unpublished transla- able through the generous cooperation tions. Funds spent annually by individual of a variety of nongovernment research or- companies on translations vary as widely as ganizations: The center does not vouch for less than $50 to more than $20,000, and 519 accuracy or authority of translations thus research organizations indicated an approxi- provided. To preserve anonymity and protect mate expenditure in 1959 of $883,750, ex- proprietary interests of donors, all identify- clusive of salaries paid translators within the ing information is removed before transla- respondents' own organizations. tions are sent to requesters. The Survey has emphasized the urgent need, not for a shotgun approach, but for a Translations Survey centrally coordinated massive effort in the In May 1960 the Center received a special handling of science-technology translations grant. from NSF to perform a Survey of in the United States. As pointed out by Translation Activities in Univevsjties, So- Senator Hubert Humphrey and his col- cieties und Iudustry in the Fields of Sci- leagues, this need exists in many areas of ence and Technology. Data were collected the-federal government. In the SLA Survey by consultant Alberta L. Brown, who visited of nongovernment sources, it became in- 19 SLA Chapters to discuss translation prob- creasingly apparent, from conflicting answers

FEBRUARY 1963 and marginal notes on questionnaires or dis- tions of those languages that are far more cussion with respondents, that few indi- difficult for our scientists. In the Founda- viduals are in a position to know exactly tion's Manpower Survey a far greater propor- what their own organizations are doing in tion of United States scientists report ability the translation field or what already available, to handle scientific and technical French and costly, services they may be duplicating at German than any of the other languages. If "X" thousands of dollars per year! In view I remember the figures correctly, it ranged of industrial management's concern over un- downward from 4 per cent for Russian, Japa- favorable profit-cost relationships, the latter nese, Chinese, and other languages, so NSF fact alone should induce industry to par- felt that this was the area of greatest need ticipate in a more coordinated approach. and deliberately decided to concentrate on Finally, it is apparent to this Committee this area. When the results of the Survey that, as a prerequisite to any realistic long- become more widely distributed, it is possible range plan, the specific roles of the Special that some of the commercial organizations Libraries Association, Office of Technical might feel that at least a little profit is to be Services, National Science Foundation, Na- made by undertaking a German translations tional Federation of Science Abstracting journal-but, I don't think there is any and Indexing Services, American Translators move anywhere in the government. Association, American Chemical Society, Walkey: I might add one other comment-I American Institute of Physics, and all other think possibly the desire for German trans- professional societies and government agen- lations may reflect the difference in litera- cies having translation objectives, should be ture needed by engineers as against scientists. surveyed, elucidated, and, if necessary, re- The language background of an engineer defined so that the best efforts of each can does not normally equal that of a scientist. be channelled into an improved and effective As many librarians deal with engineers, national translations program. some of hybrid varieties, this is a problem to us, I know. BARKER:I think we tend to accept what has (In the following edited transcript of the question been given us and look to the future to have and answer period held after Miss Walkey's report, Translations Activities Committee members and something more all the time. I think what others on the panel are identified in bold face; in- the National Science Foundation has done dividuals who asked questions or made comments with Russian cover-to-cover translations is are identified in small capitals.) one of the most exciting things, and the most MRS. VICTORIABARKER (Boulder Labora- admirable things, that has happened in a tories, National Bureau of Standards) : Is long time-and also tying these translations there anv movement for cover-to-cover trans- in with the Public Law 480 Program. lation of German periodicals such as the GERTRUDELOSIE (Parke Davis & Co.) : National Science Foundation is sponsoring About six months ago I inquired about in- for the Russian ? dexes for Technical Translations, and I un- Paul Feinstein (Deputy Program Director for derstand they are not yet available. I wonder Foreign Science Information, National Sci- if anything is being done about it? ence Foundation) : I have a negative answer. Lillian Hamrick (Technical Information Divi- Unfortunately the Foundation has no plans sion, Office of Technical Services, U.S. De- to support the translation of German jour- partment of Commerce) : I am glad to say nals. Even though in the current fiscal year that work on the indexes is proceeding. OTS NSF will be spending in excess of a million hopes to publish the indexes to back volumes and a half dollars for translations, it feels very shortly and then -plans to keep them cur- that this sum is far too limited to enable it to rent and up to date. support any German translations. We made JACKIEPAUL (Alfred I. Du Pont Institute) : a rather arbitrary decision some years ago In consulting" with other librarians on the that the funds made available to us through problem of donating translations to the the Congress should be devoted to transla- Translations Center, I have heard a couple of SPECIAL LIBRARIES comments that, "We have put forth the ex- tion that cooperates and participates with pense of obtaining these translations, why either the OTS or SLA Center. As plans should we make them free for all the others?" materialize and there is a greater amount of Is there any way of combating that rather reporting on translations in process, for ex- selfish argument, in order to obtain transla- ample, every company would stand to either tions that have been made and are already save dollars or free those dollars for transla- available in English ? tions of other materials. We have taken a Walkey: I think it would help if the man- look at part of the service being rendered, agement personnel who have this attitude and we find that Technical Translatiom re- were aware of the funds spent needlessly ports many duplicative efforts have gone on and of the dollars that might be freed for in the I~ast. If vou notice the information the translation of information not now trans- provided at the end of some of the abstract, lated, as well as the complexity and size of you will see "Another translation of the this whole problem. For example, has man- same article is available from agement any idea of the cost of originally Sometimes it runs up to as many as six translating 1,000 words of technical Russian duplications. So, I think a librarian should into technical English? However, this Com- be in a position to point out to his own mittee feels, at the moment, that one of our management that there are savings to be biggest problems is promotion and publicity gained as well as shared. I always think of for the Center, both to obtain added use and it in terms of dropping a pebble in a pool to acquire more donors. We have a number and the way the ripples spread out, or as an of projects in the mill right now that, we older expression, "Casting one's bread on the hope, will, on more or less a mass basis, soon water." be reaching a lot of these people who have BARKER:I would like to mention one minor negative attitudes of one kind or another point we experienced in my own organiza- regarding contributing to the Center. tion. We insisted on people telling us George Mandel (Technical Information Di- whether the translated material was cow-IJ vision, Lewis Research Center, National Aero- righted or not, because of the implications nautics and Space Administration) : I would of fair use, and we found that our scientists like to comment further. If you are talking didn't care. They didn't want to look it up, about librarians being concerned about par- and it was difficult to determine, especiafiy ticipating in the program because they have in the case of the German items. So we spent some money from their library funds to corresponded with Mr. Taylor of OTS and, prepare the translation, I think this is a after a few months, he assbred us that noth- strange attitude. The very existence of the ing would be released until his office had SLA Translations Center for years and years checked on the copyright and obtained has depended upon people participating in ~ermissionfrom the author to distribute a it. As the Translation Survey showed very translation. It may be helpful to other or- startlingly, more folks took out from it than ganizations to know that they can shift the put into it, a sort of put and take situation. copyright responsibility to Mr. Taylor. There is a potful of translations that people GOLDIERIMSON (B. F. Goodrich Research could have contributed. Now, if it's manage- Center) : Recently we have received a num- ment's point of view, it would seem then ber of advertisements from various transla- that it's up to the librarian to do what she or tion services. Would it be possible for the he can to explain this real cooperative under- Translations Center to evaluate any of these taking. But it's kind of a narrow approach services ? on the part of the librarian. Frances Kaiser (Price Gilbert Library, Geor- Feinstein: I would like to add a comment. gia Institute of Technology) : That particu- Being outside of the Committee framework, lar problem is outside the jurisdiction and I think I can give a re-hash of this response. out of the field of services offered by the Basically, I think it's a matter of enlightened Translations Center, which operates pri- self-interest on the part of every organiza- marily for bibliographic control of the trans- FEBRUARY 1963 lations after they are already made. But it is have seen, I think it's an assumption that can a problem that has concerned the Committee be backed up-that the professional organ- for a long time and is one reason it is going izations that NSF is supporting in transla- ahead with plans for a second edition of tions activity are exercising a fair degree of TramIato~.~ad Tradations. At this time. bibliographic control themselves. There are we are fortunate enough to have wonderful such things now as multi-year indexes in support, both financial and in terms of serv- the works, of all articles in cover-to-cover ices, not only from SLA, but from the Com- translation iournals or in a selected transla- puter Center at Georgia Tech and from tion program. But as far as the bibliographic many other volunteers who are going to help. work that has been done, both through the We hope to do a very comprehensive job of OTS and SLA Centers, this is done strictly sending out questionnaires to all the trans- on their own. Another program of the Foun- lators we can locate before going to press. dation, as you know, provides support for We will require extensive information from abstracting and indexing services. But again, them as well as references that can be this is quite independent from the transla- checked. In this way we hope to evaluate tions activity program. their background and training to the extent JOHNSON: I would like to ask a whole that it can be presented in the directory. We kroup of questions then. 1 wonder how many will maintain references for those who want people would find it useful to have cumula- to check them and believe that this will, to a tive tools about what is available currently, large extent, help solve some of the problems. rather than having to go through all the MRS. IRMA JOHNSON (Charles Hayden practically innumerable lists of translations Memorial Library, Massachusetts Institute of now in use? We have all these marvelous Technology) : I would like to ask about the cover-to-cover translations, but we don't proportion of the total amount of money that know when they are going to be put out or the Foundation spends on various aspects of if they have been issued yet. I would like to translations. How much is s~entI for biblio- know for how many people this poses a graphic control and underwriting of indexes, problem. for instance, for the various translations Walkey: It just occurs to me that the two NSF is underwriting? Do you anticipate most comprehensive translations listings are better support of this kind of control of Technical T~amlationsand the CIA'S Con- of translations that already exist? And does solid~tedTranslation Survey. Between those NSF support part of the operations at OTS? two, a great deal of the material is covered. Can we anticipate better support of the kind Of course, I know there are certain things of tools that would help us obtain what al- that somehow escape. ready exists ? JOHNSON:Yes, a great deal of the NSF Feinstein: Again I must answer in the nega- American Mathematical Society's program tive. NSF really doesn't give any conscious on translations is not reported. There are thought to what is being put into the biblio- several collections like that which you can't graphic apparatus on Ginslations. Actually get at unless you just plow through by hand. it is not supporting any of the efforts of the Walkey: I think this desire for cumulative Office of Technical Services on this transla- index tools is an excellent suggestion, and the tions program. It conducts this operation Committee will take it under advisement. strictly on its own. In connection with the Kaiser: Does Mrs. Johnson have in mind translations we are obtaining overseas, something that would be retrospective and through the use of the Public Law 480 Pro- would give one a comprehensive listing of gram, NSF is making funds available to OTS all the translations back to the original SLA to handle some of the managerial aspects of list, including the bibliography of Russian this operation. Inherent in that is a certain translations that were turned over to the SLA amount of bibliographic control, but nothing Center and on UD to date? Was that the sort of a formal nature. of thing you had in mind as a cumulative We could assume-and from what we index ? SPECIAL LIBRARIES JOHNSON:Yes, a cumulative index for cur- thing that hasn't been brought out. NSF has rent control, because the current indexes are had some experience under the foreign trans- running a year behind and you can't find any- lations program and has persuaded the Poles thing without going through the current issues. to bring out simultaneous English language Walkey: I would like Mrs. Nowak to reply editions of two of their journals. One is the to this and also tell about an index that is Artu Biochimicu Polo~icdand the other is being worked out at the Translations Center. Nucleofzika. We are beginning the Russian Mrs. lldiko Nowak (Chief, SLA Translations journal, Rudiochemistvy in Israel, although Center) : I suggest that everybody check with it won't be a simultaneous translation, and the Translations Center regarding availability we have advanced negotiations underway in of translations. We have complete author Yugoslavia whereby ~ugoslavscientists. are and journal reference files on all translations evaluating their own journals from the stand- that have been collected since 1953-that is, point of which is the most significant and translations collected either by the Transla- will attract the most interest in the United tions Center or by the Library of Congress, States. They will be doing somewhere be- when it was still holding Russian transla- tween six and ten journals simultaneously. tions. Also, many translations are included We have no such program in Germany I am that have not been listed in Tech?zical Trans- sorry to say. But iE seems to me that organi- lations because of the inevitable lag of time zations in the United States could directly between when the Center receives a transla- approach German publishers. I think that tion and it is processed and listed in Tech- if they thought there was a market here, they nical Trmzslation. We already know that a would want to take advantage of it. translation exists a maximum of one week MARIANWICKLINE (DOW Chemical) : Why after we have received it. Also, many trans- isn't the journal of the American Institute of lations are of articles that were published Chemical Engineers, International Chemical prior to 1940; these are not announced in Engineering, included in Technical Transla- Technical Ti~amlatio~zs,but we do have cards tions? Can this material be announced some- indicating they have been translated. Thus I where else? suggest that everybody check with the Trans- Feinstein: The American Institute of Chem- lations Center. ical Engineers is producing a highly selective RICHARDDAVIS (Drexel Institute of Tech- translation journal. At the present time In- nology) : I would like to go back to the first ter-mtionul Chemical Efzgineering is concen- question that was asked. Has there been any trating on translations of significant material attempt to convince German publishers to from the entire Sino-Soviet bloc. As you put out English editions? I know of one might imagine, the preponderance at -the German publisher who does this ; the journal moment is from the Russian, but Polish, is Kz4nststofe, which also comes out in Eng- Czech, and I think one or two Chinese ar- lish. I am sure that when the German pub- ticles have appeared to date. To answer the lishers realize the demand for Stuhl und question, "is there some means by which the Eisen in the United States, for example, they material translated here could be announced might consider an English edition. elsewhere, in some other tool, so that people Nowak: We recently had a visit from Dr. could find it, presumably on a retrospective Van der Wolk, Chief of the European Trans- basis, "I am sure you have noted that in the lations Centre. He said they are hoping that back of each issue of this iournal there are. all translations activities in Europe will be in essence, abstracts of articles contained in put into English instead of their respective it and, according to the AIChE Thesaurus European languages. Also, they will try to approach, a key-word locating tool. I think convince the publishers of the major journals these are set up as tear sheets so one can file to publish English editions or an interna- them in his own files and have a reference tional edition. source without thumbing through each issue Feinstein: I think that is an excellent sugges- of the journal. It seems to me this should ,go- tion. Your answer reminds me of another a long way towards answering the question. FEBRUARY 1963 MARGARETPFLUEGER (Technical Informa- the longer duration of the SLA Center, it tion Services Extension, Atomic Energy has ap~oximately20,000 more translations Commission) : At the time the journal was in its files than OTS. I believe it's a ratio of announced, I wrote to the editor and asked about 50,000 in the SLA files to some 30,000 if he was aware of the difficulties facing li- in the OTS files. This is largely because the brarians in knowing what was to be trans- SLA Center started sooner and because it lated. He told me at the time that he had has a great many items, either pre-1950 trans- registered with OTS his intent to translate lations or pre-1940 in date of original pub- the articles that were to be printed. Whether lication, which are not listed by OTS. those were going into Technical Transla- PETTY:I have one other comment regarding iiom or not. I don't know. the cooperative supply of material for the Hamrick: I am not certain whether they are Center. We had two or three questions in coming into OTS or not. If the translated regard to the quality of translators who are articles are coming in, or do come in, they in the open market. We have in our own will, of course, be put in Technical Trunslu- files many translations that have been done tions. by our own men, in-house translations. These ROSEMARYCENTNER (Procter & Gamble are not professional translators. We can't Co., Miami Valley Laboratories) : Is the guarantee the quality of the translations. Translations Center working on a universal Does SLA want these? translation inquiry form to be distributed at Nowak: We frequently receive translations a nominal cost? . that were prepared by staff members or by Walkey: The answer is "no." I know that students. These might not be up to the many of us who frequently order translations standards of a professional translator, but have worked out our own inquiry forms. they have served their purpose for one com- Actually, this is something the Committee pany. If the translation is too bad, let's say, has discussed, and I believe that within the we make it available on loan, free. Nobody next year we will have a conventional order is losing anything. You can borrow the trans- form available that evervbodv can use. It lation, and if it helps you, fine. It is always 2, would facilitate operations greatly. noted on such an item that it is a rough Ross PETTY (Hercules Powder Company) : translation, or it is a partial translation, or a I gathered from the comment on the SLA condensed translation, whatever it might be. file in Chicago, as a search tool, that it does But we do accept these translations and are not completely duplicate the OTS file. Does grateful for them. Neither the Center at OTS have the same file on all such informa- OTS nor the SLA Translations Center is re- tion ? sponsible for the quality of the translation. Harnrick: The card files at OTS and at the We try to verify the bibliographic informa- SLA Translations Center are dudicated. tion and note on the translation if any figures However, there are times when you might or graphs or any bibliographic information find something at the SLA Center before you have been omitted. We are not responsible find it at OTS, and on other occasions, you for the quality of the translation itself. would find it at OTS before you would at the SLA Center. As soon as OTS does the REFERENCES descriptive cataloging for the material, a BARNETT,Lincoln. The English Language, Ljfe, temporary slip goes into the files. Therefore, vol. 52, March 2, 1962, p. 74-83, OTS has information available from four to -- . English-The Language for Everyone?, Reader's Digest, June 1962, p. 140-4. six weeks before you will receive it in Tech- BERLITZSCHOOLS OF LANGUAGES.Survey of Busi- nical Tvanslatiom. ne.rs Executives Studying Foreign Languages, 1961. PETTY:But we are covering the field if we CENTRALINTELLIGENCE AGENCY. Coizsolidated have checked either at SLA or OTS ? T~~nslatiotzSurvey. Washington, D. C.: Prepared Harnrick: by Foreign Documents Division (issued monthly). Yes, with the exception of what Chemical and Ezgineevjng ATews, vol. 39, no. 5, might have been processed at a recent date. January 30, 1961, p. 41. Kaiser: I should like to add that because of COHAN, Leonard, and Kenneth CRAVEN.Science SPECIAL LIBRARIES [nformutioii Personnel. New York: Modern Lan- NSF GRANTS AND REPORT guage Association, 1961. Engineers Joint Council. Pilot Study of the Avail- A LIBRARYOF CHICAGOUNDERGRADUATE ability of Foreign Engineering Literature in the DIVISIONOF THE UNIVERSITYOF ILLINOIS US. (Now in progress.) Research Project, geared to the automation FEINSTEIN,Paul S. Translation Activities of the of all functions of the library, has just re- Foreign Science Information Program, Special Li- ceived a grant of $45,033 from the National brarier, vol. 53, January 1962, p. 26-9. GINGOLD.Kurt. Translation Pools-Ideal and Re- Science Foundation to continue its work, ality. Journal of Chemical Documentation, vol. 2, which has been in progress for the past three January 1961, p. 14-9. years. This new grant will be used to test a HERNER,Saul. A Study of the Use of the Monthly system of data processing based on the use of Index of Russian Accessions and the East Euro- pean Accessions Index. Washington, D. C.: Herner a computer, which had been developed previ- and Company, March 1961. ously. Earlier research was made possible by LA PLANTE.Harry. Notes on Searching Russian grants from the Council on Library Re- Scientific Lilerature in Translation. Detroit: Uni- sources, Inc. and the University of Illinois versity of Detroit Library, 1961. Research Board. KAISER,Frances E. The Long Search, Georgia Tech Alumnus, vol. 40, September 1961, p. 10-12. Trunslutions of Muthemuticul Monographs, . Translators and Tran~latjons:Services and part of the AMERICANMATHEMATICAL SO- Sources. New York: Special Libraries Association. CIETY'S American Mathematical Society Se- 1959. ries, will aid American mathematicians in . Where Can I Get a Translation?, Bul- letin, Georgia Chapter, Special Libraries Associa- keeping up to date on Russian works in the tion, vol. 3, appendix, February 1958, p. A1-15. field. Publication of this series is made possi- MANDEL,George. OTS and SLA as Announcers ble by a grant from the National Science and Distributors of Translations, Special Libraries, Foundation. The Society is in a position of vol. 53, January 1962, p. 14-6. being readily able to call upon translators, NATIONALSCIENCE FOUNDATION. Office of Tech- nical Services, Scientific lnformation Activities oJ editors, mathematicians, and printing facil- Federal Agencies (NSF 58-59), no. 3. Washing- ities for quick, accurate translations at low ton, D. C.: 1959. prices. Volume I of the six-volume mono- NEISWENDER,Rosemary. Russian Transliteration-- graph series will be published in six parts Sound and Sense, Sperial Libraries, vol. 53, Janu- ary 1962, p. 37-41. and will survey the current work done by PHILIPS,Moira. The Translation Problem in Sci- 18 Soviet mathematicians. Part 1, which con- ence, Rezwe de la Documentation: vol. 28, no. 2, sists of two chapters out of the total 20, p. 52-5. covers "A General View of Mathematics," PLANNINGRESEARCH CORPORATION, LOS Angeles. Ldnguage Translation Needs of the United States by Aleksandrov and "Analysis" by Lavrent'ev Government (PRC R-160). Prepared for Interna- and Nikol'skii. This section can be pur- tional Business Machines Corporation Research chased for about $6. Parts 2-6 will be pub- Center, Yorktown Heights, New York, July 30, lished during 1963. Volume 11, Some Ques- 1960. tions in the Theory of Moments by Ahiezer . Preliminary Survey of the Need for Lan- guage Tranrlution in the United States Govern- and Krein is available at about $7. Orders ment. Prepared for International Business Ma- for these books as well as standing orders chines Corporation Research Center, Yorktown may be placed with the Society at 190 Hope Heights, New York, April 1960. Street, Providence 6, Rhode Island. SPECIAI.LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION. Survey of Trans- lalion Actiz.ities in Universities, Societies and In- According to a recent National Science dustry in the Fields of Science and Technology. Foundation survey, $100 million will be spent New York: 1962. by the federal government for research and Syracuse University Research Institute. Study to development in scientific and technical infor- Determine the Usefulness of Translated Soviet Sci- ectific Journals. (Now in progress.) mation. This is part of a $14.7 billion spend- UNITEDSTATES SENATE, Subcommittee on Reor- ing program for research and development ganization and International Organizations, Senator in fiscal 1963. Complete survey results will Hubert H. Humphrey, Chairman. Coordination of be published in Federal Funds for Science XI Information on Current Federal Research and De- oelopment Projects in the Field of Electronic.r, by the Government Printing Office, Wash- September 20, 1961. ington 25, D. C. FEBRUARY 1963 Information Retrieval from Technical Reports Using Termatrex Equipment

ELLIS MOUNT, Chief Librarian ITT Federal Laboratories, Division of International Telephone and Telegraph Corp. Nutley, New Jersey

HE LIBRARY AT ITT Federal Laboratories computers less likely to be chosen as they are T is using Termatrex equipment in its sys- usually not readily available to a library, and tem of information retrieval from technical eliminated the Uniterm system because of reports. Although the system has been in slow operating time.) operation only about one year, it promises to 3. It was to be relatively inexpensive. (This be quite satisfactory. For ease of operation also ruled out most computers.) and flexibility of adapting a user's questions After considering every known retrieval to the contents of the collection, Termatrex system from Uniterm to computers, the Ter- equipment has much to offer. Although a matrex system was finally selected. Although collection of over 100,000 reports might be our system is intended primarily for indexing too large at present to search by Termatrex internal reports, plus selected outstanding equipment without special accessories, time non-company reports, only the limitations of alone will prove the ultimate capabilities of indexing and processing time require this the equipment. restriction. The system could also be used The ITTFL Library has a collection of over for many other purposes within the company, 10,000 reports (mostly in the field of elec- such as an index to the skills of the engi- tronics and physics) written by company au- neers, contents of purchase orders, or minutes thors, as well as thousands of reports from of committee meetings. other sources. Although" there are several governmental agencies, such as ASTIA and Operation of System the office of Technical Services, and com- This system makes use of optical coinci- mercial sources, such as Engi?zee~i?zgIudex, dence cards. Each Termatrex card represents that index many, of the reports among the an indexing term, such as ANTENNAS,or holdings from non-company sources, the MICROWAVES,or AIRBORNE.Holes are greatest bulk of our reports are those written punched into the cards with the Terrnatrex internally, which are not apt to be included equipment (see Figure 1) when entering in any governmental or commercial index. data into the system; the position of the At the time of adaption of Termatrex equip- holes indicates the accession numbers of the ment, the library had almost no means of reports being entered. For example, a hole retrieval from the report collection. Hence in a card for RADARat location 5045 indi- there was no pattern to follow to make use cates that the report with accession number of former work. It was decided that whatever 5045 contains material on RADAR.Similarly- system chosen was to meet the following located holes on the cards for ANTENNASor specifications : AIRCRAFTwould indicate that the report f. It was to allow unrestricted depth of in- also contains data on these subjects. dexing. (This ruled out edge-notched cards To retrieve information, Termatrex cards because of their space limitations and made bearing the terms pertinent to the requester's questionable conventional catalog cards be- questions are placed on a light box that is cause of the inherent difficulties of making part of the Termatrex unit. The holes' light and filing a large number of cards.) shows through indicating the accession num- 2. It was to be readily availabIe to the library bers of reports that contain material on all staff and to be quick to operate. (This made the subjects wanted. For example, to find SPECIAL LIBRARIES reports on airborne radio antennas operating menclature, and type of report. The six cate- at microwave frequencies, the four cards for gories are: AIRBORNE,RADIO, ANTENNAS and MICRO- CATEGORY SAMPLEINDEXING TERMS WAVES are placed on the light box. If ten 1. General terms radar, receivers lighted holes appear, the positions of the ten antimony, interferometers holes are checked with a ruled read-out guide 2. Date written 1940-49, 1950-54 to determine the ten accession numbers (see 3. Nomenclature B70, AN/URT-17 Figure 2 ) . 4. Environment Cuba, underwater This is sometimes referred to as the "Peek- and geography airborne, corrosive a-boo" system, but many users feel this term environments is rather unfortunate, since it has a rather 5. Type of report Bibliographies, theory childish connotation. It is simple but not patents, fabrication juvenile. I prefer to call it the optical coin- techniques, tests cidence system. It uses coordinate indexing 6. Customers U.S. Bureau of Space but, unlike the Uniterm system, eliminates Jones Radio, Ltd. the tedious task of hand entering numbers and reduces the likelihood of errors on cards The indexer uses a work sheet, which in- that are apt to occur when matching numbers. cludes space for the usual title, paging, re- Also, slower input and output time required port numbers, and authors. Each sheet is by the Uniterm system is avoided. prenumbered with an accession number by which the report is identified, although the Features of Our System report may be filed by another report num- The ITTFL Library began to use coordinate ber, particularly a nationally known number indexing many months before it was decided or important local number, and this is shown to use Termatrex equipment. A dictionary or in the upper left hand corner. Any number thesaurus of around 300 terms was assembled of terms may be assigned, although it has before any reports were indexed. The au- been our practice to try to limit non-company thority cards in the dictionary include defini- reports to 15 terms each and internal com- *I tions when needed, and "See" and "See pany reports to 25 terms each. Conference also" cards are used, as in any conventional or symposia proceedings, having dozens of catalog system. Strict control over terms is papers, often require 40 or more terms to essential. This system, like any other re- describe. The 50 most popular terms have trieval system, is no better than the quality been printed on the reverse of the work of the indexing terms and the skill of the sheet, and these are circled by the indexer if indexer. used. Otherwise he writes the terms on the The indexing terms are arbitrarily divided face of the worksheet. into six categories to simplify the job of To put information into the system, a considering all the major aspects of a prob- clerk locates the plastic cards for each of lem, such 'IS environment, equipment no- the terms, checking them off on the work

FEBRUARY 1963 sheet as they are located. (The cards hold up Removing this card might incre~sethe out- to 10,000 holes each and are about 9 x 11 put to ten holes. inches in size. Term names can be typed The ease and flexibility of manipulating directly onto the plastic cards.) Then these the terms in this way is, in my opinion, one cards are placed on the Termatrex ma- of the most attractive features of the Terma- chine, and the perforator is set at the posi- trex system. Most other systems require con- tion matching the accession number. At least siderable effort to learn how much is in the 20 cards can be punched at once. Other cards collection on a given set of terms, whereas can be put on the machine, and others taken on the Termatrex one can learn this in a mat- off, without disturbing the setting. To avoid ter of a minute or so. Further, it can be ad- errors in punching, the position of the per- justed simply by adding or subtracting cards forator is quickly checked by another clerk in a few seconds. In my opinion, only ran- before punching the hole. Then the Terma- dom access computers can equal the Terma- trex cards are refiled. The indexer's work trex equipment on this score. Computers re- sheets are filed by issuing source and con- quiring sequential searching might dutifully stitute a corporate source index, eliminating print out hundreds of report numbers in - setting up a separate file for this purpose. response to a given question, whereas the When a request is received, a member of requester might have use for only a dozen. the professional staff clarifies the user's ques- Conversely, the computer might, after check- tion in all the detail possible, since we ing its collection, report little or no reports have found that the user often needs to be on a given set of terms; with the Termatrex questioned a bit to find out what he really one knows almost immediately about this " wants. Then the question is compared to the and can at once remove terms that the user terms in the authority file or thesaurus, and considers expendable, to find a suitable num- the terms nearest to those in the question are ber of reports. Also the equipment is in the selected. For example, suppose a request is library, not shared, so there is no waiting for "reports on transistorized radio trans- for another department to act. The equipment mitters suitable for use in aircraft, operating works quickly, unlike most manual systems. in the very low frequency range, and having .7, an output of 5 watts." After checking the au- Supplementary Files and Procedures thority file, the following terms would be When the report number is determined, selected: RADIO,TRANSMITTERS, AIRBORNE, the next steoI is to look at the abstract file. FREQUENCIES(V.L.F.), POWER(1-9 where a 5 x 8 inch sheet is filed, by accession WATTS),and TRANSISTORS.The Termatrex number, for each report. It takes about ten cards to match these terms are placed on the seconds to locate each abstract sheet. Often light box, underneath the punching device. the user can determine by a glance at the Wherever light shows through, the numbers abstract whether or not the actual report is of the holes are determined by placing a required. The number of copies maintained plastic ruled read-out guide over the cards. by the library is marked on the reverse of If no holes light up, or if there are too the sheet. As the abstract sheets for classified many holes or too few holes, the answer may re~ortsare themselves classified information be simply to add more cards or take off cards and must be accounted for, a log book is to see if the quantity of documents matches maintained to indicate the military classifica- the needs of the requester. For example, if tion of each sheet. 100 holes light up, perhaps the requester An additional index is maintained for would be better served if a card representing locating reports; this works independently reports written only in 1960-1964 were of the Termatrex system. It consists of a file added to the stack, and thus reduce the out- of 3x5 cards representing report numbers, put to say 25 reports. Or if only two holes such as AD, PB, and NBS, filed alpha-nu- lighted up originally, perhaps the requester merically and also the titles of conferences would say that one term was not required. or symposia, filed by key word in title. Each SPECIAL LIBRARIES cud in this index correlates the report num- OHN CRAWFORD 2511 ber or title thereon with the accession num- ber. When a requester knows he wants a particular AD report or knows the title of the conference, he can obtain the report merely by looking in the correlation file with- out needing to use the Termatrex equipment. Our aim is to provide the speediest retrieval possible, with or without special equipment. We also maintain a simplified author in- dex for authors of internal reports only, as we rarely receive requests for authors of ex- LIGHT BEAM ternal reports. A 3 x 5 inch card is used for each man, on which the accession number of the report and the year it was written are recorded. Many reports can thus be repre- sented on one card. To simplify the selection of outstanding reports, the editor makes a special mark on the worksheet beside one term (or rarely Figure 2: In a personnel file punched cards two) in a truly outstanding report (roughly designating skills and experience desired for a certain job are placed on the Termatrex about one out of 50). This term is circled machine. The coinciding holes through which in green on the worksheet, as a signal. The light shows indicate the serial numbers of Termatrex clerk, after punching the appro- the employees meeting those requirements. priate Termatrex cards, types the accession number of the report on the Termatrex card cards into pieces of microfilm, so that several called for by the circle. Thus if one picked decks of cards are replaced by strips of mi- up the Termatrex card for OSCILLATORSand crofilm. These can be read and compared in found the numbers 4718 and 8824 typed on a special microfilm reader, making it possible it, near the tab where the term name appears, to compare easily the sets of images, each this indicates that these reports were con- representing up to 10,000 reports. sidered outstanding in their treatment of os- Another problem that might be raised is cillators. Naturally, one must be very selec- that of "false dropsM-the matching of terms tive to make this system effective, because for a document which results in combinations too low a standard for selecting "outstand- not actually present in the report. These have ing" reports would negate its value. been frequently discussed in the literature as One feature of Termatrex equipment that they are common to any coordinate index some people dislike is that of reading out system. At least the system operates on the the number of the holes with the plastic side of giving one more than he wants, guide. It takes about five seconds to identify which, in my opinion, is safer than having each hole. This is certainly quicker than less than he wants. Even when using the in- manually matching numbers, as in the Uni- dex to a book one commonly accepts the term system, but it is admittedly not as im- problem of sorting through some excessive pressive as the automatic print-out from material to weed out the unwanted items. computers or machine-accounting equipment. Cancellations for reports removed from There may be some wear on certain popular the collection are made by punching a hole cards, but re-punching replacement cards is in a colored translucent sheet. This colored not difficult. Others may object to indexing sheet is used in each retrieval. Any hole that only 10,000 documents with one deck of appears as white light can therefore be dis- cards, after which another deck is necessary. regarded, and only colored light is valid. The Jonker Minimatrex machine is the next This is far speedier than removing reports step one might consider, as it converts the from a Uniterm system, in which it is neces- FEBRUARY 1963 sary to strike out the accession number on V.L.F. and FREQUENCIES-U.H.F.,but in the each term card used for the report. case of temperatures, what ranges should be A recent typical question illustrating the selected? Our reports cover temperatures number of variables involved was, "What is from near absolute zero to thousands of de- the effect of the aurora on tropospheric radio grees Fahrenheit, for example. Since in our communication in polar regions?" This was work it was arbitrarily decided that exact answered (one paper on the subject was lo- temperature ranges were not as important as cated) in a matter of a few minutes. There in an extensive collection of reports on was no waiting for a computer to become chemistry, we have merely classed the terms available, no poring over all reports on tro- as TEMPERATURES-HIGH,TEMPERATURES- pospheric radio communication to see which ROOM,and TEMPERATURES-LOW.So far this ones involved the polar regions. As the col- has been acceptable for our particular col- lection grows, such a question might be ex- lection. However, in the case of power or pected to bring many reports to light, so that voltages, we make the ranges small enough eventually the requester might ask that only to be useful. reports written in a certain period of time, or When one has made a por decision about by certain agencies, or any other restriction the range of values for quantitative terms or he wished, would be considered. has decided to combine terms, there is no reason why the reports affected cannot be Principles of Indexing rechecked in terms of the new ranges or new definitions and have new term cards punched, One of the most difficult decisions in provided there are not too many to redo. building the vocabulary of indexing terms is This is the main reason for trying out the deciding when to combine words into one system as soon as one begins to index, so term and when to make them separate. The that flaws in term selection can be remedied advantage of combining is to eliminate the before reaching a "point of no return" as possibility of failure to pick both the two far as ease of adjustment is concerned. component terms together, or of confusing One common reason for combining terms their meaning, or the order in which they in a Uniterm system is not a factor in a are used. An obvious example is to have Termatrex system; namely, the slowness of one term for DOPPLEREFFECT rather than matching cards in the Uniterm system makes two terms, as the word "effect" by itself it a great saving of time to combine terms would be meaningless. We also use ANALOG- often used in combination, such as DIGITAL TO-DIGITAL and DIGITAL-TO-ANALOGto be and COMPUTERS.Every manual comparison sure that the terms are used together in the saved or every entry saved means quite a sav- proper order. On the other hand, combining ~ngof input and output time. In the case of terms builds up the number of terms in the Termatrex, however, the extra time to punch dictionary faster than not combining them. two cards or to lay two cards on the light Cases in which it is almost a necessity to box is so small that it is foolish to combine combine occur when one wants to indicate a terms for that reason alone. quantitative idea, such as high, thin, or long. Each user must decide for himself the These terms by themselves could be com- depth of indexing he wishes to use, as in any bined with almost any other term in the sys- cataloging system. Increased depth increases tem and thus lose their value. Thus we have irrelevancy in retrieval, and decreased depth such terms as FILMS(thin) and DISTANCES decreases completeness in retrieval. The saf- (long). Any quantitative term is difficult to est system is to index deeply, but one pays set up unless one decides to devote a com- for it in terms of increased processing time plete set of expected values to the set. Fre- and in the number of documents of ques- quencies in the electronics world are simple, tionable value retrieved. As a compromise, by since there is a generally accepted range of establishing an arbitrary maximum number frequencies already named. All users know of terms to be assigned to different classes of and understand such terms as FREQUENCIES- documents, one avoids the' tendency to go SPECIAL LIBRARIES "overboard" in term selection and the in- decrease the processing time, but one disad- dexer is forced to be more selective. vantage is the need to key the numbers to the terms. This slows down the work of the clerk Processing Statistics who has to look up the number for each The Termatrex model we use (#202) costs term before locating the card. dround $1400, and the plastic Termatrex The average number of terms per docu- cards cost 25 cents each. Card holders for ment may begin to be less than 25-30 as we 1,500 cards cost $45. Those desiring a are now making more of an effort to use permanent record of the output can use a prescribed limits. If so, then one clerk work- photocopying machine devised by Jonker Ing eight hours a day could process about Business Machines Inc., Gaithersburg, Mary- 10,000 reports during a 50 week year. If the land, source of Termatrex equipment. More average remains around 25, then about 8,000 elaborate Termatrex equipment is available reports would be the total each year. Pos- for faster punching or larger collections. sibly faster ways of locating and refiling We use one full-time indexer, one part- cards will be evolved, which would further time typist, one part-time Termatrex operator increase the output. and one part-time editor. The amount of The number of uses per week of the sys- time spent by each of the "part-timers" is tem is rather low at this point because of the quite variable, and so is their output. small number of reports in the system. As Based upon an average of 25-30 terms as- the total number of reports processed on the signed to each document, the ITTFL Library cards increases, so will usage. We plan to dictionary consisted at one time of 1,500 make a general announcement of the system's different terms used to index about 375 re- availability to users when more reports are ports. This included terms for equipment processed. In the meantime we use it when- nomenclature, such as AN/URT-7 and B-70, ever it seems likely to be worth it. but did not include personal or corporate authors. When we had indexed 450 reports, REFERENCES the dictionary numbered 1,700 terms. This DOCUMENTATION,INC. The State of the Art of indicates that the rate of growth of the dic- Coordinate Indexing (Astia Report AD 275393). tionary is slowly diminishing as the collec- Arlington, Virginia: February 1962. 256 p. pap. tion grows, which is what we expected. Consists of general principles, vocabulary con- struction and control, evaluation of systems, mech- To compute the expected input time for anized systems, review of existing representative entering data into the Termatrex cards, our installations and an annotated bibliography of 100 experience has been that the average clerk items. takes about 15 seconds to locate a Termatrex THOMPSON,Lawrence S. Feature cards (Peek-a- card. The punching of the hole takes only a Boo Cards). In Shaw, Ralph R., ed. The State of the Library Art, vol. 4, part 2. New Brunswick, minute or so, whether for five terms or for N. J.: Rutgers University Press, 1961. 40 terms. The average refiling time for the Contains the history, principles, applications, cards is also about 15 seconds per card. Thus and state-of-the-art of optical coincidence systems. to process one document containing 25 terms It is 46 pages in length and includes 61 refer- ences (without annotations). takes about 14 minutes to locate all the cards, THOMPSON,Mendall S. Peek-a-boo Index for a punch them, and refile them. We are now ' Broad-Subject Collection. American Documenta- filing the Termatrex cards so that the 50 most tion, vol. 13, no. 2, April 1962, p. 187-96. popular terms (the terms printed on the Describes the application of an optical coinci- reverse side of the indexing work sheet) are dence system to an index of technical correspond- ence at the Science and Technology Division of the a separate section of the file to see if locating Library of Congress. There is considerable disms- and refiling time can be reduced further. sion of the construction of the dictionary of terms. No doubt the use of Termatrex cards bearing Total Data Processing. Data Proce~~ing,vol. 4, numbers (called RN or random numerical no. 4, April 1962, p. 43-6. Discusses the principles of Termatrex equip- cards because they are filed in random order ment and describes various models, including and the color and position of the tab has those designed for larger collections (over 100,- been designed to allow quick location) might 000 reports). FEBRUARY 1963 The Use of Electronic Computers for Information Retrieval at the Naval Ordnance Test Station

CAROLYN J. KRUSE, Head, Library Division U. S. Naval Ordnance Test Station, China Lake, California

INCE THE Naval Ordnance Test Station started by people in good faith for their S (NOTS) has experimented with the use personal files or for larger uses have been of high-speed computers in information re- abandoned. They became too unwieldy to trieval since 1954, perhaps a librarian's ac- handle as they increased in size.) count and, I hope, objective evaluation of the Coordinate indexing was adopted early in machine program-why it was started in the 1953 as it appeared to be a feasible system of first place, the original program and its short- subject indexing and a method that also ap- comings, the program now in operation, its peared to be suitable for later mechanization. usefulness, the current problems, and plans for the future-may be of some help to those Former System who are considering using computers in their An IBM 701 computer was delivered to operations or are under pressure to use such the Station in the fall of 1953, and shortly equipment. after this an experiment was designed for About ten years ago, when NOTS first this computer to perform the manual opera- started considering using computers for its tions of coordinating terms. There were library operations, the big problem of con- about 14,000 documents indexed by co- trol and information retrieval centered around ordinate indexing, and there was already the collection of technical reports-a very trouble with the manual coordination. This heterogeneous collection in all the basic fields first program allowed only for assistance in of research, ordnance materiel, propellants, the coordination process, although a more explosives, rockets, and so forth. New titles elaborate program was considered. The limit- were received at the rate of 400 to 500 each ing factor at that time was the memory size month, and about 60,000 of these were al- and capabilities of the computing equipment ready on hand, very inadequately described on hand. A short description of this first and indexed. In fact, the catalogers had program appeared in the National Science found the standard subject heading lists so Foundation's first issue of Non-Conventional inadequate and difficult to apply that around Technical Information Systems in Current 1951 subject indexing, as such, of this mate- Use, dated January 1958. In general, each rial was virtually abandoned. term or descriptor was assigned a number Meanwhile, there was considerable pres- and punched on a set of IBM cards together sure on the library to adopt some method of with all the report numbers associated with mechanized retrieval. I'm sure each one of that term. Each set of cards was written on the systems then available was proposed by a tape as a unit record in ascending order of library friend as the solution to our problems. term number. (It's interesting to note that all the systems This first program provided only for the coordination of descriptors and a print-out Paper presented before the Documentation, Busi- of all report numbers common to the descrip- ness and Finance, Metals, Military Librarians, and tors used. The product was highly disap- Science-Technology Divisions, May 28, 1962, at the 53rd Annual Convention of Special Libraries pointing to the library clientele. Moreover, Association in Washington, D. C. there was a great deal of complaining that SPECIAL LIBRARIES the program took too long. The result was direction. The only keypunching that was that the system received very little use. carefuly checked was the report accession The library staff, however, did use the number and author entries. computer to some extent to pre-coordinate The search product now is an informal terms, setting up terms that were more and bibliography giving for each report the in- more specific as the collection grew and the formation listed above. The program also manual coordination became more and more allows for including short abstracts or an- laborious. notations if and when the library staff can The Station acquired a 704 in 1957, but absorb this additional work. because of the limited use of the 701 pro- Apparently the research and engineering gram, it was not reprogrammed for the new personnel at the Station are quite pleased computer. Actually, after 1957 there was no with the new service. Also, they are more computer program at all. The machine rec- willing to wait until enough searches are ords were kept up to date, though, because collected to make the computer time econom- the keypunched input was used in the manual ical. If they cannot wait, they can provide posting operation. funds to put the search on an urgent basis. However, the urgency of their requests has New System become of secondary importance now that In late 1959, with the growing realization the product is meaningful. Many of the that the library had a very ineffective subject searches made have been of fairly widespread approach to its technical report collection, it interest throughout the Station and have was decided to reprogram the system for the been duplicated and sent to widely separated IBM 709 (on Station at that time) and to working groups. give greater consideration to the requester by providing more information about the re- Costs ports. (The 709 computer has a memory size The system is not cheap! Major costs so capable of handling this additional informa- far have been in the machine time, keypunch- tion.) Because of the effort, time, and money ing, and programming involved in prepar- that had gone into the old system, it was ing, correcting, and up-dating the tapes. considered advisable to salvak" as much as These costs alone have been in excess of possible of it and in some manner to expand $20,000. Now the IBM 7090 is being used. it to include the additional information de- The cost of this computer and auxiliary sired. The simplest procedure appeared to be equipment runs around $500 per hour. to prepare a second tape giving the follow- A group of 21 questions searched recently ing information about each report: cost close to $250 in machine time or an av- Accession number erage of about $13 per question. This does Issuing agency or laboratory not appear to be a realistic way of determin- Title ing costs, however, because the product for Number of pages many of the questions amounted to only Date ten or so reports while for others 50-100 Personal authors reports were listed. Costs might be figured Security classification of the report on the basis of the number of reports printed Whether a serial publication or progress out: in this case, 1,700 at 14 cents per re- report port. As yet, we have not determined a good way to compute search costs. The only thing Report series was omitted as being of sec- we watch for is that there are enough searches ondary importance in a subject search and to make the use of the computer economical. also because if this information were in- If the question has enough priority and im- cluded, the untrained keypunchers, who portance the computer may be used to per- would be working directly from the shelf- form only one search. list, would require more supervision and I have no comparative figures on the cost

FEBRUARY 1963 of a manual search and the subsequent typ- is foolish to delay work and use computer ing of a list from the catalog cards. It would, time to answer the question when a simple perhaps, appear offhand that a clerk could check of the shelflist under these numbers, do this as cheaply as a computer. However, or even a look at the reports themselves, will at NOTS there is an extreme labor shortage let the requester know what is available. so that comparable costs would still favor the Maintaining this manual index is time- machine search. c~nsumin~-~ullin~the card from the file, typing on the applicable report number, and Problems refiling-and it is also subject to a great deal We still do have problems. The intellec- of error. In a short time the computer will tual problems of adequate subject indexing maintain this system for the library. When- and reference work are still with us. In fact, ever changes are made under any descriptor, they are now somewhat magnified. However, the computer will reprint the complete coor- in most cases they appear to be problems in dinate index card. When a new card is connection with coordinate indexing itself- printed, it will merely be dropped into place not in the machine application. in alphabetical order and the old one pulled. Coordinate indexing does not appear to be I believe this will be more accurate than the applicable to a collection as heterogeneous present system. and as large as ours without resorting to We estimate it will cost about $500 to the use of computers to perform the manual print out the complete coordinate index as it operations. Moreover, because it is a totally is. Keeping this manual record up-to-date unstructured system, there is a strong tend- will be comparatively inexpensive. ency among the analysts to index by words, In a trial run, the printing of cards for not subjects. In the effort to handle requests 800 descriptors (about one month's posting) for information during the past five years, costs about $1 5. Moreover, because the cards we have tended to use more and more spe- will not be permanent we shall use a light- cific descriptors. It is imperative that a great weight card stock costing much less than the deal of care be used in formulating these cards now being used. questions because coordinate indexing does Maintaining a manual system such as this, not permit browsing and machine time is normally a completely clerical task, is an expensive. operation, I believe, is particularly suitable Searches may be made that are completely for computer assistance. unproductive but we will not know this until Another plan is to use the paper tape from considerable machine time is used. A stand- our Flexowriter, now used to prepare the ard card catalog with standard subject cards, standard library records, as direct input into on the other hand, would reveal promptly the computer. .(The Station is acq;iring a that the subject being searched was nonpro- paper tape to card punch converter soon.) ductive and should be abandoned for a more The keypunching operation now necessary general or a more specific one as required. for input will then be eliminated. W; also hope to add annotations on the Plans for the Future content or scope of reports, as in many cases There are several plans for improving and the report title is incomplete or ambiguous. expanding the computer system. One that I The computer program allows for this addi- think holds a great deal of promise is the tional data. Such annotations will, of course, use of the computer to maintain the manual require time of the professional staff. system. Because of the specificity of many of We hope to retire the heavily posted terms the descriptors, the manual system is still from the manual system, or perhaps only more applicable to many questions. For ex- retain a record of the latest additions to these ample, if someone wants information on a terms and use the computer program when specific propellant and there are only three these terms are involved in a search. - or four reports posted on this term card, it Eventually, we'd like to set up a program

SPECIAL LIBRARIES whereby the machine will automatically enter under a more general term when certain SPOTTED specific terms are used. The problem here lies in determining the general term to be Among the displays of books and dust used. jackets in the Denver Public Library hangs We are considering a personal author sort a poster with the words, "The Patron." Thus from the report tape. Perhaps the personal library users are reminded that they are author cards in the catalog can be retired and not interruptions to the library staff's work a book catalog maintained for these entries. but are the purpose of it. St. Thomas' church on Fifth Avenue in New York City poses a prominent facade, and Mrs. Paul Conclusions Cassard, librarian at St. Bede, saved it from There are a few general conclusions I an emba~rassing error that not even the think are safe to make. architects or church officials noticed. Glanc- ing at the recently installed statues in the 1. It is important in setting up any machine entrance, Mrs. Cassard quickly saw that the program to try to give the requester at least symbols carved in stone under the statues as much information as he would obtain us- of St. Mary and St. John were incorrect. ing a standard system. Any program requir- Fortunately the situation could be corrected ing extensive manual or intellectual manipu- by switching the statues, which were on spindles. Brevity is the soul of the Eng- lation of numbers or codes will not be lish language. From the National Union of acceptable to him. Teachers in London comes word that of the 2. To date, computers save no intellectual 400,000 words in the language, the average effort if the indexing and subsequent prep- person uses 20,000, and one third of the aration of questions for search is done prop- normal reading vocabulary is based on 30 words. A Freudian slip by a reader of erly. Moreover, although a computer system a book on psychiatry netted a librarian a may reduce or eliminate many manual opera- platinum ring turned in by another reader tions, it creates some of its own. while leafing through the book. Rob- 3. Every librarian should be constantly on ert Goulet, Broadway musical star, wishes the alert for machines to relieve him of mo- for "the New York Public Library and a notonous manual tasks, even though he is not very charming librarian" if stranded on a desert island. A quote from Professor faced with the manpower shortage that is J. D. Bernal in England states, "The most ever present in an isolated desert community useful documentalist is the wastepaper bas- such as China Lake. We have, for example, ket." * Research is now industry's big saved a great deal of clerical time during the business. But it was not always so. Minne- past few years by using machines-from a sota Mining and Manufacturing Company simple little addressing machine for charging listed research as a separate cost in 1926, and mailing library material to a Flexowriter but in 1955 it realized $28 in gross sales for the preparation of catalog cards. The returned for every research dollar spent. computer program will expand and develop Toronto is a city of readers, especially to a point where the time it saves is really adults, whose borrowings have increased ten per cent over the past year. The annual meaningful. one-day census showed that 244,684 or 4. Finally, we are giving better service, and one-third of all the circulating books in the that is by far the most important thing. As Central Library and 22 branches were one scientist observed when handed a rather checked out. John Ruskin, the writer lengthy bibliography, "These machines hare and critic, took a strong stand as a reader: fouled up my water bill, my insurance pre- "We call ourselves a rich nation, and we are filthy and foolish enough to thumb each mium notices, my bank statements, and will other's books out of circulating libraries." probably foul up my income tax. It looks "Libraries," says a Washington, D. C. like the library is using one to good advan- physician, "are the brain banks of our so- tage and giving me something I can use." ciety." FEBRUARY 1963 A Literature Survey of Technical Information Services

GEORGE B. BRANNEN, Systems Analysis Representative International Business Machines Corporation, Data Systems Division, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

HIS ARTICLE POINTS OUT THE PROBLEMS that arise when exploding T publication output occurs without satisfactory means to process and digest the reams of scientific and technical information becoming in- creasingly available. While such a situation results in an information specialist's nightmare, if the situation is viewed in its historicd per- spective, we see faint rays of light that give cause for optimism regard- ing future growth and success in the information-services area. It is hoped that the extensive bibliography at the end of this article will aid those seeking solutions to some of the problems.

Thc nccd for better in- 5. Libraries needing swift transmissions of formation processing and information to many areas. digesting methods has 6. Reducing indexing time and cataloging bcc-n recognized for years. space. Mcchanization has been applicd as .i solution on Machine systems were not successful for: a limited basis and with 1. Coverage of varied fields with high in- varying dtrees of suc- cidence of unpredictable change. cess. During the late i945's and early '50's, 2. Depth searches using variety of sources the flood of literature from accelerated re- where each search is defined and redefined search and development activities far outran as it progresses. the ability to process the information effec- 3. Keeping current in a particular field. tively. Generally speaking early experience 4. Solving the over-all problem of informa- with mechanization was disappointing. An tion services or substituting for competent, editorial of this period, in fact, referred to well-trained librarians. the information field as "a house divided," 5. Gaining the confidence or the support of with librarians and classical tradition on one prime users or librarians in general. side and the documentalists and computer 6. Providing an economic balance between and machine advocates on the other.1 Select- make-ready and answer time. ing areas of agreement from this debate, both sides generally concurred on these During the 1940-1950 period, economic points: factors also inhibited progress toward solu- tion of information-services problems. For Machine systems had limited success for: the most part, general-purpose computers 1. Homogeneous groups with a high rate of and data-processing equipment were used as specific inquiries. a response to explosive industrial growth 2. Volume coverage in a limited, predictable and the need to process increasingly large field. volumes of bookkeeping and accounting data 3. Coverage where speed of response is more (clerical-information processing). With a important than total content. sellers' market and a new technology, it was 4. Systems in which unique operations do only natural that problems having the most not sever interlibrary communications. immediate, tangible payoff would receive major emphasis. To meet its own needs and 1. A House Divided. American Dorumentatio~z, vol. 6, no. 3, July, 1955, p. 11. under impetus of government support, in- SPECIAL LIBRARIES dustry was rapidly increasing its R & D op- d natural consequence of such change, there erations. With such growth, the first concern has been-and continues to be-growing quite naturally was the acquisition of per- recognition of the need to integrate informa- sonnel and facilities. Though the need for tion processing and management decision- better information services was appreciated, making into one total system. Terms such as this matter again became a lower priority total-information systems, management-infor- problem than the expansion of R & D staff mation systems, management-intelligence sys- and facilities. tems, command-and-control systems, and The International Conference on Scientific Program Evaluation and Review Techniques Information, held at Washington, D. C., in (PERT) are now widely used in the business 1958, marks a turning point-a new phase press and management journals as well as in in the attempt to reach a solution to this technical journals dealing with information- problem. The conference recognized that the processing equipment. In addition, practically increases in size and scope of the national every major conference dealing with data- R & D effort meant that there was now a processing equipment during the last two need for better information services. The years has devoted one section to information need was to insure industry's tremendous retrieval and/or information services. investment in a very valuable commodity-- Information-retrieval techniques are also its R & D personnel and facilities. At about finding increasing use in the legal profession, this time also, the rate of R & D expansion hospital administration, medical diagnosis was declining so that emphasis shifted from and research, analysis of drug prescriptions the problems of acquiring capability to the and pharmaceutical data, transportation res- problems of development and utilization of ervations, and freight-car scheduling. such capability. Problems of supply and util- As a result of combined action and change ization of information began to receive prime in both the conceptual and hardware areas, consideration. information processing has progressed from Documentalists, librarians, and linguists theoretical consideration as a commodity in began to realize that new techniques were R & D fields to acceptance as a vital com- necessary to adapt conventional systems to ponent in the administration of large and computers and other data-processing equip- complex business organizations. A wide spec- ment. They recognized the need to proceed trum of systems equipment, ranging from beyond the primarily theoretical interest in the modest price and capacity of the Terma- information retrieval that had characterized trex and Minimatrex of Jonker to the size the earlier period. In this second phase also, and scope of a Magnavox Media or IBM equipment manufacturers, who now covered Walnut, is now available. The range of a much broader spectrum, endorsed the theo- capabilities extends from limited systems pri- retical trend that was already underway and marily concerned with providing mechan- significantly increased their research work in ized, bibliographic access to those designed the information area. for remote, visual display and hard-copy More recently government has been a lead- output. ing proponent of research aimed at improv- In the future, progress both in the intel- ing, on a national scale, the coordination of lectual and the equipment areas may be ex- information processing, storage, retrieval, pected. There is still much to be done in the and display techniques. Abstracting, transla- intellectual area in these fields: mechaniza- tion, and storage of scientific data have re- tion of classification and indexing; automatic ceived major emphases. abstracting and interpretation of texts; new Along with these developments has come teaching programs and development of stand- a subtle but significant shift in thinking. This ardized methods for communicating thought is the broadening of the definition of infor- and meaning; and correlation of human mation services to include countless applicd- thought processes with mechanical devices tions in daily business life as well as in the and artificial intelligence systems. In the more esoteric fields of scientific technology. As equipment area advances can be expected in FEBRUARY 1963 the following fields : character recognition BARNES,L. R. Selectjoa. Training and Relocatio~c and optical inputs; miniaturization and the of Persontzel. (Annual Mllitary Librarian's Work- shop, October 5-7, 1960). Washington, D. C.: combining of computer techniques with tech- Armed Services Technical Information Agency, niques for high-density storage and retrieval ; 1960, p. 21-30. increased use of random access equipment; BAXENDALE,P. B. Machine-Made Index for Tech- special software packages for information nical Literature-An Experiment. IBA Journal of processing; increased use of teleprocessing Research and Development, vol. 2. no. 4, October 1958, p. 354-61. techniques; and remote facsimile or other BERLIN,M. M. Computers in Medicine: Progress means of reproducing source documents. and Potential. Conzpute~s and Autonc~tion, vol. 11, no. 7, July 1962, p. 32-6. BIBLIOGRAPHY BERNAL,J. D. The Supply of Information to the Scientist: Some Problems of the Present Day. ADAIR, W. C. Citation Indexes for Scientific Journal of Docummtation, vol. 13, no. 4, Decem- Literature. American Documentation, vol. 6, no. 1, ber 1957, p. 195-208. January 1955, p. 31-2. . The Transmission of Scientific Information. ADAMS, S. Library Communications Systems. Proceedings, International Conference on Scientific Library Trends, vol. 5, no. 2, October 1956, p. Information. Washington. D. C.: November 1958, 205-14. p. 67-87. ADKINSON,B. W. International LTtilization of BERNIER, C. L. Correlative Indexes. American Recorded Knowledge. In Documentation in Ac- Documentation, vol. 8. no. 4, October 1957, p. tion, ed. J. Shera, et al. New York: Reinhold, 303-13 ; vol. 8, no. 1, January 1957, p. 47-50. 1956, p. 163-75. , Languages and Indexes. In Documentation . U. S. Scientific and Technical Information in Action, ed. J. Shera, et al. New York: Rein- Services. Special Libvaries, vol. 49, no. 9, Novem- hold, 1956, p. 326-9. ber 1958, p. 407-14. BEYER,R. Meaningful Costs for Management Ac- Air Force Cataloging of Support Items. Missiles tion. Haward Business Recieu~.vol. 38, no. 5, and Rockets, vol. 7, no. 24, June 15, 1959, p. 21-2. September-October 1960. p. 61-71. ANDREWS,P. B. A Su~i.ejof Artificial Learnin~ BORKO, H. The Cur/.rtsuct~orz of an Enzpirically and Intelligence (IBM Research Report No. RC Bused, mu thematic all^ Derived Clussification 5y.l- 612). Yorktown Heights, N. Y.: IBM Thomas J. trm. Spring Joint Computer Conference, Paper of Watson Research Center, January 15, 1962, p. the American Federation of Information Societies. 1-110. San Francisco: May 1-3, 1962. ANSHEN, M. The Manager and the Black Box. BISHOP, C. Use of Coden System by Individual Harvavd Business Review, vol. 38, no. 6, Novem- Research Scientists. Anzerlcan Docummtation, vol. ber-December 1960, p. 85-92. 8, no. 3, July 1957, p. 221-6. ANTHONY,L. J. Systems for Information Retrieval, BOHNERT. L. M. TWO Methods of Organizing Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Harwell, Technical Information for Search. Americun Docu- England. journal of Documentation, vol. 13, no. 4, mentation, vol. 6, no. 3, July 1955, p. 134-51. December 1957, p. 209-21. BOURNE,C. P. The Historical Development and ARMY SIGNAL CORPS LOGISTICS COMMITTEE. Present State of the Art of Mechanized Informa- COMET (Computer Operated Management Evalu- tion Retrieval Systems. American Documentation, ation Technique) Report. EDP Weekly, vol. 3, no. vol. 12, no. 2, April 1961, p. 108-10. 21, September 14, 1962, p. 8. and ENGELBERT,D. C. Facets of the BACH, H. Scientific Literature Use, A Survey. Technical Information Problem. Stunford Research Special Libraries, vol. 48, no. 10, December 1957, institute journal, vol. 2, no. 1, 1958, p. 1-8. p. 466. BOYD,A. G. A General Approach to Information BALZ, C. F. The Library Advisory Commiftee in Systems Design. Control Engineering, vol. 9, no. 8, Industry (IBM Federal Systems Division Report August 1962, p. 100-4. No. 61-907-24). Owego, N. Y.: March 1961. BRANDENBERG,W., et al. Selectivr Di.rremination BARDEN. W. A. The Road Ahead-Integrated of Information: SDI 2 Sysiem (IBM Report No. Data Processing (Annual Military Librarian's 17.031). Yorktown Heights, N. Y .: Mohansic Workshop, October 5-7, 1960). Washington, Laboratory, April 1961. 97 p. D. C.: Armed Services Technical Information BRIGHT,J. R. Are We Falling Behind in Mecha- Agency, 1960, p. 73-84. nization? Haward Bu.ril~e.r~Rez,iew. vol. 38, no. 6, BAR HILLEL,Y. A Logician's Reaction to Recent November-December 1960. p. 93- 106. Theorizing on Information Search Systems. Ameri- BURLINGAME.J. F. Information Technology and can Documentation, vol. 8, no. 2, April 1957, p. Decentralization. Hurzard Bminr.r.r Review, vol. 103-33. 39, no. 6, November-December 1961, p. 121-6. BARNES.R. F. Language Problems Posed by BUSH, G. C.. et al. Attendance and Use of Science Heavily Structured Data. Communications of the Library at MIT. American Ducumentation, vol. 7. ACM, vol. 5, no. 1, January 1962, p. 28-34. no. 2, April 1956, p. 87-109. SPECIAL LIBRARIES BUSHOR,W. E. Information Storage/Retrieval. COOPER,W. W. Some Implications of the Newer Electronics, vol. 35, no. 26, June 29, 1962, p. Analytic Approaches to Management. California 40-62. (This is a good summary article that covers Management Review, vol. 4, no. 1, Fall 1961, p. many facets of the problem, including new ma- 51-64. chine approaches.) CROOKS,E. Facsimile System as an Aid to Re- CAMPION,E. E. Existing Bibliographic Resources: search. American Documentation, vol. 7, no. 1, Dead End, Detour, or Free Way. American Docu- January 1956, p. 40-3. mentation, vol. 7, no. 2, April 1956, p. 83-6. DANIEL.D. R. Management Information Crisis. CARPENTER,R. A,, et al. A System for the Cor- Harvard Business Review, vol. 39, no. 6, Septem- relation of Physical Properties and Structural Char- ber-October 1961, p. 11 1-21. acteristics of Chemical Compounds with their DAVIS, B. M. Technical Information Service in Commercial Uses. American Documentation, vol. the Cabot Research Libraries. American Docu- 10, no. 2, April 1959, p. 138-43. mentation, vol. 9, no. 1, January 1958, p. 23-7. CARR, J. W., et al. Better Computers. Interna- DE GROLIER,E. Problems in Scientific Communi- tional Science and Technology, no. 3, March 1962, cation. IBM Journul of Research and Drt,elopment, p. 35-47. vol. 2, no. 4, October 1958, p. 276-81. CHEATHAM,T. E., Jr. and WARSHALL,S. Trans- DIEBOLD,J. Facing Up to Automation. Satuvday lation of Retrieval Requests Couched in a "Semi- Evening Post, vol. 235, no. 33, September 22, formal" English-Like Language. Communications 1962, p. 26-31. of the ACM, vol. 5, no. 1, January 1962, p. 34-9. DOYLE,L. B. Semantic Road Maps for Literature CHEYDLEUR,B. F. Information Retrieval 1966. Searches. Journal of the Association for Comput- Proceedings, Symposium on the Clarification, Uni- ing Machinery, vol. 8, no. 4, October 1961, p. fication and Integration of Information Storage and 553-78. Retrieval. New York: February 23, 1961, p. 21-5. EDGE,K., et al. System for Indexing Research Re- (Information available from Edward A. Tomeski, ports Using a Punched Card Machine. American Management Dynamics, P. 0. Box 2864, Grand Documentation, vol. 8, no. 4, October 1957, p. Central Station, New York 17.) 275-83. CLAPP, V. W. Library Resources-The Profes- EGAN, M. E. and HENKLE.H. H. Ways and sional Responsibility. Library Resources and Tech- Means in Which Research Workers, Executives nical Sewice, vol. 3, no. 1, Winter 1959, p. 3-11. and Others Use Information. In Documentation CLEVERDON,C. Investigation into the Comparative in Action, ed. J. Shera, et al. New York: Rein- Efficiency of Information Retrieval Systems. hold, 1956, p. 137-55. UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries, vol. 12, no. 11- FANO, R. M. Information Theory and the Re- 12, November-December 1958, p. 267-70. trieval of Recorded Information. In Documenta- COBLANS,H. Some Notes on the Organization of tion in Action, ed. J. Shera, et al. New York: Special Libraries. UNESCO Bulletin for Libraries, Reinhold, 1956, p. 238-44. vol. 12, no. 11-12, November-December 1958, p. FERGUSON,E. The Librarian and the Organiza- 261-6. tion Man. Special Libraries, vol. 48, no. 8, Oc- COLE, P. F. Analysis of Reference Question Rec- tober 1957, p. 367-72. ords as a Guide to the Information Requirements FIELD, H. W. A Centralized Abstracting Service of Scientists. Journal of Documentation, vol. 14, for the Petroleum Industry. In Documentation in no. 4, December 1958, p. 197-208. Action, ed. J. Shera, et al. New York: Reinhold, COLILLA,R. A. and BURNETT,H. S. Information 1956, p. 269-78. Structures for Processing and Retrieving. Com- FIRTH, F. E. An Experiment in Literature Search- munications of the ACM, vol. 5, no. 1, January ing (IBM Research Report No. 142). Yorktown 1962, p. 11-16. Heights, N. Y.: Thomas J. Watson Research COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENTOPERATIONS. Center, September 11, 1958, p. 1-22. UNITEDSTATES SENATE. Coordination of Infor- FISHENDEN,R. M. Methods by Which Research mation on Current Federal Research and Devel- Workers Find Information. Proceedings, Interna- opment Projects in the Field of Electronics (Re- tional Conference on Scientific Information. Wash- port No. 263). Washington, D. C.: Government ington, D. C.: November 1958, p. 153-69. Printing Office, September 20, 1961, p. 1-267. FOCKE, H. H. Cooperative Information Process- COMMITTEE ON GOVERNMENTOPERATIONS. ing. IN Documentation in Action, ed. J. Shera, UNITED STATES SENATE.Coordina~ion of Znfor- et al. New York: Reinhold, 1956, p. 355-8. malion on Current Scientific Research and Devel- FREED, R. N. Computer Technology and Trial opment Supported by United States Government. Technique. The Trial Law)er's Guide, February Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office, 1962, p. 1-24. May 18, 1961, p. 1-278. GALLI,E. J. The Stenowriter System (IBM Re- CONSTANDSE,W. J. The Use of Data Processing search Report No. 308). Yorktown Heights, Equipment for Management Planning and Con- N. Y.: IBM Research Laboratory, July 5, 1960, trol (IBM Advanced Systems Development Di- p. 1-45. vision Report No. 17.01.022.017). Yorktown GARVIN,P. L. Automating IR Input. Datamation, Heights, N. Y.: January 1958, 12 p. vol. 7, no. 10, October 1961, p. 29-30. FEBRUARY 1963 GIRO~ARD,W. F. Dynamic Control of an Opera- HOLM,B. E. Searching Strategies and Equipment. tional Complex. California Management Review, Journal ol Machine Accounting, vol. 13, no. 6, vol. 4. no. 4, Summer 1962, p. 44-56. June 1962, p. 34-44. (Good summary with 56- GITHENS,S. Mechanisms for Flow and Retrieval item bibliography.) of Research Information. In Documentation in HOMER,E. D. A Generalized Model for Analyz- Action. ed. J. Shera, et al. New York: Reinhold, ing Management Information Systems. Manage- 1956, p. 383-444. menr Science, no. 4, July 1962, p. 500-15. GITJLIANO,V. E. Research in Automatic Syntactic HOLMSTROM,J. E. The Programs of UNESCO. Analysis. Proceediwg.r, Symposium on the Clarifi- In Documentation in Action, ed J. Shera, et al. cation, LTnification and Integration of Information New York: Reinhold, 1956, p. 375-82. Storage and Retrieval. New York: February 23, HOWARD,W. E. How Big a Missile Support File. 1961, p. 57-68. (Information available from Ed- Missrles and Rockets, vol. 7, no. 25, June 22, ward A. Tomeski. Management Dynamics, P.O. 1959, p. 13.4. Box 2864. Grand Central Station, New York 17.) HUTCHISSON,E. Cooperative Information Proc- GLASS. B. and NORWOOD,S. H. How Scientists essing: Science Abstracting. In Documentation in Actually Learn of Work Important to Them. Action, ed. J. Shera, et al. New York: Reinhold, Proceedingj, International Conference on Scien- 1956, p. 272-82. tific Information. Washington, D. C.: November HYSLOP,M. R. Cooperative Information Process- 1958, p. 185-7. ing in Metals. In Documentation in Action, ed. GOOD, I. J. How Much Science Can You Have J. Shera, et ill. New York: Reinhold, 1956, p. at Your Fingertips? IBM Jdurnal of Research and 257-66. Dez,elop?tzent. vol. 2, no. 4, October 1958, p. IBM. General Information Manual: Mechanized 282-8. Libravj Procedu~es (IBM Data Processing Divi- . Speculations Concerning Information Re- sion Report No. E20-8094). White Plains, N. Y.: trieval (IBM Research Report No. RC78). York- June 22, 1962. town Heights, N. Y.: Thomas J. Watson Re- . Index Organization for Information Re- search Center, December 10, 1958, p. 1-14. trielsul (Reference Manual C-20-8062). White . GORDON,R. M. The Information System-Lije Plains, N. Y.: Data Processing Division. Blood of the Management Function. Paper pre- -- . Proceedings, First IBM Medical Sym- sented at the Fifteenth International Systems and posium. Poughkeepsie, N. Y.: June 15-17, 1959; Procedures Association Meeting. Boston: October and Proceedings, Second IBM Medical Symposium. 29-31, 1962. Endicott, N. Y.: September 28-30, 1960. (Collec- GRANDINE,J. D. Managemeat Information Sys- tion of papers covering investigation of medical tem~.Paper presented at the Fifteenth Interna- applications for computers. For information, con- tional Systems and Procedures Association Meet- tact Richard Taylor, Manager of Medical Liaison, ing. Boston: October 29-31, 1962. Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown GRAY, D. E. General Problems of Information Heights, N. Y.) Services. Special Libraries, vol. 48, no. 7, Sep- Information Retrieval-Nonelectronic. Control En- tember 1957, p. 313-20. gimeering, vol. 9, no. 2, February 1962, p. 29. GREMS,M. A Survey of Languages and Systems INTERNATIONALFEDERATION OF INFORMATION for Information Retrieval. communication^ of PROCESSING.Munich, Germany: August 27-Sep- ACM, vol. 5, no. 1, January 1962, p. 43-6. tember 1, 1962. Session 8, Information Retrieval; GRIFFIN,M. The Importance of Professionalism Session 9, Linguistic Analysis and Mechanical for the Special Librarian. Special Libraries, vol. Translation of Languages ; Session 1I, Automata 52, no. 8, October 1961, p. 462-3. Theory ; Session 12. Machine Learning. Also, HAMMOND,W. Preparing for Automation (An- panel discussions on information storage and re- nual Military Librarian's Workshop, October 5-7, trieval, language translation, semantics and syn- 1960). Washington, D. C.: Armed Services Tech- nical Information Agency, 1960, p. 1-10. tactics, and pattern recognition. Abstracts were HART,J. D. Search and Research: The Librarian published in Communications of the ACM, vol. and the Scholar. College and Research Libraries, 5, no. 6, June 1962, p. 309-26. Proceedings are vol. 19, no. 5, September 1958, p. 365-74. to be published in early 1963. HFILPRIN,L. B. On the Information Problem JONES, R. M. and TAUBE,M. Notes on the Dis- Ahead. American Documenta~ion,vol. 12, no. 1, tinction Between Character Recognition Machines January 1961, p. 6-14. and Perceiving Machines. America?~ Documenta- HENKLE,H. H. Cooperation Among Special Li- tion, vol. 12, no. 4, October 1961, p. 292-3. braries. Library Trends, vol. 6, no. 3, January JONKER,F. The Descriptive Continuum, a Gen- 1958, p. 343-51. eralized Theory of Indexing. Proceedings, Inter- HOGG. I. H. and SMITH, J. R. Information and national Conference on Scientific Information. Literature Use in a Research and Development Washington, D. C.: November 1958, p. 21-41. organization. Proceedingr, International Confer- JORGENSEN,W. E. A Library Panel Speeds the - ence on Scientific Information. Washington, D. C.: Flow of Information. Special Libraries, vol. 48, November 1958, p. 121-45. no. 3. March 1957, p. 108-10. SPECIAL LIBRARIES KAPPLER,M. 0. Automated Information-Process- MARON,M. E. and KUHNS,J. L. On Relevance, ing Assistance for Military Systems. Computers Probabilistic Indexing and Information Retrieval. and Automation, vol. 10, no. 1, December 1961, Journal of the Association for Computing Ma- p. 38-40. chinery, vol. 7,no. 3, July 1960, p. 216-44. KELLER,F. A. Data Cleanup and Inzentory Con- MCCORMICK.E. M. The Researcher and Informa- trol (Annual Military Librarian's Workshop, Oc- tion Storage and Retrieval. proceeding^, Sym- tober 5-7, 1960). Washington, D. C.: ASTIA, posium on the Clarification, Unification, and Inte- 1960, p. 21-30. gration of Information Storage and Retrieval. KENT, A. Cooperative Information Processing. In New York: February 23, 1961, p. 79-84. (Infor- Documentation in Action, ed. J. Shera, et al. mation available from Edward A. Tomeski, Man- New York: Reinhold, 1956, p. 27-41. agement Dynamics, P. 0. Box 2864, Grand Central and BARHYDT,G. Compromise: A Key to Station, N. Y. 17.) Documentation. Datamation, vol. 7, no. 10, Oc- . A Trend in the Use of Computers for tober 1961, p. 26-7. Information Processing. American Documentation, KESSLER,M. M. An E.xpel-imental Communica- vol. 13, no. 2, April 1962, p. 182-4. tion Center for Scientific and Technical Informa- MENZEL,H. Planned and Unplanned Scientific tion. Washington, D. C.: US. Dept. of Com- Communication. Proceedings, International Con- merce, Office of Technical Services, March 31, ference on Scientific Information. Washington, 1960, p. 1-19, D. C.: November 1958, p. 189-233. KOCHEN,M. and WONG,E. Concerning the Pos- METCALF,K. D. Staff Participation in Manage- sibilities of a Cooperative Information Exchange. ment in a Large Research Library. College and IBM Journal of Research and Development, vol. Research Libraries, vol. 18, no. 6, November 1957, 6, no. 2, April 1962, p. 270-1. p. 473-8. , Experimental Study of Hjpotheris For- MILES,H. Impact of Automation on the Organiza- mation by Computer (IBM Research Report No. tional Structure of ASTlA (Annual Military Li- 294). Yorktown Heights, N. Y.: Thomas J. brarian's Workshop, October 5-7, 1960). Wash- Watson Research Center, May 1960, p. 54. ington, D. C.: Armed Services Technical Infor- . Research or Search (IBM Research Re- mation Agency, 1960, p. 60-72. port No. NC 37). Yorktown Heights, N. Y.: MILLER,E. Information Retrieval 1960. Datama- Thomas J. Watson Research Center, January 3, tion, vol. 7, no. 10, October 1961, p. 19-21. 1962, p. 1-6. MILLER,R. W. HOWTO Plan and Control with KOTANI, M. Communication Among Japanese PERT. Harvard Busine~sReview, vol. 40, no. 2, Scientists Domestically and with Their Counter- March-April 1962, p. 93-104. parts Abroad. American Docume~ztation,vol. 13, MOERS,C. The Tape Typewriter Plan (Annual no. 3, July 1962, p. 320-7. Military Librarian's Workshop, October 5-7, LINDGREN,N. Bionics: Part I: Electronics and 1960). Washington, D. C.: Armed Services Tech- the Life Sciences. Electronics, vol. 35, no. 6, Feb- nical Information Agency, 1960, p. 85-106. ruary 9, 1962, p. 37-42. MOHRHARDT,F. E. Critique on Developments in LOWRY,W. K. and ALBRECHT,J. C. A Proposed the Mechanization of Informatjon Systems. Col- Information Handling System for a Large Re- lege and Research Libraries, vol. 19, no. 5, Septem- search organization. Proceedings, International ber 1958, p. 395-7. Conference on Scientific Information. Washing- MYATT, D. 0. and ENTEL, J. The Profit View- ton, D. C.: November 1958, p. 355-77. point in Library Management and Operation. -- . Trends in United States Documentation Special Libraries, vol. 48, no. 8, October 1957, p. Research. Special Libraries, vol. 48. no. 8, Oc- 373-7. tober 1957, p. 364-6. National Science Foundation contract awarded to LUHN, H. P. A Business Intelligence System. C-E-I-R to conduct study of a system for organi- IBM Journal of Research and Development, vol. zation and maintenance of a mechanized file of the 2. no. 4, October 1958, p. 314-20. world's scientific and technical information -- . Automated Intelligence Systems-Some sources and services. EDP IV'eekly, vol. 3, no. 25, Basic Problems and Prerequisites for Their Solu- October 12, 1962. tion. Proceeding.r, Symposium on the Clarification, PALEVSKY,M. Cost of Data Processing Systems. Unification, and Integration of Information Instruments and Conlrol S)stems, vol. 35, no. 8, Storage and Retrieval. New York: February 23, August 1962, p. 96-8. 1961, p. 3-22. (Information available from Ed- PERRY,J. W. Cooperative and Centralized Infor- ward A. Tomeski, Management Dynamics, P.O. mation Processing-Dream or Reality. In Docu- Box 2864, Grand Central Station, N. Y. 17.) mentation in Action, ed. J. Shera, et at. New York: MACDONALD,N. The Photoscopic Language Reinhold, 1956, p. 210-19. Translator. Computers and Automation, vol. 9, . The Characteristics of Recorded Informa- no. 8, August 1960, p. 6-9. tion. In Documentation in Action, ed. J. Shera, MAI, C. F. The Ultimate Use of Computers. et al. New York: Reinhold, 1956, p. 68-99. Journal of Machine Accounting, vol. 11, no. 11, PHILLIPS,C. R., JR. A Catalog of Computer Pro- November 1961, p. 36-9. grams for PERT and Similar Management Systems FEBRUARY 1963 (Technical Paper No. 13). Silver Springs, Md.: --- . et al. A Comparison of Dictionary Use Operations Research Incorporated, May 1, 1962. Within Two Information Retrieval Systems. PINGS, V. M. Observations on Theories of Biblio- American Documentation, vol. 12, no. 4, October graphic Organization. American Docunzentirtion, 1961, p. 247-53. vol. 8, no. 4, October 1957, p. 292-5. SCOTT, C. The Use of Literature by Industrial POPE, E. S. Human Aspects of ADPS (Annual Technologists. Proceedings, International Con- Military Librarian's Workshop, October 5-7, ference on Scientific Information. Washington, 1960). Washington, D. C.: Armed Services Tech- D. C.: November 1958, p. 236-56. nical Information Agency, 1960, p. 31-46. SHARP, H. S. Survey of Electronics Libraries. PORTER, R. W. A Large-Capacity Document Special Libraries, vol. 49, no. 4, April 1958, p. Storage and Retrieval System. Proceedings, Sym- 157-60. posium on Large-Capacity Memory Techniques for SHAW, R. R. Documentation: Complete Cycle of Computing Systems. New York: Macmillan Co., Information Service. College and Research Li- 1962. braries, vol. 18, no. 6, November 1957, p. 452-4. RAKOV,B. M. and CERENIN,V. P. Machines for . Pilot Study on the Use of Scientific Retrieving Information in the U.S.S.R. UNESCO Literature by Scientists. Washington, D. C.: No- Bulletin for Libraries, vol. 11, no. 8-9, August- vember 1956, p. 1-103. (Typescript of a study September 1957, p. 192-7. made under a grant from the National Science REHBOCK,H. Building an Information Retrieval Foundation.) System (Annual Military Librarian's Workshop, SHELDON,I. R. and Luzo~,T. B. Facts and October 5-7, 1960). Washington, D. C.: Armed Cautions for Planning Data Communications. Con- Services Technical Information Agency, 1960, p. trol Engineering, vol. 9, no. 8, August 1962, p. 47-60. 105-8. RICE, R. Computers of the Future (IBM Research SHERA,J. Developments in Machine Literature Report No. RC 151). Yorktown Heights, N. Y.: Searching. Proceedings, Symposium on the Clari- Thomas J. Watson Research Center, April 20, fication, Unification and Integration of Informa- 1959, p. 1-53. tion Storage and Retrieval. New York: February RICE, R. G., et al. Scientific Abstracting and In- 23, 1961, p. 23-6. (Information available from dexing Service. Proceedings, Sixth Annual Conven- Edward A. Tomeski, Management Dynamics, P.O. tion of the Society of Technical Writers and Box 2864, Grand Central Station, N. Y. 17.) Editors. Washington, D. C.: November 17-18, SMITH, 0.Management and Control by Exception. 1958, p. 1-15. Computers and Automation, vol. 10, no. 11, No- ROSENBLATT,F. Perceptron Simulation Experi- vember 1961, p. 37-9. ments. Proceedings of the IRE, vol. 48, no. 3, Special Science Report: Machines Are This Smart. March 1960, p. 9. Newsweek, vol. 56, no. 17, October 24, 1960, p. SABLE,J. D. Use of Semantic Structure in Infor- 85-8. mation Systems. Communications of the ACM, STANTON, T. Fishing for Facts (Firms Add vol. 5, no. 1, January 1962, p. 40-2. Specialists to Handle Rising Tide of Scentific SAMMET,J. E., et al. The Pros and Cons of a Papers-Machines Play a Growing Role). Wall Special IR Language. Communications of the Street Journal, vol. CLVI, no. 120, December 20, ACM, vol. 5, no. 1, January 1962, p. 8-10. 1960, p. 1, 8. SAMS, B. H. Dynamic Storage Allocation for an STARR,C. E. Technical and Public Information Information Retrieval System. Communicutions of Programs of Esso Research and Engineering Com- the ACM, vol. 4, no. 10, October 1961, p. 431-5. pany. Special Libraries, vol. 48, no. 7, September SAMUEL,A. L. Artificial Intelligence-A Frontier 1957, p. 321-5. of Automation. Annals, American Academy of STEINER-PRAG,E. F. Indexes and Indexing: A Natural Sciences, vol. 340, March 1962, p. 10-20. Selected Bibliography of Books and Pamphlets. SANDOVAL,A. M. Mexican Scientific and Technical Lib~arjJo~(rnn1, VOI. 83, no. 9, May 1, 1958, p. Documentation Centre. UNESCO Bulletin for LI- 1356-7. brarirs, vol. 12, no. 11- 12, November-December STEVENS,hT. D. A Comparative Study of Three 1958. p. 277-9. Systems of Information Retrieval: A Summary. SCHULTZ,C. K. A Genevuli~edCompnter Method American Documentalion, vol. 12, no. 4, October for Informrrtion Re/rier,al (Annual Military Li- 1961, p. 243-6. brarian's Workshop, October 5-7, 1960). Armed STIASSNEY,S. Coefficients of Similarity Betwceu Services Technical Information Agency, Washing- Docunzents (IBM Advanced Systems Develop- ton, D. C.: 1960, p. 107-30. ment Division Report). Yorktown Heights, N. Y.: . Research in Information Retrieval-Some September 9, 1959. 9 p. Recent Contributions. Proceedings. Symposium on STILES,H. E. Identification of the Conditions for the Clarification, and Integration of Valid Application of Machines to Bibliographic Iriformation Storage and Retrieval. N. Y.: Febru- Control. American Docume?ctation, vol. 9, no. 1, ary 23. 1961, p. 47-56. (Information available January 1958, p. 42-9. from Edward A. Tomeski, Management Dynamics, TAUBE, M. AND ASSOCIATES.The Scope and P. 0. Box 2864, Grand Central Station, N. Y. 17.) Limits of the Problems; Historical Solution; The SPECIAL LIBRARIES Present State of Theory with an Addendum on WIESNER,J. B. Communication Sciences in a Indexing, Language, and Meaning; The Present University Environment. IBM Journal of Research State of Devices and System; Future Research in and Development, vol. 2, no. 4, October 1958, p. Theory; Future Development of Devices and Sys- 268-75. tems. Proceedings, Air Force Office of Scientific WHITE, H. S. Mechanized Information Process- Research Professional Symposium on Storage, Re- ing and the Librarian. Canadian Library, vol. 19, trieval, Theory, Systems, and Devices. Washington, no. 2, September 1962, p. 64-9. D. C.: March 1958. . Special Librarianship in a Changing So- THE DIEBOLDGROUP, INC. Information Retrieval ciety. One of the 1961-62 John Cotton Dana in Business. Automatic Data Processing Service Lectures, sponsored by Special Libraries Associa- Newsletter, vol. 6, no. 21, March 19, 1962. tion, presented at Syracuse University, April 19, TIFFANYP. C. The Storage and Retrieoal of 1962. (IBM Report No. TP 1240. Available from Physiological and Medical Data irz a Modern Hos- IBM Command Control Center, Federal Systems pital. Paper presented at American Federation of Division, Kingston, New York.) Information Societies, Spring Joint Computer WHITE,H. W. Coming Improvements in Informa- Conference. San Francisco: May 1-2, 1962. tion Processing Systems. NAA Bulletin, vol. 43, TORNUDD,E. Study on the Use of Scientific Litera- no. 10, June 1962, p. 5-14. ture and Reference Services by Scandinavian Sci- WISE, L. G. The Chemical Department of the entists and Engineers Engaged in Research and Intelligence Division of the DuPont Company. Development. Proceedings, International Confer- Specral Libraries, September 1957, p. 326. ence on Scientific Information. Washington, D. C.: WYATT, E. W., JR. The WALNUT System. Re- November 1958, p. 1-65. productiom Review, vol. 12, no. 8, August 1962, URQUHART,D. J. Use of Scientific Periodicals. p. 54. Proceedings, International Conference on Scientific WOODRUFF,E. Work Measurement Applied to Information. Washington, D. C.: November 1958, Libraries. Special Libraries, vol. 48, no. 4, April p. 277-90. 1957, p. 139-44. VEYETTE,J. H., JR. Photo-Image Storage-Its Role YNGVE,V. H. Comit as an IR Language. Com- in Modern Business. Business Automation, vol. 6, munications of the ACM, vol. 5, no. 1, January no. 4, October 1961, p. 16-21. 1962, p. 19-28. VERHOEFF,J., et al. Inefficiency of the Use of ZARECHNAK,M. Three Levels of Linguistic Anal- Boolean Functions for Information Retrieval Sys- ysis in Machine Translation. Journal of the As- tems. Communications of the ACM, vol. 4, no. 12, sociazion for Computing Machinery, vol. 6, no. 1, December 1961, p. 557-8. January 1959, p. 24-32. VICKERY, B. C. Classification and Indexing in Science. New York: Academic Press, 1958, p. 1-158. Coming Events . 072 Retrieval System Theory. London: Butterworth, 1961. 151 p. The 39th Annual Convention of the CATHO- VOIGHT,M. J. The Trend Toward Mechaniza- LIC LIBRARYASSOCIATION will be held April tion in Libraries. Library Trends, vol. 5, no. 2, 16-19 at the Ambassador Hotel in Los October 1956, p. 193-204. Angeles, California. Meetings will have the Voos, H. and COSTELLO,M. A. Role of a Tech- nical Information Section in a Governmental Re- theme, "The library and the Mass Media." search and Development organization. Special Libraries, vol. 48, no. 7, September 1957, p. St. Louis University and Washington Uni- 427-31. versity are joint sponsors of the EIGHTHMID- WANG, T. L. An Information System with the WEST ACADEMICLIBRARIANS CONFERENCE Ability to Extract Intelligence from Data. Com- to be held April 5-6 in St. Louis, Missouri. nzunications of the ACM. vol. 5, no. 1, January The campuses of both universities will be 1962, p. 16-8. WARHEIT,I. A. A Study of Coordinate Indexing used for conference activities. For informa- as Applied to U. S. Atomic Energy Commission tion, write Andrew J. Eaton, Director of Li- Reports. College and Research Libraries, vol. 16. braries, Washington University, St. Louis 30. no. 3, July 1955, p. 278-85. . Machines and Systems for the Modern The third INTERNATIONALCONGRESS ON Library. Special Libraries, vol. 48, no. 8, October TRANSLATIONwill convene in Dubrovnik, 1957, p. 357-63. Yugoslavia, August 31-September 7, in con- WEED,K. K. A Tool for Management Evaluation junction with the fourth Congress of Inter- of Library Services. Special Libraries, vol. 48, no 8, national Translators. Write I. J. Citroem, October 1957, p. 378-82. General Secretary, International Federation WENNERBERG,A. P. Literature Research at Armour Research Foundation. Special Libraries, of Translators, Rembrand Haan 47, Hilver- vol. 49, no. 4, April 1958, p. 149-53. sum, Netherlands. FEBRUARY 1963 CURRENT CONCENTRATES Of The Library World

HE MOST important recent development to private companies. The competition will T related to the special library is the growth be healthy, our efficiency will be greater and of an information science. . . . the profession will advance. . . . We can visualize a greater division of the To sell a management on technical infor- technical information field into two types of mation, we must offer something exclusive, organizations. The one type is the service some preferred advantage, something not concern, which would acquire a bank of generally available, to be in competition with cataloged technical information converted what other technical and research units offer. into machineable form and used to supply . . . the technical information specialist comprehensive mechanical literature surveys who restricts his aspirations to requested for a fee. service keeps himself from being accepted as The other type of information unit would a research man and I think this is what he be the "in house" unit. This group, now should try to become. . . . freed of many quite mechanical tasks, can The positive programs toward which tech- , concentrate on aggressive and enterprising nical information is heading will have direct use of the literature for the specific objectives values to research management as well as to of their private organizations. the project staff. For example, literature Among the difficulties the advancing tech- evaluation studies related to s~ecificresearch nical information function will have to get programs will be an additional source of sci- around is that of achieving an independently entific judgment on approaches, objectives active role in the organization structure. . . . and prospects of a research project. Work of In the administrative sense the function this nature, done by the technical informa- of technical information is often oversimpli- tion unit, is not intended to duplicate that fied into what we used to call line/staff. normally done by the research man himself What happens is that the staff function is . . . such evaluated literature would not be considered entirely an optional service with- accepted by the research man, in fact even out important primary responsibilities of its rejected. The very fact that there is a possible own. Where this has happened, where tech- resentment is indication that use of the tech- nical information is considered almost en- nical literature under the present system is tirely a service, we run into a raft of operat- not up to the level desired. Difficulties of ing problems. If technical information is to this sort would disappear if research manage- be staffed adequately for most peak demands, ment regularly looked toward technical in- it- must have some of its own activities to formation as an alternate and internally com- occupy its personnel strength in off-peak peting source of background information. request periods. . . . The technical information program of the Another of the obstacles . . . is a natural future will have a larger concern with re- reluctance to surrender part of our own self- search and commercialintelligence work. sufficiency to information specialists outside our organization. . . . Realize how great Extracted from a speech entitled "The Changing would be the advantages in having the com- Role of the Technical Information Function in mon activities of the technical information Industrial Research," given before the Special Li- braries Council of Philadelphia by W. J. Borns, profession performed by service organiza- Socony Mobil Oil Co., Inc., and reprinted from tions, leaving the competitive, proprietary, the Bullelin of the Special Libraries Cour~cil oj enterprising, opportunity-seeking functions Philadelphia and Vicinity, November 1961, p. 15. 102 SPECIAL LIBRARIES Special Library Services- Current Thinking and Future Trends

SUSAN ARTANDI, Instructor Graduate School of Library Service, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey

IBRARY TRENDS,in October 1952, surn- ganization; to present this information in L marized current trends in special librar- effective, usable form; and to achieve these ies.1 A number of the articles defined special objectives promptly and ef5ciently.G librarianship mainly, as is only proper and A similar approach to objectives is ex- right, in terms of services. A decade has now pressed by N. T. Knox of ESSO,~who notes passed, and it is appropriate to consider trends that the primary purpose of an industrial and current thinking from 1952 to 1962. research library or information group is to The question "What is special librarian- help the research man stay ahead or abreast ship?' is still a topic of great interest to of his research contemporaries so that he can special librarians. Thinking in the late 1950's keep his company economically sound. The echoes Henkle's definition of 1952,Vhat decision to establish a library in industry is the primary characteristic of special librarian- nearly always based on economic grounds; ship is not so much the subject content of culture is incidental. These ideas agree with the collection or the type of organization in Henkle'ss thinking in 1952, that the roots which the library is operating, not the par- of the characteristic demands that have to be ticular personnel it serves, but rather the met by the special library are partly economic kind of service it gives. Rothstein" sees no and partly derive from the cumulative char- reason why service of this type could not be acter of science. rendered on the same scale and with the LowryVooks at the library as a communi- same success in the social sciences and the cations system and identifies a broad ob- humanities as it is in science and technology. jective that applies to any type of library The emphasis on information is also ap- and is both "obvious and simpleH-to bring parent when J. E. Wright4 explains that what the reader to the books. makes special libraries really different is that they file information rather than material, Functions and Services draw attention to its existence, and so evoke On the basis of the objectives described, demand for it. The subject need not be sci- several functions are clearly identified by the entific, it may be related to law, banking, or profession, which when carried out provide needlework, but the need will be for perti- the service wanted. According to Foskett,lo nent, factual, and accurate information. The while it is generally agreed nowadays that the inquiry itself will be a request for informa- information function is important, great con- tion, not for a particular source known by troversy continues to rage over what that the inquirer to contain that information. Thus function actually is. Interestingly enough, I the broad objective of special libraries is to could find no indication of this controversy provide information needed, when needed, in the literature. Instead, there seems to be and in the form in which it is needed." general agreement about functions, and cur- Modern management has identified a rent controversy centers around whether the number of more specific objectives. They vary sum total of these functions should be called with the size and philosophy of each organi- special librarianship or documentation. zation but in general include the following Services are divided by Foskettll into two - responsibilities: to keep abreast of the litera- groups-those arising from user demand to ture in the field of activity or interest be kept informed of new developments and generated within as well as outside the or- those arising from the need for information FEBRUARY 1963 103 on specific points on request. It is his opinion quests involves searching the literature, pre- that the person who organizes and performs senting the findings, and reference work all these services has taken librarianship to (retrieval) .I6 its most advanced state but has not founded Bird17 thinks that all the processes in the a new and qualitatively distinct profession. library should be considered from the point The main divergence from the traditional of view of their contribution to the success- role derives from the demand for an active ful answering of inquiries. Cunningham and service and active anticipation of demand. Grinnellls consider the efficiency of the Spitzer and McKenna12 point out that reference service (using the term broadly) while many large organizations have set up as the yardstick by which the library's achieve- their information units on the divisional ment can be measured. Even a good collec- level, good technical information service can tion will not be fully utilized unless the li- be rendered even in very small organizations. brary staff is competent to aid readers to A compact reference collection of a few obtain maximum information from its re- hundred books yields a great deal of infor- sources. Readers should be able to obtain mation in the hands of a librarian who knows not only what they originally sought but, if how to make full use of it. it is desirable, additional information. They Gray13 distingushes two principal kinds should leave the library "with their store of of procedures used to accomplish the infor- knowledge enriched beyond anticipation." mation function-those involving automatic Locating the materials and presenting them dissemination of documents or information itz usable form. In this area LowrylQ sees about documents and those that involve future use of facsimile transmission systems, supplying information in response to re- and Foskett20 envisions mechanical transla- quests. This parallels Foskett's thinking. tion centers that would produce "approxi- The consensus of the literature gives the mate" translations to be improved and edited following specific functions and services: by the individual libraries. Selection, in terms of needs and the antici- Foskett21 brings out several important pation of needs. points relating to some of these services. Se- Acquisition of information in various lection and evaluation in the sense of know- physical forms. ing whether or not the information is related Organization and subject analysis of the to the work of the company or the individual acquired information, placing the informa- is the library's function; evaluation on sci- tion under bibliographic control in terms of entific grounds should be left to the indi- information requirements, retrieval systems, vidual scientist, i.e., materials are selected and information use (storage). for possible use, and it is up to the specialist Dissemination of i~zformation,which may to decide its actual value to him. The library be automatic or in response to specific re- acts "as a filter not as a barrier." quests. Automatic dissemination means that Rockwell and Longnecker,*' on the con- the librarian must not be content to await trary, state that the critical evaluation and requests from users but must notify them of creative use of information is not the ex- information relating to their interests. Pub- clusive job of the laboratory scientist but can licizing of resources can be achieved through be shared with him by the information abstracts, resumes, bulletins, reports, bibliog- specialist. When working as a member of raphies, contacts with individuals, and so the team, the librarian is responsible for the forth.14 Goodwin16 carries this idea further bibliographic preparedness of the team; he by saying that the ideal information service uses the literature on behalf of the others, would know what the scientist wanted even working in the library instead of the labora- if he himself did not. It would call the at- tory. The success of his service will depend tention of the scientist to developments in on the extent of his knowledge of the inter- which he is not now interested but in which ests of his colleagues.23 - he might become interested. Dissemination Fo~kett'~identifies an educational func- of information on response to specific re- tion, usually not associated with special li- SPECIAL LIBRARIES braries, which is clearly distinguished from 2. Locating probable sources (searching) the information function. The latter provides 3. Locating the materials (in the collection information for experts ; the former provides or in other collections) specialized materials for nonexperts. He 4. Obtaining the materials compares this function with the public li- 5. ~xaminationand preliminary selection of brary's advisory service and thinks that it is the materials easier to perform in a special library because 6. Transmission of information to the user the clientele is more intimately known. He in the needed form strongly favors the development of this edu- All these are differentiated from general cational function. In Britain it evolved from library work by being more intensive and in the educational programs started in industry having a distinct relationship to the special- after World War I1 for returning service- ized needs of the particular users. As far as men, which were later expanded into regular the functions of s~ecialI libraries are con- training programs within industry. cerned, they coincide completely or partially Cohan and Craven," in their study of with those of documentation, depending on science information personnel, list 12 ele- how narrowly or broadly a particular li- ments that constitute the presently accepted brarian or documentalist views his field.29 task of the science information specialist: The gap between documentation and li- administering, locating, selecting, and acquir- brary practice is narrowing as librarians are ing materials ; descriptive cataloging; subject becoming more and more conscious of the analysis ; abstracting ; performing reference opportunity to serve dynamic information work ; literature searching and bibliography ; requirements, and the documentation field transmission and copying of materials; and pays increased attention to the well-learned translation and conversion of information ies-sons of librarianship in designing and into machinable form. operating systems for exploiting recorded It is interesting to consider for a minute knowledge. This trend was already foreseen the other side of the picture. A group of 157 in 1956 by N. Harl0w3~when he pointed scientists was recently asked to comment on out that documentalists should be regarded special library service. Some of the more im- as "we" not "they" and that librarians "are portant points they made were: librarians likely to have the best training of all docu- should publicize their services, librarians mentalists." should notify users individually of literature of interest, and there is a need for more and Future Trends better copying facilities.zG As far as the future is concerned Eugene Jackson31 sees an increase in the proportion Relationship to Documentation of special librarians to research workers be- A frequently raised question in the litera- cause of the greatly increased volume of ture is concerned with the relationship of technical literature, the progressive need for librarianship with documentation. Sheram de- more detailed information, and the com- fines documentation as that aspect of librar- pressed time cycles faced by research pro- ianship concerned with the organization and grams. The wide use of computers for in- dissemination of graphic records for their formation retrieval work will result in need most efficient use within and among groups for more rather than for fewer librarians. of scientists, to the end that they will receive, Some of the trends identified by Adkin- in a manner as effective as possible, the data are: continued rapid expansion in the and other information that they require for number of special libraries ; increased in- the promotion of their work. troduction of mechanized techniques for in- Shaw2begards documentation as a com- formation handling problems; and the in- plete-cycle system of providing information, jection of the librarian into the information which consists of the following phases: process at a spot much closer to the origin 1. Information requirement of scientific and technical information. The FEBRUARY 1963 librarian will not only be responsible for see- 1952, p. 210-8. ing that both old and new information from 9. LOWRY, W. K. Some Functions, Interactions and Problems of Communications. Special Li- external sources promptly reaches the people braries, vol. 51, November 1960, p. 479-82. who should have it but will often have to 10. FOSKETT, D. J. Information Service in Li- organize internally produced information for brarie,. London: Lockwood, 1958, p. IS. both internal use and outside distribution. 11. Ibid., p. 21. Other probable trends are to be found in the 12. SPITZER,E. F. and MCKENNA,F. E. The In- dustrial Information Department. In Singer, development of specialized information cen- T. E. R., ed. Information and Communication ters and the advent of the "who is doing Practjce it2 Itldust~y.New York: Reinhold, 1958, what" center. p. 1-53. Foskett33 selects the opaque "library sized" 13. GRAY,D. E. General Problems of Information Services. Special Librarie~, vol. 48, September Microcard as the main microform of the 1957, p. 313-20. future because of the possible development 14. WRIGHT,op. cit. of inexpensive, portable readers. 15. GOODWIN, H. B. Some Thoughts on Im- KenP4 visualizes a new type of library, proved Technical Information Service. Speciol Li- which will have a collection of analvzed and braries, vol. 50, November 1959, p. 443-6. 16. GRAY,op. cit. encoded published literature in a.form ready 17. BIRD, J. Organization of Reference Work in for mechanical exploitation. These new a Special Library. Unesco Bulletin for Libr,wier, types of libraries will be subscribers to "ma- vol. 14. January 1960, p. 69. chine feed" produced by centralized process- 18. CUNNINGHAM,E. R. and GRINNELL,hl. E. Reference and Bibliographic Service. In Medical ing agencies, which will acquire, analyze, and Library Association Handbook of Medical Library encode the scientific literature of the world. Practice, 2nd ed. Chicago: ALA, 1956, p. 264. By 1980 it will be impossible to distin- 19. LOWRY,op. cit. guish between special library service and 20. FOSKETT,up. cit., p. 95. documentation. 21. Ibid., p. 17. A merger will have taken 22. ROCKWELL,H. E. and LONGNECKER,H. C. place but "the surviving member will not Information Services at Smith, Kline and French. need a broader charter than the SLA objec- Presented at a symposium on "Streamlining Li- tive of Puttiug Knozuledge to Wovk. , . .''35 brary Services for Maximum Benefit," held at the Chemists' Club, New York, April 28, 1959. 23. FOSKETT,op. cit., p. 55. CITATIONS 24. Ibid., p. 100. 1. Library Trendr. October 1952. 25. COHAN, L. and CRAVEN,K. Science Infovma- 2. HENKLE,H. H. Letter dated June 19, 1952, tion Personnel. New York: 1961. as cited by Rose L. Vormelker. Library Trelzds, 26. HOGG,J. H. and SMITH,J. R. Information and vol. 1, October 1952, p. 208. Literature Use in a Research and Development 3. ROTHSTEIN,S. The Development of Reference Organization. In Proceedings of the International Services Through Academic Traditiotzs, Public Li- Conference on Scientific Information. Washing- brary Practice, and Speciar' Librarianship. Chicago: ton, D. C.: November 16-21, 1958, p. 131-55. Association of College and Reference Libraries, 27. SHERA,J. H. Research and Development in 1955. Documentation. Library Trends, vol. 6, October 4. WRIGHT,J. E. The Special Library and Infor- 1957, p. 187-206. mation Service. In Ashworth, W., ed. Hatzdbouh 28. SHAW,op. cit. of Special Librarianship and Information Servrce. 29. KENT, A. Documentation. Library Trendr, London: Aslib, 1955, p. 1-9. vol. 10, October 1961, p. 224-42. 5. SHAW, R. R. Documentation: Complete Cycle 30. HARLOW,N. Documentation and the Librar- of Information Service. College and Research Li- ian. Libvary Journal, vol. 81, May 1, 1956, p. braries, vol. 18, November 1957, p. 452-4. 1083-5. 6. ASBURY,W. C., et a/. Management's Views 012 31. JACKSON, E. B. Special Libraries. Lihrary Technical Information Activities. Paper presented Trends, vol. 10, October 1961. p. 209-23. before the American Chemical Society, Division of 32. ADKINSON,B. W. Where Will the Scientist Chemical Literature. New York City: September Find His Information-the Special Library? In 10, 1957. 7 p. Drexel Institute of Technology. Science, Technical 7. KNOX, W. T. Administration of Technical In- Libraries and the Education of Special Librarians, formation Groups. Industrial and Engineering 1960, p. 8-16. Chemistry, vol. 51, March 1959, p. 48A-61A. 33. FOSKETT,op. cit., p. 95. 8. HENKLE,H. H. Crisis in Libraries of Science 34. KENT,op. cit. and Technology. Library Trends, vol. 1, October 35. JACKSON,op. cit. SPECIAL LIBRARIES 2-39 Today: Its Work and Its Subcommittees

MRS. ANNE J. RICHTER, Director, Book Editorial Department, R. R. Bowker Company SLA Representative and Vice-chairman, American Standards Association, Sectional Committee 2-39 on Library Work and Documentation

EVER IN THE NEAR quarter century since for Standardization (ISO) whose objective N its organization in 1939 has the 2-39 is: "to promote the development of stand- Sectional Committee of the American Stand- ards in the world with a view to facilitating ards Association (ASA) been more active. international exchange of goods and services This impetus has come not only from the and to developing mutual cooperation in the growing realization in the profession of the sphere of intellectual, scientific, technolog- need for standardization on library work and ical, and economic activity." IS0 Recom- documentation, both national and interna- mendations do not become mandatory for the tional, but from the new resources made pos- participating countries but they do constitute sible by the grant from the Council of Li- strong recommendations for voluntary adop- brary Resources and the National Science tion as national standards by all countries. Foundation. At this time the IS0 program has 107 ac- This grant, given in 1961, made possible tive projects under way, of which the United the appointment of an Administrative Asso- States is participating in 62 and holds the ciate (the position has been ably filled by secretariat on nine of these. Forty-five mem- Marguerite von Geyr since August of that ber countries are represented, and the head- year) and attendance at international meet- quarters are in Geneva. The General As- ings by American delegates representing2-39. sembly meets every three years, and an elected As the national standards body of the Council, of which the ASA is a permanent United States, the ASA is the American member, more often. Technical Committees member of the International Organization meet every two years, and it is TC/46 that

Officers of the ASA 2-39 Sectional Committee at a recent meeting. Left to right: Mrs. Anne J. Richter, Vice-chairman, R. R. Bowker Company; Robert E. Kingery, Chairman, New York Public Library; Marguerite von Geyr, Administrative Associate; Harold Oat- field, Secretary, Charles Pfizer and Company. FEBRUARY 1963 107 deals with library work and documentation. Cards, Indexing, and Title Leaves unfortu- At the Ninth Plenary Meeting of TC/46 nately had no American representation. The held in Paris, June 25-28, 1962, 2-39 was next meeting of TC/46 will be in 1964, and able to be represented in strength for the first Mr. Kingery has extended an invitation to time. Robert E. Kingery, Chairman of 2-39 hold the meeting in the United States. Action and Chief, Preparation Division, New York was referred to the Secretariat. Public Library, headed the delegation com- In addition to this international activity, prised of Henry J. Dubester, Chairman of the 13 national subcommittees of 2-39 have 2-39 Subcommittee on Bibliographical Ref- been busy on their assignments. Four areas erences and Chief, General Reference and have been recommended and selected for in- Bibliography Division, Library of Congress; tensified work: Abbreviations for Periodicals and Dr. Jerrold Orne, Chairman, 2-39 Sub- Titles, Abstracts, Layout of Periodicals, and committee on Transliteration, and Director Transliteration. Mr. Kingery and Miss von of Libraries, University of North Carolina. Geyr have met with several of the groups (Dr. Orne had also represented 2-39 in the and concrete results are forthcoming. Among summer of 1960 at a meeting of TC/37 in the most important is the long awaited Berlin, on Terminology.) Bernard Fry, Dep- Standards on Abbreviations of Periodicals. uty Head, Science Information Service, Na- James L. Wood, Librarian of Chemical Ab- tional Science Foundation, attended the 1962 tracts Service, and his committee of ten, have meeting as an observer. submitted their recommendations for proc- Even so, this delegation was not large essing, and the document, which will consist enough to cover all working groups. Mr. of an introduction, 16 basic rules, plus ab- Kingery, covering Working Group C, which breviations for some 2,500 words appearing dealt with "Typical Word Abbreviations in frequently in journal titles, should be ready Bibliographical References," reports agree- for distribution shortly. ment on some 65 abbreviations of generic Another important development is the names and periodical titles, representing the work of the Subcommittee on Statistics. On shortest abbreviations permitted. It was pro- the recommendation of this subcommittee, posed that such abbreviations selected by this 2-39 formally endorsed the ALA-SLA Sta- international group be pre-empted from tistics Coordinating Project, which now has other assignments. been conditionally approved by the CLR at Mr. Dubester, working with Group A, its fall meeting. reports that IS0 is to issue a Recommenda- The currently active subcommittees and tion for Bibliographic References that is per- their chairmen are: missive and will serve as a basis for a pro- 2-39/SC I-International Subcommittee posed American standard. Robert E. Kingery, The New York Public Dr. Orne attended Working Group D on Library. Its members are chairmen of all Transliteration. With the long-range ques- other subcommittees. tion of revising the existing IS0 R-9 Interna- Z-39/SC 2-Subcommittee on Machine Cod- tional Standard on Transliteration of Cyrillic i ng and Greek Characters before them, the Eng- Dr. Irving Sher, Director of Research, In- lish-speaking delegates are working jointly. stitute for Scientific Information A British standard for transliteration from Z-39/SC 3-Subcommittee on Abbreviaticns modern Russian is now before Dr. Orne's for Periodicals Subcommittee. The American delegation also James L. Wood, Librarian, Chemical Ab- undertook to redraft the introduction to R-9. stracts Service, Ohio State University The responsibility for a proposal on stand- 2-39/SC 4-Subcommittee on Bibliographic ardization for the Romanization of Chinese References was assigned the French delegation, while Henry J. Dubester, Library of Congress the American group was asked to prepare a Z-39/SC 5-Subcommittee on Transliteration working draft on the Romanization of Jap- Dr. Jerrold Orne, Librarian, University of anese. Working Group B on Bibliographical North Carolina SPECIAL LIBRARIES Z-39/SC 6-Subcommittee on Abstracts University Presses, Association for Com- Anne McCann, Librarian, American Phar- puting Machinery, Association of Research maceutical Association Libraries, Book Manufacturers' Institute, Z-39/SC 7-Subcommittee on Library Statis- Catholic Library Association, Classification tics Research Study Group, Council on Library Frank Schick, Assistant Director, Library Resources, Jewish Librarians Association, Services Branch, Office of Education, U.S. Joint Committee on Microcards, Joint Com- Department of Health, Education and mittee on Pharmacy College Libraries, Library Welfare Binding Institute, Library of Congress, Li- Z-39/SC 8-Subcommittee on Proof Correc- brary Services Branch, Medical Library Asso- tions ciation, National Association of Home Build- Karl Brown, St Martin's Press ers, National Business Publications, National Z-39/SC 9-Subcommittee on Terminology Research Council, National Science Founda- Dr. Jerrold Orne, Librarian, University of tion, Society of American Archivists, Society North Carolina of Technical Writers and Publishers, Special Z-39/SC 10-Subcommittee on Layout of Libraries Association, Technical Publishing Periodicals Society, and U. S. Navy Department-Bu- Ivan A. Given, Editor, Coal Age. McGraw- reau of Ships. In addition, the following are Hill Publishing Company members-at-large: Frazer G. Poole, Robert Z-39/SC 1 1-Subcommittee on Finance E. Kingery, Dr. Maurice Tauber, Harold Henry J. Dubester, Library of Congress Oatfield, and Louis D. Sass; and there is Z-39/SC 12-Subcommittee on Indexing a representative of the ASA Sectional Com- Mrs. Anne J. Richter, R. R. Bowker Co. mittee on Photographic Reproduction of Z-39/SC 13-Subcommittee on Trade Cata- Documents PH-5. logs Ruth E. Mason is the American Standards Dr. Karl Baer, Librarian, National Asso- Association staff representative providing in- ciation of Home Builders valuable liaison for 2-39, Other ASA groups 2-49 now has 31 member groups rep- with which SLA has affiliation are the PH-5 resented in its Committee: American Asso- Sectional Committee on Photographic Repro- ciation of Law Libraries, American Book duction of Documents, 2-84 Sectional Com- Publishers Council, American Chemical So- mittee on Glossary of Environmental Termi- ciety, American Documentation Institute, nology, and 2-85 Sectional Committee on American Library Association, American Library Equipment and Supplies. SLA mem- Textbook Publishers Institute, Associated bers are also serving on several 2-39 subcom- Business Publications, Association of Ameri- mittees-Bibliography, Machine Coding, and can Library Schools, Association of American Transliteration. SLA Sustaining Members The following organizations are supporting the activities and objectives of the Special Libraries Association by becoming Sustaining Members for 1963. These are additions to the Sustaining Mem- bers listed in News and Notes, January 1963.

Dow CHEMICALLIBRARY PENNSYLVANIASTATE LIBRARY FEDERALRESERVE BANK OF NEWYORK SQUIBBINSTITUTE FOR MEDICALRESEARCH FORDFOUNDATION STECHERT-HAFNER,INC. UNIVRRSALOIL PRODUCTSCOMPANY UNIVERSITYOF MINNESOTALIBRARY FEBRUARY 1763 109 One But It Is a

Never Good tnough Start The fifth f reedom... enjoy it! Here's What We Did During National Library Week 1962 THE PUBLIC RELATIONS Department issued an announcement on the joint meeting of the Greater St. Louis Chapter of Special Libraries Association and the St. Louis Library Club, which was held at Monsanto. Never before had our PR Department made such an announcement. As you well know, in a company of this size the engineer, chemist, everyone-all have their "Weeks" too, so I guess they shared my enthusiasm for NLW. Some 241 industrial and public librarians, and instructors and students of library schools attended this meeting. The attending librarians visited the new Monsanto Tech- nical lnformation Center where they had a first-hand look at the variety of communica- tions techniques employing the latest machines and methods for handling literature in books, magazines, and reports. They saw how such techniques are revolutionizing li- braries to keep up with the fantastic growth of literature and documents needed to en- able research and industry to keep abreast-and ahead of the technology. This was reported in the evening edition of the St. Louis Post Dispatch, April 12, 1962. New books were displayed on company bulletin boards. NLW materials were di: played in the entrance to the cafeteria and main and private cafeterias. Throughout the company's lobbies NLW mobile and table tents were displayed. An exhibit was set up in the new Research Center Lobby displaying publications of the lnformation Center an,d the St. Louis County Library. Posters of the national SLA activities and a list of local special libraries were on display on a huge table at the entrance of the lnformation Center along with SLA pamphlet material. NLW press release was sent to some 51 local company house organs or newspapers and was also published in the St. Louis ACS section magazine. NLW postage meter slugs were put on all out-going mail. Approximately 1,000 each of the NLW book- marks and pocket calendars were distributed with charge-outs ar,d routings. An orienta- tion program was held April 12, 1962, for new employes of the Center to help acquaint new personnel with the lnformation Center staff, facilities, and available equipment. This is a continuing program with at least one scheduled every month. MARGARET E. MADDEN, Librarian, Technical Information Center Monsanto Chemical Company, St. Louis, Missouri 110 SPECIAL LIBRARIES WE TOOK THE OPPORTUNITY of National Library Week to show the community of Covington, Kentucky that St. Elizabeth Hospital had both a medical and a School of Nursing Library. We wanted to show the public, visitors, and patients that the libraries played an important part in the "Care of the Patient." There is much confusion about the purpose and function of medical and school of nursing libraries. I am sure after seeing our displays, the community as a whole and the entire hospital personnel is better informed about our library facilities. The theme of our exhibit was to depict the role of the libraries in patient care. To do this, displays were put in the school library, the medical library, and the hospital bulle- tin boards on the ground floor and main lobby. The dietary service would not be left out of things; they ordered book tents and book calendars to use on the cafeteria tables and to add a decorative touch to the patients' food trays. The chief pastry chef baked beautiful cakes daily, in the shape of books or bound medical iournals, with the emblem of National Library Week as part of the frosting. The School of Nursing displays were comprised of: 1. A double-paneled poster on a black backdrbp showing a patient being admitted, being cared for, and being released from the hos- pital. Various black and white photographs depicted the library as a teaching aid to the patient's care and recovery. The theme showed the libraries' part in the road to recovery. (See Photo.) 2. Students painted the official symbol of National Library Week on the library windows. As these windows are the only ones facing the main approach to the hospital, they brought many visitors to the libraries. 3. Another display showed dolls dressed as student nurses, one for each class, and the final goal of every student, the Registered Nurse at the top. This exhibit showed books as being "So Many Steps to Knowledge" in attaining the goal, the R.N.

The medical library displayed a single-paneled poster showing its role in patient care by use of small photos of various teaching staff, medical staff, and student nurses using the library. Attached to the poster were letters explaining the purpose and function of each library. These letters are a part of our library orientation and are given to each new member of the medical and teaching staff and new students. On one of the tables in the medical library, we put a special exhibit of all the published works of our medical staff, plus the scientific programs prepared by the staff, interns, and residents. This dis- play also showed the bibliographical work done by the librarian in helping the staff prepare these papers and programs. We held open house in the libraries each day from 8:30 a.m. to 10 p.m. The use of the window display, posters, book tents, calendars, and other displays throughout the hospital showed visitors, patients, hospital personnel, and members of our community that we were celebrating National Library Week. I estimate we had 900 visitors; many were visiting hospitalized patients, some were neighbors in the vicinity of the hospitdl and school of nursing, and some were ambulatory patients, but they were all attracted by our displays. Of our 720 hospital personnel, 680 visited the libraries during NLW. ELVA ROCHE, Librarian St. Elizabeth School for Nursing, Covington, Kentucky FEBRUARY 1963 11 1 JUST AS THE LINKS in a chain depend upon each other, the scientist depends upon the industrial library, and the industrial library relies upon the public library for resources. No special library can ever be large enough to meet the demands for the information it receives. Featuring this theme the Technical Library of the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center had a display in the Cincinnati Public Library's Science and Industry Department during National Library Week. The exhibit, consisting of two large colored (turquoise and rust) peg boards carrying copy and five illuminated 4 x 5-inch color transparencies of the Sanitary Engineering Center's Library, revealed that access to a technical library is one of the essential tools of every research scientist and engineer. New methods required by today's rapid pace of science were also shown. It was also disclosed that all new research projects must begin with the review of other accomplishments in the same field. The display, placed in an advantageous spot at the entrance of the Science Department, was seen by more than 8,000 people from a 50-mile radius surrounding Cincinnati. Literature distributed from the display area included NLW book marks and leaflets from the Sanitary Engi- . - neeiing Center. MRS. ESTHER E. NORTON, Librarian, Technical Library Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio

THE CIVIL ENGINEER Corps Officers' School is a postgraduate school providing in- struction to several hundred newly commissioned officers en route to permanent stations throughout the world, senior officers, and civilians of all services. National Library Week offered a wonderful opportunity to publicize the library, which has a comprehensive collection of nuclear weapons effects along with many ref- erences of scientific effort in the engineering field. The Library celebrated NLW with an open house for all personnel on the Naval Construction Battalion Center and for com- munity librarians by invitation. Techniques used to point up references that scholars have developed and to draw attention to other collections in the library were: 1. A mobile display with the 1962 NLW theme was made and hung, centered, in front of a large bulletin board on which bright blue shafts of cardboard directed the eye to the mobile display. On the shafts of blue were mounted pictures (from Librmy JOUUZ~~ covers) of library patrons of all ages, also directing attention to the center display. Strategically placed on the board was a map showing the forecasts of a decisive decade -the communist world and the non-communist world 1962-an editorial "What's Right with America" by W. M. Kiplinger, book jackets, and book lists of suggested reading on democracy versus communism. 2. On Thursday afternoon tapes of lectures on communism were presented by a mem- ber of the academic staff. Coffee and cookies were served. 3. Two other displays of books and publications, "Atomic Defense Engineering" and "Computer Technology," were featured. 4. A guest register signed by all visitors gave each a chance for the door prize-a copy of the new and popular "Trachtenberg's Speed System of Mathematics." 5. AND there were candy and nuts for refreshment throughout the Week.

Besides catching the eye of the students and staff of the School, the library was visited and the exhibits were viewed by personnel from other departments on the Center and a number of outsiders. We feel the concrete results of the NLW program increased awareness of the materials available in the library, good communications with users, excellent public relations with all personnel, encouragement of science faculty to en- large their knowledge in the social sciences, and stimulation of thinking along the line that a better informed America is a stronger America, and knowledge is a mighty weapon more durable and more effective than hate. MISS E. FRANCIS MASON, Librarian Civil Engineer Corps Officers' School Port Huenerne, California SPECIAL LIBRARIES A Journal Cross File American Chemical Society-. ]ournal. Inverted "How many journals does the library have names, abbreviated names, popular names, in the field of biology, chemistry, metallurgy, and former names are included under the or physics? Which of these journals contains heading, "Other Titles," i.e., Journal of the abstracts? Are these publications written in Americaa Chemical Society, Journal of the English or in a foreign language? How many A.C.S., and A.C.S. Journal. are published by professional societies ?" Different colored underlines are used for Until recently, the answers to these ques- titles, supplementary titles, subjects, and as- tions were found by examining the library sociations. The multi-colored underline sys- catalog and by inspecting each journal. How- tem allows for easy removal and re-entry of ever, the library catalog did not provide com- cards. Cards that have titles and additional plete information on journal content and titles underlined (one blue or brown under- language of publication, and the checking of line, respectively, per card) are interfiled each journal proved to be tedious and time alphabetically and placed in the first section consuming. To give Battelle library users of the file. The second section of the file is quick and complete holding information, a an arrangement of cards interfiled alphabet- journal cross file was prepared and placed ically with subjects and related subjects un- near the current periodicals. This new refer- derlined (one red underline per card). The ence tool consists of three sections: journal third part of the file comprises cards repre- titles, subjects, and issuing associations. senting journals published by professional A multiple-entry card-filing system is fol- societies, industrial concerns, government lowed. White 5 x 8-inch cards are used for agencies,- and educational institutions. These regular journals, green cards of the same size cards are also underlined (one green under- for abstract journals. A master card is made line per card) and alphabetically interfiled. for each journal, and reproductions are made Cards can be removed and later re-entered equal to the number of file entries repre- merely by matching the colored underline sented by black underlines on the master with the corresponding section of the file. card. One underline on each of the six cards Another feature of the cross file is the ease is reunderlined with colored ink prior to fil- with which it can be kept updated. ing to indicate file location. This eliminates JAMES H. SCHWARTZ,Technical Library the need to type added entries. Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio The word, "Title," refers to the names of periodicals as used when placed on shelves (Mr. Schwartz has been employed at Science In- formation Services, Abbott Laboratories, North in the library reading room, for example, Chicago, Illinois, since February 1, 1963.)

5 53 Journal of Applied Physiolagi

Other Titlea Applied Physiology Jour~l Master file card for the Frequency of Xanthly "Journal of Applied Physiol- Publication ogy" indicates that it is pub- Indice. bubject Author lished by a professional so- ciety and is represented by one inverted title and Means of Obtaining Subscnptian two related subiect entries. sponsoring Institution herlean Phvs~oloe~calSoeletv or and Publisher 945C .ilsconlm Avema address rashinrton 14. 3. C.

FEBRUARY 1963 Physicist New Dean of Library School Stebbins Memorial Library Scholarship Dr. Don R. Swanson, former manager of Syracuse University was the recipient of a the Synthetic Intelligence Department at $500 gift given anonymously in memory of Ramo Wooldridge, Inc. in California, be- the late Mrs. Kathleen B. Stebbins, former came the eighth dean of the Graduate Li- SLA Executive Secretary. The money is to be brary School of the University of Chicago awarded to a library school student interested this month. Dr. Swanson is an authority on in special librarianship. computer applications for information stor- age and retrieval systems and is currently New Service by Biological Abstracts serving as a member of a panel investigating A Professional Relations Office has been the possibility of automation in several Li- established by Biological Abstiacts to provide brary of Congress operations. biologists and educators in its most effective use. The Office will also serve as a liaison Dollars for Scholars between the press and developments in the A campaign that will enable every member field. Ann L. Farren, Assistant to the Di- of SLA to personally contribute toward the rector at Biological Abstracts, has been education of a future special librarian was named to head the Office. undertaken recently by the Scholarship and Student Loan Fund Committee. A mailing $1 Million for Medical Library of about 5,800 envelopes went out from Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center re- Association Headquarters to the membership cently received an anonymous $1 million gift requesting that each person contribute "Dol- to be used for the construction of a new lars for Scholars." The 1963 Committee, medical library for Columbia University's under the chairmanship of Gertrude Bloomer, College of Physicians and Surgeons in New selects several deserving individuals inter- York City. It was also stipulated that the li- ested in special librarianship for scholarships brary be called the Augustus Long Medical and loans each year to enable them to study Library after a trustee of the hospital and at accredited graduate schools of library a member of the Medical Center Develop- science. ment Committee. The library is part of a $50 million building program. New and Revised ASTIA Thesauri To comply quickly and selectively with re- New EDP Courses Available quests for its vast storehouse of information, Friden, Inc. is offering, for the first time, the Armed Services Technical Information courses in government data processing, in- Agency has recently revised its Thesaurus surance agency data processing, computer of ASTIA Descriptors and published for the input/output programming, and output pro- first time, the ASTIA Chemical Thesaurus. gramming for Friden add-punch numeric en- A thesaurus on semiconductor devices is in coding as part of its free educational pro- preparation. These micro-thesauri, which will gram this year. Anyone with business systems - supplement the master Thesaurus of ASTIA responsibilities may attend classes and receive ~eiciiptois,carry detailed descriptbrs for a all materials, manuals, training aids, and particular subject along with identifying luncheons gratis. Five courses on program- .8 terms. The com~letelvI,revised Thesaurus is ming and data processing given last year are available free of charge to government agen- being expanded in 1963. Course descriptions cies and their contractors and on sale to the and procedures are included in a 24-page .. public at the Office of Technical Services in booklet available from Friden at Dept. 946, Washington, D. C. 97 Humboldt Street, Rochester 2, New York.

SPECIAL LIBRARIES LTP Designed Box on Market active in the New York Chapter Newspaper Open-top, cut-corner pamphlet boxes, de- Group where he held many offices. Mr. Stol- signed by the ALA Library Technology Proj- berg was Librarian of the New York Sun ect, are being sold by Bro-Dart Industries. from 1919-49, and then became a researcher These pamphlet boxes were designed to be a for the law firm of Henry F. Dressel. He substantial improvement to similar ones on created crossword puzzles for newspaper syn- the market and sell at one-third to one-half dication, collaborated with John K. Winkles their cost. The boxes, which are made of on bibliographies of famous men, and aided fibre board, can be stored flat and set up or Ward Morehouse in research. Mr. Stolberg knocked down easily. Three sizes are avail- was a member of Silurians, an organization able: 71/2" deep by 9" high x 2" wide at 35 of veteran newspapermen. cents each; 7% x 10% x 4 at 42 cents; and NLW House Organ Story Available 9 x 11 x 4 at 45 cents. A minimum order of To help special librarians publicize libraries any assortment is 12. Label holders for the and encourage their use, Special Libraries As- boxes come in two sizes: 1% x 2 at three sociation is distributing an article suitable for cents each, and 3 x 2 at four cents; and they placement in company house organs or local come with white card inserts and pressure- newspapers during National Library Week. sensitive backing. They are sold by the dozen The approximately 550-word piece was pre- in any assortment. pared by Gilbert W. Chapman, a man who Medical Library Internships is very knowledgeable about library problems The Biomedical Library of the University of and objectives. Mr. Chapman, retired Presi- California Medical Center, Los Angeles, is dent of Yale & Towne Manufacturing Com- offering three training fellowships in medical pany, is currently President of the New York librarianship. The one-year program, now in Public Library and Chairman of the Council its third year, includes work in foreign lan- on Library Resources. Although complete in guages, documentation, biological sciences, itself, the article is developed so that an in- and history of science. The Medical Library dividual librarian or editor can easily add Association has approved the curriculum material on the services or collection of his with a level I1 certification. Applicants must own organization's special library or on other be United States citizens or applicants for appropriate library-oriented activities. The naturalization, and hold Masters degrees article may be used freely in toto or in part, from ALA-accredited library schools. Appli- and copies may be obtained from Association cations should be submitted before March 30 Headquarters or Chapter Presidents. to Louise Darling, Librarian at the Biomedi- cal Library. NEEDED Member in the News by the SLA Geography and JOSEPHINEI. GREENWOOD,Librarian at Map Division Consolidated Edison Company of New York Back issues of the "Geography and since 1917, retired recently. She is a former Map Division Bulletin" for 1962 are in SLA Treasurer and New York Chapter Di- great demand. Past Board members, rector. Miss Greenwood continues her Asso- Division Chairmen, and others, who may have copies they no longer need, ciation activities by working on a special as- are requested to send them to: Robert signment of the Archives Committee. C. White, University of Illinois library, In Memoriam Urbana. CHARLESSTOLBERG, current Chairman of In particular demand are the following: the New York Chapter Newspaper Group February 1961 -no. 43 and Dean of the Newspaper Division, died February 1962-no. 47 recently. He was Chairman of the News- December 1962-no. 50 paper Division in 1943-44 and particularly

FEBRUARY 1963 Book Review The effect of the time spent in assessing the ASLIB CRANFIELDRESEARCH PROJECT. REPORT subject content of a document and the assignment of the subject descriptors on the success in re- ON THE TESTINGAND ANALYSISOF AN INVESTI- trieval should surprise the American library pro- GATION INTO THE COMPARATIVEEFFICIENCY OF INDEXINGSYSTEMS. Cyril W. Cleuerdon. Cran- fession and provoke disbelief among the members field: 1962, 311p. 35s. (Available from C. W. of the indexing fraternity. While the percentage Cleverdon, The College of Aeronautics, Cran- of retrieval proficiency ranges from 72.9 per cent field, Bletchley, Bucks, England.) for indexing at the rate of two minutes per docu- In July 1957, the National Science Foundation ment to 84.3 per cent for that done at 16 minutes, awarded a grant to Aslib for an investigation, un- the efficiency of indexing at four minutes is 80.2 der the direction of Cyril W. Cleverdon, of the per cent. This figure is even higher than that for indexing done at eight minutes. The suggested comparative efficiency of four indexing systems: Universal Decimal Classification, an alphabetic reason for the drop of efficiency at eight minutes is that the indexers felt free to study the document subject index, a special facet index, and the Uni- more closely before making any indexing deci- term System of coordinate indexing. sions. The time was inadequate for this and in- The report on the first stage of the investiga- dexing efficiency declined. tion, which told of the indexing of 18,000 pa- Another shocker is that Cleverdon's data does pers in the four systems, was published in 1960. not bear out the commonly accepted assumption The controls built into the indexing system in- that a detailed subject knowledge of the field is cluded the use of indexers with different expe- riences, indexing at different rates ranging from necessary to do adequate indexing in physics, metallurgy, or engineering. 16-2 minutes per document, and dividing the ma- The reasons for the failure of the searchers to terial to be indexed between aeronautical reports retrieve the source document were thoroughly in- and periodical articles published in the United vestigated and found to be the result of errors in Kingdom, the United States, and other countries. indexing (36 per cent), in searching (15 per The current report analyzes the results of the cent), in inadequate indexing attributed to in- testing of the four systems of indexing and em- sufficient time allowed for indexing (22 per cent), phasizes the reasons for failure to retrieve source poor questions (17 per cent), and 10 per cent documents by devoting a full chapter to the prob- for all other reasons. lem. A future report is tentatively promised to There undoubtedly will be some criticism of the explain the reasons for the retrieval of nonrele- investigation because it was not a "real situation" vant references by the various indexing systems. test. To avoid determining relevancy of retrieval To test the relative efficiency of the indexing documents to the question asked, the Project ar- done under the four systems, cooperating organ- ranged to have questions built on the documents izations in the United Kingdom, United States. in the system. If the source document was re- and Europe were asked to prepare questions based trieved in the search, it was considered relevant. on the documents covered by the project. Some The searchers also knew that there was at least 1,200 queries were received. If the document on one document in the collection for every question. which the question was based (the source docu- This may have increased the retrieval efficiency ment) was retrieved, the search was successful. This avoided the subjective evaluation of the rele- recorded for the various systems. On the other vancy of the retrieved items and made statistical hand, the searcher was unable to question the in- evaluation of the results easier. quirer to obtain more information concerning his To achieve an objective study, Cleverdon care- request. fully refrained from including any of his opinions But in spite of these potential criticisms, the and conclusions in the report. However, he pro- study is a major contribution to the literature of vides the reader with extensive data (in addition librarianship. The report will never make the to ten chapters, there are 14 appendices and 57 best seller list, but it merits inclusion as a "must" tables) on which to base his own conclusions. If bibliography on every library school's reading list. one compares the highest retrieval percentage pos- G. E. RANDALL,Manager sibilities for the lower two systems, and smallest IBM Research Library percentage for the apparently better two systems, Yorktown Heights, New York there is a differential of only 3.2 per cent in their relative efficiencies for retrieval. On the other hand. there is a range of 13.2 per cent between Illinois Chapter Directory the system with the lowest possible percentage of Who'r lPho alrd lP'ho'.r TV7here Yrz Illi~zojs Chap- retrieval and that with the highest possible re- try, the Chapter's 1962-63 membership directory, trieval percentage. The alphabetical and Uniterm is available for $1.25 from Ruth Larson, Librarian, systems made the best retrieval scores. Technical Information Center. Chicago Rawhide SPECIAL LIBRARIES Manufacturing Company, 1301 Elston Avenue. ing a semi-annual index and the fourth quarterly, Chicago 22. Checks should be made payable to an annual index. Indexing is done by subject, cor- Illinois Chapter, Special Libraries Association. porate source, author, and report number. Micro- forms of complete documents will be made avail- New Serials able throughout the United States. ADVANCEDENERGY CONVERSION, an international Journal published bimonthly by Pergamon Press, New Technical Books Revised concentrates on the technical and administrative The New York Public Library has changed the aspects of primary energy sources. The first two format, arrangement, and contents of its publica- issues contain the papers delivered at the sym- tion, New Technical Books, with the January 1963 posium, "Thermoelectric Energy Conversion." An- issue. It is being published ten times a year nual subscription rate for libraries is $30; indi- (monthly except for the summer months), and viduals, $15. entries will be arranged by broad Dewey decimal NEWSLETTEROF THE ROUNDTABLE ON LIBRARY classes and numbered consecutively through the SERVICESFOR THE BLIND is a quarterly publica- year. Emphasis is on American works pertaining ton of the American Library Association, edited to the pure and applied physical sciences and re- by the Round Table Chairman. The Newsletter lated disciplines, although foreign works will oc- carries items on publications, materials, personal- casionally be included. Each annotation normally ities, and programs of interest to libraries for the consists of the full contents, a descriptive note, blind and is available gratis from ALA. and the reviewer's initials. The content range is SPACE PROPULSION,the first publication devoted from the college to the graduate and research lev- ~xclusivelyto space vehicle propulsion, is a semi- els. Annual subscription price is $3, prepayable, monthly journal published by J. S. Butz, Jr. and available from the Public Relations Office, New Arthur Kranish. Contents include research, de- York Public Library, New York 18. velopment, marketing, production, and operation. Special subscription rate before April 1 is $60; Bell Telephone Libraries Handbook regular yearly rate is $72 from 998 National Press Building, Washington 4, D. C. Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. has revised its handbook, Technical Informalion Librarie~, for SLA Authors distribution among its employees and interested outsiders. The 24-page booklet includes informa- CLUXTON, Harriette M. Optometric Writing. tion on the use, special services, and floor plans of American Journal of Optometry and Archives of its network of libraries. Free copies may be ob- American Academy of Optometry, vol. 39, no. 11, tained from W. K. Lowry, Manager, Technical November 1962, p. 624-35. Information Libraries, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Murray Hill, New Jersey. MOHRHARDT,Foster E. A Building for the Na-

tional Library of Medicine. Libri, vol. 12, no. 3, -- - - - 1962, p. 235-9. CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING RANDALL,Gordon E. et al. Report of Clarkson position^ open and wanted-50 rentr per line; College of Technology Library Consultants Com- minrmum charge $1.50. Other classifieds-75 cents mittee, December 11, 1962, 25 p. a he;$2.21 mznrmum. Copy must be received by tenth of month preceding month of publication. Aerospace Abstracts and Indexes A cooperative effort by the National Aeronautics POSITIONS OPEN and Space Administration, Documentation, Inc., and the Institute of the Aerospace Sciences has re- ASSISTANT, BUSINESS AND INDUSTRYDEPART- - sulted in the publication of two semi-monthly ab- MENT. Beginning salary up to $6,335 depending on experience. Annual increments to $7,131. stracts and quarterly indexes dealing with the in- Credit for military experience. Library Science de- ternational literature on aerospace science and gree required. 4 weeks vacation. 5 day week. Sick technology. International Aerospace Abstracts, leave, social security and good retirement plan. published by IAS on the first and 15th of each Apply: Flint Public Library, Personnel Office, month, abstracts and indexes literature from jour- 1026 E. Kearsley St., Flint, Michigan. nals, books, and papers and proceedings of meet- ASSOCIATELIBRARIAN (SCIENCE AND TECHNOL- ings and symposia. Scientific and Technical Aero- OGY) to be in charge of the scientific and tech- . space Reports, issued the eighth and 23rd of each nological collection of the New York State Li- month by NASA's Scientific and Technical Infor- brary in Albany. Salary: $1 1,385. Applicants must mation Facility operated by Documentation, Inc., have graduated from a recognized college or uni- abstracts and indexes unpublished literature from versity, completed one full year of professional scientific and technical reports. Both IAA and study in an approved library school and have two STAR utilize the same makeup and indexing tech- years of supervisory or administrative library ex- niques for easy reference. Cumulated indexes are perience involving responsibility for a large scien- published quarterly, with the second quarterly be- tific or technological collection and in addition two FEBRUARY 1963 more years of satisfactory library experience or equal opportunity employer. Margery H. White, satisfactory completion of 60 undergraduate or Employment Office, The Upjohn Company, Kala- graduate semester hours in natural sciences, physi- mazoo, Michigan. cal sciences, mathematics, or engineering or a combination of the additional experience and 60 POSITIONS WANTED semester hours. Nationwide written test on April 6, 1963. For application and announcement, write to New York State Department of Civil Service, LIBRARIAN-B.A., M.S.L.S. Now assistant, special Field Recruitment Bureau, Unit 74 A, 1220 Wash- business library, seeks position Los Angeles area. ington Avenue. Albany 1, New York. Interest in collection containing Spanish and French. Write Box B 96. CHIEFMEDICAL LIBRAKIAN-R~~U~~~~ by McGiil University June 1963. Minimum qualifications: LIBRARIAN-U~~V~~S~~~teaching and industrial graduation from an accredited library school and scientific research experience, presently department five years' experience, preferably in a medical or head. Post-graduate degree. 3 languages, M.L.S. science library. Staff of about 20; new medical Prefer East or Midwest metropolitan area. Box building soon under construction. Salary commcn- B 100. surate with qualifications. Address inquiries to: Dean Lloyd G. Stevenson, Faculty of Medicine. McGill University, 3640 University St., Montreal 2, Canada. SR MEDICAL LIBRARIANfor medium sized new library of Na- tional Lead Company, Hightstown Research Lab- LITERATURE SCANNER oratories. Applicants should be proficient in library Science Information Center techniques but can be recent graduates of library of Northern N. J. schools, without practical experience. No scientific Pharmaceutical Organization background required but preferred. Starting salary Requirements: Xlin. Masters degree in Pharma- range from $6000-$7000. Write: Dr. Otto Konig, cology; some knowledge German. Responsibilities Head, Technical Intelligence Dept., National Lead will include scanning literature to determine Company Laboratories, P. 0. Box 420, Hights- side effects of drum on human beings. town, New Jersey. LIBERAL PERSONNEL BENEFITS ...- Respond by Writing Details of Background and Current Earning3 PROFESSIONALPOSITIONS-O~~~ in a college li- to Box S1.W 1999, 125 W. 41 St., N. Y. 36 brary in New York City in readers' services and An tqual Opportunity Employer technical services. Fifth-year degree from accredited library school required. Starting salary $5,700 or better depending on qualifications. Annual incre- ments, faculty status. Write Box B 101. TECHNICAL LIBRARIAN PUBLISHINGHOUSE LIBRARIAN-The editorial de- partments of the Christian Board of Publication Two immediate openings for Docu- maintain a research library for the use of editors ment Indexer and Reference Librarian and copy editors in writing and preparing materials to work in large, entirely new aero- for publishing-local church school curriculum, church journals and books. A librarian is wanted space research library (staff 15). Ap- to catalog books and maintain a small library, plicants must have library science de- serve as a resource person to editors, recommend gree. Experience and knowledge of and review books. Library degree not necessary but languages, especially German and/or helpful and would warrant higher starting salary. Membership in a Christian Church (Disciples of Russian desirable, but not essential. Christ) not required but would increase useful- Liberal salary according to experience ness. Retirement benefits, vacation, attendance at and qualifications. Merit advance- national librarians conventions, plus about $4800 ment. salary. Write Director of Personnel, P. 0. Box 179, St. Louis 66, Missouri. Send resume to or call Mr. Michel SCIENTIFIC DOCUMENTSL~BRAR~AN-Minimum of Friedlander, Head Librarian at LR- E.S. degree in physical sciences or engineering. Li- 5-2369, between 8:00 a.m.-4:30 p.m., brary school degree or equivalent preferred to or- ganize and maintain collection of corporate re- Monday-Friday. search data. Liberal employee benefits. Salary com- mensurate with professional status. Send details of education and experience and other personal data Grumman Aircraft Engineering to: Personnel Manager, Air Reduction Research Corporation Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey, 25 miles from NYC. An equal opportunity employer. Bethpage, L. I., N. Y TECHNICALLIBRARIAN - Ethical pharmaceutical company has opening in research library. Training (An Equal Opportunity Employer) in chemistry is required and the job is primarily indexing and abstracting of patent literature. An 118 SPECIAL LIBRARIES LIBRARIANS! THE JOB: Positions immediately available in new branches, subject departments, technical services, children's work, and bookmobiles. THE SALARY: $464-$575 PER MONTH (Experienced librarians may start above mtnimum.) Hundreds of Libraries-big and small-now print THE PLACE: 3 x 5 professional catalog cards and postcards (any quantities) with new precision geared stencil printer Los Angeles, where the climate is always especially designedfor Library requirements.Buy di- good. rect on Five Year Guarantee. FREE- Write TO- THE FUTURE: DAY for description, pictures, and low direct price. Good opportunity for professional growth CARDMASTER, 1920 Sunnyside, Dept. 42, Chicago 40 and promotional advancement in a grow- ing system; 35 librarian promotions within the last 12 months. SWETS & ZElTLlNGER STUDENTS MAY APPLY DURING Keizersgracht 471 & 487 THEIR LAST SEMESTER OF LIBRARY Amsterdam-C. Holland SCHOOL. New and Secondhand Bookdealers U.S. CITIZENSHIP REQUIRED Current Subscriptions For additional information write to: Periodicals, Sets, Backfiles, and Separate Volumes. Personnel Oficer American Representative Los Angeles Public Library 630 West Fifth Street WALTER D. LANTZ 555 WOODSIDE AVE., BERWYN, PA. Los Angeles 17, California Suburban Philadelphia Phone: Niagara 4-4944

HEAD TECHNICAL LIBRARIAN Expert Service on Scientific research and development com- MAGAZINE SUBSCRIPTIONS pany wants head librarian to assume full responsibility of periodical and scientific for library, supervision of library personnel, SPECIAL LIBRARIES liaison with MIT, Harvard, and North- eastern libraries. 0 Graduate degree in library science with a technical background and knowledge of Faxon's Librarians Guide Armed Forces classification system. Experi- Free on request ence in document control and participation in literature searching. 0 Professional atmosphere, high caliber asso- For the very best subscription service ciates in projects among most important in at competitive prices-ask about our country. Salary commensurate with experi- ence. Permanent position. Liberal benefits. Till Forbidden IBM-RAMAC plan.

Send resume to M. S. Albert, Assistant Personnel Manager ARACON LABORATORIES A Division of Allied Research Associates, Inc. F. W. FAXON CO., INC. Virginia Road, Concord, Massachusetts 369-9000 83-91 Francis Street Boston 15, Mass. 'An Equal Opportiiiiity Employer' Continuous Service To Libraries Since 1886

FEBRUARY 1963 Expanded Refewme and Planning Tool Scientific Meetings ,Beginning its seventh year as an inval- uable source of information on forth- coming scientific, technical, engineer- Complete composition, press ing, health, medical, and management and pamphlet binding facilities, cou- conventions and symposia. pled with the knowledge and skill Increased coverage and scope: gained through fifty years of experi- Management association meetings ence, can be put to your use-profitably are included. Institutes, symposia, and colloquia of technical and business administra- tion schools and departments of col- THE leges and universities are added. VERMONT More details on registration, fees, PRINTING COMPANY and publication of proceedings. Regional meetings are reported. Brattleboro, Vermont Published three times a year. Basic is- sue in January, supplements in May and September. $7 United States $8 Foreign PRINTERS OF THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION Special Libraries Association 31 East loth Street, New York 3

- NEW REFERENCE WORK from the Hoover Institution, Stanford University GUIDE TO RUSSIAN REFERENCE BOOKS Volume I General Bibliographies and Reference Books by Karol Maichel edited by J. S. G. Simmons Size: 8 x 1 1%" (double column) 92 pages $5.00 The GUIDE, which will consist of six volumes, is designed to help the English speaking scholar, scientist, and librarian to cope with the increasing demand for specialized information regarding the Soviet Union in almost every field of knowledge, by providing him with a key to the existing bibliographies, indexes, abstracts, biographical dictionaries, language diction- aries, dictionaries of terms, encyclopedias, gazetteers, chronologies, directories, atlases, statis- tical handbooks, and other reference works. Each entry is provided with a lengthy annotation. The present volume (Volume I) deals with "General Bibliographies and Reference Books" and is the cornerstone of the series. The remaining volumes, scheduled to appear during 1963, will cover: Volume 11: History, Topography, Historical Auxiliary Sciences, Ethnography, Geography; Volume 111: Social Sciences, Religion, Philosophy, the Communist Party, Education, Mili- tary Science, Library Science; .Volume IV: Humanities ; Volume V: Science and Technology (including Medicine and Agriculture); Volume VI: Cumulative Index and Supplementary Material. Each volume is available for purchase separately, as, with the first volume, each constitutes a complete set on any particular subject. The author, Mr. Karol Maichel, is the Curator of the East European Collection at the Hoover Institution, at Stanford University. Mr. Simmons is the Librarian-Lecturer in charge of Russian and Slavonic books at the University of Oxford, England. Address orders to: Publications Department, Hoover Institution, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.

SPECIAL LIBRARIES SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS- A new international medium for the rapid publica- tion of Communications in the Solid State Sciences.

SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS is basically the letters section of the Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids (Harvey Brooks, Editor-in-Chief) which is now being issued separately in order to achieve true letter speed of publication. Com- munications, not normally to exceed 1,200 words. will be published in English. French. German or Russian.

SOLID ST,4TE COMMUNICATIONS will appear once a month, starting May, 1963. and it is expected that the publication time of a Comnlunication will be from four to six weeks. To ensure the rapid distribution of the journal to areas where surface mailing time exceeds one week. copies will be airmailed at no extra cost to the subscriber.

SOLID STATE COMMUNICATIONS has a truly international Board of Editors, and each Editor has full authority to accept or reject contributions on the basis of originulitv, .scientific merit and tirneliness.

BOARD OF EDITORS P. Aigrain, Paris (Chairman)

S. Arnelinckx, Mol-Donk G. Liebfried, Aachen T. Muto, Tokyo E. F. Bertaut, Grenoble E. M. Lifshitz, Moscow F. R. N. Nabarro, Johannesburg P. G. Bordoni, Rome W. M. Lorner, Harwell G. W. Rathenau, Amsterdam B. N. Brockhouse, Hamilton W. Low, Jerusalem H. Suhl, La Jollo G. Busch, Ziirich 5. Lundquist, Gijteborg J. Tauc, Prague P. G. De Gennes, Orsay G. G. MacFarlane, Great A. R. Verrna, Varanasi H. H. Jensen. Copenhogen Malvern G. 5. Zhdanov, Moscow E. Mollwo, Erlangen

Elks Burstein. Philadelphio (Secretary)

Annual subscription rates: "A" for libraries, governmcnis and research institutions, $30.00; "B", for private individuals who place their order direct with the publisher, $15.00; "C", for sub- scribers to the Journal of Physics and Chemistry of solid^,:^ $7.50. ':' gratis during 1963 Spc~itnrtiisslrc,s trml frrrthrr itifort~c~tiorrfrom tlie pr~hli.\hc~rs PERGAMON PRESS, INC. Dept. SLA 32, 122 East 55th Street New York 22, N. Y. THIS IS A READER AND A REVOLUTION!

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