DOCSLIB.ORG

Modern Domestication of Wild Species for Sustainable

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Modern Domestication of Wild Species for Sustainable Carlos Muñoz Schick Ingeniero Agrónomo, M.S., Ph.D. Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas Universidad de Chile Located in the SW of South America, occupies an area of 756.098 km2 (75 million ha). Extends from latitude 17º30’S to 56º30’S, for 4.326 km, which is equivalent to 1/10 of the Earth circumference, making Chile the larges country in the world, but is also the narrowest, with an average width of only 180 km, around parallel 70ºW. It is a mountainous country, flanked to the East by the Andes Range and to the West by a Costal Range, leaving a large Central Valley, where most of the agriculture take place. The total cultivated land amounts to 5,1 million ha; meadows, 11,2; introduced forest species, 1,0; and, native forest species, 5,6 million ha. Total Chilean population 17.373.917 Annual Population Growth 136,8 (in thousands), 5-year period (2015 – 2020) Men 49,5% Women 50,5% Life expectancy at birth 79,7 (in years), 5-year Period (2015 – 2020) Urban Population 87,0% Rural Population 13,0% GDP: . USD $ 277 billions (2017) . 0,45% of the world economy GDP per capita: . USD $15.070 purchasing power parity GDP composition by sector: . Agriculture: 6,3% . Industry: 38,2% . Services: 55,5% Major industries: copper and other minerals, foodstuffs, fish, wood and wood products EXPORTED ITEM PERCENTAGE Fresh Fruits 27 Paper and cellulose 21 Wine 13 Wood 12 Processed fruits and vegetables 8 Meat (porck, poultry, bovine, lamb) 7 Others 12 Climate varies from desert type climates in the North and steppes type climates in the South. Between latitudes 27º and 43ºS, Mediterranean and Temperate Climates predominates. Precipitation occurs mainly in winter, increasing from N to S and from E to W. Because of this, many agricultural activities require irrigation. This area is generally free of polar winds, hail, tornadoes, excessive snow, etc., which is ideal for intensive agriculture. Back to my main topic: Of the more than 300.000 species of vascular plants on Earth, only about 300 have been domesticated. Less than 30 species constitute the food base of humanity. Only 12% of the plant families have contributed with domesticated species. Few plant families (Graminae, Leguminosae, Solanaceae, Rosaceae) provide the bulk of the species of agricultural interest. There are over 6.000 species of vascular plants in Chile. 85% of the species are native, and 50% of them are endemic. 21,3% of the vascular native flora has been reported as useful or, at least, with potential use. REGISTERED USE NATIVE INTRODUCED Food 177 212 Feed 201 194 Chemical 417 109 Medicinal 277 108 Forestry 45 33 Ornamental 36 64 Taxa with registered use 1,238 (21,3%) 778 (86,2%) Total taxa 5.801 903 CHILE AS CENTER OF ORIGIN OR CENTER OF DIVRESITY Center of Origin . Potato (Solanum tuberosusm sp. tuberosum) . Strawberry (Fragaria chiloensis) . Tomato (Lycopersicon chilense) . Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) . Alstroemerias (Alstroemeria spp.) Center of Diversity . Corn (Zea mays) . Rice (Oriza sativa) . Lentils (Lens culinaris) . Cheak peas (Cicer arietinum) Alstroemeria spp. (Alstroemeriaceae) Leucocoryne spp. (Alliaceae) Gunnera tinctoria Nalca, Pangue (Gunneraceae) Puya chilensis Chagual, Puya (Bromeliaceae) Ugni molinae murtilla (Myrtaceae) Aristotelia chilensis Maqui (Elaeocarpaceae) Eulychnia acida Copao (Cactaceae) Solanum muricatum Pepino dulce (Solanaceae) Araucaria araucana Piñón (Araucariaceae) Gevuina avellana Avellana chilena (Proteaceae) Bromus mango Mango, Mangu (Gramineae) Chenopodium quinoa Quínoa (Chenopodiaceae) • BERBERIDACEAE • Scientific name: Berberis microphylla G. Forst. • Common name: calafate • EMPETRACEAE • Scientific name: Empetrum rubrum Vahl Ex Willd. • Common name: murtilla de Magallanes • ERICACEAE • Scientific name: Gaultheria phillyreifolia (Pers.) Sleumer • Common name: chaura • Scientific name: Pernettya mucronata (L. f.) Gaud. Ex Spreng. • Common name: chaura, chaurán • Scientific name: Pernettya pumila (L.f.) Hooker • Common name: Chaura • MYRTACEAE • Scientific name: Myrteola barneoudii Berg • Scientific name: Myrteola nummularia Berg • Common name: Daudapo • ROSACEAE • Scientific name: Rubus geoides J. SM. Ex Hook. • Scientific name: Rubus radicans Cav. • Common name: miñemiñe or frutilla Calafate Murtilla de Magallanes Chaura Berberis microphylla Empetrum rubrum Pernettya mucronata Chaura Daudapo Miñemiñe Gaultheria phillyreifolia Myrteola nummularia Rubus geoides Genomic-assisted breeding for the rapid development of superior lines: Forward Breeding, Genomic Selection, etc. Gene editing can speed up plant domestication, if few important characters are manipulated: seedlessness, thornlessness, disease resistance, fruit firmness, etc. BREEDER CROP Ricrado Pertuzé Bell peppers, artichokes, tomatoes Native vegetable species. Rodrigo Infante Stone fruits, kiwi fruit, Rootstocks (walnuts) Carlos Muñoz / Loreto Prat Blueberries, Native species Danilo Aros Ornamentals: Alstroemerias and other native species. Edmundo Acevedo / Paola Silva Cereals with drought resistance Cecilia Baginsky / Herman Silva R. Grain Legumes, pseudocereals of local origin Herman Silva Asencio Genomics Strategically located in the Southern hemisphere, allowing plant breeding in diverse environments. Ideally suited for counter-season breeding activities for Northern hemisphere locations, providing opportunities to test segregants twice a year. Research expertise in a variety of species, including fruit and vegetable crops, cereals, grain legumes, ornamentals, etc. Ample opportunities for domestication of native species. Expedited import and export procedures for plant material. Low incidence of pests and diseases. Clear rules and regulations for conventional and transgenic plant materials. Ample availability of irrigation water. Well trained and experienced scientists and technicians. Qualified labor force. Good correlation with some environments in the Northern Hemisphere, facilitating effective selection for important traits in many crops. Thanks for your attention .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Myrciaria Floribunda, Le Merisier-Cerise, Source Dela Guavaberry, Liqueur Traditionnelle De L’Ile De Saint-Martin Charlélie Couput
    Myrciaria floribunda, le Merisier-Cerise, source dela Guavaberry, liqueur traditionnelle de l’ile de Saint-Martin Charlélie Couput To cite this version: Charlélie Couput. Myrciaria floribunda, le Merisier-Cerise, source de la Guavaberry, liqueur tradi- tionnelle de l’ile de Saint-Martin. Sciences du Vivant [q-bio]. 2019. dumas-02297127 HAL Id: dumas-02297127 https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-02297127 Submitted on 25 Sep 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE DE BORDEAUX U.F.R. des Sciences Pharmaceutiques Année 2019 Thèse n°45 THESE pour le DIPLOME D'ETAT DE DOCTEUR EN PHARMACIE Présentée et soutenue publiquement le : 6 juin 2019 par Charlélie COUPUT né le 18/11/1988 à Pau (Pyrénées-Atlantiques) MYRCIARIA FLORIBUNDA, LE MERISIER-CERISE, SOURCE DE LA GUAVABERRY, LIQUEUR TRADITIONNELLE DE L’ILE DE SAINT-MARTIN MEMBRES DU JURY : M. Pierre WAFFO-TÉGUO, Professeur ........................ ....Président M. Alain BADOC, Maitre de conférences ..................... ....Directeur de thèse M. Jean MAPA, Docteur en pharmacie ......................... ....Assesseur ! !1 ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !2 REMERCIEMENTS À monsieur Alain Badoc, pour m’avoir épaulé et conseillé tout au long de mon travail. Merci pour votre patience et pour tous vos précieux conseils qui m’ont permis d’achever cette thèse.
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Food Forest -Alphabetical Plant List
    1 FOOD FOREST ‐ALPHABETICAL PLANT LIST ‐ THE RIVER HOUSE ‐Bingara . NSW Version 5 List at 10/2014 270 varieties in 2 1/2 years Aim: “To nourish body and soul in a beautiful, symbiotic and positive environment”. All plants and herbs are edible and or medicinal. There may be an exception in the future if the plant is of enormous benefit to bees, birds or the microbiology of the soil. There is one bush we inherited & not edible but will be retained until the edibles grow. The few petunias are in memory of Fred Choice who once lived on this land & grew the most wonderful tomatoes. Plants in green have already been planted. Plants in blue have been ordered. Others are still to be found. The aim with flowers & vegetables is to have perennial plants or self seeding annual plants from heirloom or non hybrid varieties. Excess plant material is used as mulch. Excess plants are given to others. Excess produce is exchanged with local businesses. How wonderful if the verges of Bingara were lined with strawberries as well as oranges. We will supply plants as starters. Then just imagine the other possibilities! Wish List Would you like to donate one? It will be loved & cared for! Allspice (SHF)‐have seed Ambarella Asimoya‐North American Pawpaw Atemoya (African Pride/Kaller) Capulin Cherry Citronella Grass (SHF) Dandelion (SHF) Evening Primrose Guava –yellow Prunus salicifolia Hyssop (SHF) Jujube Kwai Muk Geranium –Citrus (Lemon) scented (SHF) Magenta Cherry Miracle Tree/Ben/Moringa Nashi Tssu Li Purslane (SHF) INDEX Fruit Trees & Shrubs 2‐14 Edible Climbers 15 Water Plants 16 Herbs, Vegetables & Grains 17 Edible Flowers 23 2 FRUIT TREES and SHRUBS Abutilon/Chinese Maple/Chinese Lantern “Wisley Red” crimson red edible upside down lantern flowers for 6 months, 2‐6m x 2.2m , soft stemmed, tough, full sun, heirloom.
    [Show full text]
  • Minimum Temperatures for Fruit
    Freezing Temperatures for Some Fruit, Nut & Oil Plants a.These are "ball park" figures given for older plants. Flowers and fruit, smaller branches and newer plants freeze earlier. b. More damage occurs if plant is at these temperatures for more than a short time and if it is the first frost of the year. c. Freezing temperatures may vary due to weather conditions and plant variety. Fruit Low Fruit Low Around 32-28 About 19-10 Avocado-Guatemalan 30-26 California Fan Palm 18 Washingtonia filifera Babaco 29 Fig 13 Banana 32-15 grows only between 50 & 80 Grape - European 10 Guava - tropical 29 Psidium guajava Hazelnut, European 10 Lemon 32-30 Japanese Raisin Tree 10 Hovenia dulcis Lime - Mexican 32 Jelly Palm 15 Butia capitata Passion vine 32-28 Kiwi - fuzzy 10-15flowers die at 30 Pineapple 32 Kumquat 18 Split-Leaf Philodenron 28 Monsterosa delicosa Loquat 12 flowers die at 26 Tamarind Mulberry - black 0-10 Morus nigra Pineapple Guava 15 Feijoa sellowiana Around 27-25 Pistachio 10 Cactus - some 25 Pomegranate 12 Cherimoya 25 few hours only Chilean Guava 15 Ugni molinae Citrus 25 + limes, lemons most sensitive Guava-Lemon, Strawb 25 Psidium cattleianum Around 0 and below Grumachama 26 Eugenia brasiliensis Apple -50 some better in warmer Jabuticaba 26 Myrciarua cauliflora Apricot -40 probably Litchi 25 Autumn Olive -40 Elaeagnus umbellata Macadamia 26 young trees die at 30 Blueberries - highbush -30 Mango 25 flowers, fruit die at 40 Blueberries - rabbiteye -10 blooms die at 30 Natal plum 26 Carissa grandiflora Cactus -25 some Opuntia Tree Tomato
    [Show full text]
  • Domestication of Plants of Ugni Molinae Turcz (Myrtaceae) Interferes in the Biology of Chilesia Rudis (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) Larvae
    molecules Article Domestication of Plants of Ugni molinae Turcz (Myrtaceae) Interferes in the Biology of Chilesia rudis (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) Larvae Manuel Chacón-Fuentes 1,2,*, Leonardo Bardehle 1,2,3, Ivette Seguel 4, Fernanda Rubilar 1,2,5, Daniel Martínez-Cisterna 1,2,6 and Andrés Quiroz 1,2,* 1 Laboratorio de Química Ecológica, Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile; [email protected] (L.B.); [email protected] (F.R.); [email protected] (D.M.-C.) 2 Centro de Investigación Biotecnológica Aplicada al Medio Ambiente (CIBAMA), Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile 3 Centro de Fruticultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile 4 Innovalimentos SPA, Gabriela Mistral 02311, Temuco 4780000, Chile; [email protected] 5 Carrera de Agronomía, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Manuel Montt 56, Casilla 15-D, Temuco 4810302, Chile 6 Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Av. Francisco Salazar 01145, Casilla 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile * Correspondence: [email protected] (M.C.-F.); [email protected] (A.Q.) Abstract: In terms of the domestication process in murtilla, studies have found changes in the Citation: Chacón-Fuentes, M.; concentration of phenolic compounds, with reduction of chemical defense of plants, depending Bardehle, L.; Seguel, I.; Rubilar, F.; on the change in the feeding behavior of insects.
    [Show full text]
  • Ministerio De Agricultura Oficina De Estudios Y Políticas Agrarias
    Ministerio de Agricultura Oficina de Estudios y Políticas Agrarias PREPARACIÓN DE EXPEDIENTES TÉCNICOS PARA LA PRESENTACIÓN Y SOLICITUD DE AUTORIZACIÓN DE ALIMENTOS NUEVOS O TRADICIONALES DE TERCEROS PAÍSES PARA EXPORTAR A LA UNIÓN EUROPEA El presente estudio es susceptible de ser reproducido total o parcialmente bajo condición de que sea citada su fuente. Se hace presente, que si bien la investigación en este caso ha sido encargada por ODEPA, las conclusiones de que da cuenta no necesariamente representan la opinión de esta última Diciembre 2017 “PREPARACIÓN DE EXPEDIENTES TÉCNICOS PARA LA PRESENTACIÓN Y SOLICITUD DE AUTORIZACIÓN DE ALIMENTOS NUEVOS O TRADICIONALES DE TERCEROS PAÍSES PARA EXPORTAR A LA UNIÓN EUROPEA” INFORME FINAL SANTIAGO, diciembre 2017 CONTENIDO 1. INTRODUCCIÓN .......................................................................................................... 3 2. LEVANTAMIENTO DE INFORMACIÓN ......................................................................... 5 3. CONCLUSIONES…………………………………………………………………………………………………….28 4. RESULTADOS DE LA CONSULTORIA………………………………………….……………………………30 5. ANEXO 1 PROTOCOLO PARA LA PRESENTACIÓN DE UN EXPEDIENTE 6. ANEXO 2 EXPEDIENTE MAQUI (ARISTOTELIA CHILENSIS) DE CHILE: NOTIFICACIÓN DE ALIMENTO TRADICIONAL DE TERCER PAÍS 7. ANEXO 3 EXPEDIENTE MURTILLA (UGNI MOLINAE) DE CHILE: NOTIFICACIÓN DE ALIMENTO TRADICIONAL DE TERCER PAÍS 2 1. INTRODUCCIÓN El presente informe corresponde al documento final del estudio “Preparación de expedientes técnicos para la presentación y solicitud de autorización de alimentos nuevos o tradicionales de terceros países para exportar a la Unión Europea”. Este estudio responde a la solicitud de ODEPA por avanzar en la autorización de nuevos productos para exportar a la Unión Europea, debido que, a partir de enero de 2018, la Unión Europea implementará un procedimiento más simplificado para autorizar el ingreso de productos identificados como “Novel Foods”, de acuerdo al Reglamento (UE) 2015/2283 del Parlamento y del Consejo Europeo, de 25 de noviembre de 2015.
    [Show full text]
  • Fruit Trees, Nut Trees, Plants, Seeds, Books & Sundries
    Agroforestry Research Trust Fruit trees, nut trees, plants, seeds, books & sundries www.agroforestry.co.uk Agroforestry: what is it? The simplest definition of agroforestry is that it is the integration of trees and agriculture/horticulture to create a more diverse growing system. In agroforestry the aim is to promote more use of perennial crops, notably tree and shrub crops, because they are more resilient, more sustainable and ecologically sound. Agroforestry systems can vary in complexity from the very simple, eg occasional trees planted in pastures to provide shade, emergency forage and nitrogen (via nitrogen- fixing bacteria), to the more complex systems like forest gardens, which may utilise hundreds of species to create a self-sustaining and interconnected system. The Agroforestry Research Trust The Trust is a registered charity, set up to educate and research into perennial crops and agroforestry. We have 20 acres of trial grounds in Devon including forest gardens and other systems. There are public guided tours through the growing season of our sites (see website at https://www.agroforestry.co.uk/research-site-tours/ for info and dates). We also run courses and seminars in forest gardening, growing nut crops and the forest garden greenhouse (with subtropical forest garden) in Devon. Dates and more info on website at https://www.agroforestry.co.uk/product-category/courses/. The Forest Garden Network This is an informal network of people planning or already cultivating their own forest gardens or agroforestry systems on farms, with the aim to facilitate visits to each other’s sites – one of the best ways to improve our knowledge about temperate agroforestry.
    [Show full text]
  • Invasions but Not Extinctions Change Phylogenetic Diversity of Angiosperm Assemblage on Southeastern Pacific Oceanic Islands
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Invasions but not extinctions change phylogenetic diversity of angiosperm assemblage on southeastern Pacific Oceanic islands Gasto n O. Carvallo1☯*, Sergio A. Castro2,3☯ 1 Instituto de BiologõÂa, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad CatoÂlica de ValparaõÂso, ValparaõÂso, Chile, 2 Laboratorio de EcologõÂa y Biodiversidad, Facultad de QuõÂmica y BiologõÂa, Universidad de Santiago, Santiago, Chile, 3 Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y NanotecnologõÂa (CEDENNA), Santiago, a1111111111 Chile a1111111111 a1111111111 ☯ These authors contributed equally to this work. a1111111111 * [email protected] a1111111111 Abstract We assessed changes in phylogenetic diversity of angiosperm flora on six oceanic islands OPEN ACCESS located in the southeastern Pacific Ocean, by comparing flora from two periods: the pre- Citation: Carvallo GO, Castro SA (2017) Invasions European colonization of islands and current times. We hypothesize that, in the time but not extinctions change phylogenetic diversity of between these periods, extinction of local plant species and addition of exotic plants modi- angiosperm assemblage on southeastern Pacific Oceanic islands. PLoS ONE 12(8): e0182105. fied phylogenetic-α-diversity at different levels (deeper and terminal phylogeny) and https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182105 increased phylo-β-diversity among islands. Based on floristic studies, we assembled a phy- Editor: Ulrich Melcher, Oklahoma State University, logenetic tree from occurrence data that includes 921 species, of which 165 and 756 were UNITED STATES native or exotic in origin, respectively. Then, we studied change in the phylo-α-diversity and Received: March 3, 2017 phylo-β-diversity (1 ±Phylosor) by comparing pre-European and current times. Despite extinction of 18 native angiosperm species, an increase in species richness and phylo- - Accepted: July 12, 2017 α diversity was observed for all islands studied, attributed to introduction of exotic plants Published: August 1, 2017 (between 6 to 477 species per island).
    [Show full text]
  • Falkland Island Peatland Development Processes and the Pervasive
    Manuscript File 1 Falkland Island peatland development 2 processes and the pervasive presence of 3 fire 4 5 Dmitri Mauquoy1#, Richard J Payne2*, Kirill V. Babeshko3, Rebecca Bartlett4, Ian 6 Boomer4, Hannah Bowey1, Chris D. Evans5, Fin Ring-Hrubesh2, David Muirhead1, 7 Matthew O’Callaghan4, Natalia Piotrowska6, Graham Rush2, Thomas Sloan2, Craig 8 Smeaton7, Andrey N. Tsyganov8,9, Yuri A. Mazei8,9 9 10 1. Geography and Environment, School of Geosciences, University of 11 Aberdeen, St Mary’s Building, Aberdeen AB24 3UF, United Kingdom 12 2. Environment and Geography, University of York, York YO10 5NG, United 13 Kingdom 14 3. Department of Zoology and Ecology, Penza State University, 440026, Penza, 15 Russia 16 4. School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of 17 Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom 18 5. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Environment Centre Wales, Deiniol Road, 19 Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom 20 6. Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Physics-CSE, Gliwice, Poland. 21 7. School of Geography & Sustainable Development, University of St Andrews, 22 St Andrews, KY16 9AL, UK 23 8. Department of General Ecology and Hydrobiology, Lomonosov Moscow State 24 University, 119991, Moscow, Russia 25 9. A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution RAS, 119071, Moscow, 26 Russia 1 27 #Corresponding author, [email protected] 28 *Deceased 29 30 Abstract 31 32 Palaeoecological analyses of Falkland Island peat profiles have largely been 33 confined to pollen analyses. In order to improve understanding of long-term Falkland 34 Island peat development processes, the plant macrofossil and stable isotope 35 stratigraphy of an 11,550 year Falkland Island Cortaderia pilosa (‘whitegrass’) peat 36 profile was investigated.
    [Show full text]
  • Norrie's Plant Descriptions - Index of Common Names a Key to Finding Plants by Their Common Names (Note: Not All Plants in This Document Have Common Names Listed)
    UC Santa Cruz Arboretum & Botanic Garden Plant Descriptions A little help in finding what you’re looking for - basic information on some of the plants offered for sale in our nursery This guide contains descriptions of some of plants that have been offered for sale at the UC Santa Cruz Arboretum & Botanic Garden. This is an evolving document and may contain errors or omissions. New plants are added to inventory frequently. Many of those are not (yet) included in this collection. Please contact the Arboretum office with any questions or suggestions: [email protected] Contents copyright © 2019, 2020 UC Santa Cruz Arboretum & Botanic Gardens printed 27 February 2020 Norrie's Plant Descriptions - Index of common names A key to finding plants by their common names (Note: not all plants in this document have common names listed) Angel’s Trumpet Brown Boronia Brugmansia sp. Boronia megastigma Aster Boronia megastigma - Dark Maroon Flower Symphyotrichum chilense 'Purple Haze' Bull Banksia Australian Fuchsia Banksia grandis Correa reflexa Banksia grandis - compact coastal form Ball, everlasting, sago flower Bush Anemone Ozothamnus diosmifolius Carpenteria californica Ozothamnus diosmifolius - white flowers Carpenteria californica 'Elizabeth' Barrier Range Wattle California aster Acacia beckleri Corethrogyne filaginifolia - prostrate Bat Faced Cuphea California Fuchsia Cuphea llavea Epilobium 'Hummingbird Suite' Beach Strawberry Epilobium canum 'Silver Select' Fragaria chiloensis 'Aulon' California Pipe Vine Beard Tongue Aristolochia californica Penstemon 'Hidalgo' Cat Thyme Bird’s Nest Banksia Teucrium marum Banksia baxteri Catchfly Black Coral Pea Silene laciniata Kennedia nigricans Catmint Black Sage Nepeta × faassenii 'Blue Wonder' Salvia mellifera 'Terra Seca' Nepeta × faassenii 'Six Hills Giant' Black Sage Chilean Guava Salvia mellifera Ugni molinae Salvia mellifera 'Steve's' Chinquapin Blue Fanflower Chrysolepis chrysophylla var.
    [Show full text]
  • The Natural History of Tristan Da Cunha
    The Natural History of Tristan da Cunha Paul Tyler and Alison Rothwell The Natural History of Tristan da Cunha Contents Page 1 Habitats Page 12 Birds Page 28 Marine Life Page 40 Landscape Paul Tyler and Alison Rothwell The Natural History of Tristan da Cunha 1 Habitats What is a habitat? What are the main habitats on A habitat describes the kind of place where Tristan? animals and plants live. The main habitats found on land on the main island There are different habitats in Tristan where you of Tristan are described in the following pages. They will find different kinds of animals and plants are mainly recognised by the kinds of plants that living. For instance at the patches you will find grow there. lots of farm grass, whereas up on the base there will be lots of bog ferns growing - these plants are different because they live under different conditions. What makes them different? Altitude - some plants can stand the cold better than others - the higher you go the colder it gets What makes habitats the way they are? Moisture - some plants do better in wet conditions than others The reason one habitat is different to another can depend on a number of things. For example, Shelter - Some plants such as trees prefer places some plants need shelter, some can’t survive where it’s not too windy being frozen, and some prefer very wet soil. So the plants that grow in a particular place Rock and soil type - some plants can live on bare will be those that are best able to survive the rock but most need some kind of soil conditions found there.
    [Show full text]
  • Edible Landscaping
    Edible Landscaping y substituting food-bearing trees, shrubs, vines and herbs for other non-edible ornamental plants in our garden, we add to the sustainable nature of our home gardens and landscapes. Many edible plants are beautiful as well as useful. Interplanted vegetables are usually less bothered by insect pests than when they are planted in neat Bmonocrop rows. Combining edibles with traditional shrubs creates a more ecologically sound environment. Instead of a Ligustrum (privet), plant a lemon. Rather than Boxwood, try Rosemary. Plant a Feijoa (Pineapple Guava) instead of Callistemon (Bottlebrush)! HERBACEOUS BORDER EDIBLES - These edibles combine well with flowering perennials and annuals: Artichoke Eggplant Lettuce Tarragon Chard Peppers Basil Violas Borage Bush Beans Jerusalem Artichoke Chives Nasturtium Okra Amaranth Rhubarb Oregano Endive and Chicory Kale Fava Beans Sage Verbena Parsley Catnip Cabbage Marjoram Quinoa SHRUB BORDER EDIBLES - these plants can also be used for foundation planting: Blueberries Viburnum opulus (Highbush Cranberry) Arbutus unedo Pomegranate Ugni molinae (Chilean Guava) Vaccinum (Huckleberries) Dwarf Citrus Pernettya mucronata (Chilean Wintergreen) Caper Feijoa (Pineapple Guava) Ribes spp. (Currents and Gooseberries) Mahonia (Oregon Grape) Sambucus nigra (Elderberry) Cornus mas (Cornelian Cherry) Rosemary Laurus nobilis (Bay) Aronia (Chokeberry) Natal Plum Chaenomeles (Flowering quince-fruit makes great jelly) TREES and SCREENS: Apple Loquat Carob Cherry Fig Crabapple Plum Almond Paw Paw Pear Walnut Olive Asian Pear Apricot Persimmon Avocado Black Mulberry Standard Citrus Peach and Nectarine VINES: Actinidia (Kiwi) Cucumbers Pole Beans Small Melons or Pumpkins Grapes Bitter Melon Runner Beans Passiflora (Passion Vine) Hops Peas ***Brambleberries, Raspberries and Blackberries can be trained along a fence.
    [Show full text]
  • Native and Exotic Plants with Edible Fleshy Fruits Utilized in Patagonia and Their Role As Sources of Local Functional Foods Melina Fernanda Chamorro and Ana Ladio*
    Chamorro and Ladio BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2020) 20:155 BMC Complementary https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-020-02952-1 Medicine and Therapies RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Native and exotic plants with edible fleshy fruits utilized in Patagonia and their role as sources of local functional foods Melina Fernanda Chamorro and Ana Ladio* Abstract Background: Traditionally part of the human diet, plants with edible fleshy fruits (PEFF) contain bioactive components that may exert physiological effects beyond nutrition, promoting human health and well-being. Focusing on their food-medicine functionality, different ways of using PEFF were studied in a cross-sectional way using two approaches: a bibliographical survey and an ethnobotanical case study in a rural community of Patagonia, Argentina. Methods: A total of 42 studies were selected for the bibliographical review. The case study was carried out with 80% of the families inhabiting the rural community of Cuyín Manzano, using free listing, interviews, and participant observation. In both cases we analyzed species richness and use patterns through the edible consensus and functional consensus indices. Local foods, ailments, medicines and drug plants were also registered. Results: The review identified 73 PEFF, the majority of which (78%) were native species, some with the highest use consensus. PEFF were used in 162 different local foods, but mainly as fresh fruit. Of the total, 42% were used in a functional way, in 54 different medicines. The principal functional native species identified in the review were Aristotelia chilensis and Berberis microphylla. In the case study 20 PEFF were in current use (50% were native), and consensus values were similar for native and exotic species.
    [Show full text]