NAME: ______FORM: ______Key Terms

The speech of a character. In prose, this is indicated by using speech A form of poetry which is usually about romantic love, and follows a strict set of Dialogue Sonnet marks. In a play, this will be shown alongside the name of the rules. They usually contain 14 lines, each line has 10 syllables, and there is a character who is speaking. strict rhyme scheme. Shakespeare wrote many sonnets. A particular type or style of literature. For example, Shakespeare’s Someone’s status relates to the rank or position they hold in society or in a Genre plays can be categorised as belonging to the comedy, tragedy or Status specific situation. People with high status may be seen as more important and history genre. Other genres in literature may include drama, horror, or have more power and authority. thriller. These are verbs which give an order or a command. For example Themes Themes are the main ideas and issues that are present in a poem, play or Imperatives Give me that pen. story. For example, a story might have the themes of love, friendship, and Add flour to the cake mixture. power.

A writer’s intention is the purpose of writing something. For example, If something is typical, this means that it follows the rules and conventions of Intention Typical they may wish to make the reader or audience feel a certain way. its genre and its content is what is expected.

A society is a group of people who follow the same rules and laws and If something is atypical, this means that it does not follow the expected rules Atypical Society who may share similar beliefs and ways of behaving. Society changes and conventions of its genre or that some elements of the story may not be over time. what is expected.

A Timeline of the English Language

In 1476 William Jane Austen is Caxton sets up the born in 1775 first English printing press in In 1755, Many people In 1828 Westminster the 1st Britain is invaded by the first became concerned The Normans invade American Germanic tribes – the popular that English should England led by William dictionary Romans Angles, the Saxons, and dictionary be spoken the conqueror. William is invade and the Jutes. is ‘correctly’ and Many French influences Shakespeare published conquer This mix of languages published many books are were introduced to the is born in by Celtic tribes in leads to Anglo-Saxon or by Samuel published on this English language. 1564 Webster’s Briton Old English Johnson topic.

Pre Middle Early Modern Approx. 449 Old English 1066 1400 Modern English English English English 1750 Parts of Speech Apostrophes Adverbs Words which give us more information In contractions: about a verb; they tell us how, why, Does not  Doesn’t where, or when a verb is carried out. Shakespeare’s Vocabulary Should have  Should’ve Often ends in –ly. For example: The athlete sprinted To indicate possession: rapidly Art – are Thou – you (informal) That is Emily’s ruler Ay - yes Thy/Thine – your (possessive The money was returned to the boy’s Comparativ These are adjectives which use the mother e Adjectives suffix –er or the word ‘more’ to make a Aught – anything singular) comparison. Note that if a word already ends in the For example: bigger, taller, more Dost – do ‘Tis – it is letter ‘s’ or is a plural the apostrophe goes beautiful at the end: Doth – does ‘Twas – it was We are all going to James’ house Superlative These are adjectives which use the Adjectives suffix –est or the word ‘most’ to show ‘ere – before Wast – were The teacher phones all of the students’ parents that something is at its highest or lowest Hast - have Whence – from where? limit Pay special attention to the word it’s For example: tallest, fastest, most Hence – from now on Wherefore – why It’s always means ‘it is’ amazing If you are unsure, read the sentence back Hie – hurry Would he were – I wish he were Plural A plural noun is a word that indicates to yourself replacing it’s with it is to see if Nouns that there is more than one person, Nay – no Ye – you (plural) it makes sense. For example, the animal place, thing, or idea.. When you sentence below would be incorrect: write about more than one of anything, Oft – often Yon/yonder – that one over there X The dog chased after it’s owner you usually use the same word, simply adding an s, es, or ies to the end Thee – you Sentence Functions

Declarative This is a statement. A declarative presents an Shakespeare is the idea as a fact. greatest writer the world has ever known Interrogative A question. Have you ever read Analytical phrases you can use instead of ‘this shows’: Can show uncertainty. Macbeth?

This illustrates that ... This therefore emphasises... Exclamation A sentence which is marked by an I can’t believe we won! This presents the idea that... As a result, this highlights... exclamation mark as it indicated an emotion such as anger, excitement, or surprise. This therefore demonstrates... This word connotes... This implies... Imperative An order or command. These may create an Open your books to page This is effective because... aggressive tone, or can be used to give 37. This reinforces the idea that... instructions. Order of Operations Key buttons on your calculator The lower bound is the smallest value that would round up to the estimated : Fraction button value. 푥2 ∶ to square a number The upper bound is the smallest value that would round up to : Square root 푠 ↔ 퐷: Changes an answer the next estimated value. to a decimal For example, a mass of 70 kg, rounded to the nearest 10 kg, has a lower bound of 65 kg, because 65 kg is the smallest mass that rounds to 70 kg. The upper bound is 75 kg, because 75 kg is the smallest mass that would round up to 80kg. Rounding whole numbers Rounding decimal points Rounding significant figures Units of measure Area of triangle Area of parallelogram There are two systems used for measuring quantities - metric and imperial. The metric system uses three main units for measuring: length in metres (m) mass in kilograms (kg) volume in cubic metres (m3) The imperial system uses the following Volume of prism units: length in inches, feet and yards mass in pounds (lb), ounces (oz) and stones Area of circle volume in gallons

Converting between metric units. You will need to know how to convert between metric units. It is important to learn how many grams are in a kilo gram or how many centimetres are in a metre to help you scale up or down depending on the appropriate size of an object. You might want Area of a trapezium to know if you have enough ingredients to make a cake and the recipe is in kg and you Circumference of a circle only know the g. Expanding brackets Collecting like terms To expand brackets you need to multiply Collecting like terms enables us to simplify expressions making them easier to use. Terms everything inside the bracket by the number that contain the exact same variable can be classed as ‘like’ terms and be simplified. or letter outside. Be careful of the signs in front of the variable!

Laws of indices Re-arranging formulae There are rules that you need to learn when working with indices. You may need to re-arrange a formula in order to be able to calculate what you need. This is often the case in physics and chemistry.

Factorising Factorising is the opposite of expanding. You are putting the brackets back in! Remember what you do to the top you must do to the bottom! Converting recurring decimals to fractions

A recurring decimal is a decimal that repeats and never Converting between mixed numbers and improper fractions ends. It is written with a dot above the first and last number that recurs. Improper fraction to mixed number: Mixed number to improper fraction:

You need to learn what simple decimals that recur as written as a fraction. If all the numbers recur you put the number over a multiple of 9.

Adding and subtracting mixed numbers In order to add and subtract mixed numbers you need to convert them into improper fractions. Then you make the denominator the same and complete the operation. Don’t forget to turn the answer back into a mixed number.

Fraction to decimal Percentage increase and decrease Reverse percentages To calculate percentage increase or decrease you can covert the If you are going to find the original amount you need to get to a multiple percentage to a decimal to find a multiplier and then use that to calculate of 100 and then times up to 100%. the new amount. To find the multiplier you use 100%. If it is an increase you add to 100. If it is a decrease you take away from 100. You then divide your number by 100.

100 + 23 = 123 100 - 42 = 58 123 ÷ 100 = 1.23 58 ÷ 100 = 0.58 Multiply your amount by 1.23 Multiply your amount by 0.58

Percentage of amounts Simple interest Compound interest Find 35% of 40 Interest calculated as a percent Where interest is calculated on both the amount borrowed plus of the original loan. previous interest. Usually calculated one or more times per year.

Example: a 3-year loan of To calculate: work out the interest for the first period, add it to the $1,000 at 10% costs 3 lots of total, and then calculate the interest for the next period, and so on, 10% like this: So the interest is 3 × $1,000 × 10% = $300

Simple interest is almost never used in the real world, with compound interest being preferred. Angles in a triangle Angle properties Angles in parallel lines

Angle facts

Angles in polygons Sum interior angles: (n-2) x 180 n – number of sides Plotting in four quadrants Equations of a straight line graph There are 4 quadrants that you can plot co-ordinates in. Remember with co-ordinates the first one is for the x axis and the second is for the y axis. All straight lines have the equation y=mx + c. The m tells you the gradient, how steep the line is. The y tells you where the line cuts trough the y axis. To find the gradient you have to work out the change in the y co-ordinates and divide it by the change in the x co- ordinates.

Horizontal and vertical lines Plotting straight line graphs A line that cuts through the x axis is a vertical line as it cuts through the axis. If asked to plot a straight line graph you need to put the value in for x and then find A line that cuts through the y axis is horizontal line as it the y co-ordinate before you plot it. E.g. y=2x+ 3 first value of x is -3 so it is cuts through the axis. 2x-3+3=-3, then repeat with each number in the table.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

-3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 Gamete: The male gamete (sex cell) in animals is a sperm, Type of How it affects the body Examples the female an egg. pathogen Fertilisation The process where the nucleus of a sperm cell joins with the nucleus of an egg cell. Bacteria Releases toxins Food poisoning, Ovary: Organ which contains eggs. (harmful chemicals) tonsillitis, cholera Testes: Organs where sperm are produced. Virus Affects the DNA of cell Flu, colds, HIV Menstruation: Loss of the lining of the uterus during the menstrual cycle Foetus: The developing baby during pregnancy. Fungi Penetrate skin and Athletes foot Ovulation: The release of an egg from an ovary cause damage

Protozoa Are often parasites Malaria (live on organism and cause harm)

Nutrient Use in the body Good sources

Type of drug Effect on the body Cereals, bread, pasta, rice Carbohydrate To provide energy and potatoes Stimulant Increase alertness and speed up Fish, meat, eggs, beans, nervous system Protein For growth and repair pulses and dairy products Depressant Slow down nervous system To provide energy. Also to Lipids (fats store energy in the body and Butter, oil and nuts Hallucinogen Alter how you see and feel and oils) insulate it against the cold. Needed in small amounts to Salt, milk (for calcium) and Painkiller Reduce pain Minerals maintain health liver (for iron) Needed in small amounts to Fruit, vegetables, dairy Phagocyte Lymphocyte Vitamins maintain health foods Engulf and digest pathogens Produce antibodies To provide roughage to help Dietary fibre to keep the food moving Vegetables, bran through the gut Needed for cells and body Water Water, fruit juice, milk fluids Types of Changes Reactions Physical changes do not create new substances. Formulae use element symbols to show what types of atoms They are reversible. are in a compound and how many of each. e.g. Ice melting to liquid water e.g. CO2 contains 1 carbon atom and 2 oxygen atoms

Chemical changes involve the atoms rearranging to Word equations show chemical reactions: form new substances. Reactant + Reactant → Product + Product They are usually irreversible. e.g. An egg being cooked Reactants are what you start with. Products are what is made e.g. Hydrogen + oxygen → water Conservation of Mass Energy of Reactions Total mass of reactants = Total mass of products Endothermic reactions take energy in from the surroundings. This causes a decrease in e.g. hydrogen + oxygen → water temperature. e.g. thermal decomposition 4 g + 32 g → 36 g In chemical reactions, the atoms are not Exothermic reactions give out energy to the created or destroyed, surroundings. This causes an increase in they are just temperature. e.g. Combustion rearranged.

Oxidation The pH scale Rusting is the reaction of iron with oxygen. iron + oxygen → iron oxide Indicators change colour in Rusting requires oxygen from the air and water. different pHs. Salt speeds up the reaction. Alkali is a soluble base. Strong acids and alkalis are When an acid and an alkali react they form a Combustion is a reaction with oxygen and heat both corrosive. neutral solution. fuel + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water acid + alkali → salt + water Combustion gives off thermal energy The name of the salt comes from the names of If there is not enough oxygen to react with, toxic the reactants; carbon monoxide gas is made. e.g. hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium chloride + water Benjamin Franklin Discovered electricity in 1752!

Keywords Calculating Resistance Word Definition Current The rate of flow of electrons Amp (A) The unit for Current Voltage Gives the energyWeightneeded to create Current Volt (V) The unit for Voltage Resistance Acts to reduce/slow current

Ohm (Ω) The unit for Resistance

Ammeters Voltmeters connect in connect in series parallel

Weight Long-term causes: The road to war in 1914: Imperialism: Militarism: June 28th 1914- The Austrian Arch-Duke Franz Ferdinand Each of the major powers in Europe Many countries in Europe were was shot in Serbia, a part of the Austro-Hungarian empire. were developing their own empires and developing their armed forces and th th wanted to take over as many countries weaponry at the turn of the 20 century. July 5 - Austro-Hungary receive support from Germany as they could to have the biggest empire Germany and Britain particularly saying that they’ll enter the war if Russia gets involved possible. This led to some clashes competed over the size of their navies. (Russia was an ally of Serbia). Though governments often said they between powers that wanted to take rd were doing this for defensive reasons, July 23 - Austro-Hungary demand that the Serbs hand over the same place, or from the people over the assassins. living in the colony who wanted their they often went on the attack. independence. The 4 MAIN July 25th- Serbia refuses and France agrees with Russia long-term that they’ll enter the war if Russia does. causes of the First World July 28th- Austria declares war on Serbia. War July 30th- Russia prepares it’s armed forces for war.

Nationalism: Alliances: August 1st- Germany declares war on Russia, while Is the belief that your country is always An alliance is an agreement between France gears its armed forces up for war. right and is better than other countries. countries to support each other. Most of August 3rd- Germany declares war on France. This led to hatred and aggression the major powers in Europe were in one towards other countries, while countries of two alliances. When one of them was August 4th- Britain joins the war in defense of France. that were part of an empire wanted their attacked, they promised to fight on the independence. other countries behalf.

Key Terms: The Alliances: Ally A country which supports The Triple Alliance The Triple Entente another Empire A collection of countries Germany Great Britain (and it’s ruled by another country empire) Colony A country which is part of Austro-Hungary another’s empire France Assassin Someone who kills Italy* somebody important Russia Independence Freedom *Italy changed sides in 1915 and joined the Entente. Women: Other groups: 250,000 women went to work digging millions of extra acres Many women who worked in Youth: Prisoners of War: of land for farming. These factories had young children women were a part of what Boys: Captured enemy soldiers were to care for. In response the became known as 'The Land Scouts guarded railways stations used in farming and maintaining munitions factories provided Army'. as well as telephone and forests. nurseries to care for the children while their mothers telegraph lines. They also worked. assisted with air raid duties, As many as 40,000 were put to including sounding the all-clear work in 1917. Without them, the signal after an attack. vital grain and potato harvest which kept the country fed would Some women turned yellow Girls: not have been possible. due to the toxic chemicals Sent packages to the soldiers on they used and were the front line; prepared hostels Most POWs didn’t return to nicknamed “Canary Girls. and first-aid dressing stations for Germany until a year after the end use by those injured in air raids or of the war! When conscription was accidents; grew food; helped at introduced in 1916, forcing men hospitals, government offices and to join the army, women Women who worked in factories. replaced men in the workplace factories making weapons doing many jobs which before were known as “munitionettes”- were seen as “male” jobs. including at the BSA in Birmingham.

Food: Key Terms:

A lot of Britain’s food before the war was grown abroad; Harvest The time of year when the food grown on farms is collected. however, the Germans were aware of this and began sinking our ships using submarines. To fix this, any spare Prisoner of War (POW) Soldiers captured by their enemy during a war. land in Britain was given over to growing food- even the Conscription Forcing people to join the armed services. garden at Buckingham Palace was given over to growing turnips! Munitions Weapons, ammunition and vehicles. Rationing Limiting the amount of food anyone can buy to make sure everyone As well as this, the government introduced gets an equal share and no one starves. rationing to ensure that all people in Britain had enough food to go around and no one Submarines (U-Boats) Boats under the sea which are used to sneak into position without being seen and sink enemy ships. would starve. Trench Life: The key battles:

Barbed Wire to British and French forces stopped the German Battle of the Marne slow down army from taking over France. As a result, the (September 1914) enemy attacks war turned to trench warfare.

A failed invasion of Turkey (an ally of Germany) Gallipoli (April 1915- using Anzac troops who took heavy losses in Periscope to look over January 1916) the top of the trench terrible conditions. without being shot. Gas bell to A naval battle in which both sides took heavy losses. However, the Germans never actually let alert the Jutland (31st May- 1st their ships leave port again afterwards which Sandbag to absorb bullets soldiers to a June 1916) gas attack allowed us to blockade Germany until the end of and shrapnel the war.

Fire step to stand on Dugout- where officers A battle for a heavily fortified French town in and fire over the top slept and provided shelter Battle of Verdun which over 400,000 Germans and 500,000 from artillery. (February-December Frenchmen were killed. The heavy French losses 1916) meant that the British army had to lead the following attacks.

Planned to be a war-winning battle for the British Battle of the Somme and French. However, only 14 miles were taken Duck boards to stop Machine Gun (July- November in a battle which cost over a million men. soldiers sinking into to fire bullets 1916) Valuable lessons were learnt on the Somme Artillery to fire the mud rapidly at the which were used later in the war. large explosives enemy long distances Russia’s last attack of the war against Austro- Brusilov Offensive Hungary. It was such a success that the Germans (June-September had to move soldiers from France and Belgium to 1916) The role of the British Empire in the war effort: help the Austrians. British soldiers fought in Belgium to ruin the Where did the soldiers in the Soldiers from all over the empire fought for German’s position in the country. However, Passchendaele (July- “British Army” come from? Britain during the First World War. They heavy rain meant that the battle was fought in November 1917) fought in the trenches of France and thick mud. Britain took heavy losses for little Britain: 5,000,000 Belgium, and guarded British colonies from gain. India: 1,440,437 enemy attack too. Perhaps the most well known battle in which empire soldiers took German Spring Germany’s final attack. While they take miles of Canada: 628,964 part was Gallipoli in 1915. This was a failed Offensive (March- ground, they suffer heavy losses from which their July 1918) army never fully recovers. Australia: 412,953 invasion of Turkey (on the side of the South Africa: 136,070 Germans) in which 27,000 ANZACs New Zealand: 128,825 Britain combined the use of new machines such (Australians and New Zealanders) were Battle of Amiens as aeroplanes and tanks to win the first battle of Other colonies: 134,837 either killed or wounded. (August 1918) the 100 “day campaign” which led to the end of the war. The 1920s in America are sometimes known as the “Roaring 20s”, but it The land of opportunity? wasn’t a positive for everyone. Women While the Flapper movement did improve the life of some women, The Roaring Twenties the majority of poorer women and those from the countryside were not affected. They were still in poorly paid jobs and Radio and Jazz: Radio became really popular- in 1922 508 new radio stations were set expected to marry and have children. While women were given up. Even poorer families could afford to rent one, if not buy it outright. the vote, hardly any were able to become politicians themselves. A new type of music was played on the radio called Jazz which became really popular among young people. However, the dance moves and the fact that many musicians were African Americans meant that many older people disliked it. African Even though Slavery had been banned for nearly 60 years, African Americans in the south were still heavily discriminated Americans against and faced violence from groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. While African Americans in the North faced less open violence, they still were badly paid and lived in poor conditions. Entertainment Nevertheless, a great artistic movement grew up called the Harlem Renaissance which was partly based around Jazz!

Cinema: this period is known as the Sport: there was greater interest in Groups came from all over the world to America during this time Golden Age of Hollywood with stars sport than ever before as people had Migrants in search of a better life. However, most of the time they lived in including Charlie Chaplin and the Marx more money and more time. The most terrible conditions and were poorly paid. They also faced violence Brothers. Each week 100 million popular sports were Baseball (starring against them from groups such as the KKK too. tickets were sold- that’s roughly the Babe Ruth), Basketball, Boxing Many migrants were accused of trying to spread communism in amount sold in a year in Britain today. (starriing Jack Dempsey) and Football. America which had just been at the centre of a bloody revolution People were influenced by the Even people outside of the towns in Russia. This became known as the ”Red Scare”. behaviour of the film stars and could take an interest due to live characters, leading to groups such as broadcasts on the radio! the Flappers. Key Terms: Flappers were a group of generally middle classed women from the cities who did things that their parents generation would never such as smoke, drink alcohol, dance to Jazz music, have short hair, ride Communism A political system where all property is owned by the on the back of motor cycles and wear short dresses! state and wealth is meant to be divided equally amongst everyone. Discrimination Treating people differently due to their race, religion, sexuality, political views etc.

The “Roaring 20s” came to an end in 1929 when the stock market collapsed Stock Market Where shares in businesses were traded- if the value leading to people becoming bankrupt and unemployed. This not only affected of shares fall this can have wide spread consequences. America but across the world including Britain and Germany. Key terms The Geography of Malawi • Malawi is located in South East Africa, between Life Expectancy- The average age a countries the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn. population is expected to live for • It is a landlocked country that has no access to GDP- Gross domestic product- The value of the sea. goods made by a country each year. • Malawi is approximately half the size of the UK GDP per capita - Gross domestic product- The value of goods made by a country each year • Malawi’s capital city is Lilongwe. divided by the population of that country • Lake Malawi is a large lake the runs to the East Infant Mortality- The number of babies who of the country die before their first birthday/ per 1000

HDI index- A way of measuring development Why is Malawi under-developed? Creating a clustered bar chart that includes literacy rate, life expectancy and wealth. COLONIALISM: Malawi was controlled by the British until 1) Choose the correct numbers for each axis by checking the 1965 so was exploited by the British government. highest life expectancy and highest years of education Literacy rate- The % of people in a country 2) Blue bars take the left axis, orange bars take the right axis who can read and write. LANDLOCKED COUNTRY: With no access to the sea, 3) Include a key and leave a space between each set of data Malawi struggles to trade with countries outside of Fair Trade-Trade between richer and poorer Africa. countries where a fair price is given for goods. DISEASE: Malawi has over 1 million orphaned children Debt Relief- When a rich country reduces the due to AID’s which means few get opportunities to make debt owed by a poorer country money. There is only one doctor for every 50000 people. Primary economy- Goods sold by a country that involve taking raw materials out of the EDUCATION: 30% of children in Malawi do not start ground eg Farming, mining or fishing. primary school which means they gain few qualifications.

Secondary economy- Goods that are NATURAL DISASTERS: Times of little rainfall lead to manufactured (produced in a factory) and drought and times of too much rainfall lead to flooding. then sold. This affects farming which affects peoples food supply. How can we help Malawi develop? Why people migrating within China? TOURISM-Lake Malawi has opportunities for beach holidays and the national parks could be used for safaris. This will The West is cold and mountainous provide jobs in construction and as tour guides, lifting people The North is dry desert out of poverty. People are moving to the South and East because: AID- Charities and governments can provide tools for work, medicine for • The climate is warm disease and loans to start small businesses. This would enable more • There are plenty of jobs people to work more effectively. • There is a coastline • Better schools and hospitals IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY- Ploughs for farmers and small dams for irrigation would enable higher yields when farming for crops. This means more profit . Why is China’s economy growing so quickly? FAIR TRADE- If the UK offers a fair price for Malawi’s sugar. The extra money could be 95% literacy Coal power used to help farmers grow their business and pay workers a fair wage. Focused 5 year stations provide government plans electricity INVESTMENT FROM CHINA- China has been allowed to move some of its business into Malawi. In exchange, Chinese companies can provide HI Tech employment for young Malawians. industries Power! Millions leaving the country to work in factories Does China have a pollution problem? Less children = more = less women in work Trade is easy Yes No unemployment • In 2017 it was estimated China was • Huge turbines on dams produce clean building a non renewable power station energy for 11% of China. Is China really developed? every week • China now produces more wind power This is for you to decide but remember, development isn’t just • 1.4 Billion people need electricity and than both the USA and UK combined. about wealth! energy • Per person China produces less CO2 than • China emits more overall CO2 that any the USA. It also includes other country. • In 2015 China invested $100 billion into Education • More Chinese own cars than ever before clean energy, in 2005 it was just $3 Health • Rivers are highly polluted by waste and billion Overall quality of life fossil fuels Treating members of society equally! Do humans have a soul? How are humans unique? Humanity in the Hunger Games Traditionally, science has dismissed The philosopher Rene Descartes is famous for the quotes “ I think, Killing is against human nature. the soul as an object of human belief, therefore I am!” and "animals are mere machines but man stands Katniss, a skilled hunter and the hero of The Hunger we're told we're just the activity of alone". These quotes give some insight into how humans are different Games, is indeed horrified by the prospect of dying—but carbon and some proteins; we live for to animals, such as the following criteria: awhile and then we die. Beyond this her worst fears revolve around needing to kill other there is no meaning. Complex language people. “You know how to kill,” says her friend Gale. “Not Humans have a lowered larynx (which people,” she replies. allows for a wider variety of sounds than all other animals) and more intricate brain structures that allow for an enormous variety People are motivated to help of words to be used and understood. others by empathy, not reason or numbers. Higher consciousness “If you really want to stay alive, Humans can contemplate things far beyond you get people to like you,” says their own existence. Humans frequently their mentor, Haymitch. consider the meaning of non-tangible ideas Katniss and Peeta must win and try to create theories to explain these people’s sympathy, which results concepts that we cannot see or touch. Of course, most spiritual people view in “sponsorships” that help them the soul with considerably more in their most desperate moments. emphasis. Christians believe that the soul is How are humans similar to animals? God-given and that it is immortal. Power comes from Kanzi has good taste. He likes Christians believe that only humans emotional intelligence, not oranges, cherries and grapes. have souls and this is what makes strength. people unique and special and He points to what he wants on a Peeta proves particularly different to all other life forms. lexigram, a computerised touchscreen able at manipulating device on which each symbol After death, most Muslims believe others emotions. He rarely represents a word. that the soul will enter Barzakh, a lies to anyone, but he state of waiting, until the Day of Kanzi can use 500 words and when does artfully reveal and Judgement. God sends to angels to he is talked to, he can understand a conceal his emotions to question the waiting soul. Muslims few thousand. win support. believe the answers to these He also likes marshmallows. He will Friendships are more powerful than independence. questions determine how the soul strike matches to light a fire, then Katniss would very much like to be totally self-reliant. experiences Barzakh. warm some on a stick. But she simply isn’t, and from a certain perspective, The Buddhists believe that there is no Kanzi is not human. He is a kind of Hunger Games is the story of how she comes to realize permanent self or soul. Instead, they ape called a bonobo, which along with the importance of social connection and her believe that a persons Karma chimpanzees, are our closest living interdependence with other people. determines how they will be reborn. relatives. Model Text 1. Normalmente navego por internet y descargo Normally I surf the internet and I download music. música. 2. Prefiero la música pop porque pienso que es I prefer pop music because I think it has a good beat. marchosa 3. Ayer fui al cine y vi una película de acción. ¡Fue Yesterday I went to the cinema and I watched an genial! action film. It was great! 4. Mi programa de televisión favorito se llama My favourite TV programme is called Coronation Coronation Street. Es una telenovela. street. It is a soap opera. 5. En mi opinión, Blue Planet es más interesante que In my opinion, Blue Planet is more interesting than X X Factor. Factor.

Line 1: What do you use your computer for? Line 2: What type of music do you prefer? Line 3: What film have you seen recently? What was it like? Line 4: What is your favourite TV show?

Line 5: Comparing TV programmes

Last year, the top 3 most watched TV shows in Spain were: 1. Copa del Rey – Barcelona vs. Valencia (Like the FA Cup) 2. Eurovision 3. Supervivientes (Survivors – A Reality TV show about people marooned on an island!) Model Text 1. Me gusta mucho la carne con arroz, pero odio los huevos. I really like to eat meat with rice, but I hate eggs. 2. Desayuno cereales y tostadas. A veces tomo un café. For breakfast I have cereal and toast. Sometimes I have a coffee. 3. Ceno pollo con ensalada y bebo agua. For dinner I eat chicken with salad and I drink water. 4. De primer plato voy a tomar tortilla española y de segundo plato voy a I am hungry. To start, I am going to have Spanish omelette and for tomar chuletas de cerdo. my second course I am going to have pork chops. 5. Voy a hacer una fiesta mexicana. Voy a comprar fajitas y caramelos. ¡Va I am going to throw a Mexican party. I am going to buy fajitas and a ser superguay! sweets, it is going to be really cool! 6. El fin de semana pasado fui a una fiesta mexicana. Comí quesadillas y Last weekend I went to a Mexican festival. I ate quesadillas and I bebí limonada. drank lemonade. Line 1: What do you like to eat? Lines 2 and 3: What do you eat at different meal times? Line 4: Ordering food in a restaurant Line 5: Planning a party

Line 5: Describing the party Developing skills Proportions

Keywords

Self Portrait - a portrait of yourself created Proportion - refers to the relationship in size by yourself and placement between one object and another. Contour drawing- a drawing that is essentially an outline; the French word Tonal Value - is the light or dark of a subject contour meaning, "outline." independent of its colour.

Artist in Focus Practicing Skills Luke Dixon is a Take a photograph of your own face front on. graphic artist, illustrator and Using the You Tube clip draw our the proportions of Great You Tube Video to help you understand your face print maker from proportions. the north of Sketch out lightly and then spend at least 20 minutes on each feature England. he is https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WROSZ6803cE the founder of Add a wide range of tones so that your portrait The Bear Hug becomes less flat (2D) and looks more realistic (3D) Company. 12 Bar Blues Chords in C Key Features History and Background Blues: th th • Slow tempo • In the 18 and 19 Centuries Africans were • Sad Lyrics taken from Africa and brought to North • Repetitive melodies and words. America to work as slaves for white • Instruments such as brass , piano landlords. and vocals were popular in traditional • Blues Music usually has sad words about blues music. the way people have been treated. Jazz: • Blues music started in America by African • Swing rhythm patterns used. slaves working under harsh conditions. • Improvised melody line. • Blues music originated from the slaves • Melody played by instruments such working in the cotton fields. C = CEG as vocals, trumpet, clarinet, flute. F = FAC • Drum kit, piano and double bass keep G = GBD the ensemble in time and are part of Key Musicians the rhythm section. Keywords Bessie Smith (1894 – 1937) was an American blues singer. Nicknamed Blues Scale in C Spontaneous performance the Empress of the Blues, she was the Improvisation without specific or scripted most popular female blues singer of the preparation. 1920s and 1930s. Alternately lengthening and BB King (1925 – 2015) was an Swing rhythm shortening the pulse-divisions American blues singer, electric guitarist, in a rhythm. songwriter, and record producer. King introduced a sophisticated style of soloing A group of (typically three or based on fluid string bending and more) notes sounded Chords shimmering vibrato that influenced many together, as a basis of later electric blues guitarists harmony. Muddy Waters (1913 – 1983) was an A walking bass line simply American blues singer-songwriter and Walking Bass walks through the musician who is often cited as the "father Line appropriate scale of each of modern Chicago blues", and an chord, one note per beat. important figure on the post-war blues scene. Using a Stimulus Types of Stimuli

• artefacts, eg photographs, Performance Tips paintings, props, costumes, art pieces Face the audience • music all the time. No one wants to see the • newspaper, magazine or online back of your head! articles • poetry • book extracts Stay in role! Try not • video clips to laugh or come out Physical Skills • live theatre performances of character. • scripts

Project!

• Once you have chosen a theme to focus on, Know what you’re start to branch out and generate ideas. doing! Practice • From this, choose your idea for your means confidence. performance. • Create one scene. Does it work? Do you need to go back to the drawing board? What are the differences between devising and script?

When devising, we have to In scripted work, the create the piece ourselves characters, plot and from scratch. That’s dialogue are given to us. characters, plots, staging, We just have to figure out dialogue, everything! the staging. Characters Shakespeare • Born: 1564 in Stratford-upon- Avon Performance Tips • Died: 1616 Face the audience • Shakespeare was an actor all the time. No one before he wrote plays. wants to see the • He wrote 154 sonnets and back of your head! around 40 plays. • These were a mixture of histories, tragedies and Stay in role! Try not comedies. to laugh or come • Shakespeare’s wife was called out of character. Anne Hathaway. • They had three children. • Shakespeare’s plays were performed for Queen Project! Elizabeth I and King Plot James I. • A lot of the phrases The ghost of the King of Denmark Know what you’re Shakespeare wrote tells his son Hamlet to avenge his doing! Practice are still around today. murder by killing the new king, means confidence. Hamlet's uncle. Hamlet feigns madness, contemplates life and death, and seeks revenge. His uncle, The Globe Theatre fearing for his life, also devises plots to kill Hamlet. The play ends with a duel, during which the King, Queen, The Globe Theatre is in London. It has eight sides and Hamlet's opponent and Hamlet the audience sat on most of these. If you were himself are all killed. wealthy, you could pay for a comfortable seat however the poor people could play a penny and stand in the middle. Women were not allowed to act so men had to play all of the parts. Graphics Techniques Key Equipment 2 Point Perspective Careers: Architecture Architects create designs for new construction projects, alterations and redevelopments. They use their specialist construction knowledge and high-level drawing skills to design buildings that are functional, safe, sustainable and aesthetically pleasing.

The average salary for Architect jobs is £77,500.

Keywords Frank Miller As a Graphic Designer, Miller began his career creating Perspective is what gives a illustrations for comics. Marvel has worked for Marvel three-dimensional feeling to a Perspective and DC. He has a distinct style creating powerful flat image such as a drawing or images using silhouettes. His art stands out against a painting other graphic designers. Useful tools for InkScape Miller’s distinct style, world-building, and elevation of An illustration is a decoration, the anti-hero have awarded him every major comic interpretation or visual book industry award and a global following. Illustration explanation of a text, concept or process.

Tone refers to how light or dark Tone a colour or shade is.

Lines which are lightly added to Construction a drawing to help guide you to Lines create the correct angles.

The style and appearance of Typography writing. The eight healthy eating guidelines Food in the news Measurements

1. Base your meals on starch carbohydrates Poor diet quality was directly responsible G = grams 2. Eat lots of fruit and vegetables for 11 million deaths world wide in 2017 kg = kilograms - 1kg = 1000g 3. Eat more fish In April 2019 a report was published that ml = millilitre 4. Cut down on saturated fats stated ‘more people world wide are dying due to poor diet, than smoking and high L= litre – 1 litre = 1000ml 5. East less salt blood pressure.’ I t went on the say that ‘ Tsp = teaspoon = 1 tsp = 5g 6. Drink plenty of water we spend too much time looking at what we shouldn’t eat, when we should be Tbsp = tablespoon = 1 tbsp = 15g 7. Do not skip breakfast focused on what we should eat.’ 8. Get active and try to maintain a healthy weight

Methods of Heat Transfer Key Words

Macronutrient Nutrients required by the body in larger amounts. Carbohydrates, protein & fats

Micronutrient Nutrients required by the body in smaller amounts. Vitamins & minerals

Viscosity The thickness of a liquid

Gelatinisation The thickening of a liquid due to the swelling of starch grains when heat is applied

Maillard A chemical reaction between a protein and a reaction carbohydrate in the presence of dry heat Textile Techniques Key Equipment Fibres and Fabrics

Applique Natural Fibres – sourced from plants and animals Fabric Scissors are sharper than Pieces of fabric sewn paper scissors in order to cut Synthetic fibres – fibres that are man-made on to a larger piece to fabrics. You must not use them form a picture or pattern. for paper as it makes them blunt. Woven Fabric – warp and weft interlacing threads Seams The sewing machine is used to sew Knitted Fabric – warp and weft interlocking A line where two pieces materials together to loops of fabric are sewn make garments and together on a product. interior products.

You can also use it to Tie-dye add decoration to Designers Produce patterns in on fabric. fabric by tying parts of it Prinkie Roberts is a stitch textile to shield it from the dye. Sewing Machine Keywords artist who is inspired by the world around her. She uses A small cylinder wound with thread that is Bobbin placed in the bottom of the sewing complementary colours and creates machine in order to make stitches. abstract scenes. Presser This keeps the fabric in place when Stiches sewing. The presser foot must always be Foot put down on the fabric before sewing. Gareth Pugh is a fashion designer his known for fashion-as- Running Stitch Hand This is located at the side of the machine performance-art work. He uses and moves the needle up and down. Wheel mostly black and white geometric shapes. Stitch The dial that controls the stitch length will Back stitch make your stitches longer or shorter length depending on what you are sewing. Jenny Rolfe is a quilt artist who uses The dial that controls the stitch width will Blanket stitch Stitch make your stitches go from straight to nature as her source of inspiration. width wide meaning that you can product zig- She makes her own fabrics for her zag stitches. work. Innovative Sustainable Functional What is Product Design and why Identifying the equipment Shaping and joining is it important? Mitre joint The role of design is to create a Dovetail joint marketable product from an Digital Vernier callipers innovation. Design is often the deciding factor in the success of Sliding bevel Box joint/comb joint a product. Many customers make purchasing decisions based Tenon saw primarily on product design, because good product Coping saw Dowel joint design ensures quality, Mitre saw appearance, performance, ease of use, and reliability.

Being exact and accurate when Famous Designers Precision marking and cutting out.

An allowable amount of variation of a specified quantity, especially in the Tolerance dimensions of a machine or part e.g. +/- 0.25mm. Inclusive and exclusive designs -Marc Andrew Newson CBE is an industrial The look and/or feel of a product designer. Aesthetics and how this is incorporated into the -His style uses smooth geometric lines, Inclusive design is about design. translucency, strength, transparency, and tends Ensuring that products and Human factors and ergonomics is to have an absence of sharp edges. Systems can be used by the application of psychological and -Marc Newson has been described as the most Everyone, or as many Ergonomics physiological principles to the influential designer of his generation. People as possible. design of products, processes, and - Mark Newson’s current stakeholders include systems Nike (trainers), Jaegar (clocks), Mont Blanc Exclusive design is when (pens), Louis Vuitton (kitchen ware) and Ferrari A person with an interest or concern in (automotive), Pentax (camera). Products are designed for Stakeholders a particular group of people. something, especially a business. Key Words Tells the HTML Hypertext Markup Language, a standardized system for tagging text Tells the browser browser to files to achieve font, colour, graphic, and hyperlink effects on Web to read a HTML file display large font pages.

WWW World Wide Web.

tags An instruction appended to a piece of text in a markup language in order to specify how it is displayed or interpreted.

Hyperlinks A link from a hypertext document to another location, activated by clicking on a highlighted word or image.

Internet The global system of interconnected computer networks

Source code A text listing of commands to be compiled or assembled into an executable computer program

URL Universal resource locator . The address of a World Wide Web page.

Tells the Tells the browser to browser to start displaying the http Hypertext Transport (or Transfer) Protocol, the data transfer protocol display a webpage used on the World Wide Web new line Key Words Key Words Virtual reality: the computer-generated simulation of a three-dimensional image or environment that can be interacted with in a seemingly real or Quantum A computer which makes use of the physical way by a person using special electronic equipment, computer quantum states of subatomic particles to such as a helmet with a screen inside or gloves fitted with store information. sensors. Artificial the theory and development of computer systems able to perform Zettabyte: a unit of information equal to one intelligence: tasks normally requiring human intelligence, such as visual thousand million million (1015) or, strictly, perception, speech recognition, decision-making, and translation 250 bytes. between languages. 3D: three-dimensional Robotic The use of software to automate Process business processes. It automates Micro service Is an approach to application development in which a large Automation: repetitive tasks that people used to do application is built as a suite of modular components or services.

Hondas Asimo, the Driverless cars will all communicate via What laws will be required when flying most advanced 5G cars are a reality? robot in the western world Badminton Football

Core Skills Service – high, low & flick (forehand or backhand). Core Skills Overhead – clear & drop (forehand and backhand). Passing/receiving – either foot. Underarm – clear, drive & drop (forehand and backhand). Dribbling/moving with the ball – either foot. Net play Shooting Smash Heading. Tackling, jockeying, closing down and marking. Tactics (Tactics, Strategies & Compositional Ideas): • A: AWAY keep the shuttle away from your opponent. Tactics (Tactics, Strategies & Compositional Ideas): • B: Play on their weakness usually their BACKHAND. Attacking and Defending principles: • C: Keep the shuttle in the COURT but play to the COURT boundaries. • D: Hit DOWN so your opponent has to hit up Attacking: Select shots that are appropriate for defending and attacking. • Pace Select simple shot combinations which move your opponent out of • Depth position. • Width. • Make the pitch as big as possible Rules: • Support: Angle and Distance. • There are three basic things to remember for scoring singles badminton: Defending: • After each rally a point is scored. • Deny the opposition time and space. • You keep serving until you lose a rally, the serve will then go over to • Make the pitch as small as possible. your opponent. • Use of the offside . • You serve from the Left if your score is Odd. You serve from the Right • Support: Angle and Distance if your score is Even. This is the ‘LORE of the SCORE’. Athletics Dance Core Skills Core skills Action: Track: Creating a motif 1. Travel, locomotion, stepping and pathways. •Starts/finishes. 2. Balance (static and/or dynamic). •Arm action – effectiveness and 3. Rotation, turning and weight transference. consistency. 4. Jumps and elevations. •Leg action to create appropriate pace – 5. Gestures consistency and/or change of pace. Space & relationships: Tactics and strategies: Dynamics: Performing an action and/or motif Direction Use pace judgement to run at a fast or slow Levels sustained pace for specified periods of Formation smooth or sharp time Canon heavy or light Unison Analysis of performance: Performance Compare performances to previous ones, personal bests and Athletics Perform a full routine in a competition/performance. Awards (ESAA Secondary Awards This can be in a solo performance, a duet performance or a group performance Scheme). and should last approximately two minutes. Perform within the recognised dance style.