STUDY ON IMPACT OF OPEN CAST COAL MINE IN AND AROUND TOWN

Prepared for

THE SINGARENI COLLIERIES COMPANY LIMITED (A Government Company) COLLIERIES – 507 101 (T.S.)

Prepared by

E P T R I

ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION TRAINING & RESEARCH INSTITUTE

Sy. No. 91/4, Gachibowli,

March, 2019

CONTENTS

S.No Description Page No.

1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Project Background 1 1.2 Scope and objective of the Study 4 1.3 Methodology of the study 4 2.0 Micro –Metrological studies 4 2.1 Description of micro metrological station and 4 equipment 2.1.1 Summary of monthly average micro metrological 4 data in Sathupalli area 2.2 Ambient Air Quality 5 2.2.1 Methodology 5 2.2.2 Selection Ambient Air Quality Stations 6 2.2.3 Ambient Air Quality data 8 2.2.4 Analysis of Ambient Air Quality data at Sathupalli 17 2.3 Noise Quality levels 17 2.3.1 Noise Quality Monitoring 17 2.3.2 Summary of Noise Quality data 18 2.4 Water Quality 18 2.4.1 Selection of Sampling locations 18 2.4.2 Surface water Sampling method 22 2.4.3 Ground water Sampling method 22 2.5 Summary of Water Quality 33 2.5.1 Surface water Quality 33 2.5.2 Groundwater Quality 33 2.5.3 Groundwater levels 35 2.5.4 Hydrogeology 40 2.6 Soil Quality 40 2.6.1 Baseline Status of Soil with respect to 45 conventional Parameters 2.6.2 Physical properties of soil 45 2.6.3 Chemical properties of soil 46 2.7 Biological Environment 46 2.7.1 Methodology 46 2.7.1.1 Floral diversity 46 2.7.1.2 Field Equipment & accessories 46 2.7.1.3 Phytosociology 46

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S.No Description Page No. 2.7.1.4 Faunal Diversity 47 2.7.2 Results 48 2.7.3 Type of Forests in the study area and its 57 conservation Status 2.7.4 Endemic /Endangered/Threatened plant species 57 2.7.5 Status of Fauna as per the Indian Wildlife 58 Protection Act (IWPA), 1972 & International union for conservation of Native (IUCN) 2.8 Socio-Economic & Health Status 62 2.8.1 Focussed group discussion 66 2.8.2 Health Profile 67 2.8.3 General Health Profile 68 2.8.3.1 Methodology of Health Survey 68 3.0 Anticipated impacts and mitigation measures 71 3.1 Impact on air quality 71 3.1.1 Estimation of Emissions 71 3.2 Air Quality Modelling 73 3.3 Results & Conclusions 73 3.4 Impact of Water quality 77 3.5 Impact on Groundwater levels 77 3.6 Impact of nearby structure due to blast induced 80 vibrations 3.6.1 Methodology 81 3.6.2 Summary 82 3.7 Impact on Flora & Fauna 83 3.8 Impact on Socio-economic 83 3.4 Conclusions 83 Figures 1.1 Google Map 2 1.2 Topo Map 2 2.1 Wind rose for the Month of February, 2019 5 2.2 Topo Map Showing ambient Air Quality Stations 7 2.3 Respirable Dust sampler & Ambient Fine Dust 8 Sampler equipment placed at NTR nagar Sathupalli 2.4 Respirable Dust sampler & Ambient Fine Dust 8 Sampler equipment placed at Sathupalli town 2.5 Graphical representation of PM 10 & PM 2.5 14 2.6 Graphical representation of SOx & NOx 14 2.7 Noise monitoring locations 17

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S.No Description Page No. 2.8 Ground water sample locations 20 2.9 Surface water sampling locations 21 2.10 Collection of surface water sample at Rejerla 23 cheruvu 2.11 Collection groundwater sample at NTR Nagar 23 2.12 Annual Rainfall data plot 35 2.13 Drainage 36 2.14 Location wells in and around Sathupalli town 38 2.15 Plan showing the settling ponds 38 2.16 Hydrographs of Piezometric wells around JVR 40 OCP 2.17 Soil Sampling Locations 41 2.18 Soil sampling location at NTR nagar 42

3.1 Predicted GLCs of PM10 74 3.2 Predicted GLCs of PM 2.5 76 Tables 2.1 Summary of monthly micro-meteorological data 5 generated at Sathupalli Area 2.2 Ambient Air Quality Methodology 5 2.3 Details of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations 6 2.4 National Ambient Air Quality Standards 9 2.5 AAQ Monitoring Stations at Karkapalli village 10 2.6 AAQ Monitoring Stations at Sathupalli town 10 2.7 AAQ Monitoring Stations at 11 Gudipadu/Venkatapuram village 2.8 AAQ Monitoring Stations at Jalgan Vengalrao 11 Nagar village 2.9 AAQ Monitoring Stations at Kistaram village 12 2.10 AAQ Monitoring Stations at NTR Nagar, 12 Sathupalli area 2.11 Summary of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring data 13 2.12 Noise Monitoring locations 15 2.13 Noise Standards 16 2.14 Summary of Noise level data 18 2.15 Surface water sampling locations 19 2.16 Ground Water sampling locations 19 2.17 CPCB water Quality Criteria 24 2.18 Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological 25 Characteristics of Surface Water at Selected Locations 2.19 Organoleptic and Physical Parameters 28

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S.No Description Page No. 2.20 General Parameters Concerning Substances 29 Undesirable in Excessive Amounts

2.21 Parameters Concerning Toxic Substances 30 2.22 Bacteriological Quality of Drinking water 31 2.23 As per CPCB Guidelines for Water Quality 32 Monitoring–MINARS/27/2007-2008 2.24 Annual rainfall data & percent of deviation from 34 Mean rainfall 2.25 Attitude of phreatic surface in the buffer area 37 2.26 Attitude of piezometric levels around JVR OCP 39 2.27 List of Soil Sampling Locations 40 2.28 Methods for analysis of soil samples 42 2.29 Standard Soil Classification 43 2.30 Texture class of Soil 43 2.31 Physical Characteristics 44 2.32 Chemical Characteristics of Soil Extract 44 2.33 Exchangeable Cations of Soil 44 2.34 Fertility Status of the Soil 44 2.35 Trace metals content in soil 45 2.36 Phytosociological parameters of trees in the core 50 zone of Kistaram Project 2.37 Phytosociological parameters of shrubs, shrubby 51 climbers and tree saplings in the core zone of Kistaram project 2.38 Phytosociological parameters of herbs in the 52 Core zone of Kistaram project 2.39 Phytosociological parameters of trees in the 54 buffer zone of Kistaram Project 2.40 Phytosociological parameters of shrubs, shrubby 55 climbers and tree saplings in the buffer zone of Kistaram project 2.41 Phytosociological parameters of herbs in the 56 buffer zone of Kistaram project 2.42 List of Butterflies and Moths recorded in the study 59 area (Core & Buffer zones) 2.43 List of Aves 60 2.44 List of Herpetofauna (Reptiles & Amphibians) 61 2.45 List of mammals 62 2.46 Gender ratio 63 2.47 Household size 63

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S.No Description Page No. 2.48 Vulnerable Population 64 2.49 Literacy rate 64 2.50 Work Participation 65 2.51 Infrastructure facilities 65 2.52 Sathupalli area hospital: Disease incidence 68 record from Nov-2009, Dec-2010, Nov-2011, Oct.-Dec.-2012, Sept. & Nov.-2015 and May- 2016. 2.53 Sattupalli Area Hospital health data 69

3.1 Emission of Particulate Matter (PM10) for Peak 72 Production capacities from different mining activities 3.2 Total PM10 Concentrations at baseline AAQ 75

3.3 Total PM2.5 concentrations at the Baseline AAQ 77 Stations (Figures in µg/m3) Annexures Annexure I Hourly basis Noise data Annexure II List of flora &fauna

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STUDY ON IMPACT OF KISTARAM OPEN CAST COAL MINE IN AND AROUND SATHUPALLI TOWN

1. Introduction

Kistaram Opencast of SCCL is located in between Jaganathapuram and Kistaram villages and is about 4.2 km from Sathupalli town located on the eastern side of district of State.

The project falls in Lankapalli Reserved Forest compartments 17/AA (Part), 175 (Part) of Jaganadhapuram village, Sathupalli Mandal. MOEF&CC, GOI accorded Stage-I approval for diversion of Forest land vide F.No.8-55/2014-FC, Dt.11.09.2018. In the order accorded vide condition number 2 (v), it has been stipulated that “The environmental conditions in and around Sathupalli town may be appraised by the Environmental Appraisal Committee separately”.

The project proposal was considered in the 42nd EAC meeting dated 24th Jan’ 2019, for issue of Environmental Clearance. EAC observed that the report submitted by the project proponent was lacking for the requisite details in respect of impact of mining operations on air and water quality, ground water, stability of residential structures, source of livelihood for the locals of Sathupalli town, their dependency on the forest, flora and fauna, methodology for health survey, etc.

Hence, in order to assess the impact of proposed Kistaram OCP on Sathupalli town, SCCL entrusted the work of carrying out the “Study on impact of Kistaram open cast coal mine in and around Sathupalli town” to EPTRI, Hyderabad.

1.1. Project Background

Sathupalli - Chintalapudi Coal belt represents the south-eastern continuation of Kothagudem sub-basin covering an area of 11 Sq. km. near Kistaram and Jagannathapuram Villages of Sathupalli Mandal in , Telangana State. The Google image of the project location is shown in Figure No. 1.1 and topo map is given in Figure-1.2.

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Figure 1.1: Google map

Figure -1.2 Topo Map

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E P T R I 1.2. Scope and Objective of the study

The development of any project will have certain environmental impacts on air, water, biodiversity and population. The objective of the present study is to assess the impact of Kistaram OCP in and around Sathupalli town in terms of the following environmental parameters and to suggest suitable mitigation measures: 1. Ambient Air Quality and Noise levels 2. Water quality (surface & ground water) 3. Ground water levels 4. Stability of residential structures 5. Flora and Fauna 6. Socio–economic status (Source of livelihood, dependency on Forest Produce & health)

1.3. Methodology of the Study A team of functional area experts from EPTRI conducted the study of air quality, noise levels, water quality, ground water levels, structural stability, and dependency on forest, flora and fauna, socio -economic condition of the people residing in and around Sathupalli town. The study was carried out for a period of one month during Jan-Feb’ 2019.

2. Micro - Meteorological Studies

The micro-meteorological parameters like wind speed, wind direction, temperature, humidity, rainfall and solar radiation are used in the study of air quality monitoring. The measurement of meteorological parameters is important to have an understanding of the impacts of a region's meteorology on the dispersion of air pollutants and is also used to simulate and predict air quality using computer models.

2.1. Description of meteorological station and equipment

An automatic meteorological station was installed at Kistaram village near Sathupalli town. All care was taken to see that the station is free from obstructions to free flow of winds. The meteorological data was recorded on hourly basis for the study period for the parameters of wind direction, wind speed, temperature, relative humidity and rainfall. The cloud cover was observed manually.

2.1.1. Summary of monthly average micro-meteorological data in Sathupalli Area

The maximum wind speed recorded was 4.4 m/s. Calm conditions prevailed for 38.84% of the time during the study period. The predominant wind direction was North East (NE) (blowing from). The maximum temperature and humidity levels were recorded as 38.6oC and 99.9% respectively, while the minimum levels were 15.2o C and 19.5%. The average temperature and humidity were 25.3oC and 72.5 %. No rainfall was recorded during the study period. Windrose diagram for the month of February 2019 is shown in Fig 2.1.

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E P T R I Table 2.1 Summary of monthly micro-meteorological data generated at Sathupalli Area

Relative Humidity Wind Speed (m/s) Temperature (ºC) Rainfall (mm) (%) Month Ma Calm Mea Hourly Mean Max. Min. Mean Max. Min. Total x % n highest February, 0.95 4.4 38.84 25.3 38.6 15.2 72.5 99.9 19.5 0.0 0.0 2019

Figure 2.1: Wind rose for the Month of February, 2019

2.2. Ambient Air Quality

To understand the impact of Kistaram OCP during the operation phase in and around the

Sathupalli town, the ambient air quality was monitored for the parameters viz., PM10,

PM2.5, SO2 and NO2.

2.2.1. Methodology The ambient air quality monitoring has been carried out for the above paramters using the instruments, Respirable Dust Sampler and Fine dust sampler as per the methodology given in Table 2.2.

Table 2.2 Methodology for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

PMPollutant10 Particulate Matter RDSMethod (Respirable of analysis dust sampler) IS 5182 (Part 23): 2006 3 PM2.5 Particulate Matter FDS (fine dust sampler) CPCB Manual NAAQ 3 SO2 Sulfur dioxide Improved West and Geake Method IS 5182 (Part 2): 3 NO2 Nitrous(µg/m ) Dioxide Jacob2001 & Hochheisser Modified Na- Arsenate IS 5182 (µg/m3) (Part 6): 2006

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E P T R I 2.2.2. Selection of Ambient Air quality stations

Different air pollution parameters like Particulate Matter less than 10μ (PM10), Particulate

Matter less than 2.5μ (PM2.5), Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) and Nitrogen Oxides were identified as critical parameters relating to project activities for representing baseline status of ambient air quality in and around Sathupalli town. To assess the base line ambient air quality, six locations were selected in and around Sathupalli Town. Out of six air quality monitoring locations, three locations are identified within Sathupalli town and remaining 3 locations in the surrounding habitats. Details of sampling locations are given in Table No. 2.3 and Fig. 2.2.

Table 2.3 Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations Distance S. from the Station Name Latitude Longitude Category No Project in km 1 Kakarlapalli village (SA1) N 17°22’35.7’’ E 80°54’59.0’’ 4.62 R 2 Sathupalli town (SA2) N 170 12’45.3’’ E 800 50’1.9’’ 3.42 R 3 Venkatapuram village (SA3) N 170 13’11.9’’ E 800 49’56.0’’ 3.41 R 4 JVR Nagar, Sathupalli (SA4) N 170 12’40.0’’ E 800 48’43.0” 1.22 R 5 Kistaram village (SA5) N 170 12’50.5’’ E 800 46’58’’ 0.93 R 6 NTR Nagar, Sathupalli (SA6) N 17°12'30.2" E 80°50'1.6" 3.51 R

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E P T R I Fig. 2.2 Topo map showing ambient air quality locations

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Fig. 2.3 Respirable Dust Sampler & Ambient Fine Dust Sampler equipment placed at NTR Nagar Sathupalli.

Fig. 2.4 Respirable Dust Sampler & Ambient Fine Dust Sampler equipment placed at Sathupalli town.

2.2.3. Ambient Air Quality Data

The ambient air quality monitoring was carried out at a frequency of twice a week at identified locations in the study area of the project. The data collected was compared with NAAQ Standards, CPCB, dated 18.11.2009. The National ambient air quality standards are given in Table 2.4.

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Table 2.4 National Ambient Air Quality Standards Central Pollution Control Board NOTIFICATION New Delhi, the 18th November, 2009 Concentration in Ambient Air Time Ecological Industrial, weighted Sensitive areas Pollutants Residential, average (notified by Method of Measurement Rural and Central Other Area Government) Annual Improved West and Sulphur Dioxide 50g/m3 20g/m3 average Geake Method (SO ), g/m3 2 24 hours 80g/m3 80g/m3 Ultraviolet Fluorescence 3 3 Modified Jacob & Annual 40g/m 30g/m Nitrogen Dioxide Hochheiser (Na- 3 3 3 Arsenite) (NO2), g/m 24 hours 80g/m 80g/m Chemiluminescence Particulate Matter Annual 60g/m3 60g/m3 Gravimetric TOEM Beta (size less than 10 attenuation 3 24 hours 100g/m3 100g/m3 g) or PM10 g/m Annual 40g/m3 40g/m3 Gravimetric TOEM Particulate Matter - Beta attenuation (size less than 2.5 3 24 hours 60g/m3 60g/m3 g) or PM2.5 g/m

* Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval. ** 24 hourly/8 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.

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Table 2.5 Ambient Air Quality at Karkapalli village (SA1) Area : In and around Nature of Area : Buffer Zone Sathupalli area Period of : January 2019 Sampling Duration : 24hrs period Monitoring - February 2019

PM PM SO NO S.No. Date of Sampling 10 2.5 2 2 (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3)

NAAQ Standards, CPCB 100 60 80 80 Dated: 18.11.2009 1. 27.1.2019 60 24.7 12.2 18.2 2. 28.1.2019 63 26.0 12.4 18.5 3. 04.2.2019 65 26.8 11.5 17.1 4. 05.2.2019 62 25.5 11.3 16.5 5. 11.2.2019 65 26.8 10.7 15.5 6. 12.2.2019 60 24.7 10.9 15.7 7. 19.2.2019 68 28.0 12.1 18.2 8. 20.2.2019 64 26.4 11.0 15.9 Min 60.0 24.7 10.7 15.5 Max 68.0 28.0 12.4 18.5 Avg 63.4 26.1 11.5 17.0

Table 2.6: Ambient Air Quality at Satupally town (SA2)

Area : In and around Nature of Area : Buffer Zone Sathupalli area Period of : January 2019 Sampling Duration : 24hrs period Monitoring - February 2019

PM PM SO NO S.No. Date of Sampling 10 2.5 2 2 (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3)

NAAQ Standards, CPCB 100 60 80 80 Dated: 18.11.2009 1. 30.01.2019 60 24.6 13.1 19.4 2. 31.01.2019 67 27.0 13.4 20.1 3. 07.02.2019 62 25.6 12.8 19.0 4. 08.02.2019 66 27.1 13.0 19.1 5. 15.02.2019 58 24.0 12.6 18.7 6. 16.02.2019 65 26.7 13.3 19.5 7. 22.02.2019 54 30.5 11.2 20.0 8. 24.02.2019 60 32.8 10.6 18.5 Min 54.0 24.0 10.6 18.5 Max 67.0 32.8 13.4 20.1 Avg 61.5 27.3 12.5 19.3

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Table 2.7 Ambient Air Quality at Gudipadu/ Venkatapuram Village (SA3) Area : In and around Nature of Area : Buffer Zone Sathupalli area Period of : January 2019 Sampling Duration : 24hrs period Monitoring - February 2019

PM PM SO NO S.No. Date of Sampling 10 2.5 2 2 (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3)

NAAQ Standards, CPCB 100 60 80 80 Dated: 18.11.2009 1. 27.01.2019 58 23.9 11.7 16.5 2. 28.01.2019 65 26.8 11.5 16.3 3. 04.02.2019 71 29.3 11.2 15.8 4. 05.02.2019 68 28.0 12.1 17.3 5. 11.02.2019 64 26.4 13.1 18.9 6. 12.02.2019 67 27.6 12.0 17.1 7. 19.02.2019 73 31.1 11.7 17.1 8. 20.02.2019 68 29.7 11.0 15.3 Min 58.0 23.9 11.0 15.3 Max 73.0 31.1 13.1 18.9 Avg 66.8 27.9 11.8 16.8

Table 2.8 : Ambient Air Quality at Jalagan Vengalrao Nagar, Sathupalli (SA4)

Area : In and around Nature of Area : Buffer Zone Sathupalli area Period of : January 2019 Sampling Duration : 24hrs period Monitoring - February 2019

PM PM SO NO S.No. Date of Sampling 10 2.5 2 2 (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3)

NAAQ Standards, CPCB 100 60 80 80 Dated: 18.11.2009 1. 27.01.2019 68 28.0 10.0 15.2 2. 28.01.2019 71 29.3 12.0 17.4 3. 04.02.2019 70 29.5 11.0 15.5 4. 05.02.2019 66 27.9 11.4 16.2 5. 11.02.2019 72 30.4 13.5 19.6 6. 12.02.2019 76 32.1 13.0 18.9 7. 19.02.2019 65 27.4 12.6 18.5 8. 20.02.2019 69 29.8 12.6 18.1 Min 65.0 27.4 10.0 15.2 Max 76.0 32.1 13.5 19.6 Avg 69.6 29.3 12.0 17.4

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Table 2.9 Ambient Air Quality at Kistaram Village (SA5) Area : In and around Sathupalli Nature of Area : Buffer Zone area Period of : January - February 2019 Sampling Duration : 24hrs period Monitoring

PM PM SO NO S.No. Date of Sampling 10 2.5 2 2 (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3)

NAAQ Standards, CPCB 100 60 80 80 Dated: 18.11.2009 1. 02.02.2019 80 33.0 13.1 19.0 2. 03.02.2019 72 29.7 13.5 19.7 3. 09.02.2019 77 34.0 13.2 19.2 4. 10.02.2019 79 34.9 13.4 19.5 5. 17.02.2019 75 33.2 13.0 18.8 6. 18.02.2019 78 34.5 13.5 19.7 7. 25.02.2019 70 30.9 13.6 20.2 8. 26.02.2019 73 32.3 13.0 18.7 Min 70.0 29.7 13.0 18.7 Max 80.0 34.9 13.6 20.2 Avg 75.5 32.8 13.3 19.4

Table 2.10 Ambient Air Quality at NTR Nagar, Sathupalli (SA6) Area : In and around Nature of Area : Buffer Zone Sathupalli area Period of : January 2019 Sampling Duration : 24hrs period Monitoring - February 2019

PM PM SO NO S.No. Date of Sampling 10 2.5 2 2 (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3)

NAAQ Standards, CPCB 100 60 80 80 Dated: 18.11.2009 1. 30.01.2019 55 22.1 11.4 18.6 2. 31.01.2019 60 24.3 12.3 18.8 3. 07.02.2019 57 24.2 12.1 17.6 4. 08.02.2019 59 23.3 12.6 19.0 5. 15.02.2019 61 25.0 13.1 19.6 6. 16.02.2019 64 26.2 12.8 19.2 7. 22.02.2019 62 28.5 11.8 19.2 8. 24.02.2019 63 26.8 10.0 19.0 Min 55.0 22.1 10.0 17.6 Max 64.0 28.5 13.1 19.6 Avg 60.1 25.1 12.0 18.9

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Table 2.11 Summary of Ambient Air Quality data 3 3 Location PM10 g/m PM2.5 g/m Location Code Min. Max. Mean Min. Max. Mean SA1 Kakarlapalli village 60.0 68.0 63.4 24.7 28.0 26.1 SA2 Sathupalli town 54.0 67.0 61.5 24.0 32.8 27.3 SA3 Venkatapuram 58.0 73.0 66.8 23.9 31.1 27.9 Jalagam vengal Rao SA4 65.0 76.0 69.6 27.4 32.1 29.3 Nagar, Sathupalli SA5 Kistaram village 70.0 80.0 75.5 29.7 34.9 32.8 SA6 NTR Nagar, Sathupalli 55.0 64.0 60.1 22.1 28.5 25.1 Standards 100 60

SO g/m3 NO g/m3 Location 2 2 Location Code Min. Max. Mean Min. Max. Mean

SA1 Kakarlapalli village 10.7 12.4 11.5 15.5 18.5 17.0 SA2 Sathupalli town 10.6 13.4 12.5 18.5 20.1 19.3 SA3 Venkatapuram 11.0 13.1 11.8 15.3 18.9 16.8 Jalagam vengal Rao SA4 10.0 13.5 12.0 15.2 19.6 17.4 Nagar, Sathupalli SA5 Kistaram village 13.0 13.6 13.3 18.7 20.2 19.4 SA6 NTR Nagar, Sathupalli 10.0 13.1 12.0 17.6 19.6 18.9 Standards 80 80

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120

100

80

60 40

Conc Avg. 20

0 SA1 SA2 SA3 SA4 SA5 SA6 NAAQ PM10 std.PM2.5

Fig: 2.5 Graphical representations of PM 10 & PM 2.5 (avg.con)

90

80 70

60 50

40 30 20

10

0 SA1 SA2 SA3 SA4 SA5 SA6 NAAQ std. SO2 NO2

Fig: 2.6 Graphical representations of SO2 & NOx (avg.con)

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2.2.4. Analysis of Ambient Air Quality Data at Sathupalli

The 24-hourly air quality data of all the six locations is given in Table 2.6 to 2.10 and the summary of air quality data for the study period is presented in Table 2.11. PM10 concentrations range from 54 to 80 g/m3, minimum concentrations was observed at Sathupalli Town (SA2), and maximum conc. at Kistaram village (SA5).

3 PM2.5 concentrations were in the range from 22.1 to 34.9 g/m . The minimum concentration was observed at NTR Nagar, Sathupalli (SA6) and maximum was recorded at Kistaram village (SA5).

3 3 SO2 and NO2 concentrations are in the range of 10.0 to 13.6 g/m and 15.2 to 20.2g/m respectively. The minimum concentration of SO2 was observed at NTR Nagar, Sathupalli

(SA6) and that of NO2 was observed at Jalagam vengal Rao Nagar, Sathupalli (SA4) whereas the maximum concentration of SO2 and NO2 were observed at Kistaram Village (SA5).

The study indicates that the air quality parameters are within the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) as notified on 18.11.2009 by CPCB.

2.3. Noise Quality Levels 2.3.1. Noise Quality Monitoring

To understand the impacts of the Kistaram OCP in and around the Sathupalli town detailed survey on noise environment was carried to study the hourly equivalent noise levels as per IS: 4954-1968. Noise levels were measured for 24 hours duration on hourly basis using Integrated Sound Level Meter at Six locations within the study area. The details of noise monitoring locations are given in Table 2.12. The noise level standards are given in Table 2.13.

Table 2.12 Noise Monitoring locations

Distance from S. Name of the station Categ the project Latitude Longitude No. with code ory boundary in km 1. Sathupalli town (SN1) R N 170 12’45.3’’ 3.42 E 800 50’1.9’’ NTR Nagar, Sathupalli 3.51 2. R N 17°11'52.20" E 80°49'36.76" (SN2) 3. Karkapalli village (SN3) R N 17°22’35.7’’ 4.62 E 80°54’59.0’’ Venkatapuram village 0 0 4. R N 17 13’11.9’’ 3.41 E 80 49’56.0’’ (SN4) Jalagan vengal Rao Nagar 0 0 5 R N 17 12’40.0’’ 1.22 E 80 48’43.0” (SN5) 0 0 6. Kistaram village (SN6) R N 17 12’50.5’’ 0.93 E 80 46’58’’

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Table 2.13 Noise Standards: Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 Notification: S.O. 123(E), dated 14.2.2000 Schedule (see rule 3(1) and 4(1)) Ambient Air Quality Standards in respect of Noise

Limits in dB(A) Area Code Category of area Day time Night time A Industrial area 75 70 B Commercial area 65 55 C Residential area 55 45 D Silence zone 50 40 Note: 1. Day time shall mean from 6.00 a.m to 10.00 p.m. 2. Night time shall mean from 10.00 p.m to 6.00 a.m. 3. Silence zone is an area comprising not less than 100meters around hospitals, educational institutions and courts, religious places or any other area which is declared as such by the competent authority. 4. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above mentioned categories the Competent Authority. *dB(A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on scale A which is relatable to human hearing. “Decibel” is a unit in which noise is measured. “A”, in dB (A) Leq, denotes the frequency weighting in the measurement of noise and corresponds to frequency response characteristics of the human ear. Leq: It is energy mean of the noise level over a specified period.

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Fig: 2.7 Noise monitoring locations

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2.3.2. Summary of Noise Quality Data

The details of hourly readings for 24 hourly period, monitored at the six locations are given in the Annexure-I and the summary of noise level is given in Table 2.14. Maximum value of Leq Day is 52.3 dB (A) at Sathupalli town (SN1), and minimum is 48.9 dB (A) at Venkatapuram (SN4). Maximum value of Leq Night is 43.2 dB (A) at NTR Nagar, Sathupalli (SN2), and minimum is 36.9 dB (A) at Kakarlapalli (SN3).

From the noise data collected, it is seen that the noise levels in terms of Leq (day) and Leq (night) are well within the standards stipulated.

Table 2.14 Summary of Noise level data

Day time Night time S. Name of the station Limits in dB (A) noise levels noise levels No with code in dB (A) in dB (A) Day time Night time Day Leq Night Leq 1. Sathupalli town (SN1) 55 45 52.3 42.4 NTR Nagar, 2. 55 45 51.7 43.2 Sathupalli (SN2) Kakarlapalli village 3. 55 45 49.6 36.9 (SN3) 4. Venkatapuram (SN4) 55 45 48.9 37.6 Jalagan vengal Rao 5. 55 45 50.5 40.8 Nagar (SN5) Kistaram village 6. 55 45 51.5 38.5 (SN6)

2.4. WATER QUALITY 2.4.1. Selection of Sampling Locations The impact of the proposed Kistaram OCP on the water environment in and around Sathupalli areas was assessed by studying the quality of groundwater and surface water bodies in the study area. A total of 10 water samples i.e. 5 surface water samples and 5 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for various physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters. The groundwater quality results are compared with IS: 10500 and surface water quality with CPCB Water Quality Criteria. The sampling locations were selected by considering 2 ground and 2 surface water locations in Sathupalli town and remaining 6 locations in the surrounding areas of Sathupalli town.

The details of the surface water and groundwater sampling locations are shown in Tables 2.15, 2.16 and Figures 2.12 and 2.13 respectively. CPCB Water Quality Criteria is presented in Table 2.17. The analytical results for surface water and groundwater are presented in Tables 2.18 to 2.23 respectively.

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Table 2.15 Surface water sampling locations

Distance Sampling from Date of Sampling Location Latitude Longitude code project sampling in km SW-1 Rejarla Cheruvu 5.05 N 17˚ 10’ 23.73” E 80˚ 48’ 59.17” 05.02.2019 SW-2 Bethupalli Cheruvu 6.46 N 17˚ 13’ 18.7” E 80˚ 51’ 44.51” 05.02.2019 Venkatapuram/Damarla 2.35 SW-3 N 17˚ 13’ 29.9” E 80˚ 49’ 27.31” 05.02.2019 Cheruvu SW-4 Kistaram Cheruvu 1.24 N 17˚ 12’ 40.25” E 80˚ 46’ 58.98” 05.02.2019 SW-5 Veshya Kanthala Cheruvu 5.13 N 17˚ 12’ 20.1” E 80˚ 50’ 55.2” 05.02.2019

Table 2.16 Ground water sampling locations

Distance Sampling from Date of Sampling Location Latitude Longitude code project in sampling km Sathupalli town -(At Pullarao 3.50 GW-1 N 17˚ 12’ 34.6” E 80˚ 50’ 3.7” 05.02.2019 House, Opp: Srinivasa theatre) Gudipadu/Venkatapuram 2.60 GW-2 N 17˚ 12’ 48.7” E 80˚ 49’ 34.2” 05.02.2019 (Opp. Gudipadu MPP) Kakarlapalli 5.10 GW-3 N 17˚ 13’ 57.1” E 80˚ 50’ 57.6” 05.02.2019 (Pammi, Vijayjkumar House) GW-4 N.T.R. Nagar-Sathupalli 3.51 N 17˚ 12’ 6.7” E 80˚ 49’ 47.5” 05.02.2019 Gowrigudem- (Valasapalli 4.94 GW-5 N 17˚ 11’ 12.3” E 80˚ 50’ 11.3” 05.02.2019 RadhakrishnaHouse)

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Fig. 2.8 Ground water sampling locations

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Fig. 2.9 Surface water sampling locations

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2.4.2. Surface Water Sampling Methodology

The surface water bodies located in and around Sathupalli town were identified for assessing the surface water quality. Samples were collected below the surface avoiding surface debris. Samples were collected in 1 litre wide mouth glass bottle for oil & grease analysis, in cleaned 300 ml glass bottle for DO and for metals 1litre Plastic container and for pesticides analysis 2.5 litre amber coloured glass bottle 5 litre of water sample was collected in a pre-washed plastic container without any preservatives for general parameters. Appropriate preservatives such as Manganese sulphate & Alkali - Iodide – azide for DO, Hydrochloric acid for oil & Grease and Nitric acid for metals were added to the samples during sample collection.

Samples for bacteriological analyses were collected in sterilized high-density glass bottles. All the samples were stored in sampling kits maintained at 4oC and brought to the laboratory for detailed physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis. The surface water samples collection at one of the sites is shown Fig. 2.10.

2.4.3. Groundwater Sampling Methodology

Ground water samples were collected from borewells in and around Sathupalli Town. Hand pumps were operated for 15 minutes prior to the collection, in order to ensure representative sampling. Samples were collected in 1litre Plastic container for metals and for pesticides analysis 2.5 litre amber coloured glass bottle were used. 5 litre of water sample was collected in a prewashed plastic container without any preservatives for general parameters and 300ml sterilized glass bottle for microbial analysis. Appropriate preservatives such as Nitric acid for metals and Ascorbic acid for pesticides were added to the samples during the collection and were brought to laboratory for analysis. Samples for bacteriological analyses were collected in sterilized high-density glass bottles. All the samples were stored in ice box maintained at 4oC and brought to the laboratory for detailed physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis. The groundwater sample collection at one of the sites is shown Fig. 2.11. .

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Fig. 2.10 Collection of Surface water sample at Rejarla cheruvu in the study area

Fig. 2.11 Collection of Groundwater sample at N.T.R Nagar, Sathupalli in the study area

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Table 2.17 CPCB Surface Water Quality Criteria

Class of Designated-Best-Use Criteria water

Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100mL shall Drinking Water Source be 50 or less without conventional A pH between 6.5 and 8.5 treatment but after Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/L or more disinfection Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 2mg/l or less Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100mL shall be 500 or less pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Outdoor bathing (Organised) B Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/L or more Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/l or less Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100mL shall Drinking water source after be 5000 or less pH between 6 to 9 Dissolved conventional treatment after C Oxygen 4mg/l or more disinfection Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20°C 3mg/l or less Propagation of Wild life and pH between 6.5 to 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen D Fisheries 4mg/L or more Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/L or less pH between 6.0 to 8.5 Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, Electrical Conductivity at 25°C micro mhos/cm E Controlled Waste disposal Max.2250 Sodium Absorption Ratio Max. 26 Boron Max. 2mg/L Below-E Not Meeting A, B, C, D & E Criteria

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Surface Water Quality Table 2.18 Physico-Chemical and Bacteriological Characteristics of Surface Water at Selected Locations in the Study Area

CPCB Water quality RESULT criteria Class Class Class (SW-1) (SW-2 (SW-3) (SW-4) (SW-5 ) Test S.No Parameters Unit A B C Rejarla Bethupalli Venkata Kistaram Veshya Method Cheruvu Cheruvu puram / Tank Kanthala Damarla cheruvu Cheruvu 4500- 6.5- 6.5- 6.0 – 1 pH - 7.2 7.5 6.8 7.0 6.8 H+B 8.5 8.5 9.0 Electrical - - 2 µmhos/cm 2510-B - 610 455 275 1010 585 Conductivity 3 Turbidity NTU 2130. B - - - 12 16 8 20 10 4 Colour Pt-co 2120. B - - - 20 30 15 25 15 Total - - Suspended 5 mg/L 2540. D - 22 28 24 30 24 Solids at 105 o C Total - - Dissolved 6 mg/L 2540.C - 340 260 160 570 345 Solids at 180o C 6 mg/l 5 mg/l 4 mg/l Dissolved 4500- 7 mg/L or or or 5.9 6.1 5.5 5.8 5.1 Oxygen (DO) O.C more more more Bio chemical 2 mg/l Oxygen IS: or less 3 mg/l 3 mg/l 8 mg/L 4 6 6 4 6 Demand for (3 3025 or less or less days 27o C) Total 50 or 500 or 5000 9 MPN/100mL 9221 B 240 350 920 220 350 Coliforms less less or less

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CPCB Water quality RESULT criteria Class Class Class (SW-1) (SW-2 (SW-3) (SW-4) (SW-5 ) Test S.No Parameters Unit A B C Rejarla Bethupalli Venkata Kistaram Veshya Method Cheruvu Cheruvu puram / Tank Kanthala Damarla cheruvu Cheruvu Fecal - - - 10 MPN/100mL 9221 E 33 23 110 33 46 Coliforms Presence/ - - - 11 E. Coli 9221 F Absent Absent Present Absent Absent Absence Chemical - - 12 Oxygen mg/L 5220-D - 20 26 26 20 20 Demand Chloride (as 4500-Cl- - - 13 mg/L - 65 65 32 87 72 Cl) .B Sulphates (as 4500- - - 14 mg/L 2- - 74 20 16.3 130 28.7 SO4) SO4 .E Nitrites as mg/L 4500- - - 15 - - 1.6 1.3 6.3 1.4 12.9 NO2` NO2 .B Nitrates as mg/L 4500. - - 16 - - BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL NO3 NO3 .B Total mg/L 4500-P- - - BDL BDL BDL BDL 17 - BDL Phosphates D

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CPCB Water quality RESULT criteria Class Class Class (SW-1) (SW-2 (SW-3) (SW-4) (SW-5 ) Test S.No Parameters Unit A B C Rejarla Bethupalli Venkata Kistaram Veshya Method Cheruvu Cheruvu puram / Tank Kanthala Damarla cheruvu Cheruvu Odour TON 2150. B - - No odour No odour No odour No odour No odour 18 - observed observed observed observed observed Fluoride as F- mg/L 4500-F- - - 19 - 0.56 0.48 0.31 0.62 0.38 .C 20 Calcium as Ca mg/L 2340. C - - - 58 36 34 114 38 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 3500. - - 21 - 11 16 22 53 13 Mg.B Ammonical Nitrogen mg/L 4500- - - 22 - BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL as NH3-N NH3 -C 23 Oil & Grease mg/L 5520. B - - - <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 24 Carbonates as CO3 mg/L 2320.B - - - NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL Bicarbonates as mg/L 2320.B - - - 25 84 121 121 62 116 HCO3 3500- - - 26 Sodium as Na mg/L - 59 60 27 98 68 Na.B 27 Potassium as K mg/L 3500-K.B - - - 2.9 3.3 1.1 6.1 2.6 28 Nickel as Ni mg/L 3120. B - - - 0.11 0.13 0.13 0.50 0.13 29 Cadmium as Cd mg/L 3120. B - - - BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 30 Zinc as Zn mg/L 3120. B - - - 0.08 0.13 0.15 0.80 0.20 31 Iron as Fe mg/L 3120. B - - - 2.6 2.8 3.57 2.6 1.9 NTU – Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; TON – Threshold Odour Number; BDL – Below Detection Limit, Detection Limit – Boron – 0.05 mg/L; Nitrites – 0.02 mg/L; Ammonical Nitrogen – 5 mg/L; Phosphates – 0.02 mg/L; Bio chemical Oxygen Demand as BOD – 3 mg/L; Lead – 0.04 mg/L; Cadmium – 0.01 mg/L;

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Ground Water Quality

Table 2.19 Organoleptic and Physical Parameters IS: 10500 RESULT IS: 10500 Permissible Test Requirement Limit in the S.No. Parameters Unit (GW-1) (GW-2) (GW-3) (GW-4) (GW-5) Method (Acceptable absence of Sathupalli Venkatap Kakarlap NTR Gowrigu Limit) alternate Town uram alli Nagar dem source 4500- 1. pH - 6.5 to 8.5 No relaxation 6.7 6.8 7.1 7.0 6.8 H+B 2. Colour Pt-co- 2120. B 5 15 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 No odour No odour No odour No odour No odour 3. Odour TON 2150. B Agreeable Agreeable observed observed observed observed observed No flavor No flavor No flavor No flavor No flavor 4. Taste FTN 2160. B Agreeable Agreeable observed observed observed observed observed 5. Turbidity NTU 2130. B 1 5 0.9 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.0 Total Dissolved 6. mg/L 2540.C 500 2000 580 565 492 690 405 Solids at o 180 C

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Table 2.20 General Parameters Concerning Substances Undesirable in Excessive Amounts IS: 10500 RESULT IS: 10500 Permissible (GW-1) (GW-2) (GW-3) (GW-4) (GW-5) Requireme S. Test Limit in the Sathupalli Venkata Kakarlap NTR Gowrigu Parameters Unit nt No. Method absence of Town puram alli Nagar dem (Acceptabl alternate e Limit) source 1 Aluminium as Al mg/L 3120-B 0.03 0.2 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 2 Barium as Ba mg/L 3120. B 0.7 No relaxation 0.56 0.44 0.24 0.53 0.37 3 Boron as B mg/L 3120-B 0.5 1.0 0.67 0.42 0.79 0.46 0.90 4 Calcium as Ca mg/L 3500-Ca.B 75 200 54 52 78 84 30 5 Chlorides as Cl- mg/L 4500-Cl-.B 250 1000 128 103 68 145 72 6 Copper as Cu mg/L 3120-B 0.05 1.5 0.03 0.04 BDL BDL 0.04 7 Fluoride as F- mg/L 4500-F-.C 1.0 1.5 0.610 0.726 0.716 0.582 0.412 8 Residual free chlorine mg/L 4500-Cl-.B 0.2 1.0 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 9 Iron as Fe mg/L 3120-B 0.3 No relaxation 0.4 0.42 1.0 0.8 1.2 10 Magnesium as Mg mg/L 3500-Mg.B 30 100 36 38 33 34 28 11 Manganese as Mn mg/L 3120-B 0.1 0.3 0.13 0.11 0.04 0.05 0.11 - 12 Nitrates as NO3 mg/L 4500-NO3 .B 45 No relaxation 26 25 16 35 17 Phenolic compounds BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 13 mg/L 5530-D 0.001 0.002 as C6H5OH 14 Selenium as Se mg/L 3120-B 0.01 No relaxation BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 15 Silver as Ag mg/L 3120. B 0.1 No relaxation BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 4500-SO 2- 96 16 Sulphates as SO 2- mg/L 4 200 400 93 79 70 95 4 .E 17 Sulfide as S2- mg/L 4500. S2- G - - BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Total Alkalinity as 105 18 mg/L 2320. B 200 600 179 205 236 226 CaCO3 Total Hardness as 185 19 mg/L 2340. C 200 600 285 285 330 350 CaCO3 20 Zinc as Zn mg/L 3120-B 5 15 0.33 0.32 0.15 0.18 0.28

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Table 2.21 Parameters Concerning Toxic Substances

IS: 10500 RESULT IS: 10500 Permissible (GW-1) (GW-2) (GW-3) (GW-4) (GW-5) S. Test Requirement Limit in the Sathupalli Gudipadu/ Kakarla NTR Gowrigu No Parameters Unit Method (Acceptable absence of Town Venkatap palli Nagar dem . Limit) alternate uram source 1 Cadmium as Cd mg/L 3120-B 0.003 No relaxation BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 4500-CN- BDL 2 Cyanide as CN- mg/L 0.05 No relaxation BDL BDL BDL BDL .F 3 Lead as Pb mg/L 3120-B 0.01 No relaxation BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 3500- BDL 4 Mercury as Hg µg/L 0.001 No relaxation BDL BDL BDL BDL Hg.B 5 Molybdenum as Mo mg/L 3120. B 0.07 No relaxation BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 6 Nickel as Ni mg/L 3120-B 0.02 No relaxation BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Pesticides: α–BHC, β-BHC, γ-BHC, δ-BHC, o,p-DDT, Absent µg/L 6630. D 0.001 ND ND ND ND p,p’ –DDT, Endosulfan, ND 7 β- Endosulfan, Aldrin, Dieldrin 2,4-D, Carboryl (Carbonate) Qualitati Malathion Methyl Parathion ve 6630. D Absent 0.001 ND ND ND ND ND Anilophos, Chloropyriphos analysis Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PA’s): Acenaphthene, Acenaphthylene, Anthracene, B(a)A, B(a)P, B(b)F, B(k)F, 8 Pyrene, Dibenz(a,h) anthracene, µg/L 6440.C -- -- ND ND ND ND ND Fluoranthene, Fluorene, Indeno (1,2,3-(d) Pyrene, Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Pyrene, Methyl Naphthalene 9 Total Arsenic as As mg/L 3120-B 0.01 0.05 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 10 Total Chromium as Cr mg/L 3120-B 0.05 No relaxation BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL

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Table 2.22 Bacteriological Quality of Drinking water

S.No. Parameters Unit Test IS: 10500 IS: 10500 RESULT Method Requirement Permissible (GW-1) (GW-2) (GW-3) (GW-4) (GW-5) (Acceptable Limit in the Sathupall Gudipadu/ Kakarla NTR Gowrigude Limit) absence of i Town Venkatapu palli Nagar m alternate ram source Presence 1 E. Coli or Absence/ 100 9221 F - - Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent mL 9221A & 2 Total Coliform MPN/100 mL - - <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 B Fecal 3 MPN/100 mL 9221 E - - <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 <1.8 Coliform

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Table 2.23 As per CPCB Guidelines for Water Quality Monitoring–MINARS/27/2007-2008

S.No. Parameters Unit Test IS: 10500 IS: 10500 RESULT Method Requiremen Permissible (GW-1) (GW-2) (GW-3) (GW- (GW-5) t Limit in the Sathupalli Gudipadu/Ve Kakarlapa 4) Gowrigu (Acceptable absence of Town nkatapuram lli NTR dem Limit) alternate Nagar source Electrical Conductivity µmhos/c 2510-B 1 - - 985 940 825 1160 685 m 2 Orthophosphates mg/L 4500-P-D - - BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Chemical Oxygen mg/L 5220. D 10 12 12 10 10 3 - - Demand Nitrites as NO mg/L 4500-NO - BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 4 2 2 - - .B 5 Sodium Na mg/L 3500 Na.B - - 98 98 48 128 68 6 Potassium as K mg/L 3500. K.B - - 6.8 3.6 1.6 2.5 2.0 NTU – Nephelometric Turbidity Unit; TON – Threshold Odour Number; FTN – Flavor Threshold Number; BDL – Below Detection Limit, Detection Limit –Mercury – 20 µg/L; Cyanide – 0.05 mg/L. Hex. Chromium – 0.05 mg/L; Copper – 0.02 mg/L; Manganese – 0.01 mg/L; Cadmium – 0.01 mg/L; Selenium – 0.04 mg/L; Arsenic –0.04 mg/L; Lead – 0.04 mg/L; Aluminum – 0.04 mg/L; Chromium – 0.03 mg/L; Nickel – 0.03 mg/L; Residual free chlorine – 1 mg/L; Nitrites – 0.01 mg/L; Orthophosphates – 0.05 mg/L;ND-Not Detected; Detection Limit: Pesticides– 0.1 ppm; PAHs – 1 ppm.

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2.5. Summary of Water Quality

2.5.1. Surface Water Quality

Surface water is found to be extremely variable in its chemical composition due to variations in relative contributions of ground water and surface water sources. Factors like discharge of town wastewater, industrial waste and mixing of waters can also affect the nature and concentration of minerals in surface water.

The analysis results of surface water samples are compared with CPCB water quality criteria. Surface water from all the sampling locations is being used for general usage and agriculture purpose.

Comparison with CPCB water quality criteria

The major findings are as follows:

In accordance with CPCB water quality criteria, parameters studied were pH, DO, BOD and total coliforms. pH values were found to be in the range 6.8 to 7.5. It may be observed that all the surface water samples have DO values ranging from 5.1 mg/L to 6.1 mg/L and BOD was found to be above the 3 mg/L at all the locations.

Total coliforms and fecal coliforms were present in all the surface water samples collected in the study area. E. Coli was absent in all the surface water samples collected within the study area, except sample collected at SW-3. Presence of Total coliforms, fecal coliforms and E.coli shows contamination from fecal matter or sewage and hence not suitable for direct drinking purpose and needs chlorination before use.

2.5.2. Groundwater Quality

The natural chemical composition of ground water is influenced predominantly by type & depth of soils and subsurface geological formations through which ground water passes. Ground water quality is also influenced by contribution from the atmosphere and surface water bodies. Excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides in agriculture and improper disposal of urban/industrial waste can cause contamination of ground water resources.

The analysis results of groundwater samples are compared with IS:10500, which are stipulated for water to be fit for drinking purpose with groundwater as source. The results along with the Acceptable and Permissible limits of various parameters as per the IS: 10500, 2012 standards are shown in the Table 2.19 to 2.23. pH values were in the range between 6.7 to 7.1 in the groundwater samples collected within the study area. Some water samples are exceeding the acceptable limits of IS: 10500 but within the permissible limits for parameters like TDS, Calcium, Magnesium, hardness, alkalinity etc. Because of underground strata, the parameters must have been recorded on the higher side.

The concentration of iron (as Fe), is above the standard limit of 0.3 mg/L at all locations GW-1 (0.4 mg/L), GW-2 (0.42 mg/L), GW-3 (1.0 mg/L), GW-4 (0.8 mg/L), GW-5 (1.2 mg/L).

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The concentrations of heavy metals Cadmium (Cd), Manganese (as Mn), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Zinc (as Zn), Selenium (as Se), Arsenic (as As), Chromium (Cr), and Nickel (Ni) were either below the detection limits or below the permissible limits.

2.5.3. GROUND WATER LEVELS

The hydro-geological environ of the area within 10km radius buffer zone of Kistaram OCP has been studied with the objective of estimating the impact of the proposed project on surface and ground water environ of the area.

Rainfall: The nearest rain gauge station to the project is at Sattupalli mandal revenue office. The variations in the annual rainfall are conspicuous. The Southwest monsoon rainfall contributes 76.1% while Northeast monsoon rainfall contributes 23.9%. During the span of 42 years (1975-2016), rainfall varied widely from 647.5 mm (1979) to 1785.9 mm (2010) with a mean of 1180.8 mm.

Daily rainfall data, collected from this rain gauge station was analysed. The maximum monthly rainfall during this period is 676.0 mm (September, 2005) while the maximum daily rainfall is 280.4 mm (20th Sept’ 2005). The most severe storm of 512.6mm over a period of 6 days had occurred from 9th to 14th August 1986.

Table 2.24 ANNUAL RAINFALL DATA AND PERCENT OF DEVIATION FROM MEAN RAINFALL

Annual % deviation Annual % deviation Year Status Year Status RF(mm) from Mean RF(mm) from Mean 1975 1231.6 4.4 Normal 1996 1274.6 8.0 Normal 1976 1189.7 0.8 Normal 1997 945.8 -19.9 Normal 1977 822.7 -30.3 Deficit 1998 1215.4 3.0 Normal 1978 1565.0 32.6 Excess 1999 1098.4 -7.0 Normal 1979 647.5 -45.2 Deficit 2000 1205.9 2.2 Normal 1980 1240.7 5.1 Normal 2001 830.5 -29.7 Deficit 1981 1043.2 -11.6 Normal 2002 877.5 -25.7 Deficit 1982 965.4 -18.2 Normal 2003 1161.6 -1.6 Normal 1983 1587.5 34.6 Excess 2004 1125.4 -4.7 Normal 1984 787.3 -33.4 Deficit 2005 1703.2 44.4 Excess 1985 1125.7 -4.6 Normal 2006 1275.0 8.0 Normal 1986 1201.8 1.8 Normal 2007 1307.8 10.8 Normal 1987 1061.7 -10.1 Normal 2008 1552.8 31.6 Excess 1988 1405.2 19.1 Normal 2009 760.8 -35.6 Deficit 1989 1347.5 14.2 Normal 2010 1785.9 51.4 Excess 1990 1511.1 28.1 Excess 2011 1106.8 -6.2 Normal 1991 1239.4 5.0 Normal 2012 1658.8 40.6 Excess 1992 1020.0 -13.6 Normal 2013 1226.6 3.9 Normal 1993 771.6 -34.7 Deficit 2014 1072.2 -9.2 Normal 1994 1087.9 -7.8 Normal 2015 1040.6 -11.9 Normal 1995 1260.1 6.8 Normal 2016 1257.0 6.5 Normal

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Figure 2.12: Annual Rainfall data plot Annual Rainfall data plot 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 Mean 1000

Rainfall in mm in Rainfall 800 600 400

Year 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

2.5.4. HYDROGEOLOGY

Surface water potentiality:

The area is drained by Tammileru and Kattaleru rivers. These two divide the area into eastern and western halves. The drainage in general is of sub-dendritic to sub-parallel with a density of the area is 1.5 km/sq.km. (Figure-2.13)

Tammileru river: In the eastern half, Nallavagu and other ephemeral streams drain into Bethupalli cheruvu and its overflow water and other ephemeral streams of down stream side form Tammileru river.

Kattaleru river: In the western half, the Lotu vagu and other ephemeral streams drain into the Lankasagar tank situated on the southwestern periphery, on which an earthen dam is constructed to facilitate irrigation in this area. The overflow water from Lankasagar project drains into Kattaleru river.

Tanks: A number of ephemeral tanks are strewn all over the area. Lankasagar Project and Bethupalli cheruvu are the chief irrigational sources in this area.

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Groundwater potentiality:

Groundwater occurs in both water table and semi-confined conditions in the buffer zone of the project area. On the south and western parts, groundwater occurs in the water table conditions in the geological units such as Archaean group of formations, where as in the north and eastern parts it occurs in water table as well as semi-confined conditions in the sand stones of Gondwana formations.

In this area, the attitude of phreatic surface is being monitored in 22 observation wells seasonally on long term basis. It varies from 3.48m to 11.85m during pre-monsoon period (May-2018) and 2.79m to 10.15m during post-monsoon period (November-2018). Depth of these shallow wells varies from 5.15 to 14.35m with a dia. of 1.0 to 6.5m. The water level fluctuation ranges from 0.25m to 3.45m with an average water level fluctuation of 1.71m. The phreatic surface data is furnished in Table-2.25.

Figure 2.13: Drainage Map

Presently, JVR OCP–I is the only operative coal mine in the buffer zone. About 5,207 m3/day of water is being pumped from the mine. Of this 2782 m3/day being used for mine requirement and 500 m3/day for plantation and the excess mine water being discharged into near by streams/tanks will be used for irrigation of down stream side agricultural lands and also continuously augment the ground water recharge in the region.

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Table 2.25 ATTITUDE OF PHREATIC SURFACE IN THE BUFFER AREA OF THE PROJECT HYDROGRAPHS (Attitude of Phreatic surface in Sattupalli area)

Total Well Name of Depth to water (m) Location depth Geology Period No. village (m) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Winter 7.6 3.02 5.2 4.75 4.17 5.65 7.4 6.9 6.45 Towards STPL Pre- 9.6 6.27 7.9 6.6 6.75 8.3 9.6 7.4 7.55 main Barakar monsoon 4 Kistaram 12 road, Fm. Monsoon 6.62 4.86 2.55 4.1 4.15 4.9 6.3 3.45 1.73 17º13'02", Post- 80º46'45" 2.74 3.3 2.45 1.45 4.2 5.05 4.22 4 4.19 monsoon Winter 4.17 3.4 3.2 2.82 3.14 1.8 3.1 3.1 3 Main Pre- Road 4.89 4.67 5.19 4.1 4.45 5.8 4.2 3.3 4.5 Ambedkar Barakar monsoon 6 Junction, 8 Nagar Fm. 17º12'23", Monsoon 1.95 3.22 1.35 1.1 1.5 1.6 1.6 2.4 1.77 80º46'42" Post- 1.1 1.17 1.98 1.1 2 1.4 1.7 2.8 4.08 monsoon Vengalrao Winter 4.8 2.5 3.56 3.1 2.62 5.5 6.1 5.2 5.9 nagar Pre- colony, 3.23 3.3 3.3 3.5 3.7 5 6.5 8.1 6.7 Masid monsoon Barakar 22 Sattupalli Lane, 8 Monsoon 1.5 2.35 0.95 2 1.8 3.2 3.3 2.7 2.2 Fm. H.No.10- 38 Post- 2 2.34 1.4 1 2.4 3.7 3.65 3.8 4.03 17º12'37", monsoon 80º48'33" Winter 3.85 3.04 3.56 4.4 3.8 3.55 3.35 4 3.7 After Pre- Sathupalli crossing 4.18 3.95 3.8 3.85 4.1 3.45 3.5 3.7 3.8 Barakar monsoon 19 (Near canal 12.5 Fm. Kakarlapalli ) 17º13'39", Monsoon 1.95 3.42 1.8 2.15 1.5 2.5 3.3 2.65 2.35 80º50'46" Post- 3.4 3.3 3.25 3.15 3.5 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.5 monsoon

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Figure: 2.14 Location of wells in and around Sathupalli town

Figure 2.15 Plan showing the Settling ponds

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Table 2.26 ATTITUDE OF PIEZOMETRIC LEVELS AROUND JVR OCP

Depth to water(m) Piezometric Depth Dia Measuring Location Period Well no. (m) (m) point (m) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Winter 24.08 18.93 25.52 NR NR 21.00 18.29 19.50 17.55 In the Market yard,100m NW from Pre-monsoon 26.56 22.72 21.76 16.40 NR 20.00 20.15 21.17 18.00 JVR-PW2 quarry edge 50.0 0.10 0.50 17°12'43.34"N, Monsoon 22.30 21.44 16.83 NR 19.00 18.20 19.53 14.50 12.17 80°48'28.31"E Post-monsoon 19.17 22.05 17.45 16.40 16.66 17.37 17.07 13.83 14.84

Winter 15.11 12.06 13.17 12.47 14.71 17.00 17.15 16.00 13.31 About 100m from Eastern edge, near Pre-monsoon 17.14 13.74 16.31 15.10 16.11 17.65 17.81 17.40 16.00 JVR-PW3 Service buildings. 50.0 0.10 0.50 17°12'41.51"N, Monsoon 15.78 13.43 11.50 14.54 16.48 17.03 16.70 16.50 5.70 80°48'48.66"E Post-monsoon 14.00 11.12 10.19 11.74 16.80 16.32 14.22 11.70 12.45

Winter 14.46 8.82 11.20 10.00 12.00 13.26 13.94 13.00 12.62 About 500m SW of the quarry, on the way to Pre-monsoon 14.58 13.40 14.11 12.41 13.53 14.26 14.64 14.20 13.80 Kommepalli Road; adj. JVR-PW4 50.0 0.10 0.50 to forest boundary. Monsoon 10.81 10.20 7.85 10.20 11.72 13.25 12.81 10.32 5.22 17°11'29.44"N, 80°46'53.30"E Post-monsoon 8.27 9.33 6.40 8.25 12.10 12.77 11.60 11.00 9.50

Winter 36.13 13.96 22.69 21.05 31.00 31.10 36.00 37.00 39.60 About 500m South of the quarry, on the way Pre-monsoon 24.57 20.25 29.12 31.44 30.65 33.47 33.62 40.80 28.40 to near JVR-PW6 50.0 0.10 0.50 culvert. Monsoon 24.64 26.56 23.20 8.65 12.00 28.20 31.25 6.00 16.50 17°10'47.54"N, 80°48'22.69"E Post-monsoon 29.50 28.00 24.50 3.50 11.50 25.49 16.87 10.60 12.80

Winter 21.20 22.45 25.16 24.82 In Mother Theresa Engg. College, Pre-monsoon 22.60 24.23 25.58 26.34 JVR-PW8 Kothuru. 50.0 0.10 0.80 17°11'18.95"N, Monsoon 21.45 24.00 24.57 24.32 80°49'42.38"E Post-monsoon 21.25 24.00 23.50 23.80

Winter 9.25 9.66 9.18 8.58

In JVR Degree college, Pre-monsoon 10.40 11.20 9.54 10.00 JVR-PW9 17°12'45.54"N, 50.0 0.10 0.80 80°49'29.71"E Monsoon 9.50 9.70 8.00 7.68

Post-monsoon 8.90 7.91 7.00 7.63

Near Hanuman temple, Winter 8.40 8.24 8.87 8.68 Vemsoor road 17°11'53.66"N, Pre-monsoon 8.72 9.10 9.61 9.38 80°49'22.56"E JVR-PW10 50.0 0.10 0.80 Monsoon 7.42 8.07 6.80 6.82

Post-monsoon 6.96 7.60 7.17 7.55

, . ,

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Hydrographs of Piezometric wells around JVR OCP

Season Win'06 Mon'06 Win'07 Mon'07 Win''08 Mon'08 Win'09 Mon'09 Win'10 Mon'10 Win'11 Mon'11 Win'12 Mon'12 Win'13 Mon'13 Win'14 Mon'14 Win'15 Mon'15 Win'16 Mon'16 Win'17 Mon'17 Win'18 Mon'18 0

5

10

15

20

25

30 Depth to water(m) 35

40 45 JVR-PW2 JVR-PW3 JVR-PW4 JVR-PW6 JVR-PW8 JVR-PW9 JVR-PW10 Fig: 2.16 Hydrographs of Piezometric wells around JVR OCP

2.6. SOIL QUALITY

2.6.1. Baseline Status of Soil with respect to Conventional Parameters

Four soil samples were collected in and around the Sathupalli study area of project site. The soil samples collected from the locations where land is being used for agricultural purpose. Location of these places is presented in Table 2.27. Representative soil samples from depth (30 cm) were collected from these locations to estimate the physico- chemical characteristics of soil. Standard methods have been followed to analyse the soil samples are shown in Table 2.28 and the photographs of soil sampling at one of the locations is placed at Fig.2.15.

Table 2.27 List of Soil Sampling Locations

Sample Date of Sampling Location Latitude Longitude Code sampling S-1 Sathupalli N 17˚ 12’ 47.8” E 80˚ 48’ 46.9” 05.02.2019 S-2 Gudipadu/Venkatapuram N 17˚ 12’ 48.7” E 80˚ 49’ 34.2” 05.02.2019 S-3 N.T.R.Nagar N 17˚ 12’ 8.3” E 80˚ 49’ 47.3” 05.02.2019 S-4 Kakarlapalli N 17˚ 13’ 24.1” E 80˚ 50’ 39.4” 05.02.2019

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Fig. 2.17 Soil sampling locations

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Fig 2.18 Soil sampling location at N.T.R. Nagar

Table 2.28 Methods for Analysis of Soil Samples S.No Parameter (s) Unit Test Method Physical Parameters 1 Soil Texture -- Piper, 1966 2 Soil Depth cm -- 3 Particle size distribution % Sand Piper, 1966 Silt % Clay % 4 Water Holding Capacity % Page, 1968 5 Porosity % Page, 1968 Physico Chemical Parameters 6 pH -- IS: 2720 7 Electrical Conductivity mmhos/cm IS: 14767: 2000 8 Cation Exchange Capacity meq/100 gm M.L. Jackson 9 SAR -- By-calculation 10 Organic Carbon % Walkley & Black Exchangeable cations: 11 Exchangeable Calcium meq/100 gm M.L. Jackson 12 Exchangeable Magnesium meq/100 gm M.L. Jackson 13 Exchangeable Sodium meq/100 gm M.L. Jackson 14 Exchangeable Potassium meq/100 gm M.L. Jackson Macro Elements: Subbaiah and Asija 15 Nitrogen kg ha-1 1956 16 Phosphorous kg ha-1 Olsen’s S.R.Method Ammonium Acetate 17 Potassium kg ha-1 Extract Method Micro Elements 18 Cadmium as Cd mg/kg SW-846-6010 B 19 Chromium as Cr mg/kg SW-846-6010 B 20 Lead as Pb mg/kg SW-846-6010 B 21 Nickel as Ni mg/kg SW-846-6010 B 22 Copper as Cu mg/kg SW-846-6010 B 23 Zinc as Zn mg/kg SW-846-6010 B 24 Manganese as Mn mg/kg SW-846-6010 B

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Table 2.29 Standard Soil Classification S. No. Soil Test Classification <4.5 Extremely acidic 4.51 – 5.50 Very strongly acidic 5.51 – 6.0 moderately acidic 6.01 – 6.50 slightly acidic 1 pH 6.51 – 7.30 Neutral 7.31 - 7.80 slightly alkaline 7.81 – 8.50 moderately alkaline 8.51 – 9.0 strongly alkaline 9.01 very strongly alkaline Up to 1.00 Average Salinity Electrical 01 -2.00 harmful to germination 2 Conductivity (mmhos/cm) 2.01 – 3.00 harmful to crops ( 1ppm = 640 mmho/cm) (sensitive to salts) Up to 0.2 : very less 0.21 – 0.4 : less 0.41 – 0.5 : medium 3 Organic Carbon 0.51 – 0.8 : on an average sufficient 0.81 – 1.00 : sufficient > 1.0 more than sufficient Up to 50 very less 51 – 100 less 4 Nitrogen (kg ha-1) 101 – 150 good 151 – 300 better >300 sufficient Up to 15 very less 16 – 30 less 31 – 50 medium 5 Phosphorus (kg ha-1) 51 – 65 on an average sufficient 66 – 80 sufficient >80 more than sufficient 0 -120 very less 120 – 180 less 181 – 240 medium 6 Potash (kg ha-1) 241 – 300 average 301 – 360 better >360 more than sufficient

Table 2.30 Textural Class of Soil

S.No Sampling Stations Soil Texture Soil Depth

1 Sathupalli Sandy clay loam 30 cms 2 Venkatapuram Clay loam 30 cms 3 N.T.R.Nagar Sandy loam 30 cms 4 Kakarlapalli Sandy clay loam 30 cms

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Table 2.31 Physical Characteristics of Soil

Water Bulk Particle Size Holding Porosity density Distribution S.No. Sampling Stations Capacity Sand Silt Clay (%) (%) gm/cm3 (%) (%) (%) 1 Sathupalli 73.28 5.28 21.44 27.1 43 1.40 2 Venkatapuram 61.28 5.28 33.44 39.44 44 1.22 3 N.T.R.Nagar 81.28 5.28 13.44 43.30 53 1.13 4 Kakarlapalli 73.28 5.28 21.44 31.47 44 1.32

Table 2.32 Chemical Characteristics of Soil Extract

Organic EC CEC S.No. Sampling Stations pH SAR Carbon (mmhos/cm) (meq%) (%) 1 Sathupalli 7.6 0.428 28 0.07 0.61 2 Venkatapuram 7.1 0.391 22 0.05 0.42 3 N.T.R.Nagar 7.5 0.476 29 0.06 0.72 4 Kakarlapalli 7.3 0.356 22 0.05 0.49 Soil Limits Neutral to Average EC medium to --- - slightly values sufficient alkaline

Table 2.33 Exchangeable Cations of Soil

S.No. Sampling Stations Ex-Ca Ex-Mg Ex-Na Ex-K (meq/100gr) 1 Sathupalli 8.9 12.1 1.3 0.49 2 Venkatapuram 6.2 10.4 0.87 0.39 3 N.T.R.Nagar 10 13.9 1.35 0.50 4 Kakarlapalli 6.8 9.9 0.92 0.31

Table 2.34 Fertility Status of Soils in Study Area

Available Available Available S.No. Sampling Stations Nitrogen Phosphorous Potassium Kg/ha 1 Sathupalli 281 22 436 2 Venkatapuram 176 18 339 3 N.T.R.Nagar 298 24 437 4 Kakarlapalli 189 16 272 Average to Soil limits Better Less more then Sufficient

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Table 2.35 Trace Metal Content in Soil

Sampling Cd Cr Pb Ni Cu Zn Mn S.No. Stations mg/kg 1. Sathupalli 2.0 19.3 1.9 13.5 10.7 40.8 254 2. Venkatapuram 2.6 44.5 1.0 24.7 23.3 48.3 467 3. N.T.R.Nagar 1.7 29.6 5.7 14.7 12.7 51.2 101 4. Kakarlapalli 2.2 40.7 3.9 23 21.2 52.3 310

2.6.2. Physical Properties of Soil

Air-dried and sieved samples were used for determination of physical properties of soil. Soil characteristics such as the texture of the soil vary from, clay loam, sandy loam and sandy clay loam in Table 2.30.

The physical characteristics of soils viz., particle size distribution (sand, silt, clay), porosity and water holding capacity are presented in Table 2.31. The porosity range of 43 - 53%, water holding capacities are in the range of 27.1 – 43.3% and bulk density range from 1.13 – 1.40 gm/cm3 respectively. The range of porosity indicates a clayey soil with good water holding capacity for plant growth.

2.6.3. Chemical Properties of Soil

The collected soil samples were analyzed for various chemical properties. The parameters selected were pH, Electrical Conductivity, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Organic carbon, Ex.Ca, Ex.Mg, Ex.Na & Ex.K. The results are presented in Tables 2.32 & 2.33. pH is an important parameter which indicates the alkaline or acidic nature of soil. Soils collected from the villages in the study area are neutral to slightly alkaline in nature having pH in the range of 7.1 to 7.6.

The EC for the soil samples are in the range of 0.356 - 0.476 mmhos/cm. Cation Exchange Capacity which was found to be in the range of 22 to 29 meq%.

Nutrient Status

The macro nutrients like Nitrogen (N) Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) were analyzed in the study area and compared with standard soil classification, published by ICAR, presented in Table 6.8.

The Nitrogen values are range from 176 to 298 kgha- which is coming under better category. The minimum value was observed at Gudipadu/Venkatapuram and the maximum value was observed at N.T.R.Nagar. The Phosphorus value ranged from 16 to 24 kg ha-1 indicating that the values are in less category. The maximum value of 24 kg ha- 1 was found at N.T.R.Nagar and the minimum value of 16 kg ha-1 at Kakarlapalli. The Potassium value ranged from 272 to 437 kg ha-1 indicating that values are observed to be

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in average to more than sufficient category. The maximum value was found at N.T.R.Nagar and the minimum value was observed at Kakarlapalli.

2.7. Biological Environment

The primary scope of the present study is to conduct a rapid floral and faunal appraisal in and around Sathupalli town and examine its impacts of Kistaram OC Project on biologicals (terrestrial and aquatic flora and fauna) and surrounding ecology.

The main objectives of the study are to: 1. To assess flora in and around Sathupalli town (aquatic and terrestrial). 2. Quantitative estimation of forest flora like Abundance, Frequency, Density, Relative density, Relative dominance, Relative frequency, Important Value Index, Simpson dominance index and Shannon weiner diversity index 3. Assess fauna and avi-fauna as per Wildlife Protection Act (1972) and as per International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) 4. To document ecologically sensitive areas in the study area like National Park, Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserve, Tiger Reserve, endangered species and wildlife corridors, if any 5. Collect wild life migratory routes in core and buffer zones, if any

2.7.1. Methodology

2.7.1.1. Floral Diversity

The study was aimed at enumeration of the available plant resources including endangered species and obtaining a broad representation of the existing floristic variations in the proposed area. The proposed project site was surveyed and collected plant specimens for the study of floristic diversity and inventorized the floral resources. All the species encountered were identified and recorded. Identification of plants was done by using Flora of Madras by Gamble (1915-36), and also by using updated check list from www.theplantlist.org.

2.7.1.2. Field equipment & accessories

The field equipment and accessories used during the survey include Toposheet, GPS, camera, binocular, nylon rope, measuring tape, scissors, scecatures, knife, carry-bag to and templates to record the species in and around Sathupalli.

2.7.1.3. Phytosociology

Selection of sites for vegetation data was done by random sampling procedure. Sample plots were selected at specific places in order to accommodate maximum representation of different types of plants. Plots were laid out in different parts of core and buffer area of project site. Accordingly, quadrats of 10 m x 10 m for the study of trees were laid. Within these sample plots, sub-plots of 3 m x 3 m were laid out randomly for studying the shrub layer and regeneration of tree species. For information on ground layer including herbaceous species, quadrats of 1 m x 1 m size were laid out.

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The primary data recorded on number of individuals in a species were utilized to derive secondary attributes like density, frequency and abundance following standard phyto- sociological methods of Misra (1968). Important Value Index (IVI) was estimated following the formula developed by Cottam and Curtis (1956) taking into consideration of relative frequency and relative density. For Trees IVI value is calculated using Relative Dominance (RDom.)+Relative Frequency (RF) +Relative Density (RD) and for Herbs IVI is calculated using Relative Abundance (RA) RA+RD+RF. Species diversity indices like Shannon-Wiener Index (H`) and Simpson’s Index (l) were calculated as per Magurran (1988). Formulae used for various calculations are as follows:

Total number of individuals of species Density (D) = Total number of sampling units studied Number of sampling units of occurence Frequency (F) = x100 Total number of sampling units studied Total number of individuals in all quadrants Abundance (A) = x100 Total number of sampling units of occurrence Number of individuals of species Relative Density (RD) = x100 Total number of individuals of all species Number of occurrences of species Relative Frequency (RF) = x100 Total number of occurrences of all species Relative Dominance (RDom) = Combined basal area of a single species x100 Total basal area of all species

+ RDom for trees SimpsonsDominance Index (l) = ∑pi² Shannon − Wiener Diversity Index (H) = −∑pi ln pi where, pi is the proportion of individuals of the ith species; pi = Ni/N Ni is the number of individuals in the ith species and N is the total number of individuals of all species in the stand

2.7.1.4. Faunal Diversity

Efforts were made to identify habitats for Mammalian, Avifauna and Reptilian fauna within the study area. Baseline survey of these populations was undertaken within those selected habitats. For mammals and reptiles, intensive surveys were conducted by using transect method in all major habitats and recorded the species through direct and indirect evidences. For amphibians, surveys were conducted both at aquatic and terrestrial systems during day & night searching under the logs and stones, digging through litter and soil, searching short bushes and tree hollows and under fallen barks. For sampling butterflies, line transect of variable length was used widely. Generally, 500 to 1000m transect has been laid in all the habitats. Butterflies seen at 5m on either side of this transect were recorded. Birds were sampled in two ways, i.e., 1) line transects and 2) point counts. EPTRI, Hyderabad 47

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Line transect: In this method, a straight line of 1km or less if the habitat is small was laid. In this line, all birds seen or heard 25 m on either side of transect were recorded. Point counts: In this method, at one-point birds seen or heard 50 m radius has been recorded for 5 minutes. After this, a gap of 10 minutes, repeated the observations and recorded. In the same way repeated the observation in another point and recorded different species of birds. Photographs were taken for evidences.

2.7.2. Results

Floral Evaluation: A total of 433 plant species belonging to 336 genera and 93 families were recorded in the study area (Core & Buffer zone). The study area has 225 species which were found to be common in both core and buffer zone followed by Buffer zone 158 species and 50 species in Core zone.

The species list of trees, shrubs, herbs and climbers recorded during the field survey of Kistaram is shown in the Annexure –II.

Among 433 species collected from the study area, there are 126 species of trees, shrubs (72), lianas (8), Climbers (52), herbs (172), Epiphyte (1) and parasite 2 plant species. The dominant species under herbs are mainly of grass species like Aristida setacea, Heteropogon contortus followed by weeds like Lantana camera, Ageratum conyzoides, Hyptis saveolens, Chromoleana odorata, etc. They are very commonly and wildly distributed in the study area.

The family Leguminosae is represented by 70 species followed by Malvaceae (30), Poaceae (26), Rubiaceae (21), Apocynaceae (20), Compositae (17); Acanthaceae, Convolvulaceae and Cyperaceae each (15) species, Euphorbiaceae (13), Amaranthaceae (11); Lamiaceae (10) Phyllanthacea and Moraceae each (9); Arecaceae, Bignoniaceae, Combretaceae and Solanaceae each (7) species, Boraginaceae (6) and Cucurbitaceae and Rhamnaceae each (5) species, etc.

Core zone is mostly occupied with Bamboo and Eucalyptus plantations, the plantation are planted by Forest Department as well as M/S. SCCL. There is an open forest as well having dominant tree species like Strychnos nux-vomica, Borassus flabellifer, Diospyros chloroxylon, Diospyros melanoxylon, Streblus aspera, Tamarindus indica, Pithecelobium dulce, Manilkara hexandra, Albizia odorotissima, Chloroxylon sweitenia, Dendrocalamus strictus and few shrub species like Getonia floribunda, Acacia caesia, Chromoleana odorata, Ventilago denticulate, Aganosma cymosa etc.

Some of the dominant species observed in the Buffer zone are Hardwickia binata, Xylia xylocarpa, Lannea coromandelica, Chloroxylon sweitenia, Anogeissus latifolia, Chloroxylon swietenia, Diospyros melanoxylon, Lagerstroemia parvifolia, Soymeda febrifuga, Schrebera sweitenioides, Tamarindus indica, Alangium salviifolium, Gardenia latifolia, Albizia odorotissima, Terminalia alata, Careya arborea, Terminalia tomentosa, Pterospermum xylocarpum etc.

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Phyto-sociology

Primary information was collected on the vegetation from core zone and buffer zone area were analyzed to arrive at different phytosociological attributes, namely, density, frequency, abundance, Shannon-Weiner diversity index and Simpson’s dominance index. a. Core zone

Phyto-sociological features of trees encountered in core zone are shown in Table-2.36. Strychnos nux-vomica is identified as the most dominant species with 38.87 of Importance Value Index followed by Anogeissus latifolia (35.79). There are two important indices to denote the diversity i.e., Shannon Wiener Index (H′) and species dominance i.e. Simpson’s Index (λ). For trees, Simpson’s Index value is 0.11 and the Shannon Wiener Index value is 1.04.

Phyto-sociological features of shrubs encountered in core zone are shown in Table-2.37. Ixora pavetta is identified as the most dominant species with 48.63 of Importance Value Index followed by Senna auriculata (40.91). For shrubs, Simpson’s Index value is 0.12 and the Shannon Wiener Index value is 0.97.

Phyto-sociological features of herbs encountered in core zone are shown in Table-2.38. Aristida setacea is identified as the most dominant species with 80.70 of Importance Value Index followed by Heteropogon contortus (37.51). For herbs, Simpson’s Index value is 0.20 and the Shannon Wiener Index value is 0.88.

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Table-2.36: Phytosociological parameters of trees in the core zone of Kistaram Project Sl. No. Name Family A D F RA RDom RF IVI Simpson Shannon 1 Strychnos nux-vomica Loganiaceae 3.60 2.57 71.43 8.69 16.67 13.51 38.87 0.03 -0.13 2 Ceiba pentandra Malvaceae 2.33 1.00 42.86 5.63 6.48 8.11 20.22 0.00 -0.08 3 Diospyros chloroxylon Ebenaceae 6.00 0.86 14.29 14.48 5.56 2.70 22.74 0.00 -0.07 4 Azadirachta indica. Meliaceae 2.00 0.57 28.57 4.83 3.70 5.41 13.94 0.00 -0.05 5 Xylia xylocarpa Leguminosae 1.50 0.43 28.57 3.62 2.78 5.41 11.80 0.00 -0.04 6 Lannea coromandelica. Anacardiaceae 2.00 1.71 85.71 4.83 11.11 16.22 32.15 0.01 -0.11 7 Diospyros melanoxylon Ebenaceae 3.50 2.00 57.14 8.45 12.96 10.81 32.22 0.02 -0.12 8 Chloroxylon swietenia Rutaceae 2.00 0.57 28.57 4.83 3.70 5.41 13.94 0.00 -0.05 9 Mitragyna parviflora Sapotaceae 1.00 0.14 14.29 2.41 0.93 2.70 6.04 0.00 -0.02 10 Hardwickia binata Leguminosae 2.67 1.14 42.86 6.44 7.41 8.11 21.95 0.01 -0.08 11 Diospyros chloroxylon Ebenaceae 5.50 1.57 28.57 13.28 10.18 5.41 28.87 0.01 -0.10 12 Anogeissus latifolia Combetaceae 5.33 2.29 42.86 12.87 14.81 8.11 35.79 0.02 -0.12 13 Terminalia alata Combretaceae 1.00 0.14 14.29 2.41 0.93 2.70 6.04 0.00 -0.02 14 Madhuca longifolia var. Malvaceae 1.00 0.14 14.29 2.41 0.93 2.70 6.04 0.00 -0.02 latifolia 15 Getonia floribunda Leguminosae 2.00 0.29 14.29 4.83 1.85 2.70 9.38 0.00 -0.03 41.43 15.43 528.57 100 99.99 100 300 0.11 1.04

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Table-2.37: Phytosociological parameters of shrubs, shrubby climbers and tree saplings in the core zone of Kistaram project Sl. No. Name Family A D F RA RD RF IVI Simpson Shannon 1 Ixora pavetta Rubiaceae 3.50 2.00 57.14 16.60 20.60 11.43 48.63 0.04 -0.14 Gymnosporia Celastraceae 1.75 1.00 57.14 8.30 10.30 11.43 30.03 0.01 -0.10 2 emarginata 3 Carissa carandas Apocynaceae 1.80 1.29 71.43 8.54 13.24 14.29 36.07 0.02 -0.12 Canthium Rubiaceae 2.00 1.14 57.14 9.49 11.77 11.43 32.69 0.01 -0.11 4 coromandelicum 5 Senna auriculata Leguminosae 2.20 1.57 71.43 10.44 16.18 14.29 40.91 0.03 -0.13 6 Carissa spinarum Apocynaceae 1.50 0.43 28.57 7.12 4.41 5.71 17.24 0.00 -0.06 7 Helicteres isora Malvaceae 2.50 0.71 28.57 11.86 7.36 5.71 24.93 0.01 -0.08 8 Waltheria indica Malvaceae 1.33 0.57 42.86 6.33 5.88 8.57 20.78 0.00 -0.07 9 Flacourtia indica Salicaceae 1.00 0.14 14.29 4.74 1.47 2.86 9.07 0.00 -0.03 10 Dodonaea viscosa Sapindaceae 1.50 0.43 28.57 7.12 4.41 5.71 17.24 0.00 -0.06 11 Derris scandens Leguminosae 1.00 0.14 14.29 4.74 1.47 2.86 9.07 0.00 -0.03 12 Breynia vitis-idaea Phyllanthaceae 1.00 0.29 28.57 4.74 2.94 5.71 13.40 0.00 -0.05 21.08 9.71 500.00 100 100 100 300 0.12 -0.97

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Table- 2.38: Phytosociological parameters of herbs in the Core zone of Kistaram project S.No Name Family A D F RA RD RF IVI Simpson Shannon 1 Aristida setacea Poaceae 3.50 3.00 85.71 12.50 39.63 28.57 80.70 0.16 -0.16 2 Heteropogon contortus Poaceae 6.00 0.86 14.29 21.43 11.32 4.76 37.51 0.01 -0.11 3 Alysicarpus monilifer Acanthaceae 2.00 0.29 14.29 7.14 3.77 4.76 15.68 0.00 -0.05 4 Hemigraphis latebrosa Acanthaceae 3.00 0.43 14.29 10.71 5.66 4.76 21.14 0.00 -0.07 5 Eragrostis coarctata Poaceae 2.00 0.29 14.29 7.14 3.77 4.76 15.68 0.00 -0.05 6 Hemidesmus indicus Apocynaceae 2.00 0.86 42.86 7.14 11.32 14.29 32.75 0.01 -0.11 7 Rhynchosia rufescens Leguminosae 1.00 0.14 14.29 3.57 1.89 4.76 10.22 0.00 -0.03 8 Amaranthus spinosa Amaranthaceae 2.00 0.57 28.57 7.14 7.55 9.52 24.22 0.01 -0.08 9 Crotalaria hebecarpa Phyllanthaceae 2.00 0.29 14.29 7.14 3.77 4.76 15.68 0.00 -0.05 10 Cyperus rotundus Compositae 1.00 0.14 14.29 3.57 1.89 4.76 10.22 0.00 -0.03 11 Blepharis integrifolia Acanthaceae 1.50 0.43 28.57 5.36 5.66 9.52 20.54 0.00 -0.07 12 Barleria prionitis Acanthaceae 2.00 0.29 14.29 7.14 3.77 4.76 15.68 0.00 -0.05 28.00 7.57 300 100 100 100 300 0.20 -0.88

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b. Buffer Zone

Phyto-sociological features of trees encountered in buffer zone are shown in Table-2.39. Hardwickia binata is the most dominant species each with 33.49 of Importance Value Index followed by Holarrhena pubescens (30.63). There are two important indices to denote the diversity i.e.,Shannon Wiener Index (H′) and species dominance i.e. Simpson’s Index (λ). For trees, Simpson’s Index value is 0.09 and the Shannon Wiener Index value is 1.15.

Phyto-sociological features of shrubs encountered in buffer zone are shown in Table - 2.40. Dodonaea viscosa is identified as the most dominant species with 47.45 of Importance Value Index followed by Senna auriculata (39.87). For shrubs, Simpson’s Index value is 0.12 and the Shannon Wiener Index value is 0.98.

Phyto-sociological features of herbs encountered in buffer zone are shown in Table-2.41. Aristida adscensionis is identified as the most dominant species with 59.47 of Importance Value Index followed by Chloris barbata (33.86). For herbs, Simpson’s Index value is 0.13 and the Shannon Wiener Index value is 1.02.

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Table-2.39: Phytosociological parameters of trees in the buffer zone of Kistaram Project Sl. No. Name Family A D F RA RDom RF IVI Simpson Shannon 1 Hardwickia binata Leguminosae 3.60 2.57 71.43 7.00 15.13 11.36 33.49 0.02 -0.12 2 Anogeissus latifolia Combetaceae 2.33 1.00 42.86 4.54 5.88 6.82 17.24 0.00 -0.07 3 Diospyros chloroxylon Ebenaceae 6.00 0.86 14.29 11.67 5.04 2.27 18.98 0.00 -0.07 4 Azadirachta indica Meliaceae 2.00 0.57 28.57 3.89 3.36 4.55 11.80 0.00 -0.05 5 Xylia xylocarpa Leguminosae 1.50 0.43 28.57 2.92 2.52 4.55 9.98 0.00 -0.04 6 Lannea coromandelica Anacardiaceae 2.00 1.71 85.71 3.89 10.08 13.64 27.61 0.01 -0.10 7 Diospyros melanoxylon Ebenaceae 3.50 2.00 57.14 6.81 11.76 9.09 27.66 0.01 -0.11 8 Chloroxylon swietenia Rutaceae 2.00 0.57 28.57 3.89 3.36 4.55 11.80 0.00 -0.05 9 Manilkara hexandra Sapotaceae 1.00 0.14 14.29 1.94 0.84 2.27 5.06 0.00 -0.02 10 Getonia floribunda Leguminosae 2.67 1.14 42.86 5.19 6.72 6.82 18.73 0.00 -0.08 11 Diospyros chloroxylon Ebenaceae 5.50 1.57 28.57 10.69 9.24 4.55 24.48 0.01 -0.10 12 Acacia leucophloea Leguminosae 2.00 0.29 14.29 3.89 1.68 2.27 7.84 0.00 -0.03 13 Albizia odoratissima Leguminosae 2.00 0.29 14.29 3.89 1.68 2.27 7.84 0.00 -0.03 14 Givotia rotleriformis Leguminosae 1.00 0.29 28.57 1.94 1.68 4.55 8.17 0.00 -0.03 15 Holarrhena pubescens Malvaceae 5.33 2.29 42.86 10.37 13.45 6.82 30.63 0.02 -0.12 16 Terminalia alata Combretaceae 1.00 0.14 14.29 1.94 0.84 2.27 5.06 0.00 -0.02 17 Bauhinia racemosa Leguminosae 1.00 0.14 14.29 1.94 0.84 2.27 5.06 0.00 -0.02 18 Miliusa tomentosa Sapindaceae 1.00 0.14 14.29 1.94 0.84 2.27 5.06 0.00 -0.02 19 Madhuca longifolia var. Malvaceae 1.00 0.14 14.29 1.94 0.84 2.27 5.06 0.00 -0.02 latifolia 20 Limonia acidissima Rutaceae 3.00 0.43 14.29 5.83 2.52 2.27 10.63 0.00 -0.04 21 Strychnos nux-vomica Loganiaceae 2.00 0.29 14.29 3.89 1.68 2.27 7.84 0.00 -0.03 51.43 17.00 628.57 100.01 100.00 100.00 300.01 0.09 -1.15

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Table- 2.40: Phytosociological parameters of shrubs, shrubby climbers and tree saplings in the buffer zone of Kistaram project Sl. No. Name Family A D F RA RD RF IVI Simpson Shannon 1 Dodonaea viscosa Sapindaceae 3.50 2.00 57.14 16.34 20.00 11.11 47.45 0.04 -0.14 Gymnosporia Celastraceae 1.75 1.00 57.14 8.17 10.00 11.11 29.28 0.01 -0.10 2 emarginata 3 Carissa carandas Apocynaceae 1.80 1.29 71.43 8.40 12.86 13.89 35.15 0.02 -0.11 4 Grewia hirsuta Malvaceae 1.50 0.86 57.14 7.00 8.57 11.11 26.69 0.01 -0.09 5 Senna auriculata Leguminosae 2.20 1.57 71.43 10.27 15.71 13.89 39.87 0.02 -0.13 6 Carissa spinarum. Rubiaceae 1.50 0.43 28.57 7.00 4.29 5.56 16.84 0.00 -0.06 7 Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae 2.50 0.71 28.57 11.67 7.14 5.56 24.37 0.01 -0.08 Erythroxylum Erythroxylaceae 1.33 0.57 42.86 6.22 5.71 8.33 20.27 0.00 -0.07 8 monogynum 9 Flacourtia indica Salicaceae 1.00 0.14 14.29 4.67 1.43 2.78 8.87 0.00 -0.03 Caesalpinia Fabaceae 2.33 1.00 42.86 10.89 10.00 8.33 29.23 0.01 -0.10 10 pulcherrima 11 Prosopis juliflora Fabaceae 1.00 0.14 14.29 4.67 1.43 2.78 8.87 0.00 -0.03 12 Streblus asper Moraceae 1.00 0.29 28.57 4.67 2.86 5.56 13.08 0.00 -0.04 13 Tarenna asiatica Rubiaceae 2.00 0.29 14.29 9.34 2.86 2.78 14.97 0.00 -0.04 14 Vitex negundo Lamiaceae 2.75 1.57 57.14 12.84 15.71 11.11 39.66 0.02 -0.13 21.42 10.00 514.29 100 100 100 300 0.12 -0.98

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Table- 2.41: Phytosociological parameters of herbs in the buffer zone of Kistaram project S.No Name Family A D F RA RD RF IVI Simpson Shannon 1 Aristida adscensionis Poaceae 3.00 2.14 71.43 11.39 28.84 19.23 59.47 0.08 -0.16 Heteropogon Poaceae 2.00 0.57 28.57 7.60 7.69 7.69 22.98 0.01 -0.09 2 contortus 3 Alysicarpus monilifer Acanthaceae 2.00 0.29 14.29 7.60 3.85 3.85 15.29 0.00 -0.05 4 Boerhavia erecta Nyctaginaceae 1.00 0.14 14.29 3.80 1.92 3.85 9.57 0.00 -0.03 Eragrostis coarctata Poaceae 2.00 0.29 14.29 7.60 3.85 3.85 15.29 0.00 -0.05 5 Stapf 6 Hemidesmus indicus Apocynaceae 2.00 0.57 28.57 7.60 7.69 7.69 22.98 0.01 -0.09 Rhynchosia Leguminosae 1.00 0.14 14.29 3.80 1.92 3.85 9.57 0.00 -0.03 7 rufescens 8 Plumbago zeylanica Malvaceae 2.00 0.57 28.57 7.60 7.69 7.69 22.98 0.01 -0.09 9 Crotalaria hebecarpa Phyllanthaceae 2.00 0.29 14.29 7.60 3.85 3.85 15.29 0.00 -0.05 10 Cyperus rotundus Compositae 1.00 0.14 14.29 3.80 1.92 3.85 9.57 0.00 -0.03 11 Desmodium triflorum Acanthaceae 1.50 0.43 28.57 5.70 5.77 7.69 19.16 0.00 -0.07 12 Aerva lanata Amaranthaceae 1.50 0.43 28.57 5.70 5.77 7.69 19.16 0.00 -0.07 13 Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaceae 1.00 0.14 14.29 3.80 1.92 3.85 9.57 0.00 -0.03 14 Chloris barbata Poaceae 2.33 1.00 42.86 8.86 13.46 11.54 33.86 0.02 -0.12 15 Barleria prionitis Acanthaceae 2.00 0.29 14.29 7.60 3.85 3.85 15.29 0.00 -0.05 26.33 7.43 371.43 100 100 100 300 0.13 -1.02 Note: A-Abundance; RF-Relative Frequency; RDom-Relative Dominance; RD-Relative Density; IVI-Important value index

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2.7.3. Types of forests in the Study Area and its conservation Status

The study area has Kistaram reserve forest (RF) and Lankapalli RF in the core zone, Kommepalli RF on the other side of the Sathupalli road, Bhavannapalem RF and Annapureddipalli Reserve Forest in the buffer zone.

With regard to the vegetation type, the Kistaram RF has disturbed and degraded forest. With its natural regeneration, the existing forest can be described as of Getonia - Holarrhena vegetation type, with most of the planted bamboo. On the other, Kommepalli (buffer zone), is a natural forest but more dry and open habitat site with dominant species like Hardwickia binata, Anogeissus latifolia, Diospyros chloroxylon, Pavetta indica and Chloroxylon swietenia. It is a Hardwickia-Anogeissus vegetation type. Bavanapalem RF is a natural forest with rich soil and has eight dominant tree species and the forest is of Miliusa - Diospyros vegetation type, with additional dominants like Schleichera oleosa, Butea superba and Lannea coromandelica. Butea superba, a liana, present is an indicator of aged and healthy forest with massive tall trees.

The forest is degraded which is dominated by many of the recalcitrant species. We found the dominant vegetation in the said area is Getonia-Holarrhena vegetation type.

Dependence of People on Minor Forest Produce

The existing forest is not so productive because it is largely an open scrub and of invasive species like Lantana camara, Chromolaena odorata, Hyptis suaveolens etc. When interacted with the villagers, they opined that they are dependent on agriculture and people are working as agricultural labourers and not preferring to collect forest produce which brings less income when compared to agricultural labourers.

It has been clarified by DFO, Sathupalli that the forest department has raised Eucalyptus and Bamboo plantations in an area of 221.95 ha out of 285.44 ha being diverted for the project. As such, in the left over area of 53.46 ha of RF land, local people hardly derive any minor forest produce as the area is already degraded. Hence, impact due to diversion of RF land on the people who are dependent on forest produce is insignificant.

It was observed during the survey that some of them were using Dendrocalamus strictus as roofing materials for huts. People in summer days also collect Tuniki leaves (Diospyros melanoxylon) from nearby forest.

2.7.4. Endemic / Endangered /Threatened Plants Species

The species that are found and confined to a particular region are called endemics. There are no endemic species in the study area. However, the present study finds three IUCN category vulnerable species such as Chloroxylon swietenia, Cleistanthus collinus, Dalbergia latifolia and Pterocarpus marsupium (Occasional) under near threatened category. However, the species though listed under vulnerable category as per IUCN status but their occurance is common in the study area.

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2.7.5. Status of Fauna as per Indian Wildlife Protection Act (IWPA), 1972 & International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)

The list of fauna with common & scientific name, family as well as their status under IWPA, 1972 & IUCN are provided in Tables 2.42-. 2.45.

A total of 20 species of Butterflies were recorded during the study period. None of the species is threatened globally as per IUCN Red or under IWPA, 1972 as shown in table - 2.42.

A total of 54 species of birds were recorded in and around the study area. Among them 41 species are under Schedule-IV which includes Sturnia pagodarum, Spilopelia senegalensis, Streptopelia decaocto, Pseudibis papillosa, Tachybaptus ruficollis, Microcarbo niger, Phalacrocorax fuscicollis, Ardeola grayii, Bubulcus ibis, Egretta garzetta, Ardea cinerea, Dendrocygna javanica, Anas poecilorhyncha, Elanus axillaris, etc., Pavo cristatus is under Schedule-I and Corvus splendens is under Schedule-V of the IWPA, 1972 as shown in Table -2.43.

As shown in table 2.44, among 10 species of Herpetofauna, 5 were of reptiles of which Ptyas mucosa and Daboia russelii are under Schedule II and Varanus bengalensis is under Schedule I of the IWPA, 1972. Among 5 species of amphibians, none of the species are listed are under IWPA. 1972 & IUCN.

Out of 9 species of mammals recorded in and around project site, species, namely, Herpestes edwardsii and Macaca mulatta are under Schedule-II, Sus scrofa and Axis axis are under Schedule-III and Mus booduga, Mus musculus, Lepus nigricollis & Pteropus giganteus are under Schedule IV of the IWPA, 1972.

The species mentioned under Schedule I, II, III, IV & V are common in occurrence and was noted through secondary information and also when interacted with the villagers, and no direct evidence could be recorded from the field during the present study.

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List of faunae recorded in core and buffer zones of Kistaram Opencast Project

Table -2.42 : List of Butterflies and Moths recorded in the study area (Core & Buffer zones) S.No. Common Name Scientific name Family IWPA IUCN Status Status 1 Swallowtail Pachliopta hector Papilionidae - Not assessed 2 Lime swallowtail Papilio demoleus Papilionidae - Not assessed 3 Common Mormon Papilio polytes Papilionidae - Not assessed 4 Common bluebottle Graphium sarpedon Papilionidae - Not assessed 5 Common emigrant Catopsilia pomona Pieridae - Not assessed 6 Mottled emigrant Catopsilia pyranthe Pieridae - Not assessed 7 Indian cabbage white Pieris canidia Pieridae - Not assessed 8 Common jezebel Delias eucharis Pieridae - Not assessed 9 White orange tip Ixias marianne Pieridae - Not assessed 10 Small orange tip Colotis etrida Pieridae - Not assessed 11 Common evening Melanitis leda - Not assessed brown Nymphalidae 12 Yellow pansy Junonia hierta Nymphalidae - Least concern 13 Plain tiger Danaus chrysippus Nymphalidae - Not assessed 14 Striped tiger Danaus genutia Nymphalidae - Not assessed 15 Gram blue Euchrysops cnejus Lycaenidae - Not assessed 16 Small cupid Chilades parrhasius Lycaenidae - Not assessed 17 Tiny grass blue Zizula hylax Lycaenidae - Not assessed 18 Dark grass blue Zizeeria knysna Lycaenidae - Not assessed 19 Dark palm dart Telicota ancilla Hesperiidae - Not assessed 20 Common grass dart Taractrocera - Not assessed maevius Hesperiidae

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Table-2.43: List of Aves

S.No. Common Name Scientific Name Family IWPA IUCN Status Status 1 Brahminy starling Sturnia pagodarum Sturnidae Schedule IV Least concern 2 Laughing dove Spilopelia Columbidae Schedule IV Least concern senegalensis 3 Long-tailed shrike Lanius schach Laniidae - Least concern 4 Eurasian collared Streptopelia Columbidae Schedule IV Least concern dove decaocto 5 Red-naped ibis Pseudibis papillosa Threskiornithidae Schedule IV Least concern 6 Little Grebe Tachybaptus Podicipedidae Schedule IV Least concern ruficollis 7 Little cormorant Microcarbo niger Phalacrocoracidae Schedule IV Least concern 8 Large cormorant Phalacrocorax Phalacrocoracidae Schedule IV Least concern fuscicollis 9 Indian pond heron Ardeola grayii Ardeidae Schedule IV Least concern 10 Cattle egret Bubulcus ibis Ardeidae Schedule IV Least concern 11 Little egret Egretta garzetta Ardeidae Schedule IV Least concern 12 Grey heron Ardea cinerea Ardeidae Schedule IV Least concern 13 Asian Openbill Anastomus Ciconiidae - Least concern Stork oscitans 14 Pintail Anas acuta Antidae - Least concern 15 Lesser Whistling Dendrocygna Antidae Schedule IV Least concern duck javanica 16 Indian spot-billed Anas Antidae Schedule IV Least concern duck poecilorhyncha 17 Black-shouldered Elanus axillaris Accipitridae Schedule IV Least concern kite 18 Crested serpent Spilornis cheela Accipitridae Schedule IV Least concern eagle 19 Common kestrel Falco tinnunculus Falconidae Schedule IV Least concern 20 Common quail Coturnix coturnix Phasianidae Schedule IV Least concern 21 Indian peafowl Pavo cristatus Phasianidae Schedule I Least concern 22 White breasted Amaurornis Rallidae Schedule IV Least concern water hen phoenicurus 23 Common moorhen Gallinula chloropus Rallidae Schedule IV Least concern 24 Bronze winged Metopidius indicus Jacanidae Schedule IV Least concern jacana 25 Red-wattled Vanellus indicus Charadriidae - Least concern lapwing 26 Yellow-wattled Vanellus Charadriidae - Least concern lapwing malabaricus 27 Common sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos Scolopacidae Schedule IV Least concern 28 Wood sandpiper Tringa glareola Scolopacidae Schedule IV Least concern 29 Spotted dove Spilopelia Columbidae Schedule IV Least concern chinensis 30 Rose ringed Psittacula krameri Psittacidae Schedule IV Least concern parakeet 31 Common cuckoo Cuculus canorus Cuculidae Schedule IV Least concern 32 Lesser coucal Centropus Cuculidae Schedule IV Least concern bengalensis

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S.No. Common Name Scientific Name Family IWPA IUCN Status Status 33 Brown-throated Riparia paludicola Hirundinidae - Least concern martin 34 Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis Alcedinidae Schedule IV Least concern 35 White-throated Halcyon Alcedinidae Schedule IV Least concern kingfisher smyrnensis 36 Chestnut-headed Merops Meropidae - Least concern Bee-eater leschenaultia 37 Green bee-eater Merops orientalis Meropidae - Least concern 38 Indian roller Coracias Coraciidae Schedule IV Least concern benghalensis 39 Indian Pygmy Dendrocopos Picidae Schedule IV Least concern Woodpecker nanus 40 Oriental skylark Alauda gulgula Alaudidae Schedule IV Least concern 41 Paddyfield Pipit Anthus rufulus Motacillidae Schedule IV Least concern 42 House Sparrow Passer domesticus Passeridae - Least concern 43 Black Drongo Dicrurus Dicruridae Schedule IV Least concern macrocercus 44 White- bellied Dicrurus Dicruridae Schedule IV Least concern Drongo caerulescens 45 Common myna Acridotheres tristis Sturnidae Schedule IV Least concern 46 House crow Corvus splendens Corvidae Schedule V Least concern 47 Jungle crow Corvus culminates Corvidae - Not assessed 48 Common Tephrodornis Tephrodornithidae - Least concern woodshrike pondicerianus 49 Red-vented bulbul Pycnonotus cafer Pycnonotidae Schedule IV Least concern 50 Red-whiskered Pycnonotus Pycnonotidae Schedule IV Least concern bulbul jocosus 51 Common babbler Argya caudate Leiothrichidae Schedule IV Least concern 52 Jungle babbler Turdoides striatus Leiothrichidae Schedule IV Least concern 53 Ashy Prinia Prinia socialis Cisticolidae - Least concern 54 Indian Robin Saxicoloides Muscicapidae Schedule IV Least concern fulicata

Table-2.44: List of Herpetofauna (Reptiles & Amphibians)

S.No. Common Name Scientific name Family IWPA IUCN Status Status 1 Indian rat snake Ptyas mucosa Colubridae Schedule II Least concern 2 Russell's viper Daboia russelii Viperidae Schedule II Least concern 3 Agamidae - Least Forest Calotis Calotes rouxi concern 4 Oriental Garden Calotes versicolor Agamidae -- Not Lizard assessed 5 Common Indian Varanus bengalensis Varanidae Schedule I Least monitor concern 6 Ferguson's toad Duttaphrynus scaber Bufonidae -- Least concern 61 EPTRI, Hyderabad

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7 Indian Green frog Euphlyctis Dicroglossidae -- Least hexadactylus concern 8 Ant frog Microhyla ornata Microhylidae -- Least concern 9 Narrow-mouthed frog Microhyla rubra Microhylidae -- Least concern 10 Indian Bullfrog Hoplobatrachus Dicroglossidae -- Least tigerinus concern

Table-2.45: List of mammals

S. Common Scientific name Family IWPA IUCN No. Name Status Status 1 Little Indian Mus booduga Muridae Schedule IV Least Field Mouse concern 2 Common Herpestes Herpestidae Schedule II Least mongoose edwardsii concern 3 Wild boar Sus scrofa Suidae Schedule III Not assessed 4 House mouse Mus musculus Muridae Schedule IV Not assessed 5 Indian Palm Funambulus Sciuridae - Not squirrel palmarum assessed 6 Indian Hare Lepus nigricollis Leporidae Schedule IV Least concern 7 Rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta Cercopithecidae Schedule II Least concern 8 Indian flying fox Pteropus giganteus Pteropodidae Schedule IV Least concern 9 Spotted deer Axis axis Cervidae Schedule III Least concern

2.8. Socio –economic & Health status

The main focus of socio-economic survey is to assess the source of livelihood for the locals of Sathupalli town, their dependency on the forest, health status, etc.

The socio-economic data was collected from the villages in and around Sathupalli town from census 2011, questionnaire survey, Focussed Group Discussion (FGD) to assess the source of livelihood for the locals of Sathupalli town, their dependency on the forest.

The villages near to the kistaram mine and Sathupalli are Jaganathpuram, cherukupalle and kistaram. The secondary data was collected from census 2011 and primary data was collected from these villages to know the socio economic profile which will provide the insight to population, gender ratio, work participation rate, description of the vulnerable population.

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Sathupalli town at a Glance:

Sathupalli is the major town and mandal headquarters in Khammam district of northern Telangana, . It is under the revenue division Kallur. The total area of this town is 19.13 sq km. Sathupalli is so named because it is the combination of seven (saath) villages. Sathupalli is 279 km away from Hyderabad, the capital of Telangana and 65 km from Kothagudem, the SCCL headquarters. It is a major and commercial centre in the district. It is one of the fastest-growing towns and easily reached by the people of 100 villages in the adjoining districts in Telangana and West Godavari and Krishna districts in the ‘residual’ .

The socio-economic profile of the villages near to Sathupalli & Sathupalli town is based on Primary Census Abstract of India 2011 and is classified into following points:  Population  Social profile  Occupational pattern  Infrastructure facilities

Demography The gender ratio in the enumerated villages was found to be 1007 according to census 2011 which higher than the national average of 940.

Table: 2.46 Gender ratio

Name of the Village Total Total Total Gender

population Male Female ratio

Sathupalli (NP) 45186 22618 22568 997

Cherukupalle 948 478 470 983 Jagannadhapuram 295 148 147 993 Kistaram 3666 1914 1752 915 Total 50095 25158 24937 991 Source: Khammam district hand book

Household Size : The household size in the enumerated villages is 3.7. Table: 2.47 Household size

Name of the Village Total No.of HH

population HH size

Sathupalli (NP) 45186 12504 3.6

Cherukupalle 948 273 3.5 Jagannadhapuram 295 88 3.4 Kistaram 3666 999 3.7 Total 50095 13864 3.6 Source: Khammam district hand book

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Vulnerable Groups It is very important to identify the population who fall under the marginalised and vulnerable groups. Although these groups are usually small farmers or landless, their livelihood is the worst affected. So, special attention has to be given towards these groups while devising any development plans.

Table: 2.48 Vulnerable Population in the enumerated villages

Name of the Village Total P_SC % of P_ST % of

population SC ST

Sathupalli (NP) 45186 9700 21.46 10348 22.9

Cherukupalle 948 0 0 768 81 Jagannadhapuram 295 0 0 295 100 Kistaram 3666 1819 49.62 119 3.2 Total 50095 11519 22.99 11530 23.01 Source: Khammam district hand book

It can be observed from the above table, the Cherukupalli & Jagannadhapuram villagers belong to Schedule tribes. Jaganadhapuram is the rehabilitation village for the Kistaram opencast and the village shall be shifted as per the R & R policy of Telangana State.

Literacy

Literacy rate is one of the most significant indicators of human and social development. This is not only reflecting on the educational attainment of the population but also reflects on the status of women, caste equation and economic condition of a particular area. It also shows the skill level of the people and their capability to get trained and work. The literacy rate of male and female is given Table 2.49. The total literacy rate in the enumerated villages was found to be 71.97 % as per 2011 data. The male literacy rate was 38.14% and female literacy rate was found 33.83%. The literacy rate of the Jagannadhapuram village is also lower than the other villages mainly due to dominance of tribal population.

Table: 2.49 Literacy rate

Name of the Total P_lit % of P_Male % of P_female % of Village population lit lit Male lit female literate literate Sathupalli (NP) 45186 26053 57.65 14286 31.61 11767 26.04 Cherukupalle 948 415 43.7 235 24.78 180 18.98 Jagannadhapuram 295 142 48.1 85 28.8 57 19.32 Kistaram 3666 2256 61.5 1298 35.4 958 26.13 Total 50095 28866 57.62 15904 31.74 12962 25.87 Source: Khammam district hand book

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Work participation

In the enumerated villages people are mainly involved in agricultural labour. Majority of the families in the area are small farmers with limited resources. The major occupation in the Cherukupalli, Jagannadhapuram & kistaram is Agri labour whereas in the Sathupalli the main workers mostly belong to other works like services, construction works, business etc.,

Table: 2.50 Work Participation

Village Name Total TOT MAIN MAIN MAIN MAIN MAIN MARG NON_ population _WORK WORK _CL_P _AL_P _HH_P _OT_P WORK WORK _P _P _P _P Sathupalle (NP) 45186 23270 19392 2206 12920 300 3966 3878 21916 Cherukupalle 948 584 579 50 486 0 43 5 364 Jagannadhapuram 295 183 179 0 177 0 2 4 112 Kistaram 3666 1590 500 115 143 5 237 1090 2076 Total 50095 25627 20650 2371 13726 305 4248 4977 24468 Source: Khammam district hand book

Infrastructure

Education

Education of the children plays a very vital role in the development of the society. The educated children will not only be able to look after themselves and their families but also will be able to bring change in the social environment by doing away with customary taboos that are actually a hindrance for the betterment of the society. In the Sathupalli town when compared with the census 2001 & 2011 there is an increase in the educational facilities.

Medical

Health is a prerequisite for human development and is an essential component for the wellbeing of mankind. The health problems of any community are influenced by interplay of various factors including social, economic and political. The common beliefs, customs, practices related to health and disease in turn influence the health seeking behaviourof the community.

Table: 2.51 Infrastructure facilities in the Sathupalli area Infrastructure facilities 2001 2011 Educational facilities Primary 14 24 Middle 9 19 Secondary 5 18 College 3 4 ITI 3 5

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Polytechinc 0 2 Engineering colleges 0 2 Medical Facilities Medical Facilities 1 1 Primary Health Sub center 1 11 Nursing home 8 8 Reg.Med.Pratitioners 5 27

2.8.1. Focussed Group Discussion

Detailed focussed group discussions were held in the villages from 5th to 7th February, 2019 in Cherukupalli, Jagannadhapuram, Kistaram, Sathupalli villages. Nearly, 15 -25 members from the villages participated in the group discussion. Sapranch, Ward members and other general public participated in the focussed group discussion.

Sathupalli town

 It is a Municipallity covering 17 wards.  Main occupation of the people residing in the Sathupalli town is in services and business.  The area is well developed with establishment of number of agricultural tanks and two crops are being grown in a year. Agriculture is the main source of income for the people living in and around Sathupalli town.  The people are not dependent on the forest for their livielihood.  The people have opined that they have not observed any problem with the quality of drinking water.  The people have opined that they are not using the forest for any of their purpose.  Drinking water facilities have improved in all the colonies and proximate villages of Sathupalli town.  Mega medical camps are being organized regularly.

Kistaram Village.  Main occupation of the villagers is Agriculture, Agriculture labour, milk production and very few are construction workers. Other occupation is Beedi leaf collection for only one month in a year.  Women in this village are mostly involved in the household works and for one month they go for the Beedi collection from the nearest forest area. The wage per day is Rs. 200– Rs.300.  The agriculture labours in this village are mostly dependent on the Central Government Scheme – MNREGA. About 1,110 families are registered under this scheme.  About 30% of the local people are dependent on milk production as a secondary source of income.  The infrastructure facilities available in the village are Anganwadi center, Primary school, Secondary and high school.  PH sub-center is available in the village and there are 4 private RMPs. For any major health issues, the villagers will be visiting Sathupally town.  Four overhead tanks are available in the villages and the drinking water is supplied through RWS Scheme.

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 Bus facilities, roads, post office and communication facilities are available.  The villagers have opined that coal mining in their area has created job opportunities in contractual / outsourced works.

Jagannadhapuram  This village is under Rehabilitation and R&R colony is proposed 3 km away from the present village within the Cherukupally gram panchayat only.  Main occupation of the villagers is Agriculture, Agriculture labour, milk production and very few are Construction workers. Other occupation is Beedi leaf collection for only one month in a year.  The ST community in these villages is involved in the Vana Samrakshana Samithi (VSS) or Village Forest Protection Committee. Nearly, 60 members from these villages are involved in this scheme.  Women in this village are mostly involved in household works and for one month they go for the Beedi collection in the nearest forest area. The wage per day is Rs. 200– Rs.300.  The agriculture labour in this village is mostly dependent on the Central Government Scheme – MNREGA. Cherkupalli village  Main occupation of the villagers is Agriculture, Agriculture labour, milk production and very few are Construction workers. Other occupation is Beedi leaf collection for only one month in a year.  Women in this village are mostly involved in the household works and for one month they go for the Beedi collection from the nearest forest area. The wage per day is Rs. 200– Rs.300.  The agriculture labours in this village are mostly dependent on the Central Government Scheme – MNREGA. 40% of the local people are dependent on milk production as a secondary source of income.  The villagers are not dependent on nearby forest for their economic development.

2.8.2. Health Profile

The methodology for the Health Impact Assessment (HIA) includes:

 A desk-top review of relevant documentation of the Sathupalli town;  Interviews with key informants at PHC;  Analysis of data from the household survey conducted in the year 2013 & FGD conducted in the year 2019 by a social scientist on the study population in which specific questions related to health were included;  Analysis of information provided by other specialists involved in the impact Assessment;  Obtaining clinic data and the analysis of the data.  The sample clinic survey targeted the mainstream primary health care institutions serving the Sathupalli town. The clinic survey extracted information relevant to one year period, thus enabling a proper analysis of the pathologies whose incidence vary on a seasonal basis.

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2.8.3. General Health Profile

2.8.3.1. Methodology of health survey: Poverty, urbanization and demographic change play a crucial role in defining the disease pattern. The prevalent diseases have several causative factors specifically related to the environment, occupation, lifestyle, socio-cultural issues, access to quality health care and attitude towards disease and treatment. The patient treatment records were collected from the Sathupalli Area Hospital. The data provided by in-charge doctors is the only reliable source and certainly serve as the indicator of disease incidence in the region.

Sathupalli Area Hospital: It is a government hospital, located in the centre of Sathupalli town, proximate and opposite to the bus station. The hospital is intended to cater to the primary healthcare of the patients of the entire Sathupalli mandal. It is furnished with good infrastructure (operation theatre, etc.) and resident doctors available throughout.

Table 2.52 Sathupalli area hospital: Disease incidence record from Nov-2009, Dec- 2010, Nov-2011, Oct.-Dec.-2012, Sept. & Nov.-2015 and May-2016.

Disease 2009 2010 2011 2012 2015 2016 Acid peptic diseases 0 0 5 0 431 0 Acute Diarrhoea 26 22 65 17 806 142 Acute Gastritis 0 0 0 142 93 0 Acute Respiratory infection 0 0 0 0 534 158 Ac.Abdomen 0 0 12 0 0 0 Amoebiasis 0 0 0 0 66 41 Accidental injuries 85 47 20 265 380 95 Head, Spinal card 0 0 0 0 70 0 Multiple Dislocations 0 0 0 0 111 0 Back ache 0 0 45 0 0 0 Other STD/AIDS/HIV 0 9 0 6 66 27 Dog bite 39 67 0 226 137 114 Snake bite 9 10 32 15 19 7 Insect bite 0 0 0 5 4 0 Burns 0 0 3 0 47 0 Bronchitis 0 6 0 16 87 42 Cardiovascular diseases 0 0 0 0 33 4 Arterial diseases 0 3 0 0 0 0 Hypertension 243 230 6 534 1257 742 Ischemic heart / Coronary artery diseases 0 3 0 0 0 0 Dental disease 0 0 0 280 0 0 Diabetes I,II 10 6 18 318 1234 777 Dehydration 0 0 0 5 0 0 Dysentery 0 0 0 44 0 0 Epitaxis 0 0 0 10 0 0 Sinusitis 0 0 0 29 0 0 Tonsillitis 0 0 0 9 0 0

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Disease 2009 2010 2011 2012 2015 2016 Epilepsy 0 0 0 14 81 0 Conjunctivits, Cataract, Glaucoma 0 0 0 58 0 0 Belpharitis 0 0 0 18 0 0 Cataract 0 0 0 76 0 0 Eye injuries 0 0 0 3 0 0 Glaucoma 0 0 0 42 0 0 Sty 0 0 0 2 0 0 Cerebro-Vascular Accident 0 5 0 0 0 0 Enteric fever 3 7 21 18 101 4 Malaria 0 4 12 3 1 2 Rheumatic fever 0 0 0 0 34 0 Asthma 6 5 2 66 115 9 S

Source: Sathupalli area Hospital

Table 2.53 Sattupally Area Hospital health data

TB Cases 2016-17 2015-16

Sathupally TB TB No. Positive No. Positive Suspects Suspects January 55 9 70 7 February 46 2 66 9 March 44 9 46 9 April 29 7 45 5 May 45 13 42 4 June 42 5 49 7 July 33 1 50 10 August 38 7 68 16 September 37 4 64 13 October 57 9 60 3 November 44 3 57 1 December 39 5 52 7 Total 509 74 669 91

HIV 2017-18 2016-17 2015-16

Sathupally Total Total Total Positive No. Positive No. Positive Suspects Suspects January 11 0 55 1 70 19 February 1 0 46 0 66 9 March 44 0 46 5 April 29 0 45 1

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May 45 0 42 0 June 42 0 49 0 July 33 0 50 0 August 38 0 68 0 September 37 0 64 0 October 57 0 60 1 November 44 0 57 0 December 39 0 52 0 Total 12 0 509 1 669 35

Malaria 2017-18 2016-17 2015-16 Sathupally Total Total Total Positive Positive Positive MM MM MM January 210 0 215 130 February 246 0 120 130 March 270 0 106 130 April 215 0 92 95 May 110 68 June 120 84 July 341 172 August 462 408 September 682 640 October 362 672 November 230 271 December 240 192 Total 941 0 3080 0 2992 0

The data collected from the Sathupalli government hospital shows that lung diseases increased from two cases (in 2013 -14) to 27 (2014) and 233 in 2016. As regards Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the number of cases recorded increased from 6 to 15 from 2013 to 2016. Tuberculosis cases were recorded as one (1) case in 2013 to 5 in 2015, 15 cases in 2016 & 74 cases in 2017. Hypertension cases steadily increased from 6 in 2013 to 742 by mid 2016. The patients of diabetes turn out increased from 18 in 2013 to 777 by mid- 2016 at Sathupalli Area Hospital. Detailed health records for the 2013 – 2014 are not available. The increase in number of cases could be due to rise in population, rise in the awareness on the health among the public in the surrounding villages, increase in vehicular traffic and agriculture activities. The predominant wind direction is NE whereas the Sathupalli town is located in eastern direction and hence there will not be much impact on the Sathupalli town due to the mining activity.

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3. ANTICIPATED IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

3.1. Impact on Air Quality

Considerable amount of pollution of air will be generated at various stages of mining operations such as drilling, blasting, excavation, crushing and transportation operations. PM10 and PM2.5 are the main sources of pollution due to the mining activities / operations. Large quantities of dust gets air borne and is carried away from coal stocks, overburden dumps due to wind.

The fugitive dust released from the mining operations may cause immediate effect on the mine workers who are directly exposed. Simultaneously, the dust travel to longer distances may impact adversely on the neighbouring villages. At present, there are two opencast mines being operated near Sathupalli. The coal transportation from these mines is being done through trucks which move away from Sathupalli town and hence Sathupalli town is not affected. Similar scenario prevails with the proposed Kistaram OCP also. However, there will be increase in vehicular traffic due to the proposed project which may have impact on air quality to a certain extent. It is learnt from the project authorities that entire coal coal transport from this area will be switched over to rail mode in 2-3 years.

3.1.1. Estimation of Emissions: The emissions from the mining operations can be estimated either by sampling or direct measurement or using emission factors. Emission factors are being widely used for estimation of emissions from the proposed mining operations.

An emission factor is a representative value that attempts to relate the quantity of pollutant released in the atmosphere with an activity associated with the release of that pollutant. These factors are usually expressed as the weight of pollutant divided by a unit weight, volume, distance or duration of the activity emitting the pollutant. The parameters that are most likely to influence the particle emissions are measure of source activity, properties of the material being disturbed and climatic parameters.

United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) developed emission factors for coal mining operation was published through AP - 42 (1998). Based on these emission factors National Pollution Inventory (NPI), Australian Government also developed emission factors for Suspended Particulate Matter (TSP) and Particulate Matter (PM10) and published the Emission Estimation Technique Manual (EET Manual) for mining and the version 3.1 is updated in January 2012.

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Table No. 3.1 Emission of Particulate Matter (PM10) for Peak Production capacities from different mining activities Multiplying Source Emissions Operation Emission Day Emission % of factor for % wise Activity Unit Control Method after Remarks Coal/OB Factor Activity s Control of Emissions Emission control After control s Drilling Coal 0.31 18 Holes 5.58 Wet drilling 70 0.30 1.67 OB 0.31 217 Holes 30.38 Wet drilling 70 0.30 9.11 Blasting Coal 673 Area 56.12 No Control 0 1.00 56.12 OB 4700 Area 77.55 No Control 0 1.00 77.55 Loading Coal 0.01008 6060 Tons 61.11 Water sprinkling 75 0.25 15.28 OB 4.9474E-04 94000 Tons 46.51 Water sprinkling 75 0.25 11.63 Dozing Coal 11.56507372 6 Dozing Hours 69.39 Water sprinkling 50 0.50 34.70 Pit Emission OB 0.306276657 96 Dozing Hours 29.40 Water sprinkling 50 0.50 14.70 220.76 s Transport Coal(Load) 0.170511557 330 KM Travelled 56.27 Water sprinkling 70 0.30 16.88 2.56 Gms/Sec Empty 0.137590405 330 KM Travelled 45.40 Water sprinkling 70 0.30 13.62 OB(35T)(Load) 0.173056751 3088 KM Travelled 534.40 Water sprinkling 70 0.30 191.12 Pit&Haul Raod Emission Empty 0.137590405 3088 KM Travelled 424.88 Water sprinkling 75 0.30 160.32 191.12 s Dumping Coal 0.01039 6060 Tons 62.96 Water sprinkling 75 0.25 15.74 2.21 Gms/Sec OB 4.3141E-04 94000 Tons 40.55 Water sprinkling 75 0.25 10.14 Grader 0.085 180 KM Travelled 15.30 Water sprinkling 75 0.25 3.83 Wind erosion Coalyard 0.06 8 Area in Ha 0.49 No Control 0 1.00 0.49 OB dumpyard 0.06 20 Area in Ha 1.23 Plantation 70 1.00 0.37 Loading to train 0.00017 6060 Tons 1.03 Water sprinkling 70 0.30 0.31 Poly area Total PM10 Emissions in Kg/day without any control measure 1558.56 After Taking Control Measures in Kg/day 442.75 30.87 only Grams/sec 5.12 0.36 Gms/Sec Emissions from Open Pit : 3.66 Pit Retention (5% for PM10) 0.18 Net emission from open pit 3.48 (Open pit sources are Drilling, Blasting, Loading, Dozing and 50% of Haul road Emissions) Net Emissions from Poly area Sources : 1.46 (Poly area sources are Dumping, Grading, Wind Erosion, Loading to Train etc and 50% of Haul road Emissions)

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3.2. Air Quality Modelling

An ISCST – 3 Latest AERMOD Air Dispersion Model was used to predict changes in air quality in and around the project site i.e., maximum ground level concentration (GLC’s) of particulate matter at the receptors (i.e. nearby villages, project area, sensitive areas if any) due to the various mining activities of the proposed mine. The model uses the steady state Gaussian plume equation for continuous source.

The inputs required for the model is:  Hourly meteorological data consisting of year, month, date, hour, cloud cover, solar radiation, wind speed, wind direction, ceiling height, rainfall, relative humidity, etc.  Source data such as open pit sources, area sources, line sources etc.  Receptor data such as baseline AAQ was collected at 10 monitoring stations to compare the status of Air Quality after inception of the project.  Programme control parameters, area characteristics like Albedo, Bowen ratio, Surface roughness based on land use type and season.

The emission rates have been taken considering the control measures proposed in Table No. 3. The emission rates were calculated for peak production achieved 2.00 MTPA. The total emissions from the proposed mining activities of Kistaram OCP after taking the proposed control measures is coming around 8.12 Grams/sec.

Out of total emissions, 5.34 Grams/sec emissions are coming due the activities in open pit and 2.78 Grams/sec emissions are due to poly area sources and surface activities.

Taking consideration into the one months meteorological data collected during February

2019 and the PM10 emissions from different mining activities, the model was run for prediction of GLC’s with respect to PM10. Similarly model was run for PM2.5 by arriving at the emission rates basing on the factor, PM10 emission rate x 0.20.

3.3. Results and Conclusions:

The quarry area has been taken as a open pit source for all the dust emitting sources from different mining activities and the dump area and the road leading to dump yard from the quarry has been selected as poly area source for plying of dumpers/trucks and unloading of OB material. Appropriate emission factors, programme control parameters such as land use, UTM zone, Albedo, Bowen Ratio, Surface roughness, surrounding surface features, etc. and micrometeorological data was taken. The emission reduction by implementation of proposed control measures was also considered. The ground level concentrations are computed for high 1st high 24-hr concentration values for all the baseline air quality monitoring stations by selecting them as discrete Cartesian receptors in the modelling area so that 10 receptors points taken for computation 24 -HR. Average

Concentrations of particulate matter and the predicted increment of PM10 concentration at receptors for peak production capacities of the project are furnished in the Table No. 3.1 and depicted in the Figure Nos. 3.1. The predicted GLCs at the receptors after coming of this project are furnished in Table No. 3.2.

Similarly, the incremental values of PM2.5 and predicted GLCs of PM2.5 concentrations have been furnished in the Table No. 3.3 respectively. And the same are depicted in the Figure Nos. 3.2 respectively. 73 EPTRI, Hyderabad

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Figure No. 3.1 Predicted GLCs of PM10 in the Study Area

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Table No. 3.2 Total PM10 concentrations at the Baseline AAQ Stations (Figures in µg/m3) Stn Maximum Predicted Total Location Standard ID Baseline Conc. Incremental Values GLC SA1 Karkapalli village 68.0 1.51 69.51 100 SA2 Satupally town 67.0 1.51 68.51 100 Venkatapuram/ SA3 73.0 1.51 100 Gudipadu village 74.51 Jalagan vengal SA4 76.0 1.51 100 Rao Nagar 77.51 SA5 Kistaram village 80.0 5.81 85.81 100 NTR Nagar, SA6 64.0 0.073 100 Sathupalli 64.07

PM10 ground level concentrations after implementation of project with specified control measures at all the receptor points are within the prescribed standards. The predicted 3 PM10 concentration on Sathupalli town is 1.51 µg/m . Sathupalli town is located in eastern direction hence the Kistaram OCP impact will less as predominant wind direction is NE.

However, the incremental values with maximum baseline concentration at Kistaram, are high compared to other receptor points. The higher PM10 dust level concentrations in the villages falling in the upwind / crosswind directions may be due to vehicular movement on the unpaved roads and extensive cultivation. However, Kistaram is falling in the downwind direction of the project and hence adequate air pollution control measures are required to be taken during coal mining and transport activities to sustain particulate emissions within the stipulated limits. Accordingly, continuous water spraying arrangements are to be made at all the dust generating activities to keep the particulate emissions within the limits.

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Figure No. 3.2 Predicted GLCs of PM2.5 in the Study Area

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Table No.3.3 Total PM2.5 concentrations at the Baseline AAQ Stations (Figures in µg/m3)

Max. Base Stn Predicted Total Location level Standard ID Increment Concentration Concentration SA1 Karkapalli village 28.0 0.75 28.75 60 SA2 Sathupally town 32.8 0.75 33.5 60 Venkatapuram/ 60 SA3 31.1 0.75 Gudipadu village 31.85 Jalagan vengal Rao 60 SA4 32.1 0.75 Nagar 32.85 SA5 Kistaram village 34.9 2.91 37.81 60 NTR Nagar, 60 SA6 28.5 0.022 Sathupalli 28.52

Sathupalli town is located in eastern direction whereas predominant wind direction is NE. 3 Predicted PM2.5 concentration found to be 0.75 µg/m at Sathupalli.

From the above table, it is evident that the PM2.5 ground level concentrations will be within the prescribed standards at all the receptor points, after implementation of specified control measures proposed in the project.

3.4. Impact on Water quality The water quality of ground and surface water bodies in and around Sathupalli Town has been monitored to understand its present status and also to assess the likely impacts due to the poroposed OCP. The likely impacts on water quality due to the poroposed OCP will be siltation of nearby agricultural tanks due to surface run off during monsoon season and discharge of excess mine water as a part of quarry operations. However, the mine discharge from the proposed OCP is likely to be discharged in to nearby Kistaram Tank and Jaganthapuram tank. Hence, the mine water has to be treated in settling tanks before letting out in to these tanks after meeting the quality requirements stipulated for discharge of industrial effluents.

3.5. Impact on ground water levels

The proposed OCP covers a total area of about 435.68ha. (i.e., including dump yards, service buildings and Coal Handling Plant & Coal stock yard etc). The anticipated impacts of the proposed project are discussed below.

I. Impact on topography:

The topographic elevation of the project area varies from 154.53m above MSL in the southwest to 178.62m above MSL in the east, with an average slope of 13.5 m/km towards southwest. After commencement of mining operations, the topography and landscape and its immediate vicinity in the mine lease area will be affected and the area will become a depression in mine working zone.

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II. Impact on surface water regime

The existing drainage within the proposed project area is mostly of 1st and 2nd order streams and flow can be seen during the rain only. There are two seasonal tanks in this area i.e., Jagannadhapuram tank is located in the block in NE side while a small portion of Kistaram tank (in the SW side) and its catchment is covered by the project area. During the course of mining, the seasonal nallahs/ streams/vagus in and around the project area are envisaged to be disturbed.

III. Effect of drainage diversion/removal

There are no major streams / nallas in the proposed project area, except few 1st and 2nd order streamlets with a very small catchment area and a limited surface runoff. Jagannadhapuram tank will not be disturbed. The 1st and 2nd order streamlets that are flowing over the quarry area will be re-oriented by the garland drain along the periphery of the quarry so that they meet the main course in the down stream. The existing streamlets within the quarry area will be removed. Thus, the existing drainage in the project area will be affected by the proposed mining activity.

The mine seepage water will be pumped out & discharged into settling tanks where the coal fines will be settled and only clear water will be discharged into the water bodies.

IV. Impact on Groundwater regime

The impact of mining on local ground water regime depends on the mine parameters like depth and rate of expansion, ground water recharge and hydraulic parameters of the aquifers intercepted in the quarry.

In Sattupalli area, mining operations commenced in 2005. The attitude of phreatic surface varies from 3.48m to 11.85m during pre-monsoon season and from 2.79m to 10.15m during post-monsoon season of year 2018.

Radius of influence

The continuous pumping of ground water from the mine will result the depletion of water table around the project area. The radius of influence of water withdrawing from the proposed open pit has been determined by Thiem’s equation.

2∏ k b(H0 – hw) Q =

2.3 log Ro / rw

Where, Q is Discharge (m3/sec) k is Coefficient of permeability (m/sec) b is Thickness of the aquifer (m)

H0 is Initial piezometric head in the aquifer (m) hw is Target drawdown level in the equivalent well (m) Ro is Radius of influence (m)

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rw is radius of the well/sump/pit -6 At the end of final year, taking the value of ‘k’ as 3.96 x10 m/sec, ‘b’ as 25m, ‘(H0 – hw)’ as 95m, ‘rw’ as 531m (assumed as the final void of mine area being about 88 ha) and ‘Q’ as 7985 m3/day, the value of “Ro” is calculated as :

2 x 3.14 x 3.96 x 10-6 x 25 x 95 0.0924 =

2.3 log Ro /531

Radius of influence Ro = 1004m = 1.0 km from centre of the project. Thus, the stage wise assumed radius of influence from centre of the project and quarry surface edge on the water regime is given below. Total Ground water Balance Ro (m) From Period Depth Seepage Open Area end of 3 project surface (m) (m /day) (ha) centre edge 1st year 53 722 54.43 891 475 2nd year 69 756 86.69 1844 1319 3rd year 66 1056 105.17 2164 1586 4th year 76 1453 105.00 1723 1145 5th year 89 1650 114.00 1844 1241 10th year 138 5255 126.11 1515 881 Final stage 170 7985 88.52 1004 473

The area of influence assumed for Kistaram OC is about 473 m. from the excavation boundary, where the maximum depth of the project and final void are 170m and 88.2ha respectively.

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Mitigative measures  Garland drains are to be provided all along the periphery of quarry area. The streamlets are to be re-oriented through garland drains along the periphery of the project.  Check dams and sedimentation tanks are to be constructed around the OB dumps to reduce soil erosion and arrest suspended solids before discharging the run-off water into the natural water regime. The water that stored in the quarry during rains and mine seepage has to be discharged into the local irrigation tanks after conventional treatment.  As coal mine is not a chemical industry, no such chemical pollution takes place. Excess water from opencast mine is to be pumped into a settling pond before letting out into the local drainage network.  Water from the workshops is to be circulated through oil and grease trap before letting out into the local drainage.  Piezometric wells are to be constructed at various distances around the proposed project for monitoring of water levels which helps to know the impact of mining on water regime around the project area. From the available hydrogeological information, it is assumed that the mining influence of proposed project on the ground water regime vary from 475m to 1586m from the excavation boundary. However, the impact of mining on groundwater system, if any, will only be a temporary phase and localised phenomenon.

3.6. Impact on nearby structures due to blast induced vibrations The blasting operations carried out in an opencast mine may cause damage to nearby residential structures if proper precuations are not taken by the project authorities. The blast induced shock waves are transmitted vertically into the structure through the ground which causes the structural walls to vibrate. The extent and magnitude of damage of structures caused by the blast induced vibrations depends mainly on the following factors.  The distance between the blasting zone and the structure.  Improper design of blast operations, blast pattern, burden/spacing, dia of holes, Explosive charge per delay, delay between the holes and inadequate precautions.  Strata conditions. The distance between the proposed kistaram open cast mine to the surrounding habitats is as follows. Sathupalli town is located at a distance of 4.2 Km in East from the project boundary. Kommepalli Village is located at a distance of 3.7 km in the Southern direction.

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Venkatapuram is existing in the direction of East at a distance of 2.2 km and Cherukupalli Village is at a distance of 2.0 km in NW of Kistaram OC. Kistaram Village (SW) and Vengalrao Nagar (SE) Colony are existing at a distance of 1.0 Km and 0.75 Km respectively. The following plan shows the location of Sattupalli and other surrounding villages with respect to Kistaram opencast project. These villages are located at the distances varying from 0.75 Km to 4.2 km from the Kistaram OC project boundary.

3.6.1. Methodology The blast induced vibrations are measured and recorded with a Seismograph. The four channel seismograph is provided with triaxial transducers for monitoring vibration and noise. The seismograph records vibration in three directions that is longitudinal, vertical, and transverse and records principal frequency of vibration and computes the vibration in terms of peak particle velocity (PPV) in mm/sec. Permissible peak particle velocity at the foundation level of structures in Mining areas: Peak particle velocity (ppv) is the criteria globally used for assessment of damages to structures due to blast induced vibrations. DGMS technical circular 7 of 1997 stipulates limits of ppv for ensuring safety of different types of surface structures in mining areas as shown hereunder. Permissible Peak Particle Velocity (ppv) at the foundation level of structures in Mining Areas in mm/s Dominant Excitation Frequency Type of Structure. > 25 < 8 Hz 8-25 Hz. Hz A. Buildings Structures not belonging to the owner. i. Domestic houses/Structures kucha brick & Cement. 5 10 15 ii. Industrial buildings (RCC & Framed Structures) 10 20 25 iii. Objects of historical Importance & Sensitive Structures. 2 5 10 B. Buildings belonging to owner with limited span of Life. i. Domestic houses and structures (Kuchha brick & 10 15 25 cement) ii. Industrial Buildings (RCC & Framed structures) 15 25 50 Based on scientific study conducted by CIMFR, Dhanbad, controlled blasting technique is being adopted in adjoining JVR OC-I to conduct blasting within 100 m. of nearby structures as per the permission granted by DGMS Authorities vide Lr. No. H1/1191131339/JVR OC/Perm/107 (1B)/2015/2445, dated 15.09.2015. The details of magnitude of the blast vibrations recorded in ppv during February, 2019 at the adjoining JVR OC-I Mine are given here under. The daily blast vibrations are being monitored for every blast as per the Director General of Mine Safety (DGMS) guidelines.

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DGMS Distance Minimum Maximum Permissible between blast Sl.No Date Recorded Recorded Standards. site & PPV mm/sec. PPV mm/sec PPV in Structure.(km) mm/sec. 1 11-Feb-19 0.88 0.98 10 0.60 2 12-Feb-19 0.96 1.20 10 0.60 3 13-Feb-19 0.83 0.91 10 0.60 4 14-Feb-19 0.73 0.96 10 0.60 5 15-Feb-19 0.52 0.53 10 0.60 6 16-Feb-19 0.54 0.54 10 0.60 7 17-Feb-19 0.62 0.62 10 0.60 8 18-Feb-19 0.82 0.92 10 0.80 9 19-Feb-19 0.62 0.62 10 0.80 10 20-Feb-19 0.72 0.73 10 0.80 11 21-Feb-19 0.52 0.54 10 0.80 12 22-Feb-19 0.56 0.76 10 0.80 13 23-Feb-19 0.83 0.95 10 0.80 14 24-Feb-19 0.83 0.96 10 0.85 15 25-Feb-19 0.91 1.02 10 0.85

The maximum and minimum values recorded in the study period are given in the above table for reference. As observed from the above table it can be inferred that, Maximum PPV recorded is much lower than the permissible standards of DGMS, at a distance varying from 0.60 km to 0.85 km from JVR Open cast mine, which is adjacent to the proposed Kistaram OC Mine.

Hence, it can be presumed that by adopting similar blasting technology in the proposed Kistaram OC, the blast induced vibrations may not have any significant impact on the residential structures in the nearby villages situated at 0.75 km to 4.2 km including Sathupalli Town.

3.6.2. Summary (i) The most affected village is Jagannadhapuram, which is falling in the core zone of the quarry. However, this village is proposed to be relocated as per R&R policy. (ii) Other villages are lying at a distance of 0.75 km to a maximum of 4.2 Km from the quarry area. As per the details enumerated in the above table, the effect of blast vibrations on the residential structures of other villages may be insignificant. (iii) For mitigating the blast vibrations, use of advanced blast design and control blasting technique with NONELs are recommended in the proposed Kistaram OCP. (iv) Permission for controlled blasting needs to be obtained by the project authorities from the DGMS to conduct blasting operations within 500 mts of any building or structure of permanent nature not belonging to the owner based on a scientific study and suitable blasting methodology as recommended by DGMS shall be adopted.

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(v) The design and method of blasting, attenuation of blast vibrations has to be strictly carried out as per the permissions and guidelines issued by DGMS from time to time.

3.7. Impact on Flora and Fauna

Reserve forest land to an extent of 285.44 ha of Lankapally Reseve Forest is to be diverted for the proposed project. It has been clarified by DFO, Sathupalli that the forest department has raised Eucalyptus and Bamboo plantations in an area of 221.95 ha out of 285.44 ha being diverted for the project. As such, in the left over area of 53.46 ha of RF land, local people hardly derive any minor forest produce as the area is already degraded. Presence of Dodonaea viscosa, dominantly in the study area reveals the area is highly degraded one. The diversion of forest land will not affect, as the species are common and they are seen in the nearyby aeas as well. There are no endemic or RET species which need conservation in the study area. Hence, impact due to diversion of RF land on the people who are dependent on forest produce is insignificant. Hence, there is no impact on flora and fauna due to proposed project.

3.8. Impact of socio-economics and health of the people

The proposed Kistaram OCP will have both positive and negative impacts on the socio- economic status of the surrounding villages.

On the positive front, the commissioning of the project will provide increased job oppotunities in outsourced / contractual operations and indirect employment in services and buisiness sector.

The project involves shifting of Jagannadhapuram Village which is falling in the core area. R&R package has to be implemented as per State Government Guidelines for these PDFs in the near vicinity so that their livelihood is not affected.

It is learnt from the socio-economic survey of the region that the villagers are mostly dependent on agriculture related works and daily labour jobs for their livelihood. Since, forest land is proposed to be diverted for mining operations, there should be special emphasis on providing alternate employment avenues to the local villagers like self employment schemes, training for unemployed youth etc including the people of R&R village.

The project will have impact on the air quality in the region which in turn affects the health of the local community unless suitable pollution abatement measures are adopted in the proposed project. The ambient air quality shall be periodically monitored in surrounding villages and health camps shall be conducted in Sathupalli Town and surrounding villages as a part of health surveillance.

3.9. Conclusion

The environmental monitoring data collected in and around the Sathupalli town shows that the air, noise, surface water, ground water of the region are well within the prescribed limits. The flora and fauna study indicates that there are no rare and threatened flora and fauna in the project site. Due to less forest produce available in the area, people residing in and around Sathupalli are not dependent on the forest produce for their livelihood

83 EPTRI, Hyderabad

E P T R I

instead they are mostly dependent on the government MNREGA scheme and daily labour works.

Recommendations

However, the following recommendations are suggested for ensuring environment friendly coal mining operations in the proposed Kistaram Opencast project:

1. Although the monitored and predicted values are within the standards but, there may be some impact on air quality in and around sathupalli town due to mining operations and associated activities. Keeping this in view, adequate air pollution control measures have to be implemented by the project authorities like three tier plantation all around the project boundary, taking up gap plantation in the forest area lying between the project and Sathupalli town, water spraying arrangements at all dust generating sources in the project in order to safeguard the surrounding environment and especially the health of the people residing in nearby villages.

2. SCCL is presently planting Dalbergia latifolia, Hardwickia binnata, Soymida febrifuga, Mitragyna parviflora, Albizia procera, Boswelia serrata, Terminalia tomentosa, Terminalia bellirica, T. chebula, Phyllanthus emblica, Madhuca latifolia, Sterculia urens etc. on the OB dump areas. In addition to this, large scale plantation may also be taken up on either sides of the roads in the nearby areas for controlling air pollution.

3. As the project involves diversion of forest land for mining activity, the project authorities, in consultation with District Forest Authorities, shall implement measures for protection of adjoining forest lands viz., soil moisture conservation works, gap plantation in the degraded forest land and extensive plantation in mine area.

4. SCCL shall let out excess mine water in to nearby agricultural tanks after passing through the required number of settling tanks for meeting the standards stipulated for discharge of industrial effluents. Garland drains and check dams shall be provided to prevent siltation from OB dumps.

5. SCCL may also take up de-siltation works in the nearby agricultural tanks of the surrounding villages like Kistaram and Jagannadhapuram tanks so as to increase the irrigated area and also to augment groundwater re-charge.

6. SCCL may also supply safe drinking water to the nearby habitats where excess fluoride content is recorded in ground water quality monitoring.

7. Modern methods of blasting like controlled blasting technique may be adopted in the proposed OCP based on the scientific study conducted by a reputed scientific agency as is being practiced at other opencast mines of SCCL for minimizing the blast induced vibrations in order to protect the residential structures in the nearby villages.

8. SCCL has so far deposited Rs.523.50 crores in respect of Kothagudem area to District Collector towards District Mineral Foundation Trust. Surrounding villages developmental works are being taken up as per the requisition of local public representatives.

84 EPTRI, Hyderabad

E P T R I

9. SCCL is taking up various welfare measures under CSR schemes like creating job opportunities for unemployed youth, training for army and police recruitment, etc. SCCL in consultation with Local Government Authorities, shall continue such schemes for generating alternate avenues for self employment to un-employed youth and women by organizing suitable trainings and skill development programmes. The funds allocated under CSR Schemes may be spent for upliftment of the surrounding villages. ****

85 EPTRI, Hyderabad

E P T R I Annexure I

Noise level data collected at Sathupalli town (SN1)

Sampling Period : 24 hours Units : dB (A) Zone : Buffer Date : 19.02.2019 @ 10:00 AM to 20.02.2019 till 10:00 AM

Time Leq Lmax Lmin Leq Day Leq Night 0:00 39.9 59.0 25.3 1:00 38.7 66.8 29.3 2:00 37.3 65.8 30.2 3:00 36.5 57.7 28.9 4:00 39.2 72.7 31.2 5:00 40.1 85.0 38.4 6:00 42.5 89.6 36.0 7:00 45.5 92.8 35.4 8:00 48.1 87.3 30.8 9:00 46.0 68.4 29.4 10:00 50.0 81.7 24.5 11:00 44.5 57.6 27.1 54.7 42.4 12:00 45.0 51.5 26.9 13:00 52.8 82.0 27.8 14:00 56.4 83.6 33.2 15:00 58.0 88.4 38.4 16:00 57.8 83.5 45.1 17:00 61.6 85.2 33.9 18:00 57.9 87.2 38.4 19:00 52.1 86.0 38.2 20:00 53.3 85.0 42.8 21:00 50.1 88.0 47.6 22:00 45.8 67.2 40.7 23:00 47.5 65.8 33.3

Note: Noise level standards: Residential area-Day Time- 55 dBA and Night Time-45 dB Noise level data collected at NTR Nagar, Sathupalli (SN2)

Sampling Period : 24 hours Units : dB (A) Zone : Buffer Date : 19.02.2019 @ 11:00 AM to 20.02.2019 till 11:00 AM

Time Leq Lmax Lmin Leq Day Leq Night 0:00 47.5 62.2 29.8 1:00 44.4 63.5 33.2 2:00 39.8 63.9 29.9 3:00 38.4 57.2 25.5 4:00 40.1 72.0 34.1 5:00 41.8 69.6 35.2 6:00 55.8 89.6 38.5 7:00 53.2 91.9 35.2 8:00 51.2 87.4 37.4 9:00 60.4 84.7 29.9 10:00 56.5 81.3 24.2 11:00 31.6 49.9 24.9 51.7 43.2 12:00 33.6 55.7 27.9 13:00 32.6 49.5 28.4 14:00 38.5 82.6 28.9 15:00 35.8 87.2 39.0 16:00 39.5 82.7 39.0 17:00 43.1 83.8 33.4 18:00 41.8 86.4 34.4 19:00 42.5 84.3 38.4 20:00 42.1 80.7 40.5 21:00 40.0 99.0 47.4 22:00 35.4 68.0 40.7 23:00 45.9 63.8 30.5

Note: Noise level standards: Residential area-Day Time- 55 dBA and Night Time-45 dBA

Noise level data collected at Karkapalli village (SN3)

Sampling Period : 24 hours Units : dB (A) Zone : Buffer Date : 20.02.2019 @ 10:00 AM to 21.02.2019 till 10:00 AM

Time Leq Lmax Lmin Leq Day Leq Night 0:00 30.2 45.1 22.1 1:00 33.5 40.5 20.8 2:00 31.2 41.8 20.0 3:00 34.9 51.3 23.8 4:00 39.4 50.7 25.6 5:00 40.8 54.3 25.2 6:00 49.8 72.2 28.5 7:00 43.3 70.4 20.7 8:00 45.9 65.6 20.1 9:00 45.0 67.0 19.6 10:00 43.9 66.8 22.4 11:00 54.0 68.7 17.7 49.6 36.9 12:00 44.5 65.1 17.1 13:00 46.7 59.8 24.2 14:00 44.8 70.1 27.1 15:00 53.4 65.3 32.6 16:00 54.3 82.6 23.3 17:00 55.1 60.9 23.6 18:00 41.3 64.6 19.2 19:00 42.5 64.7 17.7 20:00 40.2 67.6 20.5 21:00 46.3 71.9 22.2 22:00 36.8 67.3 20.6 23:00 37.5 64.1 21.8

Note: Noise level standards: Residential area-Day Time- 55 dBA and Night Time-45 dB Noise level data collected at Venkatapuram/Gudipadu village (SN4)

Sampling Period : 24 hours Units : dB (A) Zone : Buffer Date : 20.02.2019 @ 11:00 AM to 21.02.2019 till 11:00 AM

Time Leq Lmax Lmin Leq Day Leq Night 0:00 30.8 40.0 29.4 1:00 30.9 47.8 27.9 2:00 31.6 39.7 28.7 3:00 34.3 59.5 22.2 4:00 38.4 43.8 21.7 5:00 42.5 49.3 21.3 6:00 43.5 50.9 21.9 7:00 44.5 64.9 32.1 8:00 44.6 61.3 34.8 9:00 51.8 64.5 35.0 10:00 40.2 57.3 35.0 11:00 42.2 48.7 35.0 48.9 37.6 12:00 45.9 70.6 34.9 13:00 58.5 75.0 27.9 14:00 40.2 47.2 25.8 15:00 44.5 61.5 25.2 16:00 45.2 65.5 25.7 17:00 40.1 44.2 26.0 18:00 34.8 53.5 26.9 19:00 42.5 56.6 26.9 20:00 50.0 55.4 29.0 21:00 45.5 50.3 30.0 22:00 38.9 55.5 29.0 23:00 38.5 54.0 29.2

Note: Noise level standards: Residential area-Day Time- 55 dBA and Night Time-45 dB

Noise level data collected at Jalagan vengal Rao Nagar (SN5)

Sampling Period : 24 hours Units : dB (A) Zone : Buffer Date : 21.02.2019 @ 10:00 AM to 22.02.2019 till 10:00 AM

Time Leq Lmax Lmin Leq Day Leq Night 0:00 36.5 40.0 29.4 1:00 35.8 47.8 27.9 2:00 39.5 39.7 28.7 3:00 40.1 59.5 22.2 4:00 38.6 43.8 21.7 5:00 39.4 49.3 21.3 6:00 54.4 50.9 21.9 7:00 49.7 64.9 32.1 8:00 50.0 61.3 34.8 9:00 50.3 70.8 35.0 10:00 51.7 57.3 35.0 11:00 51.9 48.7 35.0 50.5 40.8 12:00 49.8 70.6 34.9 13:00 50.5 75.0 27.9 14:00 45.3 47.2 25.8 15:00 48.6 70.1 25.2 16:00 44.4 65.5 25.7 17:00 49.7 44.2 26.0 18:00 51.4 53.5 26.9 19:00 50.6 56.6 26.9 20:00 50.4 55.4 29.0 21:00 51.0 50.3 30.0 22:00 43.5 55.5 29.0 23:00 44.7 54.0 29.2

Note: Noise level standards: Residential area-Day Time- 55 dBA and Night Time-45 dB Noise level data collected at Kistaram village (SN6)

Sampling Period : 24 hours Units : dB (A) Zone : Buffer Date : 22.02.2019 @ 11:00 AM to 23.02.2019 till 11:00 AM

Time Leq Lmax Lmin Leq Day Leq Night 31.8 62.7 20.9 0:00 1:00 33.0 59.6 23.6 2:00 31.0 62.5 27.0 3:00 35.2 60.3 25.4 4:00 42.5 64.7 23.2 5:00 43.6 57.9 24.7 6:00 39.8 52.7 25.9 7:00 42.8 65.9 24.1 8:00 44.2 70.0 25.9 9:00 47.7 73.5 27.1 10:00 51.6 72.6 28.8 11:00 58.5 70.4 28.1 53.2 38.5 12:00 50.3 65.9 31.6 13:00 55.2 63.8 27.1 14:00 51.6 74.9 31.1 15:00 48.6 63.0 27.2 16:00 56.9 68.5 25.1 17:00 58.2 68.3 20.7 18:00 56.2 69.9 24.0 19:00 49.3 74.8 22.2 20:00 45.5 76.9 25.8 21:00 42.0 72.6 18.1 22:00 38.5 68.6 20.0 23:00 30.0 62.6 21.0

Note: Noise level standards: Residential area-Day Time- 55 dBA and Night Time-45 dB

Annexure-II Species List of Kistaram

S.No Botanical Name Family Habit Core (C); Buffer (B);& C&B zone

1 Abrus precatorius Leguminosae Climber C&B

2 Abutilon indicum Malvaceae Shrub C&B

3 Acacia auriculiformis Leguminosae Tree C&B

4 Acacia caesia Leguminosae Liana C

5 Acacia chundra Leguminosae Tree B

6 Acacia nilotica Leguminosae Tree B

7 Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Herb C&B

8 Adrographis paniculata Acanthaceae Herb C&B

9 Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Tree B

10 Aerva lanata Amaranthaceae Herb C&B

11 Aganosma cymosa Apocynaceae Climber C

12 Agave americana Agavaceae Shrub C&B

13 Ageratum conyzoides Compositae Herb C&B

14 Ailanthus excelsa Simaroubaceae Tree B

15 Alangium salviifolium Alangiaceae Tree C&B

16 Albizia amara Leguminosae Tree C&B

17 Albizia lebbeck Leguminosae Tree B

18 Albizia odoratissima Leguminosae Tree C&B

19 Albizia saman Leguminosae Tree B

20 Allmania nodiflora Amaranthaceae Herb C&B

21 Allophylus serratus Sapindaceae Shrub B

22 Aloe vera Xanthorrhoeaceae Herb C&B S.No Botanical Name Family Habit Core (C); Buffer (B);& C&B zone

23 Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae Shrub B

24 Alternanthera ficoidea Amaranthaceae Herb C&B

25 Alysicarpus monilifer Leguminosae Herb B

26 Alysicarpus vaginalis Leguminosae Herb B

27 Amaranthus spinosa Amaranthaceae Herb C&B

28 Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaceae Herb C&B

29 Ammannia multiflora Lythraceae Herb C

30 Ampelocissus latifolia Vitaceae Climber B

31 Anacardium occidentale Anacardiaceae Tree C&B

32 Andrograpis paniculata Acanthaceae Herb C&B

33 Anisomeles indica Lamiaceae Shrub B

34 Annona reticulata Annonaceae Tree C&B

35 Annona squamosa Annonaceae Tree C&B

36 Anogeissus latifolia Combretaceae Tree C&B

37 Antigonon leptopus Polygonaceae Climber C&B

38 Apluda mutica Poaceae Herb C&B

39 Argemone mexicana Papaveraceae Herb B

40 Argyreia nervosa Convolvulaceae Climber C&B

41 Aristida adscensionis Poaceae Herb C&B

42 Aristida setacea Poaceae Herb C

43 Aristolochia indica Aristolochiaceae Climber C

44 Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae Tree C&B

45 Asparagus racemosus Asparagaceae Climber B

46 Asystasia gangetica Acanthaceae Herb C&B

47 Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Tree C&B S.No Botanical Name Family Habit Core (C); Buffer (B);& C&B zone

48 Bacopa monnieri Plantaginaceae Herb B

49 Balanites aegyptiaca Zygophyllaceae Tree B

50 Barleria cristata Acanthaceae Herb B

51 Barleria prionitis Acanthaceae Herb C

52 Barringtonia acutangula Lecythidaceae Tree B

53 Bauhinia racemosa Leguminosae Tree C&B

54 Bauhinia variegata Leguminosae Tree C&B

55 Blepharis integrifolia Acanthaceae Herb C

56 Blepharis maderaspatensis Acanthaceae Herb C&B

57 Blumea axillaris Compositae Herb B

58 Blumea eriantha Compositae Herb C

59 Blumea obliqua Compositae Herb B

60 Boerhavia diffusa Nyctaginaceae Herb C&B

61 Boerhavia erecta Nyctaginaceae Herb C&B

62 Bombax ceiba Malvaceae Tree C&B

63 Borassus flabellifer Arecaceae Tree C&B

64 Breynia retusa Phyllanthaceae Tree C&B

65 Bridelia montana Phyllanthaceae Shrub B

66 Brynia vitis-idea Phyllanthaceae Shrub C

67 Bryophyllum pinnatum Crassulaceae Herb C&B

Buchanania 68 cochinchinensis Anacardiaceae Tree C&B

69 Bulbostylis barbata Cyperaceae Herb B

70 Butea monosperma Leguminosae Tree B

71 Butea superba Leguminosae Liana B

72 Byttneria herbacea Malvaceae Herb B S.No Botanical Name Family Habit Core (C); Buffer (B);& C&B zone

73 Caesalpinia bonduc Leguminosae Shrub C&B

74 Caesalpinia pulcherrima Leguminosae Shrub B

75 Cajanus scarabaeoides Leguminosae Climber C

76 Calotropis gigantea Apocynaceae Shrub C&B

77 Calotropis procera Apocynaceae Shrub C&B

78 Canavalia gladiata Leguminosae Liana C

79 Canthium parvifolium Rubiaceae Shrub C&B

80 Capparis zeylanica Capparaceae Climber C&B

81 Caralluma spp Apocynaceae Herb B

Cardiospermum 82 halicacabum Sapindaceae Climber B

83 Careya arborea Lecythidaceae Tree B

84 Carica papaya Caricaceae Tree C&B

85 Carissa carandas Apocynacea Shrub B

86 Carissa spinarum Apocynacea Shrub B

87 Caryota urens Arecaceae Tree B

88 Cassia fistula Leguminosae Tree C&B

89 Cassine glauca Celastraceae Tree B

90 Cassytha filiformis Lauraceae Climber C&B

91 Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae Herb C&B

92 Catunaregam spinosa Rubiaceae Shrub C&B

93 Ceiba pentandra Malvaceae Tree C&B

94 Celastrus paniculatus Celastraceae Liana B

95 Celosia argentea Amaranthaceae Herb B

96 Celosia spicata Amaranthaceae Herb C

97 Chloris barbata Poaceae Herb C&B S.No Botanical Name Family Habit Core (C); Buffer (B);& C&B zone

98 Chloroxylon swietenia Flindertiaceae Tree C&B

99 Chromolaena odorata Compositae Shrub C&B

100 Chrysopogon fulvus Poaceae Herb C&B

101 Cicer arietenum Leguminosae Herb B

102 Cissampelos pariera Menispermaceae Climber B

103 Cissus quandrangularis Vitaceae Climber B

104 Cissus vitiginea Vitaceae Shrub B

105 Citrullus colocynthis Cucurbitaceae Climber B

106 Citrus aurantiifolia Rutaceae Shrub C&B

107 Cleistanthus collinus Phyllanthaceae Tree C&B

108 Cleome viscosa Cleomaceae Herb B

109 Clitoria ternatea Leguminosae Climber B

110 Coccinia grandis Cucurbitaceae Climber C&B

111 Cocculus hirsutus Menispermaceae Climber C&B

112 Coldenia procumbens Boraginaceae Herb B

113 Combretum albidum Combretaceae Liana C&B

114 Commelina benghalensis Commelinaceae Herb C&B

115 Corchorus aestuans Malvaceae Herb C&B

116 Corchorus trilocularis Malvaceae Herb B

117 Cordia dichotoma Boraginaceae Tree C

Crossandra 118 infundibuliformis Acanthaceae Herb C&B

119 Crotalaria hebecarpa Leguminosae Herb B

120 Crotalaria hirsuta Leguminosae Herb B

121 Crotalaria juncea Leguminosae Herb B

122 Crotalaria verrucosa Leguminosae Herb B S.No Botanical Name Family Habit Core (C); Buffer (B);& C&B zone

123 Croton bonplandianum Euphorbiaceae Herb C&B

124 Cryptolepis dubia Apocynaceae Climber B

125 Cryptostegia grandiflora Apocynaceae Climber B

126 Curculigo orchioides Hypoxidaceae Herb B

127 Cuscuta chinensis Convolvulaceae Climber C

128 Cyanthillium cinereum Compositae Herb C&B

129 Cymbopogon martinii Poaceae Herb C

130 Cynodon doctylon Poaceae Herb C&B

131 Cyperus difformis Cyperaceae Herb B

132 Cyperus iria Cyperaceae Herb B

133 Cyperus pangorei Cyperaceae Herb B

134 Cyperus pygmeaus Cyperaceae Herb C

135 Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae Herb C&B

Dactyloctenium 136 aegyptiacum Poaceae Herb B

137 Dalbergia latifolia Leguminosae Tree B

138 Dalbergia paniculata Leguminosae Tree B

139 Dalbergia sissoo Leguminosae Tree C&B

140 Datura innoxia Solanaceae Herb C&B

141 Datura metel Solanaceae Shrub B

142 Delonix regia Leguminosae Tree C&B

143 Dendrocalamus strictus Poaceae Tree C&B

144 Dendrophthoe falcata Loranthaceae Parasite C&B

145 Derris scandens Leguminosae Climber C&B

146 Desmodium gangeticum Leguminosae Herb B

147 Desmodium triflorum Leguminosae Herb C S.No Botanical Name Family Habit Core (C); Buffer (B);& C&B zone

148 Dichanthium annulatum Poaceae Herb C&B

149 Dichrostachys cinerea Leguminosae Shrub C&B

150 Dicliptera paniculata Acanthaceae Herb B

151 Digera muricata Amaranthaceae Herb B

152 Dioscorea bulbifera Dioscoreaceae Climber B

153 Dioscorea oppositifolia Dioscoreaceae Climber B

154 Dioscorea pentaphylla Dioscoreaceae Climber C

155 Diospyros chloroxylon Ebenaceae Tree C&B

156 Diospyros melanoxylon Ebenaceae Tree C&B

157 Diplocyclos palmatus Cucurbitaceae Climber B

158 Dodonaea viscosa Sapindaceae Shrub B

159 Dolichandrone falcata Bignoniaceae Tree C&B

160 Dregea volubilis Apocynaceae Climber C&B

161 Echinochloa crus-galli Poaceae Herb C&B

162 Echinops echinatus Compositae Herb C&B

163 Eclipta prostrata Compositae Herb C&B

164 Ehretia microphylla Boraginaceae Shrub C&B

165 Ehretia pubescens Boraginaceae Tree C

166 Elytraria acaulis Acanthaceae Herb B

167 Enicostema axillare Gentianaceae Herb B

168 Eragrostiella bifaria Poaceae Herb B

169 Eragrostis cilianensis Poaceae Herb C&B

170 Eragrostis coarctata Poaceae Herb C

171 Eragrostis tenella Poaceae Herb C

172 Erythrina variegata Leguminosae Tree C&B S.No Botanical Name Family Habit Core (C); Buffer (B);& C&B zone

173 Erythroxylum monogynum Erythroxylaceae Shrub B

174 Eucalyptus globulus Myrtaceae Tree C&B

175 Euphorbia heterophylla Euphorbiaceae Herb C&B

176 Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae Herb C&B

177 Euphorbia indica Euphorbiaceae Herb C&B

178 Euphorbia serpens Euphorbiaceae Herb B

179 Evolvulus alsinoides Convolvulaceae Herb C&B

180 Evolvulus nummularius Convolvulaceae Herb C&B

181 Ficus amplissima Moraceae Tree C

182 Ficus benghalensis Moraceae Tree C&B

183 Ficus hispida Moraceae Shrub C

184 Ficus mollis Moraceae Tree B

185 Ficus racemosus Moraceae Tree C&B

186 Ficus religiosa Moraceae Tree C&B

187 Finlaysonia wallichii Apocynaceae Climber C&B

188 Fimbristylis aestivalis Cyperaceae Herb C

189 Fimbristylis argentea Cyperaceae Herb C

190 Fimbristylis dichotoma Cyperaceae Herb B

191 Fimbristylis ovata Cyperaceae Herb B

192 Flacourtia indica Cyperaceae Shrub C

193 Gardenia gummifera Rubiaceae Shrub B

194 Gardenia latifolia Rubiaceae Tree B

195 Garuga pinnata Burseraceae Tree B

196 Getonia floribunda Combretaceae Shrub C&B

197 Givotia moluccana Euphorbiaceae Tree C S.No Botanical Name Family Habit Core (C); Buffer (B);& C&B zone

198 Gliricidia sepium Leguminosae Tree C&B

199 Glochidion zeylanicum Phyllanthaceae Tree B

200 Gloriosa superba Colchicaceae Herb B

201 Gmelina arborea Lamiaceae Tree C&B

202 Gnaphalium polycaulon Compositae Herb C

203 Gomphrena serrata Amaranthaceae Herb C&B

204 Grangea maderaspatana Compositae Herb C&B

205 Grewia flavescens Malvaceae Tree B

206 Grewia hirsuta Malvaceae Shrub C

207 Grewia tiliifolia Malvaceae Tree B

208 Grewia villosa Malvaceae Shrub C

209 Guazuma ulmifolia Malvaceae Tree B

210 Gymnema sylvestre Apocynaceae Climber C

211 Gymnosporia emarginata Celastraceae Shrub C&B

212 Haldina cordifolia Rubiaceae Tree C&B

213 Hardwickia binata Leguminosae Tree C&B

214 Hedyotis umbellata Rubiaceae Herb C

215 Helicteres isora Malvaceae Shrub B

216 Heliotropium indicum Boraginaceae Herb B

217 Heliotropium scabrum Boraginaceae Herb C&B

Hemidesmus indicus var. 218 indicus Apocynaceae Climber C&B

219 Heteropogon contortus Poaceae Herb C&B

220 Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae Shrub C&B

221 Hibiscus vitifolius Malvaceae Herb B

222 Holarrhena pubescens Apocynaceae Tree C&B S.No Botanical Name Family Habit Core (C); Buffer (B);& C&B zone

223 Holoptelea integrifolia Ulmaceae Tree B

224 Hugonia mystax Linaceae Shrub B

225 Hybanthus enneaspermus Violaceae Herb C&B

226 Hyptis suaveolens Lamiaceae Herb C&B

227 Indigofera hirsuta Leguminosae Herb B

228 Indigofera linifolia Leguminosae Herb B

229 Indigofera linnaei Leguminosae Herb C&B

230 Indigofera trifoliata Leguminosae Herb B

231 Indoneesiella achioides Acanthaceae Herb C&B

232 Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae Climber C&B

233 Ipomoea carnea Convolvulaceae Shrub C&B

234 Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae Shrub B

235 Ipomoea nil Convolvulaceae Climber C&B

236 Ipomoea obscura Convolvulaceae Climber C&B

237 Ipomoea pes-tigridis Convolvulaceae Climber B

238 Ipomoea staphylina Convolvulaceae Climber C

239 Ixora arborea Rubiaceae Shrub C&B

240 Ixora coccinea Rubiaceae Shrub C&B

241 Ixora pavetta Rubiaceae Shrub C

242 Jasminum arborescens Oleaceae Climber C

243 Jasminum sambac Oleaceae Climber C&B

244 Jatropha curcas Euphorbiaceae Shrub C&B

245 Jatropha gossypifolia Euphorbiaceae Shrub B

246 Jatropha heynei Euphorbiaceae Shrub B

247 Justicia adhatoda Acanthaceae Shrub C&B S.No Botanical Name Family Habit Core (C); Buffer (B);& C&B zone

248 Justicia prostrata Acanthaceae Herb B

249 Kydia calycina Malvaceae Tree C&B

250 Kyllinga bulbosa Cyperaceae Herb B

251 Kyllinga odorata Cyperaceae Herb B

252 Lablab purpureus Leguminosae Climber C&B

253 Lagerstroemia parviflora Lythraceae Tree C&B

254 Lannea coromandelica Anacardiaceae Tree C&B

255 Lantana camara Verbenaceae Shrub B

256 Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae Shrub C&B

257 Lepidagathis cristata Acanthaceae Herb C&B

258 Leucaena leucocephala Leguminosae Tree B

259 Leucas aspera Lamiaceae Herb C&B

260 Leucas indica Lamiaceae Herb B

261 Limonia acidissima Rutaceae Tree C&B

262 Ludwigia hyssopifolia Onagraceae Herb C&B

263 Ludwigia perennis Onagraceae Herb C

264 Luffa acutangula Cucurbitaceae Climber C&B

Madhuca longifolia var. 265 latifolia Sapotaceae Tree B

Malvastrum 266 coromandelianum Malvaceae Herb C&B

267 Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Tree C&B

268 Manilkara hexandra Sapotaceae Tree B

269 Martynia annua Martyniaceae Herb B

270 Melia azedirach Meliaceae Tree B

271 Melochia corchorifolia Malvaceae Herb C S.No Botanical Name Family Habit Core (C); Buffer (B);& C&B zone

272 Memecylon umbellatum Melastomataceae Tree B

273 Merremia aegyptia Convolvulaceae Climber B

274 Merremia tridentata Convolvulaceae Climber C&B

275 Microchloa indica Poaceae Herb B

276 Microstachys chamaelea Euphorbiaceae Herb B

277 Miliusa tomentosa Annonaceae Tree B

278 Millingtonia hortensis Bignoniaceae Tree C&B

279 Mimosa hamata Leguminosae Shrub B

280 Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae Tree C&B

281 Mitragyna parvifolia Rubiaceae Tree C

282 Mollugo nudicaulis Molluginaceae Herb C

283 Momordica charantia Cucurbitaceae Climber C&B

284 Monochoria vaginalis Pontederiaceae Herb B

285 Morinda pubescens Rubiaceae Tree C&B

286 Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Tree B

287 Morus alba Moraceae Shrub B

288 Mucuna pruriens Leguminosae Climber B

289 Murraya koenigii Rutaceae Tree C&B

290 Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Tree C&B

291 Mussaenda philippica Rubiaceae Shrub C&B

292 Naringi crenulata Rutaceae Tree C&B

293 Nerium oleander Apocynaceae Shrub C&B

294 Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Nyctanthaceae Tree C

295 Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaeaceae Herb C&B

296 Ochna obtusata Ochnaceae Tree B S.No Botanical Name Family Habit Core (C); Buffer (B);& C&B zone

297 Ocimum americanum Lamiaceae Herb C&B

298 Ocimum tenuiflorum Lamiaceae Herb C&B

299 Olax scandens Olacaceae Shrub C&B

300 Oldenlandia herbacea Rubiaceae Herb C

301 Oldenlandia umbellata Rubiaceae Herb C&B

302 Operculina turpethum Convolvulaceae Climber B

303 Opuntia dillenii Cactaceae Shrub B

304 Oropetium thomaeum Poaceae Herb B

305 Oroxylum indicum Bignoniaceae Tree C&B

306 Oxystelma esculentum Apocynaceae Climber B

307 Parthenium hysterophorus Compositae Herb C&B

308 Passiflora foetida Passifloraceae Climber B

309 Pavonia odorata Malvaceae Herb B

310 Pavonia zeylanica Malvaceae Herb C&B

311 Peltophorum pterocarpum Leguminosae Tree C&B

312 Pennisetum pedicellatum Poaceae Herb B

313 Pentanema indicum Compositae Herb C&B

314 Pergularia daemia Apocynaceae Climber C&B

315 Perotis indica Poaceae Herb B

316 Phoenix loureirii Arecaceae Shrub B

317 Phoenix sylvestris Arecaceae Tree C&B

318 Phyllanthus acidus Phyllanthaceae Tree C&B

319 Phyllanthus amarus Phyllanthaceae Herb C&B

320 Phyllanthus emblica Phyllanthaceae Tree C&B

321 Phyllanthus reticulatus Phyllanthaceae Shrub C&B S.No Botanical Name Family Habit Core (C); Buffer (B);& C&B zone

322 Physalis minima Solanaceae Herb C&B

323 Pistia stratiotes Araceae Herb B

324 Pithecellobium dulce Leguminosae Tree C&B

325 Plumbago zeylanica Plumbaginaceae Shrub B

326 Plumeria alba Apocynaceae Shrub C&B

327 Plumeria rubra Apocynaceae Shrub C&B

328 Polyalthia cerasoides Annonaceae Tree C&B

329 Polygala arvensis Polygalaceae Herb B

330 Polygonum plebium Polygonaceae Herb C

331 Pongamia pinnata Leguminosae Tree C&B

332 Portulaca oleracea Portulaceae Herb C&B

333 Premna tomentosa Lamiaceae Tree C&B

334 Prosopis cineraria Leguminosae Tree C&B

335 Prosopis juliflora Leguminosae Tree C&B

336 Pterocarpus marsupium Leguminosae Tree B

337 Pterolobium hexapetalum Leguminosae Liana B

338 Pterospermum sp. Malvaceae Tree B

339 Pterospermum xylocarpum Malvaceae Tree C&B

340 Pulicaria wightiana Compositae Herb C&B

341 Punica granatum Punicaceae Shrub C&B

342 Rhynchosia capitata Leguminosae Climber C&B

343 Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Shrub C&B

344 Rivea hypocrateriformis Convolvulaceae Climber C&B

345 Rostellularia prostrata Acanthaceae Herb C

346 Roystonea regia Arecaceae Tree C S.No Botanical Name Family Habit Core (C); Buffer (B);& C&B zone

347 Sachharum spontaneum Poaceae Herb B

348 Sansevieria roxburghiana Asparagaceae Herb C&B

349 Santalam album Santalaceae Tree C

350 Sapindus emarginatus Sapindaceae Tree C&B

351 Schleichera oleosa Sapindaceae Tree B

352 Schoenoplectiella grossus Cyperaceae Herb C&B

353 Schrebera sweitenioides Oleaceae Tree C&B

354 Scleria lithosperma Cyperaceae Herb B

355 Scoparia dulcis Plantaginaceae Herb C&B

356 Scutia myrtina Rhamnaceae Herb B

357 Semecarpus anacardium Anacardiaceae Tree B

358 Senna auriculata Leguminosae Shrub C&B

359 Senna obtusifolia Leguminosae Herb C&B

360 Senna occidentalis Leguminosae Shrub C&B

361 Senna siamea Leguminosae Tree C&B

362 Senna tora Leguminosae Herb C&B

363 Senna uniflora Leguminosae Herb C&B

364 Sesamum indicum Pedaliaceae Herb B

365 Sesbania grandiflora Leguminosae Shrub C&B

366 Sesbania sesban Leguminosae Herb B

367 Setaria pumila Poaceae Herb C&B

368 Setaria verticillata Poaceae Herb C&B

369 Sida acuta Malvaceae Herb C&B

370 Sida cordata Malvaceae Herb C&B

371 Sida cordifolia Malvaceae Herb C&B S.No Botanical Name Family Habit Core (C); Buffer (B);& C&B zone

372 Solanum americanum Solanaceae Herb C&B

373 Solanum surattense Solanaceae Herb C&B

374 Solanum torvum Solanaceae Shrub B

375 Sorghum halepense Poaceae Herb B

376 Soymida febrifuga Meliaceae Tree B

377 Spathodea companulata Bignoniaceae Tree C&B

378 Spermacoce articularis Rubiaceae Herb C&B

379 Spermacoce hispida Rubiaceae Herb C&B

380 Spermacoce pusilla Rubiaceae Herb C&B

381 Sphaeranthus indicus Compositae Herb C&B

382 Stemona tuberosa Stemonaceae Climber B

383 Sterculia foetida Malvaceae Tree B

Stereospermum 384 tetragonum Bignoniaceae Tree C

385 Streblus asper Moraceae Tree C&B

386 Striga asiatica Orobanchaceae Herb B

387 Strychnos nux-vomica Loganiaceae Tree C&B

388 Strychnos potatorum Loganiaceae Tree C&B

389 Stylosanthes hamata Leguminosae Herb C&B

390 Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Tree C&B

391 Tabebuia rosea Bignoniaceae Tree B

392 Tamarindus indica Leguminosae Tree C&B

393 Tarenna asiatica Rubiaceae Shrub C&B

394 Tecoma stans Bignoniaceae Shrub C&B

395 Tectona grandis Lamiaceae Tree C&B

396 Tephrosia pumila Leguminosae Herb C S.No Botanical Name Family Habit Core (C); Buffer (B);& C&B zone

397 Tephrosia purpurea Leguminosae Herb C&B

398 Tephrosia villosa Leguminosae Herb B

399 Teramnus labialis Leguminosae Climber C&B

400 Terminalia alata Combretaceae Tree C&B

401 Terminalia bellirica Combretaceae Tree C&B

402 Terminalia chebula Combretaceae Tree B

403 Terminalia alata Combretaceae Tree C&B

404 Thespesia populnea Malvaceae Tree B

405 Thuja occidentalis Cupressaceae Shrub C

406 Tinospora cordifolia Menispermaceae Climber C&B

407 Tithonia diversifolia Compositae Shrub C&B

408 Toddalia asiatica Rutaceae Climber B

409 Tragia involucrata Euphorbiaceae Herb B

410 Tragus roxburghii Poaceae Herb B

411 Tribulus terrestris Zygophyllaceae Herb C&B

412 Trichuriella monsoniae Amaranthaceae Herb B

413 Tridax procumbens Compositae Herb C&B

414 Triumfetta rhomboidea Malvaceae Shrub B

415 Triumfetta rotundifolia Malvaceae Shrub C&B

416 Typha angustata Typhaceae Shrub C&B

417 Urena lobata Malvaceae Herb C&B

418 Vanda tesellata Orchidaceae Epiphyte B

419 Ventilago denticulata Rhamnaceae Liana C&B

420 Vigna mungo Leguminosae Herb B

421 Vigna radiata Leguminosae Herb C&B S.No Botanical Name Family Habit Core (C); Buffer (B);& C&B zone

422 Viscum articulatum Santalaceae Parasite B

423 Vitex negundo Lamiaceae Shrub B

424 Waltheria indica Malvaceae Shrub C&B

425 Woodfordia fruticosa Lythraceae Shrub C

426 Wrightia arborea Apocynaceae Tree B

427 Wrightia tinctoria Apocynaceae Tree B

428 Xanthium strumarium Compositae Shrub C&B

429 Xylia xylocarpa Leguminosae Tree C&B

430 Zea mays Poaceae Herb B

431 Ziziphus jujuba Rhamnaceae Tree C&B

432 Ziziphus oenopolia Rhamnaceae Liana C&B

433 Ziziphus xylopyrus Rhamnaceae Tree C

*Note: C-Core zone; B-Buffer zone; C&B –Core & Buffer zones; Y=Yes; N=No

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