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A Subsurface Study of the St. Peter Sandstone in Southern and Eastern Wisconsin

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A Subsurface Study of the St. Peter Sandstone in Southern and Eastern Wisconsin U I ~ University of Wisconsin-Extension INFORMATION CIRCULAR GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY NUMBER 47 1985 A Subsurface Study of the St. Peter Sandstone In Southern and Eastern Wisconsin by Huazhao Mai and R. H. Dott Jr. WISCONSIN GEOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY MADISON, WISCONSIN INFORMATION CIRCULAR NUMBER 47 1985 A Subsurface Study of the St. Peter Sandstone In Southern and Eastern Wisconsin by Huazhao Mai and R. H. Dott Jr. Published by and available from: WISCONSIN GEOLOGICAL & NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 1815 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 M. E. Ostrom, Director and State Geologist CONTENTS PREFACE.... ..........••.......... ........ .... ... ...... .... ... .......... v ABSTRACT.................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION. • . • . • . .. 2 METHODS OF STUDy.......................................................... 3 STRATIGRAPHY. • • • . • . .. 3 Name and Age .....•••.......................•......................... " 3 Stratigraphic Subdivisions............................................. 4 Regional Distributions and Thickness Patterns .....•.•.................. 6 STRATIGRAPHIC PATTERNS WITHIN WISCONSIN ....•.............................. 6 Overlying and Underlying strata .......................................• 6 The Unconformity Surface............................................... 7 SEDIMENTATION OF THE ST. PETER SANDSTONE ................•.•............... 11 Composition .........................•...........................•...... 11 Texture .....•................•..•................ , ..................... 11 Grain-Surface Textures and Overgrowths ..............................•.. 12 Diagenesis .....•...................•...•............................... 12 Source of Sand......................................................... 15 Depositional Processes and Environments ................................ 16 Paleogeographic setting ......•......................................... 18 TECTONIC IMPLICATIONS .................•.•...........................•..... 21 SUMMARy ......••............................................•...•.......... 23 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. • . .. 23 REFERENCES .....••........................ : . • . .. 24 iii ILLUSTRATIONS Figures: 1. Distribution of the st. Peter Sandstone .............................. 2 2. Example of Skolithos trace fossils................................... 4 3. Generalized strat igraphic column:.................................... 5 4. Thickness of the Ancell Group ........................................ 8 S. Scanning electron microphotograph of quartz grains ................... 12 6. Microphotograph of a thin section of the st. Peter Sandstone ......... 14 7. SEM photograph of an eoli an quartz grai n.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 14 8. SEM photograph of quartz grains with diagenetic coatings ............. 15 9. Facies and paleogeography for Tonti deposition ....................... 16 10. Adhesian pseudo-crosslamination in the st. Peter Sandstone ........... 17 11. Climbing-ripple translatent lamination ............................... 19 12. Lithologic log of the st. Peter Sandstone ... " ...............•........ 20 13. Drainage patterns on the pre-St. Peter unconformity surface .......... 21 14. Regional sub-crop map of the pre-St. Peter unconformity .............. 22 Tables: 1. Composition of selected samples of the st. Peter Sandstone ........... 9 2. Grain size data for selected samples of the st. Peter Sandstone ...... 10 3. Grain roundness estimates using the Rho scale ........................ 13 Plates: 1. Structure contour map of the pre-St. Peter Sandstone eros ion surface............................................. ins ide back cover 2. Paleogeologic map of the pre-St. Peter Sandstone surface ...... inside back cover Thickness map of the St. Peter Sandstone v PREFACE The St. Peter Formation is an important aquifer as well as a source of high­ purity silica sand in southern and eastern Wisconsin. This report summarizes the first of a series of studies planned to investigate the stratigraphy and geometry of the Cambrian and Ordovician rocks in the subsurface of Wisconsin. These rocks are the source of much of the water supply for the urban and rural communities of southeast Wisconsin, and the abundance of samples collected during construction of private and municipal wells makes such studies possible. An understanding of the thickness, depth, variability and composition of these water-bearing forma­ tions is essential to protect and manage our deep groundwater resource. Dr. Meredith E. Ostrom Director and State Geologist vii A Subsurface Study of the St. Peter Sandstone In Southern and Eastern Wisconsin by 2 Huazhao Mai1and R. H. Dott, lr. ABSTRACT The St. Peter Sandstone (or Formation) was deposited upon an exten­ sive erosion surface developed on older A subsurface study of the St. Peter Ordovician, Cambrian, and (locally) Sandstone in southern and eastern even Precambrian rocks. Drainage Wisconsin has been undertaken using patterns can be recognized from the water well samples and sample logs and structure contour map. The purity and one core. A thickness map of the St. texture of the sands tone a ttes t to a Peter Sandstone, a structure contour long history of abrasion and sorting map of the pre-S t. Peter surface, and a prior to deposi tion. There is li ttle paleogeologic map of the pre-St. Peter doubt that much of its character was surface have been constructed. Regional inheri ted by recycling of Cambrian distribution and thickness patterns, sandstones during the pre-St. Peter source of sand, tectonic implications erosional episode. Sedimentological as well as sedimentation of the St. studies have shown tha t much of the Peter Sands tone are discussed in the St. Peter in Wisconsin was depo­ text. This inves tiga tion provides a sited by eolian processes, but marine more complete picture of the subsurface transgression from the sou thwes t also geology of the St. Peter Sands tone in produced a marine facies, which is best Wisconsin than has ever been shown developed in western Wisconsin and at before. The information therefore the top of the formation farther east­ should be helpful to government ward. Both the paleo-drainage and agencies, industry, educators and the paleogeologic patterns indicate that general public, especially because the the so-called Wisconsin arch was not St. Peter is a potential aquifer and influential at this time. Instead a source of pure silica sand. It also is pre-St. Peter domal area lay beneath important as a possible avenue for the eastern Wisconsin and pre-St. Peter migra tion of toxic was tes. drainage was entirely eastward. The Research Center of Petroleum Geology, Box 916, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China 2 Department of Geology and Geophysics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 1 INTRODUCTION a) thickness variations, b) configura­ tion of the basal unconformity, and c) paleogeology beneath the unconfor- In Wisconsin the St. Peter Sandstone mi ty. A fuller knowledge of these or Formation crops out along the flanks aspec ts should complement recen t of the Wisconsin arch in an arcua te detailed sedimentologic studies of belt (Fig. 1). Along the west flank, surface exposures (e. g. Mazzullo and the sandstone is more dissected, Ehrlich, 1983, Winfree, 1983; Winfree forming a belt of outliers, which and Dott, 1983) to provide an under­ includes isolated examples in north­ s tanding of the genesis of one of the western Wisconsin (St. Croix and Pierce world ' s mos t famous sands tones. Such Counties) that were not studied. The knowledge also should have considerable St. Peter Sands tone is found in the economic importance. subsurface throughout eastern and southern Wisconsin. The subsur face The Middle Ordovician St. Peter extent occupies more than three-fourths Sandstone is a classic cratonic super­ of the total area of distribution of rna ture quartz arenite composed of the St. Peter in the state. Therefore remarkably uniform and very pure, a subsurface analysis of the Sandstone rounded, well-sorted, coarse- to fine­ was undertaken primarily to establish: grained sand. The sandstone constitu- DISTRIBUTION OF ST. PETER SANDSTONE Outcrop Subsurface Probable former extent o 100 200 Km I ! r' o 100 MI Figure 1. Distribution of the St. Peter Sandstone 2 tes an extensive and continuous sheet central Wisconsin provided lithologic of clastic rocks overlying a widespread data comparable to that available in unconformi ty and occupying much of the outcrops. It is unfortunate that no cen tral part of the Uni ted S ta tes other cores were available. Some out­ (Fig. 1). The exceptionally widespread crops were studied to correlate the sub-St. Peter unconformity defines the surface and subsurface information. A base of the Tippecanoe stratigraphic search of the Ii terature (including a sequence of Sloss (1963). Although few gamma ray logs for the Michigan the St. Pe ter Sands tone has long been Basin) provided additional data. studied in Wisconsin, few geologists Plates 1 and 2 are the principal re-­ have availed themselves of subsurface suIts of the subsurface analysis. information available from many graphic logs prepared from detailed study of water well drill cuttings contained in the files of the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey. The STRA TIGRAPHY synthesis of this vast data bank would provide much informa tion on subsurface stratigraphy and structure as well as Name and Age the tectonic history of Wisconsin and adjacent states. St. Peter is the
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