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The Triumph of Pragmatic Imperialism: Lord Minto and the Defence of the Empire, 1898-1910

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The Triumph of Pragmatic Imperialism: Lord Minto and the Defence of the Empire, 1898-1910 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Enlighten: Theses Gillon, Benjamin Thomas (2009) The triumph of pragmatic imperialism: Lord Minto and the defence of the Empire, 1898-1910. PhD thesis. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/643/ Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given Glasgow Theses Service http://theses.gla.ac.uk/ [email protected] The Triumph of Pragmatic Imperialism: Lord Minto and the Defence of the Empire, 1898-1910 Benjamin Thomas Gillon MA (Hons.), M. Phil Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Modern History Faculty of Arts University of Glasgow March 2009 © Benjamin Thomas Gillon, March 2009 Abstract While relatively neglected in the historiography, the 4 th Earl of Minto, who achieved the distinction of serving consecutively as Governor-General of Canada and Viceroy of India from 1898-1910, is more truly representative of the methods Britain adopted to govern its Empire than his more illustrious contemporaries. He was one of the many aristocrats who, while increasingly marginalised in other aspects of British political life, were believed to possess important qualities that made them ideally suited to the highest levels of imperial service. As part of the governing elite, Britain’s aristocrats shared many of the assumptions held by politicians, civil servants and military officers, about imperial governance. Vague notions circulated about Britain’s duty to civilize its possessions, but most policy-makers eschewed ‘ideological’ visions in favour of a more pragmatic approach based on recognition that protecting the empire from both internal and external threats was vital to maintaining Britain’s leading position amongst its rival Great Powers. The pragmatism of its governors provided an element of continuity in the diverse territories of Britain’s empire. This thesis examines the role of Lord Minto in the formation of defence and foreign policy to illustrate the centrality of the pragmatic approach to British imperialism. He held his posts at a time of transition for the Empire. Ideas about the duties of imperial governors were changing, as power shifted either to local governments in the self-governing colonies or back to the metropole from the periphery. Yet as Britain faced an increasing range of challenges, governors remained able to influence many of the decisions made in response. Like most governors Minto worked under a series of constraints. He was forced to repair the damage caused by his predecessors and contain the unrealistic aspirations of his superiors, although, a soldier himself, he found his military colleagues a valuable source of support throughout his career. In Canada Minto worked hard to ensure that Laurier’s government accepted its imperial responsibilities, most notably during the South African war, but also that his British superiors understood Canadian attitudes towards the Empire and rapprochement with America. As Viceroy, Minto’s priority remained protecting the security of the Raj, particularly the strategically vital North West Frontier, often against the insistence of a Liberal government focused on economic retrenchment. That he was able to achieve these aims and restore stability to previously troubled territories is a tribute to the effectiveness of pragmatism. 2 Contents Chapter Title Page Acknowledgements 4 Declaration 5 List of Abbreviations 6 1. Introduction 7 2. Repairing the Damage: Minto and his Predecessors 51 3. Containing Unreality: Minto and his Superiors 98 4. Exploiting Solidarity: Minto and his Generals 161 5. Conclusion 221 6. Bibliography 232 3 Acknowledgements This thesis could not have been completed without the help of a great many people, and my gratitude to them cannot be properly expressed here. My greatest debt is to my parents, whose unfailing love and support got me through when things got really difficult. Without my grandparents’ help I could never have got started, and Amy and Jase were supportive throughout. My colleagues at the Southern General were always understanding of my endeavours and I owe them thanks for their continuous encouragement. A final word goes to Ulli for making my life so much more fun. Academically, the history department at Glasgow University provided a stimulating environment for research and learning. My main debt here is to my supervisors Dr Simon Ball and Dr Phillips O’Brien for assisting me to develop my ideas and generally improving my work, but I must also thank Dr Will Mulligan for his pointers on secondary literature and many useful discussions about Edwardian foreign policy, and Professor Hew Strachan, who introduced me to imperial history. Thanks also to my postgraduate colleagues at Glasgow, being part of a community experiencing the same difficulties made my research that bit more bearable. The staff of the following institutions were all incredibly helpful; the Manuscripts department at the National Library of Scotland, the National Archives of Scotland, the National Archives, the British Library, and Glasgow University Library. I would also like to thank the Earl of Dundonald for permission to quote from the Dundonald Muniments held in the National Archives of Scotland in Edinburgh. 4 Declaration This thesis comprises my own work, unless otherwise acknowledged, and has not previously been submitted for examination in any other form. Signed…………………………………………………………. 5 Abbreviations The following abbreviations are used in the references and bibliography: Primary Sources: BL = British Library BL Add Mss = British Library Additional Manuscripts BL IOL = British Library India Office Library CO = Colonial Office LMCP = Lord Minto’s Canadian Papers Vols. I & II (The Champlain Society, Toronto, 1981) NAS = National Archives of Scotland NLS = National Library of Scotland TNA = The National Archives WO = War Office Journal Titles: AHR = American Historical Review AJPH = Australian Journal of Politics and History BIHR = Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research BJCS = British Journal of Canadian Studies BSOAS = Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies CHR = Canadian Historical Review CJH = Canadian Journal of History CSHS = Comparative Studies in History and Society D&S = Diplomacy & Statecraft EHR = English Historical Review Econ HR = Economic History Review HJ = Historical Journal IHR = International History Review INS = Intelligence & National Security JBS = Journal of British Studies JCHA = Journal of the Canadian Historical Association JCS = Journal of Canadian Studies JCPS = Journal of Commonwealth Political Studies JCH = Journal of Contemporary History JICH = Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History JMilH = Journal of Military History JModH = Journal of Modern History JSAHR = Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research JSS = Journal of Strategic Studies MAS = Modern Asian Studies PHR = Pacific Historical Review P&P = Past & Present TAPS = Transactions of the American Philosophical Society TRHS = Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 6 1. Introduction The Ideas of Empire: Britain and ‘Pragmatic Imperialism’ Lord Minto’s career as Governor General of Canada and Viceroy of India provides a useful illustration of the methods that dominated Britain’s approach towards governing its Empire, the arguments about which made by Judd and Brown are echoed by many other historians: Above all, and despite many failings and occasional brutalities, the British steered clear of high-minded theory and tended to approach the enormous test of imperial rule with a relatively humane pragmatism. 1 British imperialism was a pragmatic exercise, the response to current pressures, threats and opportunities. 2 Discussion or analysis of the foundations of British imperial rule was rare and few attempts were made to define its principles or shape it to fit a central paradigm. 3 Contrary to some modern beliefs, British expansion was never driven by a desire to assert racial superiority, and such ideology was conspicuous by its absence. 4 Instead, to ease the pressures of governing an enormous heterogeneous Empire, British imperialism was based on a flexible pragmatism. Policies evolved from the reaction to events and adaptation to local circumstances, as the lessons of attempting to mould these to suit British desires were swiftly learned from mistakes, such as had occurred in India in 1857. British imperialism was instead based on a set of shared ‘unspoken assumptions’ that were so obvious to all those who shared in the process of policy-making they seldom had to be evinced. The similar backgrounds of the ‘ruling elite,’ where politicians, officials, imperial administrators and generals often came from aristocratic families, created a common ethos about the nature of British interests and the methods to be adopted in defending them. Robinson and Gallagher described this phenomenon as the ‘official mind,’ which successfully insulated itself from the pressures of those, either missionaries
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