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Searching for Villers Bretonneux Linda Wade University of Wollongong University of Wollongong Thesis Collections University of Wollongong Thesis Collection University of Wollongong Year ”By diggers defended, by Victorians mended”: searching for Villers Bretonneux Linda Wade University of Wollongong Wade, Linda, ”By diggers defended, by Victorians mended”: searching for Villers Bre- tonneux, PhD thesis, School of History and Politics, University of Wollongong, 2008. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/796 This paper is posted at Research Online. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/796 “By Diggers Defended, By Victorians Mended” Searching for Villers Bretonneux Submitted in fulfilment of the degree of UniversityDoctor of ofPhilosophy Wollongong By Linda Wade, Bachelor of Arts (Hons) School of History and Politics 2008 Certification I, Linda Wade, declare that this thesis, submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Doctor of Philosophy, in the School of History and Politics, Faculty of Arts, University of Wollongong, is wholly my own work unless otherwise referenced or acknowledged. The document has not been submitted for qualifications at any other academic institution. Linda Wade 19 September 2008. Acknowledgements John McQuilton, my supervisor, helped in so many ways to bring this thesis to life. He was calm and encouraging in the face of my dramas and doubts. Quite simply, I could not have endured the last seven years without the quiet guidance and solid support he offered me. Also supportive over the years at Wollongong were Rebecca Albury, Charles Hawksley, and many of the postgrads I shared the journey with, especially Damien and Erin Cahill, Karl James, Kristy Muir, Kaz Monden, Becky Walker and Ian Willis. Jen Hawksley was an absolute inspiration. At the Bega campus Chris Dwyer and Ann Montague were supportive and enthusiastic, as were many of my fellow tutors, especially Geoffrey Badger, Ro Beaumont, Clay Thistleton, Jo Thorpe and Cindy Turner. I also enjoyed the support of many of the students at Bega: special thanks to Cheryl Russell and Tracy Wells for extending the hand of friendship to their nerdy tutor, and to Arwyn Pearson for her enthusiasm, and the very kind offer to proof read this thesis. I also enjoyed the support of colleagues further afield: thanks to Bruce Scates, Rosalie Triolo, and Bart Ziino for helpful tips. I was assisted by staff at the Australian War Memorial, the National Archives of Australia, the National Library of Australia, the Brotherton Library; and by Catherine Herrick at the Education Department of Victoria, Keith Rossi at Anzac House, Anthony Duffin and staff at the Swan Hill Council, Briona and Kelly in the History office at Melbourne University, and Christine Cruz at the Historial in Peronne. Ian Cooke at the Institute of Commonwealth Studies Library was a great help in tracking down documents in the UK. The kindness of people in Robinvale has been overwhelming: Jean at the Robinswood Homestead served me home made cake and hot tea over our chat on a very cold morning; staff at the Robinvale Resource Centre gave me free photocopying and produced paper and textas to keep my son occupied; Pam and Tory Pisasale welcomed my family into their home. I could not have included the Robinvale story in the final chapter without Pam’s generosity. Friends and family were of course an integral part in the production of the thesis. Ian and Meghan Campbell looked after the kids too many times, and managed to keep me socialized too. Thanks also to Michael Bath, Andrew Hall, Sharon McLeod, Shane Smith, and Sam Tolhurst for support; and to Chris Cates, and Paddy and Shona Macfarlane for accommodation in the UK. Special thanks to Tracey Mythen, who told me about Villers Bretonneux as we wasted time in our boring office jobs on a wintry afternoon in London late in 1999. My mother-in-law flew over from New Zealand to hold the fort at home while I travelled to France in 2003. My parents and siblings shared much of the journey: Dad was super-Pop, mum reminded me of which side of the road I should’ve been on when we were in France, and Helen gave me great feed back on everything she read for me. Phil not only took me to Villers, but he also taught me to look beyond the rhetoric of nationalism and sacrifice on Anzac Day as I watched him march, resplendent in uniform, along Whitehall on Anzac Day 1999. The tears I wiped away as I read of mothers’ sons like Cyril Lawrence, and for desperately loved children like Henry Colyer’s young son, paid testimony to the fact that my kids, Benjamin and Katie, helped me understand my work simply by being part of my life. And finally, thanks so much to Gaz, eternally patient, who said “make it happen”, then worked so hard to allow me to do so. For Gary, and Benjamin and Katie, in the hope that you’ll all one day read this, then understand how much you “made it happen”. Table of Contents List of Abbreviations List i of Illustrations Abstract ii iv Prologue 1 Introduction 6 Chapter 1 – “a fitting but sad anniversary of ANZAC” 39 Chapter 2 – “war wasn’t so bad after all” 74 Chapter 3 – “The very breastplate of Amiens” 100 Chapter 4 – Après la guerre 125 Chapter 5 – “By Victorians Mended”? 167 Chapter 6 – “A memorial of the fine work they did for their country” 195 Chapter 7 – “Let’s chuck these ashes ‘round while there is nothing doing” 233 Chapter 8 – The “dawn of a new era for Anzac” 265 Conclusion 313 Epilogue 323 Bibliography 330 Abbreviations ADFA: Australian Defence Force Academy AIF: Australian Imperial Force ALP: Australian Labor Party AWM: Australian War Memorial IWGC: Imperial War Graves Commission MC: Master of Ceremonies MHR: Member of the House of Representatives MLC: Member of the Legislative Council NAA: National Archives of Australia NLA: National Library of Australia PROV: Public Records Office of Victoria RAAF: Royal Australian Air Force RSSILA: Returned Sailors’ and Soldiers’ Imperial RSL:League Returned of Australia and Services League SHRCCA: Swan Hill Rural City Council Archives VEDWRO: Victorian Education Department War Relief VVBF:Organisation Victorian Villers Bretonneux Fund List of Illustrations i.1: Villers Bretonneux monument aux morts, Victoria i.2:College Villers 7Bretonneux logo and Town Hall 1.1: 8 Map of northern France 1.2: 41 Demarcation stone outside Villers Bretonneux 1.3: Bean’s48 view of the British Tommies 2.1: The 54plight of the French refugees 2.2: 80 Leisure time at Villers Bretonneux 2.3: Diggers84 and poilu side by side in Villers 2.4:Bretonneux Australian and88 French soldiers inspect aircraft 2.5:wreckage Diggers and88 poilu together near Villers 2.6:Bretonneux Australian troops with89 French civilians at 4.1:Villers Charlotte Bretonneux Crivelli 90 4.2: 132 British League of Help poster 4.3: British140 League of Help map 5.1: 162 A published subscription list 5.2: Memorial170 tablet presented to Australian soldiers by the people of Villers Bretonneux 5.3: 172 The “ruined village” in Melbourne for Mascot Day 5.4: Children174 from Villers Bretonneux tending 6.1:Australian Plans forgraves Villers 184 Bretonneux school 6.2: War 206workers at school 6.3: 216 Victorian Education Department promotional 6.4:booklet Images from220 the Victorian Education Department’s Record of War Service 7.1: 223 Hymn for the unveiling of the Australian 7.2:National The royalMemorial couple 235 at the unveiling of the Australian NationalMemorial 237 8.1: “Villers Bretonneux walk” at Robinvale 8.2: 272 Villers Bretonneux on Anzac Day 1998 8.3: 287 Official Anzac Day 2008 poster 8.4: 300 Advertisement for package tour to Villers 8.5:Bretonneux Australians at301 Villers Bretonneux Dawn Service 8.6: Front304 page of The Australian after Anzac Day c.1:2008 Monument 307to the Australian soldiers in Villers Bretonneux 314 Abstract When Allan Griffin, Minister for Veterans’ Affairs, stood in front of the Australian National Memorial at Villers Bretonneux on Anzac Day 2008, he told the assembled crowd that the Villers Bretonneux story “is not as well- known in Australia as it should be”. He continued that “our strong connection with the Anzacs at Gallipoli has, over the years, overshadowed our commemoration” of Villers Bretonneux.1 Villers Bretonneux is harder to find in Australia’s memory of war than Gallipoli. But just as Gallipoli holds a sacred place in Australia’s war memories, Villers Bretonneux has also been imbued with meanings for Australians over the last ninety years. These meanings have changed over time and have both complemented, and jarred with, each other. In 1918, when soldiers of the Australian Imperial Force lived, fought and died around the town of Villers Bretonneux, they formed close relationships with the place and the people there. These relationships stretched out to the Australian home front, so that by war’s end, Villers Bretonneux had meanings to Australians as a place of military victory, fictive kin, and loss. In the years immediately following the war Villers Bretonneux was figuratively adopted by the city of Melbourne, allowing those Victorians 1 The Hon Alan Griffin MP, Minister for Veterans’ Affairs, Commemorative Address at the Anzac Day Dawn Service, Villers-Bretonneux, France, 25 April 2008. iv who had already formed an attachment to the area in 1918 to deepen that connection. But as memorials to Australians were constructed at Villers Bretonneux during the interwar years, the town again became a place where different battles were fought. The wartime sacrifices made by school children, and by women, jostled with an official memory which could only see the soldiers’ sacrifice. The personal relationships Australians had formed with Villers Bretonneux were overpowered by the bonds and binds of empire; the ascendancy of a soldier-centric memory evident in the Australian National Memorial, unveiled in 1938, saw Villers Bretonneux lose the resonance it had held for Australians during the 1920s.
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